History of Alberta

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arrived, as Aberhart decided nothing could be done until the province's financial system was changed. Although for about a year (1936–37), provincially-issued Prosperity Certificates circulated, providing much-needed purchasing power to Alberta's impoverished farmers and workers. In 1936 Alberta defaulted on its bonds, becoming one of the few jurisdictions in the Western world that has taken such a radical step. He passed a Debt Adjustment Act that cancelled all the interest on mortgages since 1932 and limited all interest rates on mortgages to 5%, in line with similar laws passed by other provinces. In 1937 the government, pressured by its backbenchers, passed a radical banking law that was disallowed by the federal government (banking was a federal responsibility). Efforts to control the press were also disallowed. The government passed a law of recall, but the only constituents who collected signatures for their member's recall were CCF-ers and oilmen in the Turner Valley. The MLA threatened with recall was Aberhart himself – the law was repealed retroactively.

1653:, a railroad and trading centre midway between Calgary and Edmonton that depended on farmers. Hardship during the early 1920s was as severe, or even somewhat worse, than those experienced during the much longer Great Depression of the 1930s. The groundwork for the economic collapse had been laid as early as 1913, when the speculative boom that had fuelled Alberta's prosperity had collapsed. But the outbreak of the First World War in 1914 initiated an enormous demand for agricultural products and helped to mask the serious weaknesses of the provincial economy. With the conclusion of the war, however, unemployment skyrocketed as veterans returned and inflation increased. Grain prices began to fall in 1920, causing further hardships. By the spring of 1921, many Red Deer businesses had gone bankrupt, and the city's unemployment rate was estimated at 20%. The city's economic situation began to improve in 1923, and Red Deer city officials were finally able to collect enough tax revenues to avoid the need for short-term bank loans. 1166: 1405:

Department of Public Health, government-provided hospitals and doctors, and passage of a law to permit nurses to qualify as registered midwives. The AAGN leadership opposed midwife certification, arguing that nursing curricula left no room for midwife study, and thus nurses were not qualified to participate in home births. In 1919 the AAGN compromised with the UFWA, and they worked together for the passage of the Public Health Nurses Act that allowed nurses to serve as midwives in regions without doctors. Thus, Alberta's District Nursing Service, created in 1919 to coordinate the province's women's health resources, resulted chiefly from the organized, persistent political activism of UFWA members and only minimally from the actions of professional nursing groups clearly uninterested in rural Canadians' medical needs.

1646:. Its history provides a prototype to show how a small-scale private banking house became an important force in early southwestern Alberta finance. Both brothers were astute businessmen, community leaders, and had absolute confidence in each other – so much so that in 1888 Nathaniel returned to Lindsay (later Simcoe) and became a grain merchant. The banking business expanded, with branches being opened and advertising and the lending of money becoming widespread. In March 1905, the Cowdrys sold their banking concerns at Fort Macleod to the Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce. The role of family enterprise in private banking during the late 19th and early 20th centuries was pivotal in providing an important channel for the flow of credit into southwestern Alberta and facilitated the emergence of the modern economy. 1887:(1878–1943). The message was biblical prophecy. Aberhart was a fundamentalist, preaching the revealed word of God and quoting the Bible to find a solution for the evils of the modern, materialistic world: the evils of sophisticated academics and their biblical criticism, the cold formality of middle-class congregations, the vices of dancing and movies and drink. "Bible Bill" preached that the capitalist economy was rotten because of its immorality; specifically, it produced goods and services but did not provide people with sufficient purchasing power to enjoy them. This could be remedied by the giving out money in the form of "social credit", or $ 25 a month for every man and woman. This pump priming was guaranteed to restore prosperity, he prophesied to the 1600 Social Credit clubs he formed in the province. 1450:

language. From 1900 to 1930, the government faced the formidable task of transforming the ethnically and linguistically diverse immigrant population into loyal and true Canadians. Many officials believed language assimilation by children would be the key to Canadianization. However, there was opposition to the direct method of English teaching from some immigrant spokesmen. English-language usage in playground games often proved an effective device, and was systematically used. The elementary schools especially in rural Alberta played a central role in the acculturation of the immigrants and their children, providing, according to Prokop, a community character that created a distinctive feature of Canadian schools glaringly missing in the European school tradition.

1341:(UFA), formed in 1909. Guided by the ideas of William Irvine and later by Henry Wise Wood, the UFA was intended at first to represent economic interests rather than to act as another political party. But farmers' dissatisfaction with Liberal provincial policies and Conservative federal policies, combined with falling wheat prices and a railroad scandal, drove the farmers to favour direct politics and the election of three Farmer-oriented MLAs and an MP in the 1917 to 1921 period opened the door to a general contesting for power in 1921. There was an overwhelming UFA landslide in the provincial legislature in 1921. Alberta also gave strong support to UFA and Labour candidates in the 1921 federal election. The elected MPs worked with the 1436:, the health care system had a number of characteristics: it was a system initially operated by missionaries and later taken over by the Department of Indian Affairs, it was an extensive and decentralized system, the health care services delivered by the system were firmly rooted in Canadian middle-class reformist values and represented an attempt to have these values applied to Indian communities, and, apparently, the system served peoples who were reluctant to use the facilities and services made available to them. Contrary to the idea that prior to World War II the federal government refused to take responsibility for Indian health in Canada, the development of an Indian health policy and system had already taken place gradually. 1666:

travelled to London, England, in 1929 to make the case for recognizing women as full legal citizens. In the 1930s the group addressed many of the controversial political issues of the day, including the introduction of a minimum wage, fair unemployment insurance legislation, the compulsory medical examination of school children, and the requirement of a medical certificate for marriage. The national convention of the BPW was held in Calgary in 1935. The club actively supported Canadian overseas forces in World War II. At first most of the members were secretaries and office workers; more recently it has been dominated by executives and professions. The organization continues to attend to women's economic and social issues.

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producer in the British Empire. Three distinct phases of discovery marked the field's history and involved such Albertans as William Stewart Herron and A. W. Dingman, and companies that included Calgary Petroleum Products, later the Royalite Oil Company; Turner Valley Royalties; and later the Home Oil Company. In 1931, the province enacted the Oil and Gas Wells Act to reduce the heavy waste of natural gas. In 1938, the Alberta Petroleum and Natural Gas Conservation Board was successfully established and enacted conservation and prorating measures. The goal was to maximize the long-term yield, as well as to protect small producers.

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movie houses themselves are part of the entertainment product, the cinema industry follows a cycle of construction, renovation, and demolition. The industry's face is constantly changing in an effort to draw people inside; Edmonton's cinemas have moved with the retail industry from the downtown core to the suburban shopping malls, and are now experimenting with new formats similar to retailers' big boxes. Just as Edmonton is known for massive amounts of retail space, it also has one of the highest numbers of movie screens in Canada in proportion to its population. Cinemas are thus a revealing aspect of trends in urban development.

1140:, where quarrymen had been on strike for nearly a year. However, the transport costs alone were more than many Welsh workers could afford, and this limited the number of people responding to the offer to under 150. By November letters began to arrive in Wales complaining about the living and working conditions in the CPR camps. Government officials, seeking to populate the Canadian prairies, began to downplay the criticisms and present more positive views. Although some of the immigrants eventually found prosperity in Canada, the immigration scheme envisioned by government and railroad officials was canceled in 1898. 1509:

international travel. From the outset they began to affect the cultural and commercial life of the area. As "Little Italy" grew it started to provide essential services for its members, such as a consul and the Order of the Sons of Italy, and an active fascist party provided a means of social organization. Initially the Italians coexisted peacefully with their neighbours, but during World War II they were the victims of prejudice and discrimination to the point that even today Italians in Calgary feel that Canadian society does not reward those who maintain their ethnicity.

1372:. A prolonged drought in the southern two-thirds of the province produced low grain harvests and forced the abandonment and/or foreclosure of thousands of farms, while there and elsewhere in Alberta the financial picture for farmers was harmed by low world prices for grain. Heavily indebted and operating with slim profit margins, farmers were open to theories of banking and monetary reform that had been kicking around western Canada since the start of commercial farming in the 1880s in western Canada. The UFA leadership were leery of such proposals and farmers turned to 1491:

Alberta maintained some control of local schools by electing trustees sympathetic to French language and culture. Such groups as the Association Canadienne-Française de l'Alberta expected trustees to implement their own cultural agenda. An additional problem francophone communities faced was the constant shortage of qualified francophone teachers during 1908–35; the majority of those hired left their positions after only a few years of service. After 1940 school consolidation largely ignored the language and culture issues of francophones.

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community to use the Liberal Party to garner political power in districts that were predominantly Ukrainian and introduce bilingual education in those areas, were quashed by party leaders, who blamed a group of teachers for the initiative. As a reprisal, these teachers were labelled "unqualified". The various rebellious actions by Ukrainian residents of the Bukowina school district did not prevent the dismissal of Ukrainian teachers. By 1915 it was clear that bilingual education would not be tolerated in early-20th-century Alberta.

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prairie settlers living in primitive areas lacking doctors and hospitals. Nurses provided prenatal care, worked as midwives, performed minor surgery, conducted medical inspections of schoolchildren, and sponsored immunization programs. The post-World War II discovery of large oil and gas reserves resulted in economic prosperity and the expansion of local medical services. The passage of provincial health and universal hospital insurance in 1957 precipitated the eventual phasing out of the obsolete District Nursing Service in 1976.

5792: 5321: 2113: 658: 1557:, a semiarid region in Alberta and Saskatchewan, suffered a decade of dry years and crop failures that culminated in financial ruin for many of the region's wheat farmers. Overconfidence on the part of farmers, financiers, the Canadian Pacific Railway, and the Canadian government led to land investments and development in the Palliser on an unprecedented and dangerous scale. A large share of this expansion was funded by mortgage and loan companies in Britain eager to make overseas investments. 1526: 47: 713: 5781: 5308: 5434: 1283: 1582:

Cochrane, the Oxley, the Walrond, and the Bar U, demonstrate the complex hierarchies that separated cowboys from cooks and foremen from managers. Ethnic, educational, and age differences further complicated the elaborate social fabric of the corporate ranches. The resulting division of labour and hierarchy permitted Alberta's ranches to function without the direct involvement of investors and owners, most of whom lived in eastern Canada and Britain.

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with very high paid workers flown in from eastern Canada, especially the depressed Maritimes and Newfoundland. In 2006 bitumen production averaged 1.25 million barrels per day (200,000 m/d) through 81 oil sands projects, representing 47% of total Canadian oil output. The processing of bitumen, however, releases large amounts of carbon dioxide, which has alarmed environmentalists worried about global warming and Canada's carbon footprint.

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the product of an international Communist conspiracy. Their labour legislation sought to foil the conspiracy's plans in Alberta and incidentally to reassure potential investors, particularly in the oil industry, of a good climate for profit-taking. The path for such legislation was made smoother by the conservatism of one wing of the labour movement in the province and the fear of being tarnished with the Communist brush by the other wing.

1612:, beans and bacon, mended clothes, raised children, cleaned, tended the garden, helped at harvest time and nursed everyone back to health. While prevailing patriarchal attitudes, legislation, and economic principles obscured women's contributions, the flexibility exhibited by farm women in performing productive and nonproductive labour was critical to the survival of family farms, and thus to the success of the wheat economy. 1695:

the south bank of the river, developed separately – economically, politically, and socially – because travel and communication across the river were limited. (They merged in 1912.) In addition to affording an outlet for civic rivalries, the games between the Edmonton Thistle and Strathcona Shamrock hockey clubs united individuals from different social classes and diverse cultural backgrounds in support of their team.

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also encouraged the export of capital from London. The mythical image of the Palliser as an abundant region, coupled with a growing confidence in technology, created a false sense of security and stability. Between 1908 and 1913 British firms lent vast sums to Canadian farmers to plant their wheat crops; only when the drought began in 1916 did it become clear that far too much credit had been extended.

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dressed. Few became church members after the revival was over, however. Working-class attendees probably experienced discomfort among their better-dressed and better-behaved neighbours, and the church leadership maintained strong ties to local business interests but did little to reach out to the lower classes. The cottage meetings that followed the revival typically took place in middle-class homes.

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of enterprise, the pursuit of profit, family-centred capitalism, use of Canada's and Britain's capital markets, and economic progression through reinvestment of earnings. His personal family management developed a family estate that remains significant in Alberta's economy. Cross is remembered principally for his cattle breeding advances and his dynamism and scientific approach to brewing.

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actively sought to "Christianize and Canadianize" the substantial numbers of Ukrainian immigrants who settled in the province. A particular focus was child education, with music activities used as a recruiting tool. Some chapters admitted male members. The movement faded as general society shifted away from religious activities and the conservative fundamentalist movement gained strength.

1912:(CCF) in Saskatchewan. In Alberta the CCF and Social Credit were bitter enemies, especially in the early 1940s. The antagonism was re-created in Saskatchewan. Thus it was impossible for the two parties to merge in Saskatchewan. The Saskatchewan CCF, already a potent force in that province, took on the mantle of defending workers'/farmers' rights and went on to form government in 1944. 492:

for food and the open, easily traversed landscape. As well, bands could migrate over vast distances, following the bison or for military purposes. Subarctic peoples also migrated, but in much smaller groups since the productivity of the boreal forests is so low that it cannot support any large groups in one place for long. Migrations in the subarctic would include following

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town rather than be jailed. Later, 1909–14, a smallpox epidemic in the red-light district started a crackdown against prostitution, which by then was regarded as a major problem, especially by middle-class women reformers. The Woman's Christian Temperance Union vigorously opposed both saloons and prostitution, and called for woman suffrage as a tool to end those evils.

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in canning factories, sawmills, and other businesses. There was constant controversy in the press about the role and freedom of the local Japanese. Farm production increased markedly, and after the war few of the Japanese took advantage of the repatriation plan to go to Japan. The Japanese in Alberta today are well assimilated, but little of Japanese heritage remains.

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services aimed at poor women and children. The mission was governed by a volunteer board of women directors and began by raising money for its first year of service through charitable donations and payments from the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company. The mission also blended social work with nursing, becoming the dispenser of unemployment relief.

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Indian health administration in this early period, this article describes the creation and workings of two hospitals on Indian reserves in southern Alberta. The federal government took two main steps in dealing with Indian peoples' health: it built hospitals on reserves, and it created a system of medical officers to staff these facilities. Before

1920:, with but 43% of the vote, against a combined Liberal-Conservative coalition under the name People's League. The prosperity of the Second World War relieved the economic fears and hatreds that had fueled farmer unrest. Aberhart died in 1943, and was succeeded as Premier by his student at the Prophetic Bible Institute and lifelong close disciple, 1876:

protecting farm families from losing the home-quarter, many farm families lived in poverty and faced the loss of the land base needed for viable profitable farms. Their insecurity was a potent factor in creating a mood of political desperation. The farmers' government, the UFA, was baffled by the depression and Albertans demanded new leadership.

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Catholic clergy in his archdiocese and replaced them with Anglophone priests. He helped to assimilate Ukrainian Catholic immigrants into the stricter Roman Catholic traditions, extended the viability of Edmonton's separate Catholic school system, and established both a Catholic college at the University of Alberta and a seminary in Edmonton.

1811:, a small, indigenous Canadian firm, relied on new technology and heavy capital investment to pioneer oil sand extraction in the Athabascan region. Unfavourable leasing terms from the provincial government and the strong financial risk inherent in the project forced the firm to seek an investment partner. The large American oil company 1254:. He was elected to the territorial assembly, but resigned to become a federal MP. He replaced Sifton as Minister of the Interior and set about reducing support for European immigration. At the same time, he was in charge of drawing up the boundaries of the provincial ridings for the 1905 Alberta elections. He is accused by some of 1124:

joining family and former neighbours. While somewhat primitive living conditions were the norm for many years into the 20th century, the settlers quickly established institutions and social outlets, including a Lutheran congregation, a school, the Bardo Ladies' Aid Society, a literary society, a youth choir, and a brass band.

1907:

Aberhart's SC government was authoritarian and he tried to exert detailed control over its officeholders (especially in the late 1930s, those who opposed Aberhart's more radical ideas; then in the late 1940s, the die-hards who still called for Douglasite reforms); those who rebelled were dismissed as

1903:

Once in power Aberhart gave priority to balancing the provincial budget. He reduced expenditures and established (briefly) a sales tax and increased income tax. The poor and unemployed suffered cuts to the rather-thin relief they had gotten under the UFA regime. The $ 25 monthly social dividend never

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contain an enormous amount of oil, one of the world's richest deposits—second only to Saudi Arabia. The first plant for extracting oil from the tar sands was completed in 1967, and a second plant was completed in 1978. In 1991 the plants produced about 100 million barrels of oil. Expansion was rapid,

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in the 1890s and received its main impetus with the winter carnival in 1916. In the next decades the carnival became popular; ski jumping and cross-country races led to much publicity. By 1940, Banff had become one of Canada's leading skiing centres, and was heavily promoted as a vacation destination

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Up to the 1880s prostitution in Alberta was tolerated and not considered serious. But as the itinerant population became more settled this attitude gradually changed. The years 1880–1909 witnessed few arrests and even fewer fines for prostitution, in part because those caught were encouraged to leave

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provided services for the camp, Bolshevik sympathizers considered him an oppressor of the labourers and a bourgeois industrialist. The radicalism at the mine diminished as Moodie replaced the immigrant miners with Canadian military veterans ready to appreciate the safe work environment offered there.

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Gender roles were sharply defined. Men were primarily responsible for breaking the land; planting and harvesting; building the house; buying, operating and repairing machinery; and handling finances. At first there were many single men on the prairie, or husbands whose wives were still back east, but

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Some ranchers became important entrepreneurs. A rancher and brewer with secondary interests in gas, electricity, and oil, Calgary entrepreneur Alfred Ernest Cross (1861–1932) was a significant agent of modernization in Alberta and the Canadian West. As with others, his name symbolizes a driving force

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During the interwar period the various components of the Alberta Woman's Missionary Societies worked tirelessly to maintain traditional Anglo-Protestant family and moral values. Comprising a number of mainstream denominational groups and at one time numbering over five thousand members, the societies

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There was a strong link between federal Indian health care and the ideology of social reform operating in Canada between the 1890s and 1930. Between the 1890s and 1930 the Department of Indian Affairs became increasingly involved in Indian health. With the aim of revealing aspects of the department's

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as a recognized subspecialty of registered nurses. Accusing the AAGN of ignoring the medical needs of rural Alberta women, the leaders of the UFWA worked to improve economic and living conditions of women farmers. Irene Parlby, the UFWA's first president, lobbied for the establishment of a provincial

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The railways developed town sites six to ten miles (9.7–16.1 km) apart and lumber companies and speculators loaned money to encourage building on the lots. Immigrants faced an unfamiliar, harsh environment. Building a home, clearing and cultivating thirty acres (12 ha), and fencing the

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Population density for both plains and subarctic peoples (as for most hunter-gatherer societies) was quite low, but distributed very differently. Plains bands could often congregate into large, pan-tribal hunting or war parties—especially once horses were available—due to the abundant supply of bison

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Following the arrival of outside European observers it is possible to reconstruct a rough narrative history of the nations of what later became Alberta. Using later-recorded oral histories as well as archaeological and linguistic evidence, it also possible to make inferences back further in time. But

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Prairie farmers had always believed that they were being exploited by Toronto and Montreal. What they lacked was a prophet who would lead them to the promised land, one who promised, despite the UFA's misgivings, to push aside the existing economic and constitutional barriers to the fight for Social

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Competitive sports emerged in urban areas, especially hockey. It provided an arena for the civic rivalries such as those between the cities of Edmonton and neighbouring Strathcona during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Edmonton, on the north bank of the Saskatchewan River, and Strathcona, on

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Motion pictures have been an important aspect of urban culture since 1910. The places where people have watched films, from the nickelodeon to the multiplex, have changed in ways that reflect changes in the society generally. The cinema in Edmonton reflected the changing urban landscape. Because the

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The term "mixed farming" better applies to southern Alberta agricultural practices during 1881–1914 than does "ranching". "Pure ranching" involves cowboys working predominantly from horseback; it was the norm when huge ranches were formed in 1881. Quickly practices were modified. Hay was planted and

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British money managers were driven by a complex set of global economic forces including a decline in British investment opportunities, excess capital, and massive investment expansion on the Canadian frontier. Reduced grain production in Europe and increased grain production in the prairie provinces

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Methodist revivalism in early-20th-century Calgary promoted progress and bourgeois respectability as much as spiritual renewal. In 1908, the Central Methodist Church hosted American evangelicals H. L. Gale and J. W. Hatch. They drew big crowds, but the message was mild and the audience calm and well

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The first homesteaders relied on themselves and their neighbours for medical services. Doctors were few. Pioneer healing women used traditional remedies and laxatives. The reliance on homeopathic remedies continued as trained nurses and doctors became more common among the pioneer communities in the

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or one of his sons, who had travelled inland to Manitoba in 1730, establishing forts and trading furs directly with the native peoples there. Exploring the river system further, the French fur traders would have likely engaged the Blackfoot-speaking people directly; proof of this being that the word

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to internment camps in southern Alberta, which already had Japanese communities at Raymond and Hardieville. At first limited to working in sugar beet fields, the newly arrived Japanese had severe housing, school, and water problems. In the following years some of the Japanese were permitted to work

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took the risk, but as the investment burden on Sun increased, the company became compelled to assume both financial and managerial control of the operation. Thus, the native Canadian firm had to yield its autonomy as the price of pursuing a pioneering but complicated industrial project. In 1995 Sun

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In the larger cities the Alberta chapter of the Canadian Red Cross provided relief services to the community during the hard years of the 1920s and 1930s. It also successfully lobbied the government to take a more active and responsible role in looking after the people during difficult times. Every

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from the Winnipeg stockyards were exported to the United States, harming Canada's domestic beef market. Several factors, including the severe winter of 1919–20, the end of inflated wartime prices for beef, and the reinstitution of the US tariff on Canadian cattle, all contributed to the collapse of

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A key controversy concerning the linguistic rights of ethnic minorities in western Canada was the 1913 Ruthenian School Revolt in the Edmonton area. Ukrainian immigrants, called "Galicians" or "Ruthenians" by Anglo-Celtic Canadians, settled in the vicinity of Edmonton. The attempts by the Ukrainian

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The Lethbridge Nursing Mission in Alberta was a representative Canadian voluntary mission. It was founded, independent of the Victorian Order of Nurses, in 1909 by Jessie Turnbull Robinson. A former nurse, Robinson was elected as president of the Lethbridge Relief Society and began district nursing

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in 1929. The high point of Brownlee's administration came after long negotiations with the federal government concerning Alberta's natural resources. In 1930, control of these resources was turned over to the province. Hurrying to hold an election before the full effect of the Depression kicked in,

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naming their new settlement Bardo, after their homeland. Since the Land Act of 1872, Canada had eagerly sought to establish planned single-nationality immigrant colonies in the Western Provinces. The settlement at Bardo grew steadily, and from 1900 on most settlers came directly from Bardo, Norway,

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When historians speak of political units on the Great Plains they often speak of "inter-tribal warfare" but most political decisions were not made strictly on the basis of ethnic (or tribal) identity. Most often, bands from a number of different tribes would form a semi-permanent alliance, called a

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After the war, Manning passed several pieces of restrictive legislation that limited labour's ability to organize workers and to call strikes. The enforcement of labour law also reflected an anti-union bias. Social Crediters, who had a penchant for conspiracy theories, believed union militancy was

1890:

Alberta's businessmen, professionals, newspaper editors and the traditional middle-class leaders protested vehemently at Aberhart's ideas, which they described as crack-pot, but they did not seem to offer solution of the problems faced by Alberta's workers and farmers and spoke not of the promised

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Assimilation into Canadian culture was the norm for nearly all European immigrants, according to Prokop (1989). An important indicator of assimilation was the use of English; the children of all immigrant groups showed a strong preference in favour of speaking English, regardless of their parents'

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came to power. Many experts maintain that the large-scale social change that occurred in the province as a result of the postwar oil boom was responsible for this important change of government. Urbanization, in particular the expansion of the urban middle classes, secularization, and increasing

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In 1892 the North-West Territories adopted the Ontario schools' model, emphasizing state-run institutions that glorified not only the English language but English history and customs as well. Alberta continued this model after the province was established. Predominantly francophone communities in

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Prohibition of alcoholic drinks was a major political issue, pitting the Anglophone Protestants against most ethnic groups. The Alberta Temperance and Moral Reform League, founded in 1907, was based in Methodist and other Protestant churches and used anti-German themes to pass legislation putting

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into Blackfoot culture thereby increasing their numbers and reducing their enemy's. According to David Thompson, by 1787 the Blackfoot conquest of Shoshone territory was complete. The Shoshone moved across the Rockies or far to the south, and only rarely came onto the plains to hunt or trade. The

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was the fundamental unit of organization on the Plains for both hunting and warfare. Bands were loose associations that could be formed and dissolved depending on circumstances, which gave their member lodges much freedom, but also less certainty. Therefore, people would also be socially bound to

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west of Fort Macleod. They primarily raised cattle but also raised horses for the Royal Canadian Mounted Police for additional income. Lyndon's herds suffered with others' herds during the hard winter of 1886–87. He developed an irrigation system and a post office as the district grew during the

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after 1890. It boosted "King Wheat" to regional dominance by integrating the province's economy with the rest of Canada. Used to efficiently load grain into railroad cars, grain elevators came to be clustered in "lines" and their ownership tended to concentrate in the hands of increasingly fewer

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Italians arrived in two waves, the first from 1900 to 1914, the second after the Second World War. The first arrivals came as temporary and seasonal workers, often returning to southern Italy after a few years. Others became permanent urban dwellers, especially when the First World War prevented

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The Catholic archbishop of Edmonton, Henry Joseph O'Leary affected the city's Catholic sectors considerably, and his efforts reflect many of the challenges facing the Catholic Church at that time. During the 1920s, O'Leary favoured his fellow Irish and drastically reduced the influence of French

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Richardson (1998) examines the social, political, economic, class, and professional factors that contributed to ideological and practical differences between leaders of the Alberta Association of Graduate Nurses (AAGN), established in 1916, and the United Farm Women of Alberta (UFWA), founded in

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from Eastern Canada, the United States, and Europe. Wheat and cattle remain important, but the farms are much larger now and the rural population much smaller. Alberta has urbanized and its economic base has expanded from the export of wheat and cattle to include the export of petroleum as well.

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The first oil field in western Canada was Turner Valley, south of Calgary, where large supplies were discovered at a depth of about 3,000 feet (910 m). Calgary became the oil capital, with a reputation for swashbuckling entrepreneurship. Turner Valley was for a time the largest oil and gas

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The Calgary Current Events Club, started in 1927 by seven women, rapidly gained popularity with professional women of the city. In 1929 the group changed its name to the Calgary Business and Professional Women's Club (BPW) in response to a call for a national federation of such groups. Members

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James Moodie developed the Rosedale Mine in Alberta's Red Deer River Valley in 1911. Although Moodie paid higher wages and operated the mine more safely and efficiently than other coal mines in the province, the Rosedale experienced work slowdowns and strikes. Because Moodie owned the mine and

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Elofson (2005) shows that free-range cattle ranching was much the same in Montana, Southern Alberta, and Southern Saskatchewan. Benson (2000) describes the social structure for cowboys and other workers on large, corporate ranches in southwestern Alberta around 1900. Four of those ranches, the

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The Alberta District Nursing Service administered health care in the predominantly rural and impoverished areas of Alberta in the first half of the 20th century. Founded in 1919 to meet maternal and emergency medical needs by the United Farm Women of Alberta (UFWA), the Nursing Service treated

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The province's oil and natural gas furnish raw materials for large industrial complexes at Edmonton and Calgary, as well as for smaller ones at Lethbridge and Medicine Hat. These complexes include oil and gas refineries and plants that use refinery by-products to make plastics, chemicals, and

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led the UFA to a second majority government in the 1926 election. During his reign, the UFA government repealed prohibition, replacing it with government sale of liquor and heavily regulated privately run bar-rooms, passed a Debt Adjustment Act to help indebted farmers, and aided workers with

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the demand for radical action peaked around 1934, after the worst period was over and the economy was recovering. Mortgage debt was a social issue because many farmers could not make their payments and were threatened with foreclosure by banks. Although the UFA government passed legislation

1193:, was one of the most persistent and vocal supporters of provincehood for the West. However, his plan for provincial status in the West was not a plan for the provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan that was eventually adopted; rather he favoured the creation of one very large province called 1750:

and in central Alberta. From collection and distribution points near Edmonton the oil is sent by pipeline to refineries, some as distant as Sarnia, Toronto and Montreal to the east, Vancouver to the west, and especially the U.S. to the South. Interprovincial Pipe Line (IPL) began in 1949,

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land ahead. Aberhart's new party in 1935 elected 56 members to the Assembly, compared to 7 for all the other parties, the previously-governing UFA losing all its seats. The economic theorist for Aberhart was Major Douglas, an English engineer with an unbounded confidence in technology.

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they had a hard time. They realized the need for a wife. As the population increased rapidly, wives played a central role in settlement of the prairie region. Their labour, skills, and ability to adapt to the harsh environment proved decisive in meeting the challenges. They prepared

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Blackfoot control of the sources of horses was not secure, however, and neither were their hunting grounds. From the northeast the Iron Confederacy (mostly Cree and Assiniboine but also Stoney, Saulteaux and others) were losing their position as middlemen traders as the HBC and the

902:, the primary food source of the plains tribes. Diseases were also spreading among the tribes. Warfare and starvation became rampant on the plains. Eventually disease and starvation weakened the tribes to the point where warfare became impossible. This culminated in 1870 with the 884: 2051:

wealth are often cited as the primary causes of Social Credit's downfall. Bell (1993) challenges this popular interpretation, arguing instead that short-term factors such as leadership, contemporaneous issues, and campaign organization better explain the Conservative triumph.

1915:

By 1938 the Social Credit government abandoned its promised $ 25 payouts. Its inability to fulfill its election promises led to heavy defections from the party, including at least one MLA, Edith Rogers, who later moved to the CCF. Aberhart's government was re-elected in the

1204:, did not want to concentrate too much power in one province, which might grow to rival Quebec and Ontario, but neither did he think three provinces were viable, and so opted for the two-province plan. Alberta became a province along with Saskatchewan on September 1, 1905. 1570:

cut in summer to provide winter cattle feed; fences were built and repaired to contain winter herds; and dairy cows and barnyard animals were maintained for personal consumption and secondarily for market. Mixed farming was clearly predominant in southern Alberta by 1900.

1301:'s government started work on the governmental infrastructure, especially regarding legal and municipal affairs. Rutherford, a gentleman of the old school, was a weak leader but he was supportive of education, pushing for the establishment of a Provincial University. If 1634:, which seemed promising because of its coal deposits and good grazing land. Lumber merchants combined to form Bow Centre Collieries Ltd., and sold real estate to speculators. Bad luck, in the form of drought at the time of the First World War I ruined the ambitions. 1585:

The survival of Alberta's cattle industry was seriously in doubt for most of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. At two points during this time, 1887–1900 and 1914–20, the industry enjoyed great prosperity. The latter boom began when the United States enacted the

1427:

ran hospitals for the Blackfoot bands of southern Alberta during this time. In the 1920s the Canadian government authorized funds for building hospitals on both the Blackfoot and Blood reserves. They emphasized the treatment of tuberculosis through long-term care.

592:

and out onto the plains to the east. The Shoshone became extremely feared for constantly launching raids to capture more war prisoners. This earned them the hatred of all of their neighbours, and resulted in a temporary alliance between the Blackfoot Confederacy,

1908:

cabinet ministers and purged, "read out of", the caucus and were not named as party candidate for the next election. Although Aberhart was hostile to banks and newspapers, he was basically in favor of capitalism and did not support socialist policies, unlike the

670:

for "Frenchman" in the Blackfoot language means, "real white man". By the mid-eighteenth century, they were siphoning off most of the best furs before they could reach the Hudson's Bay trading posts further inland, sparking tension between the rival companies.

617:

by 1780. The 1780–1782 smallpox outbreak devastated both the Shoshone and Blackfoot; however, the Blackfoot used their newly acquired military superiority to launch raids on the Shoshone in which they captured large numbers of women and children, who were then

1542:

companies, many controlled by Americans. The main commercial entities involved in the trade were the Canadian Pacific Railway and the powerful grain syndicates. Many newcomers were unfamiliar with the dry farming techniques need to handle a wheat crop, so The

1136:. To attract a thousand workers from Wales who would eventually settle in Canada, the British government offered workers $ 1.50 a day and land through the homestead process. Publicized by shipping companies and newspapers, the scheme drew many workers from 855:

The area later to become Alberta was acquired by the fledgling Dominion of Canada in 1870 in the hopes that it would become an agricultural frontier settled by White Canadians. To "open up" the land to settlement, the government began negotiating the

1880:

Credit. The Social Credit movement in Alberta found its leader in 1932 when Aberhart read his first Social Credit tract; it became a political party in 1935 and burned like a prairie fire. It was elected to majority government on August 22, 1935.

1934:

The anti-Semitic rhetoric of some Social Credit activists greatly troubled Canada's Jewish community; in the late 1940s Premier Manning belatedly purged the anti-Semites. Major C.H. Douglas, was blatantly anti-Semitic and enamored with the fake

1324:

Communication was enhanced when a telephone system was set up for the towns and cities. Long-term economic growth was stimulated by the construction through Edmonton of two additional transcontinental railroads, which later became part of the

604:

The Shoshone could not keep a monopoly on the horses, however, and soon the Blackfoot had their own, obtained through trade from the Crow, captured in raids, or bred by the Blackfoot themselves. At the same time the Blackfoot began to acquire

516:

by English-language observers. The pre-settlement political history of the Great Plains (and to some extent the Subarctic) is one of shifting membership in a number of large confederacies, consisting of dozens of bands from multiple tribes.

1148:

About 3,200 Mormons arrived from Utah, where their practice of polygamy had been outlawed. They were very community oriented, setting up 17 farm settlements; they pioneered in irrigation techniques. They flourished and in 1923 opened the

1269:

The new province of Alberta had a population of 78,000 but apart from the Canadian Pacific Railway it lacked infrastructure. The people were farmers and they lacked schools and medical facilities. Ottawa retained control of its

1064:

Initially the government preferred English-speaking settlers from Eastern Canada or Great Britain and to a lesser extent, the United States. However, to speed up the rate of settlement, the government under the direction of

1550:, in 1908. It sold irrigable land and advised settlers in the best farming and irrigation methods. Dramatic changes in the Alberta grain trade took place in the 1940s, notably the amalgamation of grain elevator companies. 571:

in 1738, and his sons were also explorers of the West. Based on these and other sources it is possible to derive a rough picture of the political map of the northern Great Plains during the eighteenth century. The

470:

or other dwelling. Lodges travelled together in groups which anthropologists call "bands". In the case of the Blackfoot during the historic era this would include 10 to 30 lodges, or roughly 80 to 240 persons. The

1864:. His theories, at first brought to public attention in Alberta by UFA and Labour MPs in the early 1920s, became very popular across the nation in the early 1930s. A central proposal was the free distribution of 1758:

Alberta produced 81% of Canada's crude oil in 1991, when Alberta's traditional oil fields peaked; output is now steadily declining. Before the 1970s, the major producers were controlled by U.S. oil giants.

1894:

The Social Credit Party remained in power for 36 years until 1971. It was re-elected by popular vote nine times. Its continued success was simultaneous with its ideological move from left to the right.

1595:

the Alberta cattle market. The boom ultimately worked against Alberta's economic interests because the high prices during that period made it unfeasible to establish local cattle finishing practices.

1423:

Because health care was not provided by treaty with the Canadian government, First Nations reserve residents in the early 20th century usually received this service from private groups. The Anglican

1833:

fertilizer. The oil and gas industry provides a market for firms supplying pipes, drills, and other equipment. Large amounts of sulfur are extracted from natural gas in plants near the gas fields.

576:

were able to acquire horses from their southern linguistic cousins at an early stage, and therefore became dominant on the northern Plains. By the early 1700s their hunting range extended from the

868:. At the same time the decline of the HBC's power had allowed American whisky traders and hunters to expand into southern Alberta, disrupting the Native way of life. Of particular concern was 1642:

Most business operations were family affairs, with relatively few large-scale operations apart from the railways. In 1886, the Cowdry brothers (Nathaniel and John) opened a private bank at

4441:

14 popular essays on the fur trade, aboriginal peoples, exploration, the North-West Mounted Police, ranchers, homesteaders, territorial and provincial politics, women, and Alberta culture.

623:

Blackfoot claimed an area from the North Saskatchewan River in the north to the upper reaches of the Missouri River in the south, and from the Rockies east for 300 miles (480 km).

1767:

Exploration for oil led to the discovery of large reserves of natural gas. The most important gas fields are at Pincher Creek in the southeast, at Medicine Hat, and in the northwest.

1329:. Their main role was to ship people in, and wheat out. Drawn by cheap farm land and high wheat prices, immigration reached record levels, and the population reached 470,000 by 1914. 1274:, making economic development difficult and complicating federal-provincial relations. Indeed, battles over oil poisoned relations with the federal government, especially after 1970. 555:) and allied with them against a list of other groups whose identity is not known, the "Eagle Birch Indians, Mountain Poets, and Nayanwattame Poets". Another early account comes from 805:

The economic struggle represented by the fur trade was paralleled by a spiritual struggle between rival Christian churches hoping to win converts among the native Indians. The first

779: 959:

brought the first cattle into the province in 1876. Like most hired hands, Ware was American, but the industry was dominated by powerful British- and Ontario-born magnates such as

778:. The HBC and NWC eventually merged in 1821, and in 1870 the new HBC's trade monopoly was abolished and trade in the region was opened to any entrepreneur. Although the process of 1590:

of 1913, allowing Canadian cattle free entry. Exporting Alberta cattle to Chicago markets proved highly profitable for the highest quality livestock. By 1915, most stocker and

1052:

around 1890 led 600,000 Americans (mainly from the Midwest and Upper South regions) to move to Saskatchewan and Alberta, where the farming frontier flourished 1897–1914.

1742:, 20 miles (32 km) south of Edmonton, and in 1948 oil mining began at Redwater. Both these fields were overshadowed in importance in 1956 with the discovery of the 1317:(a suburb that soon was annexed into Edmonton in 1912). Talented Conservatives sought their political fortune in national rather than provincial politics, most notably 982:'s (CPR) desire to undercut land speculators, prompted the CPR to announce a last minute switch of the route to a more southerly path passing through Calgary and the 372:). The area was repopulated once the drought subsided, by peoples from a diverse number of language families and from all parts of the North American continent. The 1517:

An economic crisis engulfed much of rural Alberta in the early 1920s, as wheat prices plunged from their wartime highs and farmers found themselves deep in debt.

1345:, a national farm organization. Together they held the balance of power for the minority Liberal and Conservative governments in power for much of the 1920s. 770:(NWC), a private Montreal-based company that hoped to recreate the old French trading network in the waters that did not drain to the Hudson Bay, such as the 613:(HBC) to the northeast, often via Cree and Assiniboine middlemen. The Piegans (and other Blackfoot) were then able to begin to push the Shoshone south of the 1771:, completed in 1958, carries some of the gas eastward to Ontario and Quebec; other pipelines run to California. Alberta produces 81% of Canada's natural gas. 1716: 1712: 685:

in 1754–55. He spent the winter with a group of Blackfoot, with whom he traded and went buffalo hunting. Other important early explorers of Alberta include

564: 5140: 4347: 466:

people was what the European-Canadian explorers called a "lodge". A lodge was an extended family or other close-knit group who lived together in the same

4963: 4288: 4864: 1958:

Alberta's contribution to the Canadian war effort from 1939 to 1945 was substantial. At home, prisoner of war and internment camps were maintained at

1553:

Recklessness, greed, and overoptimism played a part in the early-20th-century financial crisis on the Canadian wheat frontier. Beginning in 1916, the

1361:

Brownlee led the UFA to a third majority government in the 1930 election. As he moved to the fiscal right, he alienated socialists and labour groups.

4983: 1383:

After the defeat, the UFA pulled back to its economic-activity core purpose, as a chain of co-operative farm-supply stores and farmers' lobby group.

1056:

entire property, all of which were requirements of homesteaders seeking title to their new land, were difficult tasks in the glacier-carved valleys.

1649:

After a dramatic economic boom during the First World War, a sharp, short depression hit Alberta in 1920–22. Conditions were typical in the town of

1212: 3893:

Taylor, Graham D. (1985). "Sun Oil Company and Great Canadian Oil Sands Ltd.: The Financing and Management of a 'Pioneer' Enterprise, 1962–1974".

1573:

Captain Charles Augustus Lyndon and his wife, Margaret, established one of the first ranches in Alberta in 1881. Lyndon homesteaded a site in the

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Wiseman (2011) argues that the heavy influx of 600,000 immigrants from the United States brought along such political ideals such as liberalism,

1034: 898:

was being introduced to the First Nations, firearms were becoming more easily available. Meanwhile, white hunters were shooting huge numbers of

5509: 5499: 1392:

early part of the 20th century. After 1900, medicine, especially nursing, and especially in urban areas, modernized and became well organized.

5418: 1978:

airfields and training establishments were established in the province. Militarily, thousands of men (and later, women) volunteered for the

283:

grasslands were great for raising cattle. The coming of the railways in the late 19th century led a to large-scale migration of farmers and

174: 4915: 1165: 556: 3798:

O'Riordan, Terence (Spring 2001). "The 'Puck Eaters': Hockey as a Unifying Community Experience in Edmonton & Strathcona, 1894–1905".

5413: 5359: 2146: 1234: 929:. The force was then divided, half going north to Edmonton, and half heading back to Manitoba. The next year, new outposts were founded: 2355: 4226:

Bell, Edward (September 1993). "The Rise of the Lougheed Conservatives and the Demise of Social Credit In Alberta: A Reconsideration".

3041:

Drees, Laurie Meijer (1996). "Reserve Hospitals and Medical Officers: Health Care And Indian Peoples In Southern Alberta, 1890s–1930".

167: 2933:

Richardson, Sharon (1998). "Political Women, Professional Nurses, and the Creation of Alberta's District Nursing Service, 1919–1925".

4988: 4952: 4910: 4905: 1786: 978:. The success of the Mounties in the south, coupled with a government desire to establish Canadian sovereignty of that area, and the 774:, and waters draining to the Pacific Ocean. Many of Alberta's cities and towns started as either HBC or NWC trading posts, including 428:, etc.) speak a family of languages different from both of the above, and are from southeast. There are also small offshoots of the 5625: 5010: 217: 3349: 5832: 5575: 5027: 4857: 1975: 1250:

newspaper in 1880 from which he espoused a sharp criticism of Liberal policies in the West. He was especially disapproving of

840:, with which he had some success. Several Alberta towns and regions were first settled by French missionary activity, such as 5580: 4805: 4784: 4756: 4728: 4707: 4686: 4647: 4626: 4605: 4567: 4534: 4513: 4456: 4434: 4413: 4392: 4115: 4088: 4038: 3977: 3945: 3877: 3436: 2843: 2287: 1537:

Wheat was the dominant crop and the tall grain elevator alongside the railway tracks became a crucial element of the Alberta

1691:

Throughout the province popular sports included skiing, and skating for everyone, and hunting and fishing for men and boys.

5630: 5455: 5403: 5260: 5224: 5104: 5099: 5022: 4930: 4323: 2256: 2233: 2210: 729: 3176: 1731:

and natural gas, generating billions of revenue for the province and igniting a bitter feud with the national government.

5673: 5648: 5620: 5064: 2308: 1909: 1352:

progressive wage codes. It abolished the provincial police, passing law enforcement outside of the municipalities to the

733: 279:

Recorded or written history begins with the arrival of Europeans. The rich soil was ideal for growing wheat and the vast

5610: 5600: 5547: 5519: 2708: 2184: 1631: 1197:. Other proposals called for three provinces, or two provinces with a border running east–west instead of north–south. 3217: 5460: 5368: 5234: 5000: 4925: 4920: 4850: 4144: 3518:

Klassen, Henry C. (August 1991). "Entrepreneurship in the Canadian West: The Enterprises of A. E. Cross, 1886–1920".

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Flanagan, Thomas; Lee, Martha F. (1991). "From Social Credit to Social Conservatism: The Evolution of an Ideology".

2058:

the government met its demise against a slate of younger, fresher candidates put forward by the Alberta NDP, led by

2006:, who was killed in air combat. Dozens of Alberta-based militia units provided cadres for overseas units, including 5292: 5277: 5179: 5005: 4958: 4895: 2497: 2469: 2441: 2416: 2391: 2336: 994: 2054:

The Conservatives remained in power, under seven different premiers, for 44 years of majority governments. But in

5663: 5504: 5352: 5229: 5124: 5049: 4316: 1927:

The Social Credit party, now firmly on the right, governed Alberta until 1968 under Manning. He was succeeded by

1755:

in 1998 and now has 4500 employees; it moves 2 million barrels a day over 13,500 miles (21,700 km) of pipe.

829: 806: 760: 2740: 974:

for possible routes to the Pacific. The early favourite was a northerly line that went through Edmonton and the

5567: 5477: 4270: 2011: 1917: 1711:

Alberta has played the central role in Canada's petroleum industry —both from the discovery and development of

1578:

1890s. Although Lyndon died in 1903, his family maintained his enterprises until 1966 when the ranch was sold.

1294: 1220: 1025:

groups and the Canadian government. The rebellion stretched over what is now Saskatchewan and Alberta. After a

698: 694: 485: 333:. The Métis established themselves to the east of Alberta, but after being displaced by white settlement, many 5806: 5465: 5034: 2521: 2063: 2055: 1353: 1049: 3008: 948:

moved in to take their place. Ranchers were among the most successful early settlers. The arid prairies and

5706: 5542: 5482: 5472: 5184: 4886: 4080:

Agrarian Socialism: The Cooperative Commonwealth Federation in Saskatchewan; a Study in Political Sociology

2082: 2021: 1337:

Feeling abused by the railroads and the grain elevators, militant farm organizations appeared, notably the

763:

in 1759, the British HBC was left with unfettered control of the trade, and exercised its monopoly powers.

559:(a Cree later adopted into the Peigan), who was 75 years old when he recounted his early years to explorer 297: 210: 5827: 5736: 5678: 5595: 5492: 5388: 5287: 5194: 5151: 5079: 2882:

Richardson, Sharon (1997). "Women's Enterprise: Establishing The Lethbridge Nursing Mission, 1909–1919".

2502: 2474: 2446: 2421: 2396: 2341: 2136: 2090: 2078: 2007: 1377: 1342: 192: 181: 19: 3668:

Klassen, Henry C. (Winter 1989). "Cowdry Brothers: Private Bankers In Southwestern Alberta, 1886–1905".

5605: 5345: 5311: 5044: 5017: 4973: 2709:"'Send A Thousand Welsh Farm Labourers To Canada!' The Crow's Nest Pass Work Scheme And Damage Control" 1872: 1369: 1289:, Alberta's first premier took advantage of the political power handed to him by the federal government 1111:

One typical settlement involved Norwegians from Minnesota. In 1894, Norwegian farmers from Minnesota's

960: 243: 2550: 864:

and the right to government support in exchange for ceding all claims to the majority of the lands to

5731: 5585: 5557: 5054: 3737:

Sheehan, Nancy M. (1981). "The WCTU on the Prairies, 1886–1930: An Alberta-Saskatchewan Comparison".

3387:

Elofson, W. M. (1996). "Not Just a Cowboy: The Practice of Ranching in Southern Alberta, 1881–1914".

2126: 2067: 1995: 1574: 1424: 1365: 1338: 1326: 1241: 918: 903: 887: 849: 787: 560: 782:

to the Dominion of Canada began much earlier, the current land of Alberta then became a part of the

484:), or a common age or rank (a ritual society or a warrior society, referred to in anthropology as a 5711: 5590: 5552: 5282: 5164: 5094: 2363: 2074: 1983: 1808: 1543: 1186: 1066: 979: 725: 614: 577: 239: 3561:

Rollings-Magnusson, Sandra (2000). "Canada's Most Wanted: Pioneer Women on the Western Prairies".

3070:"Canadianization of Immigrant Children: Role of the Rural Elementary School in Alberta, 1900–1930" 2572:

Bicha, Karel Denis (June 1965). "The Plains Farmer and the Prairie Province Frontier, 1897–1914".

2411: 648: 330: 5751: 5537: 5450: 5129: 4881: 4055: 3757: 3496: 3323: 3300: 3177:"Bilingual School District Trustees and Cultural Transmission: The Alberta Experience, 1892–1939" 3115: 3092: 2860: 1298: 1293:

The Liberals formed the first government of Alberta and remained in office until 1921. After the

1216: 1150: 1022: 993:

In 1882 the District of Alberta was created as part of the North-West Territories, and named for

971: 814: 744: 686: 644: 610: 401: 203: 64: 4161: 3707: 3608: 3453: 3258: 3069: 2985: 5219: 5174: 5109: 3779:

Bailie, Douglas (1996). "Cinemas in the City: Edmonton from the Nickelodeon to the Multiplex".

2141: 2086: 1943: 1865: 1609: 1530: 1271: 987: 934: 877: 810: 783: 739:, and often took the form of open warfare. Most of central and southern Alberta is part of the 5398: 4078: 3965: 3116:"'The Great Revival': Evangelical Revivalism, Methodism, and Bourgeois Order in Early Calgary" 1368:

and in part due to the government's inability to raise wheat prices or otherwise mitigate the

925:

towards Alberta. They reached the western end of the trek by setting up a new headquarters at

666: 5189: 4748:

The Literary History of Alberta Volume Two: From the End of the War to the End of the Century

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in the oil sands, but Syncrude is controlled by a consortium of international oil companies.

1380:

as a weapon to do battle against what were seen as grasping bankers and collection agencies.

1310: 1178: 1042: 907: 544: 4795: 4774: 4746: 4718: 4697: 4676: 4658: 4637: 4616: 4595: 4557: 4545: 4524: 4503: 4446: 4424: 4403: 4382: 4271:"UCP is taking more central power, but that's a good thing when the enemy is fire and flood" 1630:

town had its boosters who dreamed big, but most towns remained just villages. An example is

5701: 5529: 5249: 5239: 5039: 4183:

Finkel, Alvin (Spring 1988). "The Cold War, Alberta Labour, and the Social Credit Regime".

2713: 2098: 1974:, housing captured Axis service personnel as well as Canadian internees. A large number of 1768: 1348: 1286: 1230: 1177:

of the North-West Territories, with parts of the future province being in the districts of

1048:

After the 1885 North-West Rebellion was put down, settlers began to pour into Alberta. The

1010: 740: 393: 389: 385: 358: 5433: 3093:"'Women of Prayer are Women of Power': Woman's Missionary Societies in Alberta, 1918–1939" 2261:

Beyond Borderlands: Horses, Guns, Smallpox, and the Trajectory of Eastern Shoshone History

2238:

Beyond Borderlands: Horses, Guns, Smallpox, and the Trajectory of Eastern Shoshone History

2215:

Beyond Borderlands: Horses, Guns, Smallpox, and the Trajectory of Eastern Shoshone History

539:, we get the first glimpse of alliances in the wider region. He reports that the emerging 8: 5514: 5442: 5254: 5204: 5169: 5159: 5084: 4830: 4580: 2520: 2015: 1991: 1979: 1967: 1547: 1314: 1223: 1194: 1174: 1133: 1077: 1038: 841: 822: 619: 85: 5721: 5615: 2492: 2331: 1189:. Local leaders lobbied hard for provincial status. The premier of the territories, Sir 594: 334: 5741: 5688: 5668: 5640: 5487: 5244: 5199: 5114: 5089: 4763: 4735: 4490: 4341: 4289:"One-third of Jasper townsite destroyed by wildfire, Cypress County on standby to help" 4251: 4208: 4133: 3918: 3866: 3836:

Atkins, Laura; Nicoll, Coleen; Stewart, Jody (Winter 1984). "Turner Valley Oilfields".

3574: 3543: 3369: 3156:

McGuigan, Peter (1996). "Edmonton, Archbishop Henry O'Leary and the Roaring Twenties".

2986:"Frontier Health Care: Alberta's District and Municipal Nursing Services, 1919 to 1976" 2966: 2915: 2816: 2689: 2651: 2597: 2589: 1971: 1942:

By the mid-1980s Social Credit activists were redeploying into the social conservative

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The peace and stability the Mounties brought fostered dreams of mass settlement on the

956: 767: 628: 413: 409: 397: 92: 71: 4821: 4328:. Heritage Community Foundation. 2005. Archived from the original on September 6, 2012 2386: 1018: 5766: 5761: 5658: 5408: 5214: 5119: 4968: 4940: 4873: 4801: 4780: 4752: 4724: 4703: 4682: 4643: 4622: 4601: 4563: 4530: 4509: 4452: 4430: 4409: 4388: 4255: 4243: 4200: 4140: 4111: 4084: 4034: 3973: 3941: 3922: 3910: 3873: 3719: 3535: 3454:"Cowboys and Cattlebarons: Status and Hierarchy on Alberta's Early Corporate Ranches" 3432: 3361: 3239: 3198: 3050: 3023: 2958: 2950: 2907: 2899: 2839: 2834:

Betke, Carl F. (1979). "Society and Politics in Alberta". In Caldarola, Carlo (ed.).

2722: 2681: 2601: 2283: 1921: 1743: 1650: 1554: 1246: 1154: 1072:

soon began advertising to attract settlers from continental Europe. Large numbers of

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Dawe, Michael J. (Spring 1996). "Debt and Depression: Red Deer in the Early 1920s".

3588:

Rowles, Edith (1952). "Bannock, beans and bacon: An investigation of pioneer diet".

2970: 2919: 2436: 5784: 5726: 5716: 5696: 5134: 4994: 4767: 4739: 4482: 4361: 4235: 4192: 3902: 3570: 3527: 3497:"Mixed Blessings: The Second 'Golden Age' of the Alberta Cattle Industry 1914–1920" 3229: 3188: 2942: 2891: 2808: 2797:"A Lesson in Boosterism: The Contest for the Alberta Provincial Capital, 1904–1906" 2774: 2636: 2581: 1884: 1853: 1587: 1485: 1373: 1227: 1112: 1081: 748: 573: 540: 429: 405: 28: 4720:

The Literary History of Alberta Volume One: From Writing-on-Stone to World War Two

4467: 3218:"The Ruthenian School Revolt of 1913: Linguistic and Cultural Conflict in Alberta" 952:

were well suited to American-style, dry-land, open-range ranching. Black American

5746: 4028: 3961: 3426: 3234: 3193: 2195: 2094: 1947: 1418: 1261:

Together Oliver and Rutherford made sure that Edmonton became Alberta's capital.

1201: 1169:

Crowds in Edmonton mark the creation of the Province of Alberta, 1 September 1905

1137: 1120: 1073: 1069: 975: 895: 771: 589: 472: 417: 373: 273: 269: 259: 2264: 2241: 2218: 5756: 4978: 2046:'s Conservatives put an end to the long rule of the Social Credit Party as the 2043: 2018:

in addition to numerous artillery, engineer, and units of the supporting arms.

2003: 1999: 1931:, who led the Social Credit government to defeat in the 1971 general election. 1747: 1739: 1699: 1255: 1092: 914:. It was the last major battle fought between native nations on Canadian soil. 861: 837: 833: 717: 706: 702: 674: 657: 568: 552: 315: 234:, Canada, has a history and prehistory stretching back thousands of years. The 4239: 3630:

Sheehan, Nancy M. (1987). "The Red Cross And Relief In Alberta, 1920s–1930s".

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and several other Protestant denominations also sent missions to the Natives.

5821: 5796: 5653: 5423: 5325: 4247: 4204: 3914: 3539: 3365: 3243: 3202: 3054: 3027: 2954: 2946: 2903: 2726: 2685: 2669: 2118: 2059: 1987: 1861: 1857: 1817: 1800: 1774: 1591: 1364:

In 1935 the UFA collapsed politically, and its defeat was in part due to the

1318: 1309:

was chosen as the capital, that annoyance grew into outrage in 1906 when the

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on the very territory the Blackfoot had recently captured from the Shoshone.

632: 548: 513: 505: 457: 433: 319: 303: 247: 235: 4355: 1525: 3723: 1963: 1643: 1433: 938: 926: 899: 712: 652: 581: 526: 449: 350: 266: 3280:

Dempsey, L. James (Autumn 2011). "The CPR Demonstration and Supply Farm".

2962: 2911: 2796: 2672:(Fall 2001). "Canada Fever: The Odyssey of Minnesota's Bardo Norwegians". 46: 5393: 3906: 1928: 1852:) was a populist political movement strongest in Alberta and neighboring 1538: 1080:

and Scandinavians moved in, among others, often coalescing into distinct

1059: 598: 497: 425: 354: 255: 4494: 4212: 3373: 2820: 2693: 2655: 4900: 4448:

Creating Citizens: History and Identity in Alberta's Schools, 1905–1980

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Social Discredit: Anti-Semitism, Social Credit, and the Jewish Response

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via the CPR and fought against the rebels. The rebels were defeated at

1014: 930: 922: 873: 690: 4083:(revised ed.). University of California Press. pp. 143–144. 3547: 2812: 2765:

Rosenvall, L. A. (1982). "The Transfer of Mormon Culture to Alberta".

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prohibition into effect in July 1916. The laws were repealed in 1926.

673:

The first written account of present-day Alberta is by the fur trader

4948: 4486: 4196: 1794: 1728: 1724: 1100: 949: 865: 798: 793: 728:, and the rivalries associated with it. The first battle was between 326: 307: 284: 251: 5337: 4842: 4797:

Civilizing the West: The Galts and the Development of Western Canada

751:. This was contested by French traders operating from Montreal, the 3817:

Lund, Rolf T. (Autumn 1977). "The Development of Skiing in Banff".

3531: 1837:

is extracted from the gas in a plant near Edson, west of Edmonton.

1821: 1306: 682: 665:

The first European to reach Alberta was likely a Frenchman such as

493: 311: 2509: 5372: 4377:

Scholarly biographies of every important person who died by 1930.

3428:

Frontier Cattle Ranching in the Land and Times of Charlie Russell

1720: 1401: 1302: 1096: 606: 585: 280: 231: 36: 4468:"Fostering a Provincial Identity: Two eras in Alberta Schooling" 1683: 921:, the "Mounties", in 1873. In July 1874, 275 officers began the 242:

arrived in the area by at least 10,000 BC according to the

1834: 1812: 1727:. The province became one of the world's foremost producers of 1207:

Haultain might have been expected to be appointed as the first

953: 917:

To bring law and order to the West, the government created the

467: 445: 421: 2022:

In 1942 many Japanese from British Columbia were forcibly sent

986:. This was against the advice of some surveyors who said that 883: 340: 1799:

or "tar sands" in the Athabasca River valley to the north of

1773:

An early pioneer in the discovery and use of natural gas was

1746:

field west of Edmonton. Other fields were discovered east of

1258:

the boundaries to favour Liberal Edmonton over Tory Calgary.

1132:

In July 1897 the CPR began work on a railway passing through

1009:

The CPR went ahead and was nearly completed in 1885 when the

945: 759:. When France's power on the continent was crushed after the 501: 481: 476:

others in variety of other groups, such as common descent (a

453: 263: 3137:

Dempsey, Hugh A. (Spring 2010). "The Day Alberta Went Dry".

1868:(or social credit), called "funny money" by the opposition. 1095:, as opposed to traditional English Canadian themes such as 631:

moved inland, and they were instead taking up horse-mounted

1026: 911: 477: 439: 4639:

Toward Defining the Prairies: Region, Culture, and History

4375:(Online ed.). University of Toronto/Université Laval. 3475:

Sheldon, Professor (Winter 2000). "A Visit To The Bar U".

2617: 780:

transferring Rupert's Land and the North-Western Territory

432:

from the far northwest found on the Plains, including the

3868:

Alberta's Oil Patch: The People, Politics & Companies

4030:

Democracy in Alberta: Social Credit and the Party System

1103:. One result was the growth of the Non-Partisan League. 944:

As the bison disappeared from the Canadian West, cattle

2303: 2301: 2299: 1751:

transporting oil to refineries in the east. IPL became

1084:, giving parts of Alberta distinctive ethnic clusters. 709:

disputes this claim, having also been founded in 1788.

543:(Cree and Assiniboine) were on friendly terms with the 325:

Later, the mixture of these native peoples with French

272:, originally without the aid of horses, but later with 1060:

Canadians, Americans, British, Germans, and Ukrainians

462:

The smallest unit of organization for both plains and

3343: 3341: 3009:"Reserve Hospitals in Southern Alberta, 1890 To 1930" 1860:

was based on the economic theories of an Englishman,

997:, fourth daughter of Queen Victoria, and wife of the 2296: 2108: 1939:

Aberhart and Manning denied they were anti-Semitic.

860:

with the various Native nations, which offered them

724:

The early history of Alberta is closely tied to the

3835: 3216:Gauthier, Angela; Kach, Nick; Mazurek, Kas (1996). 3215: 4132: 3865: 3560: 3406:Hawk, Patricia (Winter 2000). "The Lyndon Ranch". 3338: 2616: 2531:. Vol. 10. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 1001:, who was Governor General of Canada at the time. 565:Pierre Gaultier de Varennes, sieur de La Vérendrye 388:family and came to the Plains from the southwest. 4590:a comparison with Saskatchewan, Fulltext in EBSCO 4033:(revised ed.). University of Toronto Press. 3431:(2nd ed.). McGill-Queen's University Press. 1883:The prophet and new premier was radio evangelist 5819: 4346:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 3758:"Calgary Business and Professional Women's Club" 2501:. Vol. VIII (1851–1860) (online ed.). 2458: 2456: 2420:. Vol. VIII (1851–1860) (online ed.). 2263:. University of Nebraska-Lincoln. Archived from 2240:. University of Nebraska-Lincoln. Archived from 2217:. University of Nebraska-Lincoln. Archived from 2093:conflagrations. Nearly One-Third of the town of 1400:1915, regarding the promotion and acceptance of 4618:Game Plan: A Social History of Sport in Alberta 4556:Palmer, Howard; Palmer, Tamara Jeppson (1990). 4547:The Formation of Alberta: A Documentary History 4110:. McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 22. 3970:'Bible Bill' Aberhart and Armageddon in Alberta 3966:"The Politics of Chaos: Canada in the Thirties" 3347: 2801:Urban History Review / Revue d'Histoire urbaine 2362:. Heritage Community Foundation. Archived from 2340:. Vol. III (1741–1770) (online ed.). 2282:. Edmonton: Hurtig Publishers. pp. 10–11. 701:. The first European settlement was founded at 349:It is believed that at least some parts of the 2395:. Vol. VI (1821–1835) (online ed.). 5419:Timeline of the petroleum industry in Alberta 5353: 4858: 4772: 4426:Mavericks: An Incorrigible History of Alberta 3797: 3563:Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology 2795:Kilpatrick, Alexander Bruce (February 1980). 2790: 2788: 2473:. Vol. V (1801–1820) (online ed.). 2453: 2445:. Vol. V (1801–1820) (online ed.). 2356:"Fur Trade and Mission History: Peter Fidler" 766:This was soon challenged in the 1770s by the 211: 4555: 3350:"Financing the Palliser Triangle, 1908–1913" 2277: 2177: 1564: 1240:Alberta's other main leader at the time was 752: 346:in both cases the evidentiary base is thin. 314:, and fished for other types of game in the 4764:The Literary History of Alberta: Volume Two 4736:The Literary History of Alberta: Volume One 4578:Pitsula, James M. (2005). "Disparate Duo". 4162:"The Japanese in Southern Alberta, 1941–45" 4007: 3348:Feldberg, John; Elofson, Warren M. (1998). 2745:Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints 2623:. Multicultural History Society of Ontario. 2147:History of the petroleum industry in Canada 2066:, a newly reunited conservative party, the 2037: 1386: 1235:Alberta and Great Waterways Railway scandal 1233:, whose government would later fall in the 941:, around which the city of Calgary formed. 677:, who explored the vicinity of present-day 504:and other game, and returning to favourite 341:Political history of the indigenous peoples 5360: 5346: 4865: 4851: 4026: 3649:Koch, Jonathan (Winter 2012). "Bow City". 2983: 2932: 2881: 2794: 2785: 2637:"The American Imprint on Alberta Politics" 2522:"Catholic Indian Missions of Canada" 1898: 990:not suitable for agricultural settlement. 588:) and all along the eastern slopes of the 580:in the north (present-day Alberta) to the 520: 218: 204: 4635: 4522: 3233: 3192: 2764: 2487: 1787:List of articles about Canadian tar sands 1723:deposits in the province's vast northern 1706: 1356:. The government bailed out the bankrupt 1029:war party attacked a white settlement at 747:(HBC) as part of its monopoly territory, 743:, and in 1670 was claimed by the English 404:) are originally from the northeast. The 4656: 3863: 3324:"The Line Elevator in Alberta (Part II)" 3155: 2858: 2838:. Methuen Publications. pp. 14–32. 2836:The United Farmers of Alberta, 1921–1935 2625:covers practically all the ethnic groups 2309:"About Alberta – History: First Nations" 1937:Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion. 1820:, based in Calgary. Suncor is second to 1682: 1524: 1281: 1164: 1160: 1157:. About 82,697 Mormons live in Alberta. 882: 792: 711: 656: 440:Lodges, bands, tribes, and confederacies 4695: 4577: 4501: 4465: 4444: 4401: 4380: 4103: 3938:Major Douglas and Alberta Social Credit 3935: 3755: 3736: 3705: 3667: 3629: 3609:"J. Frank Moodie: The Man and the Mine" 3517: 3474: 3424: 3386: 3321: 3298: 3279: 3256: 3136: 2634: 2614: 2278:Palmer, Howard; Palmer, Tamara (1990). 1738:In 1947 an even bigger field opened at 126: 5820: 4773:Tupper, Allan; Gibbins, Roger (1992). 4744: 4716: 4593: 4182: 4159: 4130: 4076: 4053: 3992: 3960: 3892: 3778: 3587: 3451: 3113: 3090: 3067: 2706: 2668: 2515: 2329: 2185:The Plains Peoples of Southern Alberta 1976:British Commonwealth Air Training Plan 1439: 119: 5367: 5341: 4872: 4846: 4793: 4543: 4268: 4228:Canadian Journal of Political Science 3995:The Social Credit Movement in Alberta 3607:Smith, Catherine Munn (Spring 2000). 3606: 3494: 3040: 3006: 2833: 2741:"Alberta Statistics and Church Facts" 2571: 2434: 2409: 2384: 2254: 2231: 2208: 2073:Forest fires ravaged the land in the 1994:, a Saskatchewanian serving with the 1546:(CPR) set up a demonstration farm at 1321:, who became Prime Minister in 1930. 1264: 1045:, and Riel was later taken prisoner. 133: 5210:Northwest Territories capital cities 4674: 4614: 4574:standard survey by leading historian 4550:. Alberta Records Publication Board. 4422: 4281: 4225: 4135:Preston Manning and the Reform Party 3816: 3756:Andrews, D. Larraine (Winter 1997). 3686: 3648: 3405: 3174: 2861:"Pioneers In Sickness and in Health" 2462: 1827: 1244:. He founded Edmonton's influential 1119:, resettled on Amisk Creek south of 661:The territorial evolution of Alberta 638: 496:, snowshoeing onto frozen lakes for 291: 274:horses that Europeans had introduced 5802: 4262: 3708:"Prostitution In Calgary 1905–1914" 2767:American Review of Canadian Studies 1953: 1910:Cooperative Commonwealth Federation 1200:The prime minister of the day, Sir 480:), common language and religion (a 13: 4839:journals published 1953 to present 4776:Government and Politics in Alberta 4523:MacGregor, James Grierson (1972). 4056:"Social Credit and the Unemployed" 3575:10.1111/j.1755-618X.2000.tb01265.x 3485:, reprints an 1891 travel account. 3257:Fanella, Antonella (Spring 1994). 2984:Richardson, Sharon (Winter 1998). 2615:Magocsi, Paul Robert, ed. (1999). 1444: 597:, Plains Crees, Assiniboines, and 329:created a new cultural group, the 175:Progressive Conservative dominance 112: 14: 5844: 5414:History of the petroleum industry 4815: 4678:Alberta: A History in Photographs 2495:. In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.). 2467:. In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.). 2439:. In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.). 2414:. In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.). 2389:. In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.). 2334:. In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.). 2165:Ward (1995); Palmer (1990), ch 1. 1703:by the Canadian Pacific railway. 1332: 567:made it as far west as the upper 168:Liberal / Social Credit dominance 5801: 5790: 5780: 5779: 5432: 5319: 5307: 5306: 4642:. University of Manitoba Press. 4405:The Canadian Prairies: A History 4372:Dictionary of Canadian Biography 4160:Iwaasa, David B. (Summer 1976). 3389:Canadian Papers in Rural History 2619:Encyclopedia of Canada's Peoples 2549:. 13 August 2013. Archived from 2525:. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). 2498:Dictionary of Canadian Biography 2470:Dictionary of Canadian Biography 2442:Dictionary of Canadian Biography 2417:Dictionary of Canadian Biography 2392:Dictionary of Canadian Biography 2337:Dictionary of Canadian Biography 2111: 1840: 1713:conventional oil and natural gas 1412: 1173:At the dawn of the 20th century 1050:closing of the American frontier 995:Princess Louise Caroline Alberta 821:arrived in 1840 and established 302:More northerly tribes, like the 45: 4989:Former colonies and territories 4636:Wardhaugh, Robert, ed. (2001). 4600:. University of Toronto Press. 4508:. University of Calgary Press. 4451:. University of Calgary Press. 4408:. University of Toronto Press. 4317:Bibliography of Alberta history 4310: 4219: 4176: 4153: 4124: 4097: 4070: 4047: 4020: 4001: 3986: 3954: 3940:. University of Toronto Press. 3929: 3886: 3857: 3848: 3829: 3810: 3791: 3772: 3749: 3730: 3699: 3680: 3661: 3642: 3623: 3600: 3581: 3554: 3511: 3488: 3468: 3445: 3418: 3399: 3380: 3315: 3292: 3273: 3250: 3222:Historical Studies in Education 3209: 3181:Historical Studies in Education 3168: 3149: 3130: 3107: 3084: 3068:Prokop, Manfred (Spring 1989). 3061: 3034: 3000: 2977: 2926: 2875: 2852: 2827: 2758: 2733: 2700: 2662: 2635:Wiseman, Nelson (Winter 2011). 2628: 2608: 2565: 2535: 2481: 2428: 2403: 2378: 2348: 970:. The land was surveyed by the 830:Roman Catholic Church in Canada 705:by MacKenzie in 1788, although 355:prolonged period of the drought 5833:History of the Rocky Mountains 4668: 4663:. From Sea To Sea Enterprises. 3997:. University of Toronto Press. 3452:Benson, Kristi (Autumn 2000). 3301:"The Line Elevator in Alberta" 2859:Woywitka, Anne (Winter 2001). 2323: 2271: 2248: 2225: 2202: 2168: 2159: 2048:Progressive Conservative Party 1762: 1479: 1453: 1037:from Ontario were sent to the 563:in the 1780s. French explorer 1: 4675:Holt, Faye Reineberg (2009). 4505:A Business History of Alberta 4475:Canadian Journal of Education 4054:Finkel, Alvin (Spring 1983). 3972:. Dundurn. pp. 143–161. 3706:Bedford, Judy (Spring 1981). 3299:Everitt, John (Autumn 1992). 3091:Thrift, Gayle (Spring 1999). 3007:Drees, Laurie Meijer (1994). 2412:"Thompson, David (1770–1857)" 2152: 2070:, won a majority government. 1624: 1512: 1494: 1354:Royal Canadian Mounted Police 1175:Alberta was simply a district 1106: 1004: 529: 362: 4964:Crown and Indigenous peoples 4597:The Liberal Party in Alberta 4562:. McClelland & Stewart. 4544:Owram, Douglas, ed. (1979). 4384:A Picture History of Alberta 3520:Western Historical Quarterly 3114:Crouse, Eric (Winter 1999). 2707:Davies, Wayne K. D. (2001). 2083:Waterton Lakes National Park 1780: 1470: 1272:natural resources until 1930 298:Aboriginal peoples in Canada 140: 7: 5389:Timeline of Alberta history 4366:A very good starting point. 4325:Alberta Online Encyclopedia 4027:Macpherson, C. B. (2013) . 3895:Journal of Canadian Studies 3425:Elofson, Warren M. (2005). 3175:Mahé, Yvette T. M. (1997). 2574:Journal of Economic History 2503:University of Toronto Press 2475:University of Toronto Press 2447:University of Toronto Press 2422:University of Toronto Press 2397:University of Toronto Press 2360:Alberta Online Encyclopedia 2342:University of Toronto Press 2137:List of premiers of Alberta 2104: 2079:2016 Fort McMurray wildfire 2008:The Loyal Edmonton Regiment 1637: 1503: 1343:Progressive Party of Canada 1277: 797:Fort Edmonton; painting by 193:Timeline of Alberta history 20:Timeline of Alberta history 10: 5849: 5581:Specialized municipalities 4660:A Short History of Alberta 4502:Klassen, Henry C. (1999). 4314: 4269:Braid, Don (May 9, 2024). 3864:Le Riche, Timothy (2006). 3495:Foran, Max (Summer 1998). 3235:10.32316/hse/rhe.v8i2.1662 3194:10.32316/hse/rhe.v9i1.1435 2465:"MacKenzie, Sir Alexander" 2097:was destroyed by the July 2028: 1873:Great Depression in Canada 1784: 1656: 1483: 1416: 1370:Great Depression in Canada 1143: 988:the south was an arid zone 642: 443: 295: 262:eventually adapted to semi 17: 5775: 5687: 5654:Alberta Treasury Branches 5639: 5566: 5528: 5441: 5430: 5379: 5301: 5270: 5150: 5100:Newfoundland and Labrador 5063: 4939: 4880: 4832:Alberta Historical Review 4800:. University of Alberta. 4794:Otter, A. A. den (1986). 4779:. University of Alberta. 4751:. University of Alberta. 4723:. University of Alberta. 4621:. University of Alberta. 4466:Heyking, Amy von (2006). 4445:Heyking, Amy von (2006). 4423:Herk, Aritha van (2001). 4357:The Canadian Encyclopedia 4240:10.1017/S0008423900003401 2896:10.1891/1062-8061.5.1.105 2779:10.1080/02722018209480747 2586:10.1017/s0022050700056655 2385:Allen, Robert S. (1987). 2330:Wilson, Clifford (1974). 2234:"The Blackfoot Challenge" 2127:Battle of the Belly River 2068:United Conservative Party 1950:, son of Ernest Manning. 1678: 1669: 1615: 1565:Ranches and mixed farming 1425:Church Missionary Society 1366:John Brownlee sex scandal 1339:United Farmers of Alberta 1327:Canadian National Railway 919:North-West Mounted Police 904:Battle of the Belly River 888:North-West Mounted Police 850:Anglican Church of Canada 244:Bering land bridge theory 5520:Leader of the Opposition 4402:Friesen, Gerald (1987). 4104:Stingel, Janine (2000). 3993:Irving, John A. (1959). 2947:10.1891/1062-8061.6.1.25 2435:Gough, Barry M. (1983). 2075:2011 Slave Lake wildfire 2038:Conservatives and reform 1984:Royal Canadian Air Force 1809:Great Canadian Oil Sands 1719:of the world's foremost 1602: 1544:Canadian Pacific Railway 1520: 1387:Medical care and nursing 1219:. Laurier opted to have 1211:. However, Haultain was 1127: 1082:ethnic settlement blocks 1067:Minister of the Interior 980:Canadian Pacific Railway 601:to resist the Shoshone. 578:North Saskatchewan River 246:. Southerly tribes, the 240:First Nations in Alberta 27:This article is part of 4953:Persons of significance 4745:Melnyk, George (1998). 4717:Melnyk, George (1998). 4696:Beckett, Harry (2003). 4615:Wall, Karen L. (2012). 4131:Dobbin, Murray (1991). 4077:Lipset, S. M. (1971) . 3872:. Folklore Publishing. 2255:Hodge, Adam R. (2011). 2232:Hodge, Adam R. (2011). 2209:Hodge, Adam R. (2011). 2091:state of emergency 2023 2012:Calgary Regiment (Tank) 1899:Social Credit in office 1866:prosperity certificates 1299:Alexander C. Rutherford 1151:Cardston Alberta Temple 1031:Frog Lake, Saskatchewan 972:Canadian Pacific Survey 817:in 1842. The Methodist 645:First Nations in Canada 521:First recorded politics 4984:Events of significance 4822:Scholarly articles in 4559:Alberta: A New History 4381:Cashman, Tony (1979). 3354:Great Plains Quarterly 3322:Everitt, John (1993). 2935:Nursing History Review 2884:Nursing History Review 2644:Great Plains Quarterly 2517:Morice, Adrian Gabriel 2463:Lamb, W. Kaye (1983). 2280:Alberta: A New History 2142:Natural Resources Acts 2087:2019 Alberta wildfires 1996:South Alberta Regiment 1944:Reform Party of Canada 1707:Oil, gas and oil sands 1688: 1534: 1378:Social Credit movement 1290: 1170: 891: 878:Cypress Hills massacre 836:with evangelizing the 811:Jean-Baptiste Thibault 802: 788:Rupert's Land Act 1868 784:North-West Territories 753: 721: 662: 353:were depopulated by a 5626:Census agglomerations 5105:Northwest Territories 5050:Territorial evolution 4702:. Weigl Educational. 4657:Whitcomb, Ed (2005). 4594:Thomas, L.G. (1959). 3936:Hesketh, Bob (1997). 3259:"Italians In Calgary" 3016:Native Studies Review 2528:Catholic Encyclopedia 2493:"Simpson, Sir George" 2313:Government of Alberta 2132:History of Lethbridge 2081:, the September 2017 1816:sold its interest to 1686: 1528: 1311:University of Alberta 1285: 1168: 1161:Drive to provincehood 1043:Batoche, Saskatchewan 908:Blackfoot Confederacy 886: 876:, and the associated 801:(1810–1871), 1849–56. 796: 715: 660: 649:Métis people (Canada) 545:Blackfoot Confederacy 5664:Environmental issues 5125:Prince Edward Island 4526:A History of Alberta 4387:. Edmonton: Hurtig. 3907:10.3138/jcs.20.3.102 3590:Saskatchewan History 2714:Welsh History Review 2410:Nicks, John (1985). 2211:"Shoshone Expansion" 2174:Palmer (1990), ch 1. 2099:2024 Jasper wildfire 1769:TransCanada pipeline 1287:Alexander Rutherford 1252:Ukrainian settlement 1231:Alexander Rutherford 1017:, broke out between 1011:North-West Rebellion 894:At the same time as 745:Hudson's Bay Company 741:Hudson Bay watershed 620:forcibly assimilated 611:Hudson's Bay Company 525:From the journal of 386:Uto-Aztecan language 359:Medieval Warm Period 5576:Municipal districts 5510:Electoral districts 5478:Lieutenant Governor 5040:Population history 5011:Chinese immigration 4360:(Online ed.). 4185:Labour / Le Travail 2016:Calgary Highlanders 1992:David Vivian Currie 1980:Royal Canadian Navy 1687:Hunting party, 1916 1531:Palliser's Triangle 1440:Religion, ethnicity 1224:George H. V. Bulyea 1221:Lieutenant Governor 1153:in their centre of 1138:Bangor, North Wales 1039:District of Alberta 695:Alexander MacKenzie 667:Pierre La Vérendrye 335:migrated to Alberta 5828:History of Alberta 4681:. Heritage House. 4429:. Penguin Canada. 2489:Galbraith, John S. 1998:, was awarded the 1972:Kananaskis Country 1753:Enbridge Pipelines 1715:, and through the 1689: 1535: 1358:Alberta Wheat Pool 1291: 1265:Early 20th century 1215:while Laurier was 1209:Premier of Alberta 1191:Frederick Haultain 1171: 1115:, originally from 1033:(now in Alberta), 984:Kicking Horse Pass 892: 803: 790:on July 15, 1870. 768:North West Company 722: 689:, David Thompson, 663: 629:North West Company 127:Early 20th century 5815: 5814: 5797:Canada portal 5767:Battle of Alberta 5762:Alberta Advantage 5659:Alberta Innovates 5631:Designated places 5616:Métis settlements 5456:Political parties 5409:Numbered Treaties 5335: 5334: 5326:Canada portal 4896:18000 BCE–1500 CE 4874:History of Canada 4807:978-0-88864-111-3 4786:978-0-88864-243-1 4758:978-0-88864-324-7 4730:978-0-88864-296-7 4709:978-1-894705-00-4 4688:978-1-894974-87-5 4649:978-0-88755-388-2 4628:978-0-88864-657-6 4607:978-0-8357-9769-6 4569:978-0-88830-340-0 4536:978-0-88830-063-8 4515:978-1-55238-009-3 4458:978-1-55238-144-1 4436:978-0-14-317695-4 4415:978-0-8020-6648-0 4394:978-0-8883-0157-4 4117:978-0-7735-2010-3 4090:978-0-5200-2056-6 4040:978-1-4426-1575-5 3979:978-1-8949-0801-6 3947:978-0-8020-7994-7 3879:978-1-8948-6462-6 3438:978-0-7735-7441-0 2845:978-0-4589-3910-7 2813:10.7202/1019362ar 2674:Minnesota History 2547:Canadian Heritage 2332:"Henday, Anthony" 2289:978-0-8883-0340-0 2198:. pp. 12–13. 2002:as was Calgarian 1922:Ernest C. Manning 1828:Spin-off industry 1555:Palliser Triangle 1305:was annoyed when 999:Marquess of Lorne 968:Canadian Prairies 872:near present-day 858:Numbered Treaties 813:, who arrived at 755:coureurs des bois 639:Pre-Confederation 609:from the British 430:Na-Dene languages 292:Indigenous groups 228: 227: 161:Political history 120:Pre-Confederation 5840: 5805: 5804: 5795: 5794: 5793: 5783: 5782: 5717:Franco-Albertans 5621:Census divisions 5436: 5362: 5355: 5348: 5339: 5338: 5324: 5323: 5322: 5310: 5309: 5261:Name etymologies 5141:Name etymologies 5080:British Columbia 4995:Heritage Minutes 4867: 4860: 4853: 4844: 4843: 4811: 4790: 4768:Internet Archive 4762: 4740:Internet Archive 4734: 4713: 4692: 4664: 4653: 4632: 4611: 4589: 4573: 4551: 4540: 4519: 4498: 4487:10.2307/20054213 4481:(4): 1127–1156. 4472: 4462: 4440: 4419: 4398: 4376: 4365: 4362:Historica Canada 4351: 4345: 4337: 4335: 4333: 4304: 4303: 4301: 4300: 4285: 4279: 4278: 4266: 4260: 4259: 4223: 4217: 4216: 4197:10.2307/25142941 4180: 4174: 4173: 4157: 4151: 4150: 4138: 4128: 4122: 4121: 4101: 4095: 4094: 4074: 4068: 4067: 4051: 4045: 4044: 4024: 4018: 4017: 4005: 3999: 3998: 3990: 3984: 3983: 3962:Neatby, H. Blair 3958: 3952: 3951: 3933: 3927: 3926: 3890: 3884: 3883: 3871: 3861: 3855: 3852: 3846: 3845: 3833: 3827: 3826: 3814: 3808: 3807: 3795: 3789: 3788: 3776: 3770: 3769: 3753: 3747: 3746: 3734: 3728: 3727: 3703: 3697: 3696: 3684: 3678: 3677: 3665: 3659: 3658: 3646: 3640: 3639: 3627: 3621: 3620: 3604: 3598: 3597: 3585: 3579: 3578: 3558: 3552: 3551: 3515: 3509: 3508: 3492: 3486: 3484: 3472: 3466: 3465: 3449: 3443: 3442: 3422: 3416: 3415: 3403: 3397: 3396: 3384: 3378: 3377: 3345: 3336: 3335: 3319: 3313: 3312: 3296: 3290: 3289: 3277: 3271: 3270: 3254: 3248: 3247: 3237: 3213: 3207: 3206: 3196: 3172: 3166: 3165: 3153: 3147: 3146: 3134: 3128: 3127: 3111: 3105: 3104: 3088: 3082: 3081: 3065: 3059: 3058: 3038: 3032: 3031: 3013: 3004: 2998: 2997: 2981: 2975: 2974: 2930: 2924: 2923: 2879: 2873: 2872: 2856: 2850: 2849: 2831: 2825: 2824: 2792: 2783: 2782: 2762: 2756: 2755: 2753: 2751: 2737: 2731: 2730: 2704: 2698: 2697: 2666: 2660: 2659: 2641: 2632: 2626: 2624: 2622: 2612: 2606: 2605: 2569: 2563: 2562: 2560: 2558: 2553:on 13 March 2012 2539: 2533: 2532: 2524: 2513: 2507: 2506: 2485: 2479: 2478: 2460: 2451: 2450: 2432: 2426: 2425: 2407: 2401: 2400: 2382: 2376: 2375: 2373: 2371: 2352: 2346: 2345: 2327: 2321: 2320: 2315:. Archived from 2305: 2294: 2293: 2275: 2269: 2268: 2252: 2246: 2245: 2229: 2223: 2222: 2206: 2200: 2199: 2189: 2181: 2175: 2172: 2166: 2163: 2121: 2116: 2115: 2114: 1954:Second World War 1885:William Aberhart 1854:British Columbia 1698:Skiing began in 1588:Underwood Tariff 1486:Franco-Albertans 1374:William Aberhart 1349:John E. Brownlee 1295:election of 1905 1134:Crow's Nest Pass 1113:Red River Valley 1035:Canadian militia 823:Rundle's Mission 758: 716:A fur trader in 574:Eastern Shoshone 541:Iron Confederacy 538: 534: 531: 500:, searching for 371: 367: 364: 230:The province of 220: 213: 206: 49: 39: 24: 23: 5848: 5847: 5843: 5842: 5841: 5839: 5838: 5837: 5818: 5817: 5816: 5811: 5791: 5789: 5771: 5683: 5635: 5611:Indian reserves 5601:Summer villages 5562: 5524: 5437: 5428: 5375: 5366: 5336: 5331: 5320: 5318: 5297: 5266: 5146: 5067:and territories 5066: 5059: 4935: 4884: 4876: 4871: 4836:Alberta History 4826:1999 to present 4824:Alberta History 4818: 4808: 4787: 4759: 4731: 4710: 4689: 4671: 4650: 4629: 4608: 4570: 4552:primary sources 4537: 4516: 4470: 4459: 4437: 4416: 4395: 4369: 4354: 4339: 4338: 4331: 4329: 4322: 4319: 4313: 4308: 4307: 4298: 4296: 4287: 4286: 4282: 4267: 4263: 4224: 4220: 4181: 4177: 4166:Alberta History 4158: 4154: 4147: 4129: 4125: 4118: 4102: 4098: 4091: 4075: 4071: 4060:Alberta History 4052: 4048: 4041: 4025: 4021: 4006: 4002: 3991: 3987: 3980: 3959: 3955: 3948: 3934: 3930: 3891: 3887: 3880: 3862: 3858: 3853: 3849: 3838:Alberta History 3834: 3830: 3819:Alberta History 3815: 3811: 3800:Alberta History 3796: 3792: 3777: 3773: 3762:Alberta History 3754: 3750: 3735: 3731: 3712:Alberta History 3704: 3700: 3689:Alberta History 3685: 3681: 3670:Alberta History 3666: 3662: 3651:Alberta History 3647: 3643: 3628: 3624: 3613:Alberta History 3605: 3601: 3586: 3582: 3559: 3555: 3516: 3512: 3501:Alberta History 3493: 3489: 3477:Alberta History 3473: 3469: 3458:Alberta History 3450: 3446: 3439: 3423: 3419: 3408:Alberta History 3404: 3400: 3385: 3381: 3346: 3339: 3328:Alberta History 3320: 3316: 3305:Alberta History 3297: 3293: 3282:Alberta History 3278: 3274: 3263:Alberta History 3255: 3251: 3214: 3210: 3173: 3169: 3158:Alberta History 3154: 3150: 3139:Alberta History 3135: 3131: 3120:Alberta History 3112: 3108: 3097:Alberta History 3089: 3085: 3074:Alberta History 3066: 3062: 3039: 3035: 3011: 3005: 3001: 2990:Alberta History 2982: 2978: 2931: 2927: 2880: 2876: 2865:Alberta History 2857: 2853: 2846: 2832: 2828: 2793: 2786: 2763: 2759: 2749: 2747: 2739: 2738: 2734: 2705: 2701: 2667: 2663: 2639: 2633: 2629: 2613: 2609: 2570: 2566: 2556: 2554: 2541: 2540: 2536: 2514: 2510: 2486: 2482: 2461: 2454: 2433: 2429: 2408: 2404: 2387:"Fidler, Peter" 2383: 2379: 2369: 2367: 2354: 2353: 2349: 2328: 2324: 2307: 2306: 2297: 2290: 2276: 2272: 2253: 2249: 2230: 2226: 2207: 2203: 2196:Alberta Culture 2187: 2183: 2182: 2178: 2173: 2169: 2164: 2160: 2155: 2117: 2112: 2110: 2107: 2095:Jasper, Alberta 2040: 2031: 1956: 1948:Preston Manning 1901: 1856:, 1930s–1970s. 1843: 1830: 1813:Sun Oil Company 1789: 1783: 1772: 1765: 1709: 1681: 1672: 1659: 1640: 1627: 1618: 1605: 1575:Porcupine Hills 1567: 1523: 1515: 1506: 1497: 1488: 1482: 1473: 1456: 1447: 1445:Canadianization 1442: 1421: 1419:Indian hospital 1415: 1389: 1335: 1280: 1267: 1202:Wilfrid Laurier 1163: 1146: 1130: 1121:Beaverhill Lake 1109: 1070:Clifford Sifton 1062: 1007: 976:Yellowhead Pass 815:Lac Sainte Anne 809:missionary was 786:as part of the 772:Mackenzie River 655: 643:Main articles: 641: 590:Rocky Mountains 536: 532: 523: 460: 444:Main articles: 442: 384:) are from the 374:Numic languages 369: 365: 343: 300: 294: 224: 195: 184: 182:Recent politics 177: 170: 163: 152: 143: 136: 129: 122: 115: 104: 95: 88: 81: 74: 67: 56: 37: 22: 12: 11: 5: 5846: 5836: 5835: 5830: 5813: 5812: 5810: 5809: 5799: 5787: 5776: 5773: 5772: 5770: 5769: 5764: 5759: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5719: 5714: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5693: 5691: 5685: 5684: 5682: 5681: 5676: 5671: 5666: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5645: 5643: 5637: 5636: 5634: 5633: 5628: 5623: 5618: 5613: 5608: 5603: 5598: 5593: 5588: 5583: 5578: 5572: 5570: 5564: 5563: 5561: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5540: 5534: 5532: 5526: 5525: 5523: 5522: 5517: 5512: 5507: 5502: 5497: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5458: 5453: 5447: 5445: 5439: 5438: 5431: 5429: 5427: 5426: 5421: 5416: 5411: 5406: 5404:Historic sites 5401: 5396: 5391: 5385: 5383: 5377: 5376: 5365: 5364: 5357: 5350: 5342: 5333: 5332: 5330: 5329: 5315: 5302: 5299: 5298: 5296: 5295: 5290: 5285: 5283:Historiography 5280: 5274: 5272: 5268: 5267: 5265: 5264: 5257: 5252: 5247: 5242: 5237: 5232: 5227: 5222: 5217: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5197: 5192: 5187: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5156: 5154: 5148: 5147: 5145: 5144: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5122: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5102: 5097: 5092: 5087: 5082: 5077: 5071: 5069: 5061: 5060: 5058: 5057: 5052: 5047: 5042: 5037: 5032: 5031: 5030: 5025: 5015: 5014: 5013: 5003: 5001:Historic Sites 4998: 4991: 4986: 4981: 4976: 4971: 4966: 4961: 4959:Constitutional 4956: 4945: 4943: 4937: 4936: 4934: 4933: 4928: 4923: 4918: 4913: 4908: 4903: 4898: 4892: 4890: 4878: 4877: 4870: 4869: 4862: 4855: 4847: 4841: 4840: 4828: 4817: 4816:External links 4814: 4813: 4812: 4806: 4791: 4785: 4770: 4757: 4742: 4729: 4714: 4708: 4693: 4687: 4670: 4667: 4666: 4665: 4654: 4648: 4633: 4627: 4612: 4606: 4591: 4575: 4568: 4553: 4541: 4535: 4520: 4514: 4499: 4463: 4457: 4442: 4435: 4420: 4414: 4399: 4393: 4378: 4367: 4352: 4315:Main article: 4312: 4309: 4306: 4305: 4280: 4275:Calgary Herald 4261: 4234:(3): 455–475. 4218: 4175: 4152: 4145: 4139:. J. Lorimer. 4123: 4116: 4096: 4089: 4069: 4046: 4039: 4019: 4000: 3985: 3978: 3953: 3946: 3928: 3901:(3): 102–121. 3885: 3878: 3856: 3847: 3828: 3809: 3790: 3771: 3748: 3729: 3698: 3679: 3660: 3641: 3622: 3599: 3580: 3569:(2): 223–238. 3553: 3532:10.2307/969751 3526:(3): 313–333. 3510: 3487: 3467: 3444: 3437: 3417: 3398: 3379: 3360:(3): 257–268. 3337: 3314: 3291: 3272: 3249: 3228:(2): 199–210. 3208: 3167: 3148: 3129: 3106: 3083: 3060: 3049:(2): 149–176. 3033: 2999: 2976: 2925: 2874: 2851: 2844: 2826: 2784: 2757: 2732: 2721:(3): 466–494. 2699: 2680:(7): 356–367. 2670:Lovoll, Odd S. 2661: 2627: 2607: 2580:(2): 263–270. 2564: 2534: 2508: 2480: 2452: 2427: 2402: 2377: 2347: 2322: 2319:on 2004-04-07. 2295: 2288: 2270: 2267:on 2013-11-01. 2247: 2244:on 2013-11-03. 2224: 2221:on 2013-11-03. 2201: 2192:Buffalo Tracks 2176: 2167: 2157: 2156: 2154: 2151: 2150: 2149: 2144: 2139: 2134: 2129: 2123: 2122: 2106: 2103: 2044:Peter Lougheed 2039: 2036: 2030: 2027: 2004:Ian Bazalgette 2000:Victoria Cross 1955: 1952: 1900: 1897: 1848:(often called 1842: 1839: 1829: 1826: 1782: 1779: 1764: 1761: 1748:Grande Prairie 1708: 1705: 1680: 1677: 1671: 1668: 1658: 1655: 1639: 1636: 1626: 1623: 1617: 1614: 1604: 1601: 1566: 1563: 1522: 1519: 1514: 1511: 1505: 1502: 1496: 1493: 1484:Main article: 1481: 1478: 1472: 1469: 1455: 1452: 1446: 1443: 1441: 1438: 1414: 1411: 1388: 1385: 1334: 1333:Farm movements 1331: 1279: 1276: 1266: 1263: 1256:gerrymandering 1162: 1159: 1145: 1142: 1129: 1126: 1108: 1105: 1093:egalitarianism 1061: 1058: 1006: 1003: 862:reserved lands 838:Plains Indians 834:Albert Lacombe 807:Roman Catholic 761:fall of Quebec 718:Fort Chipewyan 707:Fort Vermilion 703:Fort Chipewyan 699:George Simpson 675:Anthony Henday 640: 637: 615:Red Deer River 584:in the south ( 569:Missouri River 561:David Thompson 522: 519: 441: 438: 342: 339: 316:aspen parkland 296:Main article: 293: 290: 250:, such as the 226: 225: 223: 222: 215: 208: 200: 197: 196: 191: 188: 187: 186: 185: 180: 178: 173: 171: 166: 164: 159: 154: 153: 150: 147: 146: 145: 144: 139: 137: 132: 130: 125: 123: 118: 116: 111: 106: 105: 102: 99: 98: 97: 96: 91: 89: 84: 82: 77: 75: 70: 68: 63: 58: 57: 54: 51: 50: 42: 41: 33: 32: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5845: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5825: 5823: 5808: 5800: 5798: 5788: 5786: 5778: 5777: 5774: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5712:First Nations 5710: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5694: 5692: 5690: 5686: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5646: 5644: 5642: 5638: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5574: 5573: 5571: 5569: 5565: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5535: 5533: 5531: 5527: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5495: 5494: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5468: 5467: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5448: 5446: 5444: 5440: 5435: 5425: 5424:Social Credit 5422: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5386: 5384: 5382: 5378: 5374: 5370: 5363: 5358: 5356: 5351: 5349: 5344: 5343: 5340: 5328: 5327: 5316: 5314: 5313: 5304: 5303: 5300: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5275: 5273: 5269: 5262: 5258: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5235:Richmond Hill 5233: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5165:Charlottetown 5163: 5161: 5158: 5157: 5155: 5153: 5149: 5142: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5095:New Brunswick 5093: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5073: 5072: 5070: 5068: 5062: 5056: 5053: 5051: 5048: 5046: 5043: 5041: 5038: 5036: 5033: 5029: 5026: 5024: 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4432: 4428: 4427: 4421: 4417: 4411: 4407: 4406: 4400: 4396: 4390: 4386: 4385: 4379: 4374: 4373: 4368: 4363: 4359: 4358: 4353: 4349: 4343: 4327: 4326: 4321: 4320: 4318: 4294: 4293:rdnewsnow.com 4290: 4284: 4276: 4272: 4265: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4222: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4179: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4156: 4148: 4146:9781550283594 4142: 4137: 4136: 4127: 4119: 4113: 4109: 4108: 4100: 4092: 4086: 4082: 4081: 4073: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4050: 4042: 4036: 4032: 4031: 4023: 4015: 4011: 4010:Prairie Forum 4004: 3996: 3989: 3981: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3957: 3949: 3943: 3939: 3932: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3889: 3881: 3875: 3870: 3869: 3860: 3854:Breen (1993). 3851: 3843: 3839: 3832: 3824: 3820: 3813: 3805: 3801: 3794: 3787:(2): 239–262. 3786: 3782: 3781:Prairie Forum 3775: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3752: 3744: 3740: 3739:Prairie Forum 3733: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3702: 3694: 3690: 3683: 3675: 3671: 3664: 3656: 3652: 3645: 3638:(2): 277–293. 3637: 3633: 3632:Prairie Forum 3626: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3603: 3595: 3591: 3584: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3557: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3514: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3491: 3482: 3478: 3471: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3448: 3440: 3434: 3430: 3429: 3421: 3413: 3409: 3402: 3394: 3390: 3383: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3344: 3342: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3318: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3295: 3287: 3283: 3276: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3253: 3245: 3241: 3236: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3212: 3204: 3200: 3195: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3171: 3163: 3159: 3152: 3144: 3140: 3133: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3110: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3087: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3064: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3043:Prairie Forum 3037: 3029: 3025: 3022:(1): 93–110. 3021: 3017: 3010: 3003: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2980: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2929: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2878: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2855: 2847: 2841: 2837: 2830: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2807:(3): 47–109. 2806: 2802: 2798: 2791: 2789: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2761: 2746: 2742: 2736: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2715: 2710: 2703: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2665: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2638: 2631: 2621: 2620: 2611: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2568: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2538: 2530: 2529: 2523: 2518: 2512: 2504: 2500: 2499: 2494: 2490: 2484: 2476: 2472: 2471: 2466: 2459: 2457: 2448: 2444: 2443: 2438: 2437:"Pond, Peter" 2431: 2423: 2419: 2418: 2413: 2406: 2398: 2394: 2393: 2388: 2381: 2366:on 4 May 2007 2365: 2361: 2357: 2351: 2343: 2339: 2338: 2333: 2326: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2304: 2302: 2300: 2291: 2285: 2281: 2274: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2251: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2228: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2205: 2197: 2193: 2186: 2180: 2171: 2162: 2158: 2148: 2145: 2143: 2140: 2138: 2135: 2133: 2130: 2128: 2125: 2124: 2120: 2119:Canada portal 2109: 2102: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2071: 2069: 2065: 2064:2019 election 2061: 2060:Rachel Notley 2057: 2052: 2049: 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H. Douglas 1859: 1858:Social Credit 1855: 1851: 1847: 1846:Social Credit 1841:Social Credit 1838: 1836: 1825: 1823: 1819: 1818:Suncor Energy 1814: 1810: 1807:In the 1960s 1805: 1802: 1801:Fort McMurray 1798: 1796: 1788: 1778: 1776: 1775:Georg Naumann 1770: 1760: 1756: 1754: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1736: 1732: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1704: 1701: 1696: 1692: 1685: 1676: 1667: 1663: 1654: 1652: 1647: 1645: 1635: 1633: 1622: 1613: 1611: 1600: 1596: 1593: 1592:feeder cattle 1589: 1583: 1579: 1576: 1571: 1562: 1558: 1556: 1551: 1549: 1545: 1540: 1532: 1527: 1518: 1510: 1501: 1492: 1487: 1477: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1451: 1437: 1435: 1429: 1426: 1420: 1413:First Nations 1410: 1406: 1403: 1397: 1393: 1384: 1381: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1362: 1359: 1355: 1350: 1346: 1344: 1340: 1330: 1328: 1322: 1320: 1319:R. B. 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