History of Belize - Knowledge

782: 534: 1034: 704: 1487: 1361:, was initialed on 11 March 1981. However, when ultraright political forces in Guatemala labeled the proponents as sellouts, the Guatemalan government refused to ratify the agreement and withdrew from the negotiations. Meanwhile, the opposition in Belize engaged in violent demonstrations against the Heads of Agreement. A state of emergency was declared. However, the opposition could offer no real alternatives. With the prospect of independence celebrations in the offing, the opposition's morale fell. Independence came to Belize on 21 September 1981 after the 808:

land, and slaves for larger-scale operations. Other slaves worked as domestic helpers, sailors, blacksmiths, nurses, and bakers. The slaves' experience, though different from that on plantations in other colonies in the region, was nevertheless oppressive. They were frequently the objects of "extreme inhumanity", as a report published in 1820 stated. In the 18th century, many slaves escaped to Yucatán, and in the early 19th century a steady flow of runaways went to Guatemala and down the coast to Honduras.

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abolition of the governor's reserve powers. In short, PUP pushed for representative and responsible government. The colonial administration, alarmed by the growing support for the PUP, retaliated by attacking two of the party's chief public platforms, the Belize City Council and the PUP. In 1952 he comfortably topped the polls in Belize City Council elections. Within just two years, despite persecution and division, the PUP had become a powerful political force, and

1292: 1086: 172: 1379: 302: 1432: 41: 1277:. When voters went to the polls on 28 April 1954, in the first election under universal literate adult suffrage, the main issue was clearly colonialism—a vote for the PUP was a vote in favor of self-government. Almost 70 percent of the electorate voted. The PUP gained 66.3 percent of the vote and won eight of the nine elected seats in the new Legislative Assembly. Further constitutional reform was unequivocally on the agenda. 320: 338: 972: 1242:

colonial administration's power. The devaluation enraged labor because it protected the interests of the big transnationals while subjecting the working class to higher prices for goods. Devaluation thus united labor, nationalists, and the Creole middle classes in opposition to the colonial administration. On the night that the governor declared the devaluation, the People's Committee was formed and the

435:, and making elaborate costumes of feathers. the architecture of Maya civilization included temples and palatial residences organized in groups around plazas. These structures were built of cut stone, covered with stucco, and elaborately decorated and painted. Stylized carvings and paintings, along with sculptured stelae and geometric patterns on buildings, constitute a highly developed style of art. 639:. English buccaneers began using the coastline as a base from which to attack Spanish ships. Buccaneers stopped plundering Spanish logwood ships and started cutting their own wood in the 1650s and 1660s. However, buccaneers did not found permanent settlements. A 1667 treaty, in which the European powers agreed to suppress piracy, encouraged the shift from buccaneering to cutting logwood. 284: 510:. These sites ceased being ceremonial and civic centers. The decline of Maya civilization is still not fully explained. Rather than identifying the collapse as the result of a single factor, many archaeologists now believe that the decline of the Maya was a result of several complex factors and that the decline occurred at different times in different regions. 997: 1273:. The leaders of the PUP, however, perceived British Honduras as belonging to neither Britain nor Guatemala. The governor and the National Party failed in their attempts to discredit the PUP on the issue of its contacts with Guatemala, which was then ruled by the democratic, reformist government of President 1310:

In 1963 Guatemala broke off talks and ended diplomatic relations with Britain. Talks between Guatemala and British Honduras started and stopped abruptly during the late 1960s and early 1970s. From 1964 Britain controlled only British Honduran defense, foreign affairs, internal security, and the terms

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Under the new constitution of 1871, the lieutenant governor and the Legislative Council, consisting of five ex officio or "official" and four appointed or "unofficial" members, governed British Honduras. This constitutional change confirmed and completed a change in the locus and form of power in the

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stalemate in the Legislative Assembly, which failed to authorize the raising of sufficient revenue. Unable to agree among themselves, the members of the Legislative Assembly surrendered their political privileges and asked for establishment of direct British rule in return for the greater security of

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Moreover, the merchants in the town felt relatively secure from Maya attacks and were unwilling to contribute toward the protection of mahogany camps, whereas the landowners felt that they should not be required to pay taxes on lands given inadequate protection. These conflicting interests produced a

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Other Garifuna later came to the British settlement of Belize after finding themselves on the wrong side in a civil war in Honduras in 1832. Many Garifuna men soon found wage work alongside slaves as mahogany cutters. In 1841 Dangriga, the Garifuna's largest settlement, was a flourishing village. The

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of relatively wealthy settlers controlled the political economy of the British settlement. These settlers claimed about four-fifths of the available land; owned about half of all slaves; controlled imports, exports, and the wholesale and retail trades; and determined taxation. A group of magistrates,

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agriculture. Their products fed the civilization's craft specialists, merchants, warriors, and priest-astronomers, who coordinated agricultural and other seasonal activities with rituals in ceremonial centers. These priests, who observed the movements of the sun, moon, planets, and stars, developed a

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and sickness insurance. The poor responded in 1934 with a series of demonstrations, strikes, petitions, and riots that marked the beginning of modern politics and the independence movement. Riots, strikes, and rebellions had occurred before, but the events of the 1930s were modern labor disturbances

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Despite the prevailing stagnation of the colony's economy and society during most of the century prior to the 1930s, seeds of change were being sown. The mahogany trade remained depressed, and efforts to develop plantation agriculture failed. A brief revival in the forestry industry took place early

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As the British consolidated their settlement and pushed deeper into the interior in search of mahogany in the late 18th century, they encountered resistance from the Maya. In the second half of the 19th century, however, a combination of events outside and inside the colony redefined the position of

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400 sterling worth of property. The assembly was also to have three official members appointed by the superintendent. The fact that voters had to have property yielding an income of £7 a year or a salary of a £100 a year reinforced the restrictive nature of this legislature. The superintendent could

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in 1871. Subsequently, several constitutional changes were enacted to expand representative government. Internal Self-Government was granted in January 1964. The official name of the territory was changed from British Honduras to Belize in June 1973, and full independence was granted on 21 September

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The labor agitation's most immediate success was the creation of relief work by a governor who saw it as a way to avoid civil disturbances. The movement's greatest achievements, however, were the labor reforms passed between 1941 and 1943. Trade unions were legalized in 1941, and a 1943 law removed

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demolished Belize Town on 10 September 1931, killing more than 1,000 people. The British relief response was tardy and inadequate. The British government seized the opportunity to impose tighter control on the colony and endowed the governor with the power to enact laws in emergency situations. The

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Landownership became even more consolidated during the economic depression of the mid-19th century. Major results of this depression included the decline of the old settler class, the increasing consolidation of capital, and the intensification of British landownership. The British Honduras Company

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One group of Maya led by Marcos Canul attacked a mahogany camp on the Bravo River in 1866. A detachment of British troops sent to San Pedro was defeated by the Maya later that year. Early in 1867 British troops marched into areas in which the Maya had settled and destroyed villages in an attempt to

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reflect the advanced civilization and much denser population of that period. The first recorded European incursions in the region were made by Spanish conquistadors and missionaries in the 16th century. One attraction of the area was the availability of logwood, which also brought British settlers.

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and his colleagues of the Labourers and Unemployed Association (LUA) attacked the governor and his officials, the rich merchants, and the Belize Estate and Produce Company, couching their demands in broad moral and political terms that began to define and develop a new nationalistic and democratic

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culture emerged. By the end of the 19th century, the ethnic pattern that remained largely intact throughout the 20th century was in place: Protestants largely of African descent, who spoke either English or Creole and lived in Belize Town; the Roman Catholic Maya and Mestizos who spoke Spanish and

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for a second time. Soon afterward Esquivel announced the suspension of a pact reached with Guatemala during Price's tenure, claiming Price had made too many concessions in order to gain Guatemalan recognition. The pact would have resolved the 130-year-old border dispute between the two countries.

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The forestry industry's control of land and its influence in colonial decision-making slowed the development of agriculture and the diversification of the economy. Though British Honduras had vast areas of sparsely populated, unused land, landownership was controlled by a small European monopoly,

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Slavery in the settlement was associated with the extraction of timber, because treaties forbade the production of plantation crops. Settlers needed only one or two slaves to cut logwood, but as the trade shifted to mahogany in the last quarter of the 18th century, the settlers needed more money,

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Many Maya remained in Belize when the Europeans arrived in the 16th and 17th centuries. Archaeological and ethnohistorical research confirms that several groups of Maya peoples lived in the area now known as Belize in the 16th century. The political geography of that period does not coincide with

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Between 1950 and 1954, the PUP, formed upon the dissolution of the People's Committee on 29 September 1950, consolidated its organization, established its popular base, and articulated its primary demands. By January 1950, the GWU and the People's Committee were holding joint public meetings and

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Creoles, who were well-connected with businesses in the United States, challenged the traditional political-economic connection with Britain as trade with the United States intensified. In 1927, Creole merchants and professionals replaced the representatives of British landowners (except for the

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Largely as a result of the costly military expeditions against the Maya, the expenses of administering the new colony of British Honduras increased, at a time when the economy was severely depressed. Great landowners and merchants dominated the Legislative Assembly, which controlled the colony's

823:" calculated to extend masters' control over the former slaves, and by compensating former slave owners for their loss of property. After 1838, the masters of the settlement continued to control the country for over a century by denying access to land and by limiting freedmen's economic freedom. 811:

One way the settler minority maintained its control was by dividing the slaves from the growing population of free Kriol people who were given limited privileges. Though some Kriols were legally free, their economic activities and voting rights were restricted. Privileges, however, led many free

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to various international forums. The Belize government felt that by gaining international support, it could strengthen its position, weaken Guatemala's claims, and make it harder for Britain to make any concessions. Belize argued that Guatemala frustrated the country's legitimate aspirations to

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Under the Clayton–Bulwer Treaty of 1850 between the United States and Britain, neither country was to undertake any control, colonization or occupation of any part of Central America, but it was unclear if it applied to Belize. In 1853, a new American government attempted to have Britain leave

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The 1930s were therefore the crucible of modern Belizean politics. It was a decade during which the old phenomena of exploitative labor conditions and authoritarian colonial and industrial relations began to give way to new labor and political processes and institutions. The same period saw an

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In the 16th and 17th centuries, Spain tried to maintain a monopoly on trade and colonization in its New World colonies, but northern European powers were increasingly attracted to the region by the potential for trade and settlement. These powers resorted to smuggling, piracy, and war in their

1303:. Guatemala had repeatedly threatened to use force to take over British Honduras. By 1961, Britain was willing to let the colony become independent. Negotiations between Britain and Guatemala began again in 1961, but the elected representatives of British Honduras had no voice in these talks. 1241:

In December 1949, the governor devalued the British Honduras dollar in defiance of the Legislative Council, an act that precipitated Belize's independence movement. The governor's action angered the nationalists because it reflected the limits of the legislature and revealed the extent of the

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in Yucatán, a devastating struggle that halved the population of the area between 1847 and 1855, thousands of refugees fled to the British settlement. Though the Maya were not allowed to own land, most of the refugees were small farmers who were growing considerable quantities of crops by the

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In the late classic period, it is estimated that between 400,000 and 1,000,000 people inhabited the area that is now Belize. People settled almost every part of the country worth cultivating, as well as the cay and coastal swamp regions. But in the 10th century, Maya society suffered a severe

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The PUP concentrated on agitating for constitutional reforms, including universal adult suffrage without a literacy test, an all- elected Legislative Council, an Executive Council chosen by the leader of the majority party in the legislature, the introduction of a ministerial system, and the

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merchants, most of them newcomers. The European minority exercised great influence in the colony's politics, partly because it was guaranteed representation on the wholly appointed Legislative Council. In 1892, the governor appointed several Creole members, but whites remained the majority.

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of 1850, Britain and the United States agreed to promote the construction of a canal across Central America and to refrain from colonizing any part of Central America. The British government interpreted the colonization clause as applying only to any future occupation. But the United States

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This concentration and centralization of capital meant that the direction of the colony's economy was henceforth determined largely in London. It also signaled the eclipse of the old settler elite. By about 1890, most commerce in British Honduras was in the hands of a clique of

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to cut logwood and to settle in the region. During the 18th century, the Spanish attacked the British settlers whenever the two powers were at war. The Spanish never settled in the region, however, and the British always returned to expand their trade and settlement. The 1763

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revenues and expenditures. Some of the landowners were also involved in commerce but their interest differed from the other merchants of Belize Town. The former group resisted the taxation of land and favored an increase in import duties; the latter preferred the opposite.

1463:'s president formally recognized Belize's independence in 1992. The following year the United Kingdom announced that it would end its military involvement in Belize. All British soldiers were withdrawn in 1994, apart from a small contingent of troops who remained to train 1234:

expansion in voter eligibility. In 1945 only 822 voters were registered in a population of over 63,000, but by 1954 British Honduras achieved suffrage for all literate adults. The introduction of credit unions and cooperatives after 1942, following the pioneering work of

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tree and used to make chewing gum, propped up the economy from the 1880s. A short-lived boom in the mahogany trade occurred around 1900 in response to growing demand for the wood in the United States, but the ruthless exploitation of the forests without any

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and of Africans who had escaped from slavery, arrived in the settlement. The Garifuna had resisted British and French colonialism in the Lesser Antilles until they were defeated by the British in 1796. After putting down a violent Garifuna rebellion on

800:. A century later, the total slave population numbered about 2,300. Most slaves were born in Africa, and many slaves at first maintained African ethnic identifications and cultural practices. Gradually, however, slaves assimilated and a new, synthetic 1106:(later the Belize Estate and Produce Company) emerged as the predominant landowner, with about half of all the privately held land in the colony. The new company was the chief force in British Honduras's political economy for over a century. 498:

breakdown. Construction of public buildings ceased, the administrative centers lost power, and the population declined as social and economic systems lost their coherence. Some people continued to occupy, or perhaps reoccupied, sites such as

852:) off the north coast of Honduras. From there they migrated to the Caribbean coasts of Nicaragua, Honduras, Guatemala, and the southern part of present-day Belize. By 1802 about 150 Garifuna had settled in the Stann Creek (present-day 1144:

manager of the Belize Estate and Produce Company) on the Legislative Council. The participation of this Creole elite in the political process was evidence of emerging social changes that were largely concealed by economic stagnation.

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Meanwhile, workers in mahogany camps were treated almost like slaves. The law governing labor contracts, the Masters and Servants Act of 1883, made it a criminal offense for a laborer to breach a contract. In 1931 the governor, Sir

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began in 1527. Though the Maya offered stiff resistance to Spanish "pacification", diseases contracted from the Spanish devastated the indigenous population and weakened its ability to resist conquest. In the 17th century, Spanish

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was sworn in as prime minister. In the 2003 elections the PUP maintained its majority, and Musa continued as prime minister. He pledged to improve conditions in the underdeveloped and largely inaccessible southern part of Belize.

765:. In 1825 Mexico was officially recognized by Britain and in 1826 abandoned any claims over Belize. Shortly thereafter, the créole elite of Belize invented a legend to support an alleged British past: a Scottish buccaneer called 916:

defer or dissolve the assembly at any time, originate legislation, and give or withhold consent to bills. This situation suggested that the legislature was more a chamber of debate than a place where decisions were made. The

382:, some hunting and foraging bands settled in small farming villages; they domesticated crops such as corn, beans, squash, and chili peppers. A profusion of languages and subcultures developed within the Maya core culture. 1020:(mayors) linked these Maya to the colonial administration. However, the remoteness of their settlements resulted in the Mopan and Kekchí Maya becoming less assimilated into the colony than the Maya of the north, where a 1323:

independence and that Guatemala was pushing an irrelevant claim and disguising its own colonial ambitions by trying to present the dispute as an effort to recover territory lost to a colonial power.

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The British treated Garifuna as squatters. In 1857 the British told the Garifuna that they must obtain leases from the crown or risk losing their lands, dwellings, and other buildings. The 1872

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The earliest reference to African slaves in the British settlement appeared in a 1724 Spanish missionary's account, which stated that the British recently had been importing them from Jamaica,

454:, was a flourishing trade and ceremonial center between about 300 BC and 100 AD. One of the finest carved jade objects of Maya civilization, the head of what is usually taken to be the sun god 438:

Belize boasts important sites of the earliest Maya settlements, majestic ruins of the classic period, and examples of late postclassic ceremonial construction. About five kilometers west of

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A last attempt was made to reach an agreement with Guatemala prior to the independence of Belize. The Belizean representatives to the talks made no concessions, and a proposal, called the

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was recognized as the southern border with Guatemala. The Anglo-Guatemalan Treaty of 1859 was signed, setting the present-day western boundary and temporarily settling the question of

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conceded to Britain the right to cut logwood but asserted Spanish sovereignty over the territory. When war broke out again in 1779, the British settlement was abandoned until the

746:, occurred two years after the outbreak of war in 1796. The British drove off the Spanish, thwarting Spain's last attempt to control the territory or dislodge other settlers. 879:

In the 1850s, the power struggle between the superintendent and the planters coincided with events in international diplomacy to produce major constitutional changes. In the

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Since 1854, the richest inhabitants elected an Assembly of notables by censal vote, which was replaced in 1962 by a Legislative Council appointed by the British monarchy.

597:. The political center of the Maya province of Dzuluinicob ceased to exist at the time that British colonists were becoming increasingly interested in settling the area. 589:

enjoyed autonomy from Spanish rule. But in 1696, Spanish soldiers used Tipu as a base from which they pacified the area and supported missionary activities. In 1697 the

446:, a site from perhaps as early as 2,500 BC. Jars, bowls, and other dishes found there are among the oldest pottery unearthed in present-day Mexico and Central America. 405:

was Yucatecan as of 625 AD. The last date recorded in Ch'olti'an within Belizean borders is 859 in Caracol, stele 10. Yucatec civilisation, in Lamanai, lasted longer.

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The British were reluctant to set up any formal government for the settlement for fear of provoking the Spanish. On their own initiative, settlers had begun electing

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established reservations for the Garifuna as well as the Maya. The British prevented both groups from owning land and treated them as a source of valuable labor.

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in eastern Nicaragua. But in 1854, Britain produced a formal constitution establishing a legislative for its possession of the settlement in present-day Belize.

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became, therefore, the real political-administrative power in the settlement. This shift in power was reinforced when in 1862, the Settlement of Belize in the

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whom they elected from among themselves, had executive as well as judicial functions. The landowners resisted any challenge to their growing political power.

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in what is now Belize was founded in the late 1710s on Cayo Cosina, following the destruction by the Spanish of earlier British logging settlements in the

819:, passed in 1833, was intended to avoid drastic social changes by effecting emancipation over a five-year transition period, by implementing a system of " 3392: 1935: 4403: 3318: 1299:

British Honduras faced two obstacles to independence: British reluctance until the early 1960s to allow citizens to govern themselves, and Guatemala's

5321: 2727: 1243: 1254:, and constitutional reform. As political leaders took control of the union in the 1950s to use its strength, however, the union movement declined. 386:, the basic institutions of Maya civilization emerged. The peak of this civilization occurred during the classic period, which began around 250 AD. 4868: 4363: 1025:

lived chiefly in the north and west; and the Roman Catholic Garifuna who spoke English, Spanish, or Garifuna and settled on the southern coast.

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refused an invitation to make British Honduras an "associated state" of Guatemala, reiterating his goal of leading the colony to independence.

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in 1783 allowed the British to again cut logwood in the area. By that time, however, the logwood trade had declined and Honduras Mahogany (

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An agreement between Mexico and Britain in 1893 set the boundary along the Rio Hondo, though the treaty was not finalized until 1897.

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allowed the British settlers to cut and export timber but not to build fortifications, establish any form of government, or develop

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Belize Estate and Produce Company survived the depression years because of its special connections in British Honduras and London.

571:, the seat of Spanish government in southern Yucatán. The abandonment of Bacalar ended Spanish control over the Maya provinces of 4317: 2977: 2199: 1530: 1286: 1065:

colony's political economy that had been evolving during the preceding half century. The change moved power from the old settler

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thwarting the evolution of a Creole landowning class from the former slaves. There were some exceptions however, most notably,

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Despite treaties banning local government and plantation agriculture, both activities flourished. In the late 18th century, an

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S.J., would gradually increase the economic and political power of the Maya and of the less affluent people in the country.

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and conditions of the public service, and in 1973 the colony's name was changed to Belize in anticipation of independence.

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Maya fled from forced labor in Guatemala and settled in several villages in southern British Honduras. Under the policy of

619: 1338:(UN). Latin American governments initially supported Guatemala. Between 1975 and 1979, however, Belize won the support of 5248: 4368: 2445: 1999:

Bolland, O. Nigel (1977). "The Maya and the Colonization of Belize in the Nineteenth Century". In Jones, Grant D. (ed.).

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complex mathematical and calendrical system to coordinate various cycles of time and to record specific events on carved

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won all elections until 1984. In that election, first national election after independence, the PUP was defeated by the

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At the same time that the settlement was grappling with the ramifications of the end of slavery, a new ethnic group—the

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Belize. In 1856 the Dallas-Clarendon Treaty between the two governments recognized Belize territory as British. The

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present-day boundaries, so several Maya provinces lay across the frontiers of modern Belize, Mexico, and Guatemala.

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in November 2020 was won by the opposition centre-left PUP party. The leader of the People’s United Party (PUP)

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Between 1975 and 1981, Belizean leaders stated their case for self-determination at a meeting of the heads of

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Border tensions continued into the early 21st century, although the two countries cooperated in other areas.

654:, aka Edward Teach, harassed shipping sailing to and from the port of Vera Cruz, Mexico while sailing in the 519: 4582: 1222:(GWU), registered in 1943, quickly expanded into a nationwide organization and provided crucial support for 5410: 5223: 5191: 4722: 4587: 4023: 3403: 3212: 3008: 2867: 2637: 2514: 2327: 1557:(which have not taken place as of March 2019). Notably, both Guatemala and Belize are participating in the 1102:, who was the son of former slaves and accumulated a large landholdings of banana and coconut plantations. 5211: 4544: 1549:. In December 2008, Belize and Guatemala signed an agreement to submit the territorial differences to the 1187:

shattered the colony's economy, and unemployment increased rapidly. On top of this economic disaster, the

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government claimed that Britain was obliged to evacuate the area, particularly after 1853, when President

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The situation changed when the Spanish territories around Belize became the new independent states of

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remains unresolved and quite contentious; at various times the issue has required mediation by the

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in the sense that they gave rise to organizations with articulate industrial and political goals.

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between 1500 BC to 1200 BC and flourished until about 1000 AD. Several Maya ruin sites, including

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has claimed ownership of all or part of the territory. This claim is occasionally reflected in

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in the 20th century as new demands for forest products came from the United States. Exports of

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status. The new constitution was inaugurated in April 1871 and the new legislature became the

553: 393:. The inscriptions on the monuments there are in the Lowland Maya aristocratic tongue Classic 4782: 4192: 4013: 3902: 3841: 3769: 3679: 3380: 3060: 2937: 2932: 2927: 2782: 2413: 1188: 1133: 1009: 990: 801: 724: 696: 5316: 4717: 4504: 4464: 4423: 3397: 2917: 647: 5291: 4960: 4923: 4913: 4853: 4752: 4732: 4627: 4439: 4258: 3135: 3125: 2922: 2837: 2812: 2569: 2430: 2228: 1792: 1315: 908: 594: 568: 537: 491: 273: 90: 4817: 4607: 4529: 2151: 1486: 849: 359: 8: 5360: 5116: 5101: 4985: 4965: 4918: 4898: 4702: 4697: 4642: 4612: 4378: 4003: 3960: 3917: 3846: 3815: 3586: 3565: 3531: 3437: 3407: 3338: 3182: 3155: 3055: 2887: 2822: 2792: 2767: 2579: 2564: 2524: 2393: 2388: 2280: 1771: 1573: 1558: 1538: 1331: 1055: 937: 933: 861: 567:

along the coast increased during this period. In 1642, and again in 1648, pirates sacked

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measures approved by the OAS, including the Guatemala-Belize Language Exchange Project.

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drive them out. The Maya returned and in April 1870 Canul and his men occupied Corozal.

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Early in the 17th century, in southeastern Mexico and on the Yucatán Peninsula, English

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Law of coartación (which allowed slaves to buy their freedom, and that of others)

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Years of Grace: The History of Roman Catholic Evangelization in Belize: 1524–2014

1850: 1506:

government, including tax increases in the national budget. On 8 February 2008,

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as having 500 inhabitants and producing a wide variety of fruits and vegetables.

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efforts to challenge and then destroy Spain's monopoly. In the 17th century, the

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of 1854 was to have eighteen elected members, each of whom was to have at least

650:

region west of the Yucatán. During the winter of 1717–1718 the notorious pirate

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The PUP won a landslide victory in the 1998 national elections, and PUP leader

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1790 map of territory conceded by Spain to British settlers for cutting timber.

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Conservative United Democratic Party led Belize 12 years under Prime Minister

1314:

By 1975, the Belizean and British governments, frustrated at dealing with the

993:

by the Maya on Orange Walk was the last serious attack on the British colony.

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would have settled in the region as early as 1638 and given his name to the

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as early as 1738. In 1765 these regulations were codified and expanded into

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The UDP regained power in the 1993 national election, and Esquivel became

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Farmers engaged in various types of agriculture, including labor-intensive

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https://www.clio.fr/CHRONOLOGIE/pdf/pdf_chronologie_lamerique_centrale.pdf

1765: 479: 4207: 4033: 3602: 3480: 1580: 1507: 1201: 1197: 1164: 996: 576: 503: 467: 463: 455: 344: 248: 4197: 2038:. (Belize: Roman Catholic Diocese of Belize City-Belmopan, 2015), 227ff. 600: 459: 5071: 3805: 3085: 1897:"Creating "Belize": The Mapping and Naming History of a Liminal Locale" 1403: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1280: 1250:

discussing issues such as devaluation, labor legislation, the proposed

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and forced its captain David Herriot to join him. Blackbeard then made

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to oversee the Settlement of Belize in the Bay of Honduras. The 1786

626: 409: 367: 240: 1896: 1378: 1085: 975:

Maya fisherwomen in British Honduras, beginning of the 20th century.

4212: 3090: 2368: 1805: 1565: 1526: 1111: 1090: 1017: 853: 836: 835:—appeared. In the early 19th century, the Garifuna, descendants of 681:

Conflict continued between Britain and Spain over the right of the

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American traveler John Stephens described the Garifuna village of

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blacks to stress their loyalty and acculturation to British ways.

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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

1431: 1115: 1021: 793: 723:. When the settlers began returning to the area in 1784, Colonel 507: 487: 402: 390: 326: 319: 236: 232: 40: 524: 358:

emerged at least three millennia ago in the lowland area of the

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Spain soon sent expeditions to Guatemala and Honduras, and the

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The recorded history of the center and south is dominated by

362:

and the highlands to the south, in what is now southeastern

3691: 3606: 1514:(UDP) was sworn in as Belize's first black prime minister. 1339: 425: 3584: 283: 1522: 636: 1318:, agreed on a new strategy that would take the case for 874: 776: 2131:"John Briceño Sworn in as New Prime Minister of Belize" 742:

The last Spanish attack on the British settlement, the

739:

agriculture. Spain retained sovereignty over the area.

1178: 952:. Only the northern border with Mexico was undefined. 817:

act to abolish slavery throughout the British colonies

3339:

Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, northernmost France

1218:

breach-of-labor-contract from the criminal code. The

601:

Colonial rivalry between Spain and the United Kingdom

513: 1572:) has been retained in Belize at the request of the 1281:

Decolonization and the border dispute with Guatemala

458:, was found in a tomb at the classic period site of 1459:. Price returned to power after elections in 1989. 932:, and the crown's representative was elevated to a 1069:to the boardrooms of British companies and to the 1867:. Belize City, Belize: Angelus Press. p. 4. 1844:The Hieroglyphic Text of Stela 9, Lamanai, Belize 1764:Bolland, Nigel. "Belize: Historical Setting". In 1080: 635:), which was used in the production of a textile 424:The Maya were skilled at making pottery, carving 5397: 1365:, without reaching an agreement with Guatemala. 1330:governments, the conference of ministers of the 966: 856:) area and were engaged in fishing and farming. 3883: 1189:worst hurricane in the country's recent history 955: 466:. Other Maya centers located in Belize include 3528:, a northernmost portion of Brazilian Amazon) 3009: 2728: 2193: 1591:, a former deputy prime minister, became new 1570:British Army Training and Support Unit Belize 826: 525:Pre-Columbian Maya societies and the conquest 462:, thirty kilometers northwest of present-day 196: 3203:Independence of Spanish continental Americas 2742: 2086:"Guatemala-Belize Language Exchange Project" 1029:Formal establishment of the colony (1862–71) 267: 1968:Stede Bonnet: Charleston's Gentleman Pirate 1964: 1625:Postage stamps and postal history of Belize 1525:showing Belize as Guatemala's twenty-third 1301:long-standing claim to the entire territory 3016: 3002: 2735: 2721: 2200: 2186: 561:established churches in Maya settlements. 203: 189: 39: 5322:Colonial universities in Hispanic America 2003:. University of Texas Press. p. 78. 1890: 1888: 1886: 1884: 1419:Learn how and when to remove this message 5327:Colonial universities in the Philippines 1865:Thirteen chapters of a history of Belize 1485: 1430: 1290: 1226:that took off with the formation of the 1084: 1032: 995: 970: 780: 702: 579:. Bacalar was not refounded until 1729. 532: 4318:Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia 2261:Belizean–Guatemalan territorial dispute 1998: 1965:Byrd Downey, Cristopher (22 May 2012). 1894: 1316:military-dominated regimes in Guatemala 1287:Belizean-Guatemalan territorial dispute 1262:had clearly become the party's leader. 5398: 5271: 2129:McLeod, Sheri-Kae (13 November 2020). 2128: 1992: 1881: 1862: 412:and ridged-field systems and shifting 5270: 5166: 5165: 4289: 4167: 3882: 3741: 3709: 3646: 3583: 3498: 3421: 3361: 3275: 3264: 3036: 3035: 2997: 2716: 2181: 1895:Restall, Matthew (21 February 2019). 1760: 1758: 1756: 1754: 1752: 1750: 1748: 1746: 1744: 1742: 1740: 1738: 1736: 1734: 1732: 1730: 1728: 1726: 1724: 1722: 1720: 1718: 1716: 1714: 1712: 1710: 1708: 1706: 1704: 1702: 1700: 1698: 1696: 1694: 1692: 928:was declared a British colony called 875:Constitutional developments (1850–62) 777:Slavery in the settlement (1794–1838) 3599:Captaincy General of the Philippines 3091:New Laws in favour of the indigenous 1690: 1688: 1686: 1684: 1682: 1680: 1678: 1676: 1674: 1672: 1648: 1646: 1644: 1642: 1640: 1620:Spanish colonization of the Americas 1401:adding citations to reliable sources 1372: 1265:The colonial administration and the 255:Belize was not formally termed the " 5302:Indochristian painting in New Spain 3422: 2207: 2171:Picture gallery, early 20th century 2001:Anthropology and History in Yucatán 1933: 1179:Genesis of modern politics, 1931–54 763:Federal Republic of Central America 219:dates back thousands of years. The 13: 4269:Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires 3742: 3023: 2256:British Honduras (1862–1981) 1605:History of the British West Indies 1490:Riot police and protesters during 1295:Belize (red) and Guatemala (blue). 950:Guatemala's claim on the territory 644:first permanent British settlement 514:Conquest and early colonial period 14: 5422: 3499: 3362: 3243:Independence of Equatorial Guinea 2152:When Blackbeard Scourged the Seas 2145: 1971:. The History Press. p. 44. 1669: 1637: 1224:The Nationalist Movement (Belize) 1200:, rejected proposals to legalize 585:, the Maya living in the area of 5354:Criollos in the colonial society 5282:Spanish missions in the Americas 4404:Charles Bonaventure de Longueval 2858:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1498:In 2005, Belize was the site of 1377: 1152: 662:, Blackbeard captured the sloop 401:, the inscriptional language at 384:Between about 2500 BC and 250 AD 336: 318: 300: 282: 170: 5381:Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649 3265: 2122: 2104: 2078: 2067: 2041: 2028: 2017: 1543:Organisation of American States 1388:needs additional citations for 1368: 700:) had become the chief export. 3710: 3433:Captaincy General of Guatemala 3141:Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659) 2505:Environmental issues in Belize 2034:Woods, Charles M. Sr., et al. 1958: 1927: 1856: 1836: 1780: 1564:Since independence, a British 1551:International Court of Justice 1502:caused by discontent with the 1081:The colonial order (1871–1931) 1: 5332:General Archive of the Indies 4593:Francisco Vázquez de Coronado 4264:Camino Real de Tierra Adentro 4249:Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas 3198:Third Treaty of San Ildefonso 3151:War of the Spanish Succession 3116:Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) 1936:"A Blackbeard mystery solved" 1913:10.1080/00822884.2019.1573962 1630: 1555:referendums in both countries 1531:border dispute with Guatemala 1517:Throughout Belize's history, 1439:, originally adopted in 1922. 1244:nascent independence movement 1168: 1000:Sarstoon Kekchi Mayan village 967:Maya immigration and conflict 796:, and other Central American 620:Spain's New World possessions 520:History of Belize (1502-1862) 4290: 3404:Captaincy General of Yucatan 3334:Union with Holy Roman Empire 3313:Southern Italy (Kingdoms of 3228:German–Spanish Treaty (1899) 2983:United States Virgin Islands 1443:With Price at the helm, the 956:British Honduras (1862–1981) 892:administration stressed the 7: 4168: 3884:Administrative subdivisions 3081:War of the League of Cognac 2251:Battle of St. George's Caye 1598: 991:An unsuccessful 1872 attack 744:Battle of St. George's Caye 10: 5427: 4598:Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar 4583:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada 4485:Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca 3647: 3383:), Western United States ( 3276: 3146:Portuguese Restoration War 2530:Water resources management 1610:History of Central America 1284: 959: 827:Emigration of the Garifuna 591:Spanish conquered the Itzá 517: 271: 259:" until 1862. It became a 257:Colony of British Honduras 5366:Slavery in Spanish Empire 5277: 5266: 5172: 5161: 5059: 4953: 4946: 4831: 4680: 4673: 4666: 4653:Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor 4563: 4432: 4394:Álvaro de Bazán the Elder 4356: 4300: 4296: 4285: 4254:Barcelona Trading Company 4221: 4178: 4174: 4163: 4067: 4019:New Andalusia (1501–1513) 3989: 3931: 3893: 3889: 3878: 3829: 3788: 3752: 3748: 3737: 3716: 3653: 3594: 3526:Venezuela, part of Guyana 3505: 3428: 3379:, Central United States ( 3368: 3282: 3271: 3260: 3111:Bruneian–Spanish conflict 3096:Expulsion of the Moriscos 3042: 3031: 2958:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 2876: 2750: 2674: 2603: 2555: 2551: 2542: 2477: 2468: 2359: 2350: 2288: 2279: 2219: 1775:Federal Research Division 1653:"Background Note: Belize" 1541:heads of Government, the 1334:, and at meetings of the 896:. Britain yielded on the 632:Haematoxylum campechianum 268:Ancient Maya civilization 99:Music and performing arts 5307:Quito painting tradition 5297:Cusco painting tradition 4658:García López de Cárdenas 4648:Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera 4555:Felipe González de Ahedo 4475:Pedro Menéndez de Avilés 3052:Conquest of the Americas 2978:Turks and Caicos Islands 2744:History of North America 1940:Republic of Pirates Blog 1657:U.S. Department of State 1615:History of the Caribbean 1593:Prime Minister of Belize 1529:. As of March 2007, the 1004:In the 1880s and 1890s, 223:spread into the area of 5092:Comuneros (New Granada) 4869:Balearic Islands (1558) 4588:Hernán Pérez de Quesada 4515:Ruy López de Villalobos 4470:Miguel López de Legazpi 4384:García de Toledo Osorio 3248:Western Sahara conflict 3238:Independence of Morocco 3178:Treaty of Madrid (1750) 3121:Piracy in the Caribbean 3106:French Wars of Religion 1770:(Tim Merrill, editor). 1767:A Country Study: Belize 1512:United Democratic Party 1449:United Democratic Party 1328:Commonwealth of Nations 1211:Antonio Soberanis Gómez 1127:, a gum taken from the 629:began cutting logwood ( 490:on Hill Bank Lagoon in 5337:Colonial Spanish Horse 5011:Colonia del Sacramento 4234:Spanish treasure fleet 3811:Royal Decree of Graces 2908:British Virgin Islands 1863:Shoman, Assad (1995). 1495: 1451:(UDP), and UDP leader 1440: 1296: 1252:West Indies Federation 1220:General Workers' Union 1100:Isaiah Emmanuel Morter 1094: 1093:industry, around 1930. 1042: 1016:, a system of elected 1001: 976: 789: 785:1831 map of Belize by 708: 674:and began sailing for 549: 380:Prior to about 2500 BC 4495:Vasco Núñez de Balboa 4455:Juan Sebastián Elcano 3770:Council of the Indies 3131:Spanish–Moro conflict 3101:Ottoman–Habsburg wars 3061:Treaty of Tordesillas 2848:Saint Kitts and Nevis 1853:, 13 from Closs, 1987 1595:on 13 November 2020. 1504:People's United Party 1489: 1434: 1294: 1228:People's United Party 1088: 1036: 999: 980:the Maya. During the 974: 936:, subordinate to the 881:Clayton–Bulwer Treaty 869:Crown Lands Ordinance 784: 725:Edward Marcus Despard 706: 697:Swietenia macrophylla 583:Between 1638 and 1695 536: 5292:Mesoamerican Codices 5016:Comuneros (Paraguay) 4854:Siege of Castelnuovo 4440:Christopher Columbus 4259:Consulate of the Sea 4239:Casa de Contratación 3830:Titles and positions 3223:Spanish–American War 3213:Liberal constitution 3056:Asia and the Pacific 2074:"ACP-EU summit 2000" 1849:9 March 2021 at the 1793:Current Anthropology 1397:improve this article 1140:depleted resources. 909:Legislative Assembly 804:culture was formed. 733:Convention of London 692:Treaty of Versailles 658:. In April 1718, at 569:Salamanca de Bacalar 538:Christopher Columbus 492:Orange Walk District 274:Pre-Columbian Belize 130:World Heritage Sites 5411:Spanish West Indies 5021:Cartagena de Indias 4643:Diego de Mazariegos 4613:Pere Fages i Beleta 4480:Sebastián de Ocampo 3961:Provincias Internas 3933:Captaincies General 3847:Municipal president 3816:School of Salamanca 3587:Spanish East Indies 3566:Misiones Orientales 3438:Spanish West Indies 3402:, Central America ( 3349:Pyrénées-Orientales 3302:Union with Portugal 3193:Napoleonic invasion 3173:War of Jenkins' Ear 2863:Trinidad and Tobago 2758:Antigua and Barbuda 2118:. 12 November 2020. 1788:Houston, Stephen D. 1772:Library of Congress 1574:Belizean government 1559:confidence-building 1539:Caribbean Community 1332:Nonaligned Movement 1236:Fr. Marion M. Ganey 1214:political culture. 1204:and to introduce a 1089:Men working in the 1056:Legislative Council 938:governor of Jamaica 934:lieutenant governor 554:conquest of Yucatán 482:and Nimli Punit in 5317:Academia Antártica 5272:Other civil topics 4638:Pánfilo de Narváez 4540:Sebastián Vizcaíno 4505:Andrés de Urdaneta 4465:Juan Ponce de León 4450:Ferdinand Magellan 4424:Bernardo de Gálvez 4323:Indian auxiliaries 3821:Trial of residence 3801:Laws of the Indies 3585:Asia and Oceania ( 3446:Dominican Republic 2798:Dominican Republic 2515:Telecommunications 2049:"Nation News 2006" 1842:Michael P. Closs, 1496: 1492:the unrest in 2005 1455:replaced Price as 1441: 1359:Heads of Agreement 1320:self-determination 1297: 1246:suddenly matured. 1163:Panoramic view of 1095: 1043: 1002: 985:mid-19th century. 977: 790: 709: 648:Laguna de Términos 550: 307:A Mayan temple at 291:Mayan civilization 289:The extent of the 5406:History of Belize 5393: 5392: 5389: 5388: 5262: 5261: 5167:Spanish conquests 5157: 5156: 5153: 5152: 5149: 5148: 5145: 5144: 4942: 4941: 4623:Pedro de Alvarado 4608:Gaspar de Portolà 4603:Pedro de Valdivia 4578:Francisco Pizarro 4530:Nicolás de Ovando 4525:Alonso de Ercilla 4500:Alonso de Salazar 4333:Ships of the line 4281: 4280: 4277: 4276: 4159: 4158: 4155: 4154: 3874: 3873: 3870: 3869: 3733: 3732: 3729: 3728: 3705: 3704: 3662:Northern Africa ( 3658:Equatorial Guinea 3642: 3641: 3579: 3578: 3494: 3493: 3417: 3416: 3408:Spanish Caribbean 3381:Spanish Louisiana 3357: 3356: 3292:Crown of Castille 3256: 3255: 3233:Spanish Civil War 3208:Adams–Onís Treaty 3188:Nootka Convention 3136:Thirty Years' War 3126:Eighty Years' War 3047:Catholic Monarchs 3037:Timeline–immersed 2991: 2990: 2880:other territories 2710: 2709: 2670: 2669: 2666: 2665: 2538: 2537: 2464: 2463: 2446:Political parties 2441:National Assembly 2399:Foreign relations 2346: 2345: 2271:Belize since 1981 1901:Terrae Incognitae 1429: 1428: 1421: 850:Islas de la Bahía 546:his fourth voyage 360:Yucatán Peninsula 356:Maya civilization 343:"El Castillo" at 221:Maya civilization 217:history of Belize 213: 212: 177:Belize portal 32:Culture of Belize 5418: 5268: 5267: 5234:Chibchan Nations 5163: 5162: 5132:Santiago de Cuba 4991:Guadalupe Island 4951: 4950: 4678: 4677: 4671: 4670: 4633:Diego de Almagro 4510:Antonio de Ulloa 4414:Ambrosio Spinola 4409:Pedro de Zubiaur 4379:Alfonso d'Avalos 4369:Antonio de Leyva 4313:Army of Flanders 4298: 4297: 4287: 4286: 4176: 4175: 4165: 4164: 3891: 3890: 3880: 3879: 3750: 3749: 3739: 3738: 3707: 3706: 3680:Peñón of Algiers 3644: 3643: 3581: 3580: 3496: 3495: 3419: 3418: 3401: 3359: 3358: 3273: 3272: 3262: 3261: 3183:Seven Years' War 3156:Queen Anne's War 3033: 3032: 3018: 3011: 3004: 2995: 2994: 2948:Saint Barthélemy 2878:Dependencies and 2751:Sovereign states 2737: 2730: 2723: 2714: 2713: 2690: 2683: 2595:Social structure 2553: 2552: 2549: 2548: 2495: 2475: 2474: 2426:Local government 2404:Governor-General 2364:Attorney General 2357: 2356: 2286: 2285: 2202: 2195: 2188: 2179: 2178: 2167:, Elite Magazine 2163:8 March 2016 at 2139: 2138: 2126: 2120: 2119: 2108: 2102: 2101: 2099: 2097: 2092:on 26 March 2004 2088:. Archived from 2082: 2076: 2071: 2065: 2064: 2062: 2060: 2055:on 5 August 2008 2051:. Archived from 2045: 2039: 2032: 2026: 2021: 2015: 2014: 1996: 1990: 1989: 1987: 1985: 1962: 1956: 1955: 1953: 1951: 1942:. Archived from 1934:Woodard, Colin. 1931: 1925: 1924: 1892: 1879: 1878: 1860: 1854: 1840: 1834: 1833: 1784: 1778: 1762: 1667: 1650: 1585:general election 1424: 1417: 1413: 1410: 1404: 1381: 1373: 1185:Great Depression 1173: 1170: 1156: 1039:British Honduras 962:British Honduras 930:British Honduras 798:British Colonies 542:Gulf of Honduras 540:traveled to the 340: 322: 304: 286: 205: 198: 191: 175: 174: 173: 43: 34: 18: 17: 5426: 5425: 5421: 5420: 5419: 5417: 5416: 5415: 5396: 5395: 5394: 5385: 5361:Old inquisition 5273: 5258: 5168: 5141: 5097:Trinidad (1797) 5067:La Noche Triste 5055: 5051:San Juan (1797) 5001:San Juan (1595) 4938: 4827: 4667:Notable battles 4662: 4628:Martín de Ursúa 4559: 4490:Alonso de Ojeda 4460:Juan de la Cosa 4445:Pinzón brothers 4428: 4399:John of Austria 4374:Martín de Goiti 4352: 4292: 4273: 4217: 4170: 4151: 4063: 4059:Terra Australis 4054:Río de la Plata 3999:Castilla de Oro 3985: 3927: 3923:Río de la Plata 3885: 3866: 3825: 3784: 3780:Santa Hermandad 3744: 3725: 3721:Terra Australis 3712: 3701: 3668:Spanish Morocco 3649: 3638: 3629:Northern Taiwan 3590: 3575: 3546:Río de la Plata 3501: 3490: 3424: 3423:Central America 3413: 3395: 3364: 3353: 3297:Crown of Aragon 3278: 3267: 3252: 3168:Bourbon Reforms 3038: 3027: 3022: 2992: 2987: 2881: 2879: 2872: 2746: 2741: 2711: 2706: 2693: 2686: 2679: 2662: 2643:Public holidays 2599: 2534: 2493: 2460: 2421:Law enforcement 2342: 2333:Protected areas 2275: 2266:Belize Act 1981 2246:1506–1862 2215: 2206: 2148: 2143: 2142: 2127: 2123: 2110: 2109: 2105: 2095: 2093: 2084: 2083: 2079: 2072: 2068: 2058: 2056: 2047: 2046: 2042: 2033: 2029: 2022: 2018: 2011: 1997: 1993: 1983: 1981: 1979: 1963: 1959: 1949: 1947: 1946:on 7 April 2016 1932: 1928: 1893: 1882: 1875: 1861: 1857: 1851:Wayback Machine 1841: 1837: 1785: 1781: 1763: 1670: 1659:(August 2008). 1651: 1638: 1633: 1601: 1465:Belizean troops 1453:Manuel Esquivel 1425: 1414: 1408: 1405: 1394: 1382: 1371: 1363:Belize Act 1981 1289: 1283: 1230:(PUP) in 1950. 1181: 1176: 1175: 1174: 1171: 1162: 1157: 1083: 1071:Colonial Office 1031: 969: 964: 958: 926:Bay of Honduras 918:Colonial Office 894:Monroe Doctrine 886:Franklin Pierce 877: 841:Lesser Antilles 829: 779: 688:Treaty of Paris 670:captain of the 656:Bay of Honduras 603: 595:Lake Petén Itzá 527: 522: 516: 484:Toledo District 397:. North of the 352: 351: 350: 349: 348: 341: 332: 331: 330: 323: 314: 313: 312: 305: 296: 295: 294: 287: 276: 270: 209: 171: 169: 160: 159: 145: 135: 134: 125: 110: 109: 100: 30: 12: 11: 5: 5424: 5414: 5413: 5408: 5391: 5390: 5387: 5386: 5384: 5383: 5378: 5373: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5357: 5356: 5346: 5345: 5344: 5334: 5329: 5324: 5319: 5314: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5294: 5289: 5284: 5278: 5275: 5274: 5264: 5263: 5260: 5259: 5257: 5256: 5251: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5215: 5214: 5209: 5204: 5199: 5189: 5184: 5179: 5177:Canary Islands 5173: 5170: 5169: 5159: 5158: 5155: 5154: 5151: 5150: 5147: 5146: 5143: 5142: 5140: 5139: 5134: 5129: 5124: 5119: 5114: 5109: 5104: 5099: 5094: 5089: 5084: 5079: 5074: 5069: 5063: 5061: 5057: 5056: 5054: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5038: 5033: 5031:Túpac Amaru II 5028: 5023: 5018: 5013: 5008: 5003: 4998: 4993: 4988: 4983: 4978: 4976:Bogotá savanna 4973: 4968: 4963: 4957: 4955: 4948: 4944: 4943: 4940: 4939: 4937: 4936: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4916: 4911: 4906: 4901: 4896: 4891: 4886: 4884:Spanish Armada 4881: 4876: 4871: 4866: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4846: 4841: 4835: 4833: 4829: 4828: 4826: 4825: 4820: 4815: 4810: 4805: 4800: 4795: 4790: 4785: 4780: 4778:White Mountain 4775: 4773:Cape Celidonia 4770: 4768:English Armada 4765: 4760: 4755: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4735: 4730: 4725: 4720: 4715: 4710: 4705: 4700: 4695: 4690: 4684: 4682: 4675: 4668: 4664: 4663: 4661: 4660: 4655: 4650: 4645: 4640: 4635: 4630: 4625: 4620: 4615: 4610: 4605: 4600: 4595: 4590: 4585: 4580: 4575: 4569: 4567: 4561: 4560: 4558: 4557: 4552: 4547: 4545:Juan Fernández 4542: 4537: 4532: 4527: 4522: 4520:Diego Columbus 4517: 4512: 4507: 4502: 4497: 4492: 4487: 4482: 4477: 4472: 4467: 4462: 4457: 4452: 4447: 4442: 4436: 4434: 4430: 4429: 4427: 4426: 4421: 4416: 4411: 4406: 4401: 4396: 4391: 4386: 4381: 4376: 4371: 4366: 4360: 4358: 4354: 4353: 4351: 4350: 4348:Army of Africa 4345: 4340: 4335: 4330: 4328:Spanish Armada 4325: 4320: 4315: 4310: 4304: 4302: 4294: 4293: 4283: 4282: 4279: 4278: 4275: 4274: 4272: 4271: 4266: 4261: 4256: 4251: 4246: 4241: 4236: 4231: 4229:Manila galleon 4225: 4223: 4219: 4218: 4216: 4215: 4210: 4205: 4200: 4195: 4190: 4184: 4182: 4172: 4171: 4161: 4160: 4157: 4156: 4153: 4152: 4150: 4149: 4144: 4139: 4134: 4129: 4124: 4119: 4114: 4109: 4104: 4099: 4094: 4089: 4084: 4079: 4073: 4071: 4065: 4064: 4062: 4061: 4056: 4051: 4046: 4041: 4036: 4031: 4026: 4021: 4016: 4011: 4006: 4001: 3995: 3993: 3987: 3986: 3984: 3983: 3978: 3973: 3968: 3963: 3958: 3953: 3948: 3943: 3937: 3935: 3929: 3928: 3926: 3925: 3920: 3915: 3910: 3905: 3899: 3897: 3887: 3886: 3876: 3875: 3872: 3871: 3868: 3867: 3865: 3864: 3859: 3854: 3849: 3844: 3839: 3833: 3831: 3827: 3826: 3824: 3823: 3818: 3813: 3808: 3803: 3798: 3792: 3790: 3786: 3785: 3783: 3782: 3777: 3772: 3767: 3762: 3756: 3754: 3746: 3745: 3743:Administration 3735: 3734: 3731: 3730: 3727: 3726: 3724: 3723: 3717: 3714: 3713: 3703: 3702: 3700: 3699: 3664:Western Sahara 3660: 3654: 3651: 3650: 3640: 3639: 3637: 3636: 3631: 3626: 3595: 3592: 3591: 3577: 3576: 3574: 3573: 3562:Banda Oriental 3543: 3529: 3506: 3503: 3502: 3492: 3491: 3489: 3488: 3483: 3478: 3473: 3468: 3463: 3458: 3453: 3435: 3429: 3426: 3425: 3415: 3414: 3412: 3411: 3377:Coastal Alaska 3369: 3366: 3365: 3355: 3354: 3352: 3351: 3346: 3341: 3336: 3331: 3326: 3311: 3310: 3309: 3304: 3299: 3294: 3283: 3280: 3279: 3269: 3268: 3258: 3257: 3254: 3253: 3251: 3250: 3245: 3240: 3235: 3230: 3225: 3220: 3215: 3210: 3205: 3200: 3195: 3190: 3185: 3180: 3175: 3170: 3165: 3160: 3159: 3158: 3148: 3143: 3138: 3133: 3128: 3123: 3118: 3113: 3108: 3103: 3098: 3093: 3088: 3083: 3078: 3073: 3068: 3063: 3058: 3049: 3043: 3040: 3039: 3029: 3028: 3025:Spanish Empire 3021: 3020: 3013: 3006: 2998: 2989: 2988: 2986: 2985: 2980: 2975: 2970: 2968:Sint Eustatius 2965: 2960: 2955: 2950: 2945: 2940: 2935: 2930: 2925: 2920: 2915: 2913:Cayman Islands 2910: 2905: 2900: 2895: 2890: 2884: 2882: 2877: 2874: 2873: 2871: 2870: 2865: 2860: 2855: 2850: 2845: 2840: 2835: 2830: 2825: 2820: 2815: 2810: 2805: 2800: 2795: 2790: 2785: 2780: 2775: 2770: 2765: 2760: 2754: 2752: 2748: 2747: 2740: 2739: 2732: 2725: 2717: 2708: 2707: 2705: 2704: 2699: 2692: 2691: 2684: 2676: 2675: 2672: 2671: 2668: 2667: 2664: 2663: 2661: 2660: 2655: 2650: 2645: 2640: 2635: 2630: 2625: 2620: 2615: 2609: 2607: 2601: 2600: 2598: 2597: 2592: 2587: 2582: 2577: 2572: 2567: 2562: 2556: 2546: 2540: 2539: 2536: 2535: 2533: 2532: 2527: 2522: 2517: 2512: 2507: 2502: 2497: 2489: 2484: 2478: 2472: 2466: 2465: 2462: 2461: 2459: 2458: 2453: 2451:Prime Minister 2448: 2443: 2438: 2433: 2428: 2423: 2418: 2417: 2416: 2406: 2401: 2396: 2391: 2386: 2381: 2379:Constituencies 2376: 2371: 2366: 2360: 2354: 2348: 2347: 2344: 2343: 2341: 2340: 2335: 2330: 2325: 2320: 2315: 2310: 2305: 2300: 2295: 2289: 2283: 2277: 2276: 2274: 2273: 2268: 2263: 2258: 2253: 2248: 2243: 2242: 2241: 2236: 2225: 2223: 2217: 2216: 2205: 2204: 2197: 2190: 2182: 2176: 2175: 2173: 2168: 2155: 2147: 2146:External links 2144: 2141: 2140: 2135:Caribbean News 2121: 2103: 2077: 2066: 2040: 2027: 2016: 2009: 1991: 1978:978-1609495404 1977: 1957: 1926: 1880: 1874:978-9768052193 1873: 1855: 1835: 1806:10.1086/300142 1800:(3): 321–356. 1779: 1668: 1635: 1634: 1632: 1629: 1628: 1627: 1622: 1617: 1612: 1607: 1600: 1597: 1589:Johnny Briceño 1535:United Kingdom 1472:prime minister 1457:prime minister 1437:flag of Belize 1427: 1426: 1385: 1383: 1376: 1370: 1367: 1336:United Nations 1285:Main article: 1282: 1279: 1267:National Party 1180: 1177: 1159: 1158: 1151: 1150: 1149: 1082: 1079: 1030: 1027: 968: 965: 960:Main article: 957: 954: 946:Sarstoon River 902:Mosquito Coast 876: 873: 828: 825: 821:apprenticeship 778: 775: 729:superintendent 721:Burnaby's Code 676:North Carolina 660:Turneffe Atoll 618:encroached on 602: 599: 526: 523: 518:Main article: 515: 512: 414:slash-and-burn 399:Maya Mountains 342: 335: 334: 333: 324: 317: 316: 315: 306: 299: 298: 297: 288: 281: 280: 279: 278: 277: 272:Main article: 269: 266: 211: 210: 208: 207: 200: 193: 185: 182: 181: 180: 179: 167: 162: 161: 158: 157: 152: 146: 141: 140: 137: 136: 133: 132: 126: 123: 122: 119: 118: 112: 111: 108: 107: 101: 98: 97: 94: 93: 87: 86: 80: 79: 73: 72: 66: 65: 59: 58: 52: 51: 45: 44: 36: 35: 27: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5423: 5412: 5409: 5407: 5404: 5403: 5401: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5355: 5352: 5351: 5350: 5347: 5343: 5340: 5339: 5338: 5335: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5323: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5312:Tapada limeña 5310: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5279: 5276: 5269: 5265: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5195: 5194: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5185: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5175: 5174: 5171: 5164: 5160: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5125: 5123: 5120: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5085: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5064: 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