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received the answers in "practice sessions" the way
Richard Jackman described, or were openly coached the same way Stempel was, is unclear. According to Jackman, an earlier contestant than Stempel, Enright was extremely nervous before his appearance on the show and stated, to Jackman's bewilderment: "You are in a position to destroy my career." After Jackman, a struggling author, told Enright he could not continue on a rigged show, Enright tried various types of persuasion and offers of money to persuade him to change his mind. Jackman finally accepted a check for $ 15,000, and for continuity's sake promised to appear again so he could publicly choose to take his "winnings" and depart at the beginning of the show. Kent Anderson portrays Enright as someone who would make certain his next contestant would cooperate. Enright is described as deliberately targeting Stempel's emotions, as he did with other contestants, leaving no angle overlooked when trying to gain their full participation.
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418:. I would have won. There would have been no Charles Van Doren, no famous celebrity. Charles Van Doren would have gone back to teaching college and my whole life would have been changed. ... On the day I was due to lose to Van Doren, I sat home, watching television in the morning. Every few minutes, an announcement would break in on WNBC, saying, "Is Herb Stempel going to win over $ 100,000 tonight?" And I said, "No, he's not going to win $ 100,000. He's going to take a dive."
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overheard one backstage technician say to another: "At least, we finally have a clean-cut intellectual on this program, not a freak with a sponge memory." Enright's promise to find
Stempel a panel show slot after his college graduation went unfulfilled. When Stempel, who by then had gone through his winnings, later demanded Enright follow through on his original promise, Enright demanded he first sign a statement affirming he had never been coached on
359:
overwhelmed. ... Then, Dan
Enright said to me, "You know, Herb, you're not going to get all the money that you've won so far or are going to win." I said, "What? What do you mean?" He says, "No," he says, "We have to look out for ourselves, so I have a paper here which you're going to have to sign." I realized that if I didn't sign, I might not find myself on the program too much longer, so I decided to sign.
378:. Van Doren was persuaded to go along with the fraud by an appeal that his appearance would help glamorize information and intellectualism. His impact was immediate and his name quickly became synonymous with quiz shows. For week after week, the two men battled it out, tying with scores of 21–21, as tens of millions of Americans tuned in to see if their new hero would beat Stempel.
570:
is estimated that more than 100 lied under oath. Stempel continued telling the truth to anyone who would listen, but it was his unsubstantiated word against everyone else's; there was still no hard corroborating evidence. His testimony to the DA and the grand jury implicated Van Doren in the fraud, but there was massive resistance in accepting this accusation.
551:, and mounting a campaign to discredit Stempel. At a sensational press conference, he attempted to demonstrate that Stempel was mentally unstable by playing a recording of a conversation with him that Enright had secretly taped. To further discredit him, Enright also produced the statement that Stempel had signed earlier, declaring that
408:, but Dan Enright specifically wanted me to miss that question. This hurt me very deeply because this was one of my favorite pictures of all times and I could never forget this. A few seconds before that as I was trying to come up with the answer, I could have changed my mind. I could have said, "The answer is
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Following the scandal, Stempel finished college on the G.I. Bill. He went to work for the New York City
Transportation Department for the next two decades, performing examinations before trial, which meant he represented the Department in depositions by opposing counsel, testifying to various records
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program. In other words, the omniscient genius was supposed to know all the hard answers, but miss on the easy ones, because the public would figure one of two things. Either in his very, very erudite studies he had either glossed over this and missed it, or it was intended as a sop to the public at
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District
Attorney (and a former classmate of Judge Schweitzer), filed a protest in the court of general sessions, spelling out why it was in the public interest to make the findings known. Suspicious of a cover-up, Congress called an immediate investigation. Once just a trivial form of entertainment,
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This man was taken from obscurity—he came from rather impoverished circumstances—taken from obscurity and then exposed to the light of celebrity, became for some six weeks a celebrity and then just as quickly was cast back into obscurity. And we, at the time deluded ourselves into believing that what
310:
Several weeks later, Enright paid
Stempel a visit while his wife was out at the theater and he was looking after their young son, and posed the fateful question: "How would you like to make $ 25,000?" Stempel immediately understood the implications; Enright was not going to pay him just for appearing
191:
A self-described "avid reader" as a child, who was "interested in everything", Stempel attended P.S. 89 in Queens. He was skipped ahead several classes in school, so much so that his mother worried he was being pushed too far. When he was seven, his father died, and
Stempel, his mother, and his older
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Stempel was not only provided with coaching on the answers and directions on how to deliver them, but on his physical appearance as well. Stempel was married to a woman whose family had money and the couple was not suffering financially, but
Enright decided that the image of an underdog, a penniless
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Suddenly, to everyone's astonishment, the grand jury testimony was sealed from the public by Judge
Mitchell Schweitzer, for reasons that to this day are still not clear. This was almost an unprecedented move in New York State; in the no fewer than 497 grand jury presentments that had been filed in
569:
Jack O'Brian felt there was an "undercurrent" of coercion going on. Not only did some of the producers lie to the grand jury, they also had urged contestants to perjure themselves. In lower
Manhattan, the grand jury was convened for nine months and heard testimony from more than 150 contestants. It
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lose. And Herb, I felt, was the type of personality who instilled the latter. Viewers would watch him and pray for his opponent to win. ... When he applied to the show and he took the test, he scored a very, very high score. He was the type of contestant who could very well antagonize viewers.
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As weeks went by, people began to recognize me more and more. I got more and more fan mail. My classmates at college were very proud of me. My professors were proud of me. I just couldn't hold this inside of me, though, because I was overjoyed about being a celebrity, winning and so forth. I was
349:
You want the viewer to react emotionally to a contestant. Whether he reacts favorably or negatively is really not that important. The important thing is that he reacts. He should watch a contestant, hoping that the contestant will win or he should watch the contestant, hoping the contestant will
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The whole idea was to make me appear like an ex-G.I. working his way through college. The reason I had been asked to put on this old, ill-fitting suit and get this Marine-type haircut was to make me appear as what you would call today, a nerd, a square. ... I was never to call the Master of
760:
This latter remark is debatable. Dan Enright has stated that due to the sponsor's displeasure he began to rig the show immediately after the premiere episode debuted on September 12, 1956. Whether the contestants in the five weeks before Stempel's choreographed October 17 appearance unwittingly
335:
Ceremonies, Jack Barry, "Jack." I was always to call him "Mr. Barry" and be very, very humble and very sheepish. On the first program I was on, I was on for approximately four minutes and I won approximately $ 9,000. I had never had that much money in my life and I was absolutely flabbergasted.
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appearance, asked what he would do with his winnings, a subdued Stempel said that after provisions were made for his family, he would donate a modest sum to the City College Fund “to repay the people of the city of New York for the free education they have given me”.) After his loss, Stempel
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I told Herb Stempel that he was going to be losing that night to Charles Van Doren. He asked me whether he could not forgo the losing and whether he could not play against Van Doren clean and I said "no" and I reminded him he had given me his word that when I would ask him to lose, he would
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was not Stempel's first quiz show. At a very young age Stempel realized he had what he refers to as a "retentive memory", in that he could read a page about a subject and then, months later, summarize that page. He represented his elementary school, P.S. 6, on a radio quiz show,
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GI working his way through school, would appeal to the American public. Enright personally selected his wardrobe: an oversized, baggy double-breasted suit that had belonged to Stempel's late father-in-law, a blue shirt with a frayed collar, "terrible looking" tie and an old "
622:"It just wouldn't help to guess," Stempel said softly in the booth, "I just don't know." The miss kept Stempel at zero, and Van Doren answered the questions in the category "Kings" successfully. Stempel drew the evening's biggest laugh when he was asked the fate of four of
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was canceled. The investigation of the quiz show scandal then began in earnest. Jackman only realized the game was fixed the night he appeared, when the questions he was asked were identical to the ones Enright had reviewed with him in a "practice session" that afternoon.
31:
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contestant, an artist named James Snodgrass, who finally provided indisputable supporting proof that the show had been rigged. Snodgrass had documented every answer he was coached on in a series of registered letters he mailed to himself before the show was taped.
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Assistant District Attorney Joseph Stone, who directed two grand jury probes into the case, states that Enright described Stempel to him as "a disturbed person and a blackmailer" and denied ever giving Stempel advance questions and answers. Three days after
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that has survived of that episode shows that the round in which Stempel was ordered to provide the wrong answer actually ended in a tie. Stempel and Van Doren went on to yet another game during the same show. This time, Stempel failed to recall the name of
492:. Although O'Brian found the story hung together, the paper's syndicate, fearing a libel suit, refused to print the allegation without further corroboration. Stempel later testified to Congress that in February 1957 he had spoken with a reporter from the
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was released, in spite of being "a little miffed by the portrayal", which he thought was "an over-the-top sort of portrayal of me", Stempel embraced the renewed public interest in him, giving interviews on radio and television (notably appearing on
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On December 5, 1956, Van Doren defeated Stempel before 15 million viewers. Van Doren went on to become the single most popular contestant in the quiz show's early history, while Stempel became the forgotten man. (In the closing minutes of his last
369:
Even though Stempel agreed to take less money, that actually made no difference: his ratings were dropping and the producers decided he had to go. A new contestant was selected to challenge him and knock him off. He was an English instructor at
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Enright promised Stempel a subsequent television job if he would finish the performance they had started, but the final act, as choreographed by Enright, was particularly humiliating to Stempel. The question was, "What motion picture won the
999:"Investigation of television quiz shows. Hearings before a subcommittee of the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, House of Representatives, Eighty-sixth Congress, first session, PN I992.8.U5IJ, October 6–12, 1959, p.606
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I had been a poor boy all my life, and I was sort of overjoyed, and I took it for granted that this was the way things were run on these programs ... I was stunned, I didn't know what to say ... I told him I would do
1149:
Investigation of television quiz shows. Hearings before a subcommittee of the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, House of Representatives, Eighty-sixth Congress, first session, PN I992.8.U5IJ, October 6–12, 1959 ǀ
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was a dismal failure. It was just plain dull. Neither contestant was able to answer the questions, and the score remained at zero. It lacked all drama, it lacked all suspense. And next morning, the sponsor called my partner,
1008:"Investigation of television quiz shows. Hearings before a subcommittee of the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, House of Representatives, Eighty-sixth Congress, first session, PN I992.8.U5IJ, October 6–12, 1959
260:, the show's producer, asking to be a contestant. The qualifying trivia test took a grueling three-and-a-half hours; Stempel got 251 out of 363 questions right, which he claimed was the highest score ever achieved.
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It was the most impactful show we've ever had. The show went on the air in 1956 and we felt that it had such great quality and content to it that we would not have to rig it. In fact, the first show of
307:
were given the questions and answers in advance and were coached as if they were actors, receiving instructions on which questions to answer correctly or incorrectly and how to behave during the game.
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In fact, he was a Marines veteran married to a woman of some means who once appeared on the set wearing a Persian-lamb coat and was quickly spirited away so that she wouldn't blow his cover.
776:
Stempel died April 7, 2020, almost exactly one year after the death of his rival Charles Van Doren, and at the same age. His death was not publicly announced until nearly two months later.
626:'s wives and answered, "They all died." Stempel answered the question correctly, but when offered their standard opportunity to stop the game, Van Doren stopped it and became the new
559:
I was a damn fool to have signed such a thing, to have agreed to such a thing, but they again held out the prospects of jobs and money and this and that to me and I succumbed to that.
192:
sister Harriet moved to what he describes as a "poorer part of the Bronx". It was in the midst of the Depression, and the struggling family was on public assistance for years.
502:. There were no corroborating witnesses or hard evidence to back up Stempel's accusations, and Enright dismissed them as being rooted in jealousy over Van Doren's success.
590:
what he told Stone. Particularly jarring was Stempel's revelation that he was strong-armed into incorrectly identifying what was, in fact, one of his favorite films:
226:
and was on the front lines in Europe for a month before the war ended. Stempel remained in the Army for the next seven years, attending counterintelligence school in
230:
and serving as "an agent" until 1952, when he began work in the United States Post Office as a clerk. He married his wife, Toby, in 1954 and returned to CCNY on the
289:, and me and told us in no uncertain terms that he never wanted to see a repeat of what happened the previous night. And from that moment on, we decided to rig
1521:
440:
we were doing was not that wrong and I bear a tremendous guilt to Herb Stempel and I was sorry. I should have been far more mindful and far more sensitive.
950:
Prime Time and Misdemeanors: Investigating the 1950s T.V. Quiz Scandal — A D.A.'s Account, Stone, Joseph; Yohn, Tim, Rutgers University Press, 1994)
684:. Stempel actually made an uncredited film debut in that movie, portraying a different contestant being interviewed by the congressional investigator
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he was ignorant of the fact that the show had once been honest—at least for one episode—and that: "Herb Stempel was the first to agree to the fix".
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was actually responsible for scripting the entire Stempel–Van Doren competition, and rejected the image of Stempel as a penurious CCNY student:
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One month after the hearings began, Van Doren emerged from hiding and confessed before the committee that he had been complicit in the fraud.
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is shown on television, invariably the phone rings and some character at the other end says, "What picture won the Academy Award in 1955?"
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New York county since 1869, not one had ever been sealed. Afraid that the public might never learn what the grand jury had uncovered,
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watch that ticked like an alarm clock", the sound of which would be picked up by the studio microphone and thus help build suspense.
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large to make them say, 'See, I knew the answer to this and the great genius, so and so, didn't.' That is about the effect of it.
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639:, was under pressure from NBC to testify. To avoid the committee's subpoena, he went into hiding. It was another former
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203:, where he remained undefeated for several weeks. He was part of the "Kid Wizards", a three-man team who represented
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was an honest program, that Barry and Enright were beyond reproach, and that no rigging had taken place.
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880:
214:
Stempel graduated from the Bronx High School of Science in January 1944. He briefly attended classes at
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Stempel ostensibly won $ 69,500, which was presented to him as an unnotarized "settlement" agreement.
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high schools, remaining undefeated throughout the year. He claims his IQ has been measured at 170.
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When Enright subsequently told him the promise could not be kept because he had sold his shows to
1054:
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It was not until he was approached, some thirty years later, by the producers of the documentary
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It took Ed Hilgemeier, a contestant-in-waiting who found a notebook full of answers belonging to
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539:, told Stone that he, too, had been coached in advance of his appearance on October 3,
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Herb Stempel's testimony to the U.S. House Subcommittee on Legislative Oversight, 1959
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Enright quickly countered, denying any wrongdoing or fraud had taken place, suing the
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quiz shows were now the subject of investigation at the highest level of government.
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http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2008/07/28/080728fa_fact_vandoren?currentPage=7
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At a time when the top five highest-rated programs on television were quiz shows,
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itself, Stempel called Jack O'Brian, a columnist who covered television for the
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once occupied), as well as lecturing at some colleges about the quiz scandals.
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1034:""A Make-Believe World": Contestants Testify to Deceptive Quiz Show Practices"
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Soldier, Examiner before trial, New York City Dept of Transportation; former
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169:. His rigged six-week appearance as a winning contestant on the 1950s show
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No. I believe he feels bad that I exposed his show. That's my real belief.
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1120:"Herb Stempel, Whistleblower in the 1950s Quiz Show Scandals, Dies at 93"
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327:
257:
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1102:
Television Fraud: The History and Implications of the Quiz Show Scandals
1021:
961:
Television fraud: the history and implications of the quiz show scandals
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Television fraud: the history and implications of the quiz show scandals
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In 2008, Charles Van Doren broke his long silence, and in an article in
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on the fraudulent nature of the industry, in what became known as the
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https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/quizshow/filmmore/transcript/index.html
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733:'s production company made to him to cooperate with the filming of
975:"Mitchell D. Schweitzer, 86, Dies; Served as a Judge in Manhattan"
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As the investigation progressed, Charles Van Doren, now a host on
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1055:"Herbert Stempel Interview | Archive of American Television"
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Once I said "Who wouldn't?," I became part of the game show hoax.
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157:(December 19, 1926 – April 7, 2020) was an American television
30:
1215:
1075:"All the Answers: The quiz-show scandals—and the aftermath",
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921:
TV LEGENDS: Herbert Stempel Archive Interview Part 3 of 3 |
904:
TV LEGENDS: Herbert Stempel Archive Interview Part 2 of 3 |
827:
Herbert Stempel Interview Part 1 of 3 - EMMYTVLEGENDS.ORG |
667:, that he finally agreed to be interviewed on the subject.
737:. He claimed that Barry & Enright Productions staffer
1016:
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480:
795:"Herb Stempel, Quiz Show Whistle-Blower, Is Dead at 93"
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Years later Dan Enright stated in the WGBH documentary
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671:, who co-produced the film, also co-produced the 1994
498:, but that paper had the same reservations as the
345:Enright later explained the reasons behind this:
256:, he was intrigued by the questions and wrote to
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588:U.S. House Subcommittee on Legislative Oversight
311:on the show, when he could be easily defeated.
1165:Twenty-One: Full Stemple and Van Doren Episode
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1373:The Interviews: An Oral History of Television
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1160:The Interviews: An Oral History of Television
879:AMERICAN EXPERIENCE: The Quiz Show Scandal |
1522:United States Army personnel of World War II
1199:
749:Van Doren wrote that until he viewed WGBH's
1451:House Subcommittee on Legislative Oversight
923:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B0wuajRUhxo
906:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C6JVzg2bxeg
829:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DfATcHwl-IY
250:In 1956, after tuning in to a new program,
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535:contestant Richard Jackman, a writer from
509:, another contestant on the new quiz show
29:
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594:This was supposed to be the twist of the
222:. He served in the 311th Regiment of the
16:American game show contestant (1926–2020)
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524:that Stempel should be taken seriously.
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1022:http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/6565/
280:was not rigged and the first show of
175:ended in an equally rigged defeat by
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793:McFadden, Robert D. (May 31, 2020).
680:, in which Stempel was portrayed by
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842:"Personal History: All the Answers"
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1512:Jewish American military personnel
1507:Contestants on American game shows
520:, to convince authorities and the
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1020:Congressional testimony, 1959 |
205:The Bronx High School of Science
1502:City College of New York alumni
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1079:, Van Doren, Charles, July 2008
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703:, taped in the same NBC studio
471:. Again, no show materialized.
271:and NBC, which aired the show:
269:Barry & Enright Productions
218:(CCNY) before enlisting in the
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895:, Greenwood Press, 1979, p. 49
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620:What's the Matter with Kansas?
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1118:Barnes, Mike (May 31, 2020).
973:Wolfgang Saxon (1992-01-01).
963:, Greenwood Press, 1979, p.47
840:Van, Charles (28 July 2008).
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700:Late Night with Conan O'Brien
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1517:United States Army soldiers
1344:Pop culture and advertisers
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402:I knew that the answer was
179:teacher and literary scion
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1542:21st-century American Jews
1537:20th-century American Jews
656:in the city's possession.
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161:contestant and subsequent
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1201:1950s quiz show scandals
1122:. The Hollywood Reporter
1036:. Historymatters.gmu.edu
729:described the overtures
246:1950s quiz show scandals
216:City College of New York
207:in competitions against
167:1950s quiz show scandals
129:1950s quiz show scandals
97:City College of New York
1527:American whistleblowers
938:March 30, 2012, at the
618:'s popular editorials,
433:: The Quiz Show Scandal
138:Toby Stempel (deceased)
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755:The Quiz Show Scandals
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661:The Quiz Show Scandals
651:Life after the scandal
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224:78th Infantry Division
155:Herbert Milton Stempel
45:Herbert Milton Stempel
1244:The $ 64,000 Question
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1366:American Experience
1057:. Emmytvlegends.org
751:American Experience
665:American Experience
616:William Allen White
431:American Experience
372:Columbia University
267:was a mainstay for
228:Baltimore, Maryland
177:Columbia University
980:The New York Times
799:The New York Times
720:Herb Stempel, 2004
456:Herb Stempel, 2004
220:United States Army
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1408:Other key figures
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1315:Charles Van Doren
1223:For Love or Money
1108:, 1979, pp. 49–50
586:Stempel told the
537:Oneonta, New York
445:Dan Enright, 1991
415:On the Waterfront
376:Charles Van Doren
201:Americana History
181:Charles Van Doren
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117:Years active
55:December 19, 1926
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23:Herb Stempel
1492:2020 deaths
1487:1926 births
1446:Frank Hogan
1441:Oren Harris
1303:Contestants
1289:Dan Enright
711:Every time
576:Frank Hogan
435:interview:
398:for 1955?"
388:Dan Enright
298:Dan Enright
258:Dan Enright
112:contestant.
1481:Categories
1335:Marie Winn
1284:Jack Barry
1258:Twenty-One
1040:2014-02-18
986:2014-02-18
851:2014-02-18
780:References
705:Twenty-One
690:Rob Morrow
663:for PBS's
641:Twenty-One
630:champion.
628:Twenty-One
624:Henry VIII
596:Twenty-One
553:Twenty-One
541:Twenty-One
533:Twenty-One
516:airing on
507:Marie Winn
469:Twenty-One
464:Twenty-One
305:Twenty-One
291:Twenty-One
287:Jack Barry
282:Twenty-One
278:Twenty-One
265:Twenty-One
253:Twenty-One
244:See also:
239:Twenty-One
196:Twenty-One
187:Early life
172:Twenty-One
107:television
51:1926-12-19
1434:Officials
1359:Quiz Show
1277:Producers
735:Quiz Show
713:Quiz Show
694:Quiz Show
677:Quiz Show
611:kinescope
528:Manhattan
232:G.I. Bill
159:game show
135:Spouse(s)
120:1944−2010
110:game show
94:Education
1383:Sponsors
936:Archived
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475:Exposure
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209:New York
145:Children
86:New York
63:New York
1390:Geritol
1126:June 1,
804:May 31,
692:. When
1395:Revlon
578:, the
88:, U.S.
65:, U.S.
1216:Dotto
1208:Shows
512:Dotto
410:Marty
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328:Timex
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1063:2014
806:2020
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518:CBS
481:NBC
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