539:
1410:. Currently, political power is shared by a Somali president and an Afar prime minister, with an Afar career diplomat as Foreign Minister and other cabinet posts roughly divided. However, Issas are predominate in the government, civil service, and the ruling party. That, together with a shortage of non-government employment, has bred resentment and continued political competition between the Issa Somalis and the Afars. In March 2006, Djibouti held its first regional elections and began implementing a decentralization plan. The broad pro-government coalition, including FRUD candidates, again ran unopposed when the government refused to meet opposition preconditions for participation. In the 2008 elections, the opposition Union for a Presidential Majority (UMP) party boycotted the election, leaving all 65 seats to the ruling RPP. Voter turnout figures were disputed. Guelleh was re-elected in the 2011 presidential
1330:
1247:
195:
1212:
opting to remain associated with France. However, the referendum was again marred by reports of vote rigging on the part of the French authorities, with some 10,000 Somalis deported under the pretext that they did not have valid identity cards. According to official figures, although the territory was at the time inhabited by 58,240 Somali and 48,270 Afar, only 14,689 Somali were allowed to register to vote versus 22,004 Afar. Somali representatives also charged that the French had simultaneously imported thousands of Afar nomads from neighboring
44:
897:
677:(525 BC) sent ambassadors to Macrobia, bringing luxury gifts for the Macrobian king to entice his submission. The Macrobian ruler, who was elected based at least in part on stature, replied instead with a challenge for his Persian counterpart in the form of an unstrung bow: if the Persians could manage to string it, they would have the right to invade his country; but until then, they should thank the gods that the Macrobians never decided to invade their empire.
2760:
414:
3125:
317:
1021:
468:, but also the importance of bovine husbandry and, for the first time in this area, evidence for caprine herding practices. Radiocarbon dating places this occupation at the beginning of the 2nd millennium BC, similar in range to Asa Koma. These two sites represent the oldest evidence of herding in the region, and they provide a better understanding of the development of Neolithic societies in this region.
205:
1284:. With a steadily enlarging Somali population, the likelihood of a third referendum appearing successful had grown even more dim. The prohibitive cost of maintaining the colony and the fact that after 1975, France found itself to be the last remaining colonial power in Africa was another factor that compelled observers to doubt that the French would attempt to hold on to the territory.
1084:
1275:
to attacks on French targets. On 24 March 1975 the Front de Libération de la Côte des
Somalis kidnapped the French Ambassador to Somalia, Jean Guery, to be exchanged against two activists of FLCS members who were both serving life terms in mainland France. He was exchanged for the two FLCS members in
1211:
was held to determine the fate of the territory. Initial results supported a continued but looser relationship with France. Voting was also divided along ethnic lines, with the resident
Somalis generally voting for independence, with the goal of eventual reunion with Somalia, and the Afars largely
1181:
was held in
Djibouti to decide whether to be an independent country or to remain with France. The referendum turned out in favour of a continued association with France, partly due to a combined yes vote by the sizable Afar ethnic group and resident Europeans. There were also reports of widespread
1397:
On 12 May 2001, President Ismail Omar
Guelleh presided over the signing of what is termed the final peace accord officially ending the decade-long civil war between the government and the armed faction of the FRUD, led by Ahmed Dini Ahmed, an Afar nationalist and former Gouled political ally. The
1258:
The French
Territory of Afars and Issas also differed from French Somaliland in terms of government structure, as the position of governor changed to that of high commissioner. A nine-member council of government was also implemented. During the 1960s, the struggle for independence was led by the
1216:
to further tip the odds in their favor, but the French authorities denied this, suggesting that Afars already greatly outnumbered
Somalis on the voting lists. Announcement of the plebiscite results sparked civil unrest, including several deaths. France also increased its military force along the
733:
was attempting to unite the
Christian territories in the highlands during the same period. These two states inevitably came into conflict over Shewa and territories further south. A lengthy war ensued, but the Muslim sultanates of the time were not strongly unified. Ifat was finally defeated by
857:
and prevent further extension of French influence in that direction. On 14 April 1884 the
Commander of the patrol sloop L’Inferent reported on the Egyptian occupation in the Gulf of Tadjoura. The Commander of the patrol sloop Le Vaudreuil reported that the Egyptians were occupying the interior
1157:. In 1941, the Italians were defeated and the Vichy forces in French Somaliland were isolated. The Vichy French administration continued to hold out in the colony for over a year after the Italian collapse. In response, the British blockaded the port of
790:
with Zeila as its headquarters dates back to at least the 9th or 10th century. According to I.M. Lewis, the polity was governed by local dynasties consisting of
Somalized Arabs or Arabized Somalis, who also ruled over the similarly established
1405:
In the presidential election held 8 April 2005, Ismail Omar
Guelleh was re-elected to a second 6-year term at the head of a multi-party coalition that included the FRUD and other major parties. A loose coalition of opposition parties again
1376:), was the sole legal one. Clayton writes that the French garrison played the major role in suppressing further minor unrest about this time, during which Djibouti became a one-party state on a much broader ethnic and political basis.
1387:(FRUD). The FRUD signed a peace accord with the government in December 1994, ending the conflict. Two FRUD members were made cabinet members, and in the presidential elections of 1999 the FRUD campaigned in support of the RPP.
1363:
After independence the new government signed an agreement calling for a strong French garrison, though the 13 DBLE was envisaged to be withdrawn. While the unit was reduced in size, a full withdrawal never actually took place.
433:. Long-horned humpless cattle bones have likewise been discovered at Asa Koma, suggesting that domesticated cattle were present by around 3,500 years ago. Rock art of what appear to be antelopes and a giraffe are also found at
827:. The Djibouti-Loyada stelae are of uncertain age, and some of them are adorned with a T-shaped symbol. Additionally, archaeological excavations at Tiya have yielded tombs. As of 1997, 118 stelae were reported in the area.
1186:, with the French expelling thousands of Somalis before the referendum reached the polls. The majority of those who voted no were Somalis who were strongly in favour of joining a united Somalia as had been proposed by
2503:
511:
have been unearthed. About 1500 BC. AD, the climate is already changing, water is scarce. Engravings show dromedaries (animal of arid zones), some of which are ridden by armed warriors. Sedentary peoples return to
1445:(USAFRICOM). In 2011, Japan also opened a local naval base staffed by 180 personnel to assist in marine defense. This initiative is expected to generate $ 30 million in revenue for the Djiboutian government.
369:
elephant were also discovered, visibly butchered using basalt tools found nearby. These remains would date from 1.4 million years BC. Subsequently identified other sites of these cuts, probably the work of
3884:
1818:
The Geography of Herodotus: Illustrated from Modern Researches and Discoveries by James Talboys Wheeler pg 528. The British Critic, Quarterly Theological Review, And Ecclesiastical Record Volume 11 pg 434
1200:
That same year, France rejected the United Nations' recommendation that it should grant French Somaliland independence. In August, an official visit to the territory by then French President, General
429:, an inland lake area on the Gobaad Plain. The site's ware is characterized by punctate and incision geometric designs, which bear a similarity to the Sabir culture phase 1 ceramics from Ma'layba in
1989:
507:
settled around the lakes and practiced fishing and cattle breeding. The burial of an 18-year-old woman, dating from this period, as well as the bones of hunted animals, bone tools and small
4329:
3877:
1291:(13 DBLE), had to be reinforced to contain Somali irredentist aspirations, revolting against the French-engineered Afar domination of the emerging government. In 1976, members of the
4783:
4126:
398:
jaw was found, dating from 100,000 BC. AD On Devil's Island, tools dating back 6,000 years have been found, which were no doubt used to open shells. In the area at the bottom of
3870:
2511:
1197:, a Harbist politician, assumed the seat of Vice President of the Government Council of French Somaliland, representing the UNI party. He would hold that position until 1966.
1356:, which rejected independence. This referendum backed independence from France. A landslide 98.8% of the electorate supported disengagement from France, officially marking
576:(or "Ta Netjeru", meaning "God's Land"). The old territory's first mention dates to the 25th century BC. The Puntites were a nation of people that had close relations with
1263:(FLCS), who waged an armed struggle for independence with much of its violence aimed at French personnel. FLCS used to initiate few mounting cross-border operations into
460:. The 2005 excavations yielded abundant ceramics that enabled us to define one Neolithic cultural facies of this region, which was also identified at the nearby site of
729:
in 1285. Taddesse Tamrat explains Sultan Umar's military expedition as an effort to consolidate the Muslim territories in the Horn, in much the same way as Emperor
4322:
909:
891:
866:. Emperor Johannes IV of Ethiopia signed an accord with the United Kingdom to cease fighting the Egyptians and to allow the evacuation of Egyptian forces from
691:
The rule of the Aksumite Kingdom may have at times extended to areas that are now within Djibouti, though the nature and extent of its control are not clear.
1178:
849:. The cruiser Seignelay reached Sagallo shortly after the Egyptians had departed. French troops occupied the fort despite protests from the British Agent in
445:, dated to the fourth millennium BP, has in turn yielded obsidian microliths and plain ceramics used by early nomadic pastoralists with domesticated cattle.
4119:
2944:
2863:
1349:
280:. Djibouti gained its independence on June 27, 1977. The Djibouti area, along with other localities in the Horn region, was later the seat of the medieval
4315:
3025:
479:. The water resources were numerous: lakes in the Gobaad, lakes Assal and Abbé larger and resembling real bodies of water. The humans therefore lived by
538:
3357:
3347:
3342:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3312:
3307:
3297:
3292:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
2858:
2012:
1080:
Indeed the Italians did undertake some offensive actions beginning on 18 June 1940, occupying nearly one third of French Somaliland in a few days.
3839:
1384:
4112:
3723:
3493:
1292:
1260:
1208:
1558:
Zarins, Juris (1990), "Early Pastoral Nomadism and the Settlement of Lower Mesopotamia", (Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research)
782:
were living along the northern Horn seaboard. He also mentioned that the Adal kingdom had its capital in Zeila, a port city in the northwestern
3142:
2851:
1469:
1353:
2588:
2570:
1903:
J. Gordon Melton and Martin Baumann, Religions of the World, Second Edition: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices, page 2663
1146:
By the end of June the Italians had also occupied the border fortifications of Magdoul, Daimoli, Balambolta, Birt Eyla, Asmailo, Tewo, Abba,
233:
2138:
1372:
In 1981, Aptidon turned the country into a one party state by declaring that his party, the Rassemblement Populaire pour le Progrès (RPP) (
1341:
358:. Other scholars propose that the Afroasiatic family developed in situ in the Horn, with its speakers subsequently dispersing from there.
3415:
3113:
3091:
2739:
1474:
1345:
301:
157:
1329:
799:
region to the south. Adal's history from this founding period forth would be characterized by a succession of battles with neighbouring
4920:
4872:
4605:
1438:
4573:
2675:
1032:, which had a harbor with good access that attracted trade caravans crossing East Africa, became the new administrative capital. The
331:
region has often been considered a primary crossing point for early hominins following a southern coastal route from East Africa to
2378:
933:
3638:
1239:. This was both in acknowledgement of the large Afar constituency and to downplay the significance of the Somali composition (the
3478:
2749:
1390:
Aptidon resigned as president 1999, at the age of 83, after being elected to a fifth term in 1997. His successor was his nephew,
1288:
1226:
2540:
2868:
2724:
1434:
163:
4807:
4248:
2890:
1457:
1411:
1314:
or the simple independence of the territory. In 1975 the African People's League for the Independence (LPAI) and FLCS met in
2648:
2059:
970:
was subsequently installed as the protectorate's governor. In 1894, he established a permanent French administration in the
3832:
3498:
1306:(OAU), which participated in its financing. The FLCS evolved its demands between the request of integration in a possible "
1154:
987:
406:
have also been discovered. Previous investigators have also reported a fragmentary maxilla, attributed to an older form of
4751:
4289:
4138:
2900:
1718:
1679:
1640:
1601:
1295:
which sought Djibouti's independence from France, also clashed with the Gendarmerie Nationale Intervention Group over a
1190:, Vice President of the Government Council. Harbi died in a plane crash two years later under mysterious circumstances.
3071:
2688:
1933:
1751:
1673:
1634:
1595:
1058:
in the mid-1930s, constant border skirmishes occurred between French forces in French Somaliland and Italian forces in
663:; an average person supposedly living to the age of 120. They were said to be the "tallest and handsomest of all men".
943:
Growing French interest in the area took place against a backdrop of British activity in Egypt and the opening of the
4443:
2734:
2448:
1712:
1049:
226:
4433:
1204:, was also met with demonstrations and rioting. In response to the protests, de Gaulle ordered another referendum.
1161:
but it could not prevent local French from providing information on the passing ship convoys. In 1942, about 4,000
1009:. The French considered the presence of the Russians as a violation of their territorial rights and dispatched two
304:
in 1967. A decade later, the Djiboutian people voted for independence, officially marking the establishment of the
2364:
Alvin J. Cottrell, Robert Michael Burrell, Georgetown University. Center for Strategic and International Studies,
4403:
3825:
3408:
3106:
1485:
4778:
4453:
3920:
3915:
2949:
2895:
2780:
2227:
2211:
1495:
1373:
1296:
983:
2124:
4566:
3749:
2846:
2805:
2668:
1303:
982:), a name which continued until 1967. The territory's border with Ethiopia, marked out in 1897 by France and
725:
Umar Walashma (or his son Ali, according to another source) is recorded as having conquered the Sultanate of
542:
Egyptian marines from Queen Hatshepsut's Year 9 expedition to the Land of Punt, as depicted on her temple at
4915:
4665:
4426:
4179:
3513:
1774:
219:
23:
3121:
4746:
4421:
4408:
3796:
3792:
3040:
2880:
1357:
1055:
674:
4091:
3401:
3099:
2800:
2507:
1323:
1311:
1268:
1013:. The Russians were bombarded and after some loss of life, surrendered. The colonists were deported to
994:
853:, Major Frederick Mercer Hunter, who dispatched troops to safeguard British and Egyptian interests in
4670:
4531:
4526:
4294:
3805:
2785:
1510:
520:(of various shapes), sheltering graves and dating from this period, have been unearthed all over the
4559:
4513:
4012:
3553:
3035:
2990:
2836:
2759:
2661:
1033:
3788:
3663:
3653:
3458:
3020:
2926:
1108:
998:
1246:
43:
4485:
4338:
4238:
4228:
4159:
4135:
3893:
3848:
3668:
3558:
3488:
2460:
1912:
Asafa Jalata, State Crises, Globalisation, And National Movements In North-east Africa page 3-4
792:
2201:
1449:
717:. Ifat established bases in Djibouti and Somaliland, and from there expanded southward to the
652:(from the perspective of the Greeks), in this case in the extreme south, contrasting with the
4645:
4375:
4169:
3728:
3648:
3613:
3598:
3583:
3538:
3473:
3015:
3000:
2959:
2885:
2841:
2790:
2768:
2203:
After Independence: Making and Protecting the Nation in Postcolonial and Postcommunist States
1453:
1123:
476:
402:(Dankalélo, not far from Devil's Island), circular stone structures and fragments of painted
343:
3779:
1567:
Diamond J, Bellwood P (2003) Farmers and Their Languages: The First Expansions SCIENCE 300,
3603:
3045:
2824:
2810:
2744:
2516:
1500:
1380:
1322:
with several meeting later they finally opted for independence path, causing tensions with
1117:
347:
305:
346:-speaking populations arrived in the region during this period from the family's proposed
8:
4841:
4164:
3997:
3958:
3902:
3703:
3678:
3528:
3523:
3468:
3453:
3064:
2973:
2954:
2914:
2795:
1442:
1398:
peace accord successfully completed the peace process begun on 7 February 2000 in Paris.
1391:
1166:
1087:
Territories of French Somalia occupied by Italian colonial troops (limited by green line)
1059:
905:
774:
dates to the 7th century, and is the oldest mosque in the city. In the late 9th century,
771:
464:. The faunal remains confirm the importance of fishing in Neolithic settlements close to
366:
4660:
1017:
and the dream of Russian expansion in East Africa came to an end in less than one year.
4506:
4416:
4365:
4271:
4258:
4189:
3987:
3938:
3930:
3775:
3766:
3757:
3688:
3658:
3643:
3628:
3618:
3608:
3573:
3568:
3518:
3463:
3438:
3010:
2985:
2939:
1768:
1128:
1103:
in the north. There were also skirmishes in the area of Dagguirou and around the lakes
1092:
1029:
921:
399:
1083:
916:(1839–42) that marked the beginning of French interest in the Djiboutian coast of the
4788:
4736:
4675:
4480:
4463:
4086:
4081:
3698:
3693:
3633:
3588:
3548:
3443:
3424:
3080:
3030:
2729:
2548:
2444:
2223:
2207:
1929:
1886:
1747:
1708:
1669:
1630:
1591:
1506:
1490:
1480:
1264:
1201:
979:
887:
756:
645:
610:, the Land of Punt at the time of Hatshepsut was ruled by King Parahu and Queen Ati.
289:
151:
116:
4793:
1383:
broke out in 1991, between the government and a predominantly Afar rebel group, the
967:
947:
in 1869. Between 1883 and 1887, France signed various treaties with the then ruling
904:
The boundaries of the present-day Djibouti nation state were established during the
4827:
4655:
4395:
4360:
4040:
3753:
3673:
3623:
3578:
3563:
3543:
3533:
3508:
3448:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3352:
3337:
3317:
3302:
3287:
3005:
2931:
2719:
2643:
2544:
2262:
2004:
1876:
1866:
1568:
1530:
1407:
1399:
1333:
1194:
1132:
1006:
963:
920:. Further exploration by Henri Lambert, French Consular Agent at Aden, and Captain
800:
710:
686:
640:
566:, Djibouti is considered the most likely location of the land known to the ancient
128:
4797:
1153:
Later, British and Commonwealth forces fought the neighboring Italians during the
594:
of the eighteenth dynasty. They "traded not only in their own produce of incense,
4846:
4817:
4582:
4475:
4458:
3992:
3970:
3683:
3593:
3483:
2485:
2063:
1972:
1952:
1923:
1741:
1702:
1663:
1624:
1585:
1307:
971:
718:
667:
631:
492:
480:
430:
93:
1165:
occupied the city. A local battalion from French Somaliland participated in the
4833:
4773:
4221:
4212:
4174:
4050:
3975:
3943:
3910:
2873:
2714:
2709:
1430:
1162:
1067:
924:
led to a treaty of friendship and assistance between France and the sultans of
913:
787:
747:
706:
700:
648:
instead. It is one of the legendary peoples postulated at the extremity of the
623:
607:
457:
285:
281:
250:
209:
122:
4767:
4370:
2222:
Kevin Shillington, Encyclopedia of African history, (CRC Press: 2005), p. 360
1871:
1854:
4909:
4822:
4728:
4695:
4615:
4470:
4063:
3980:
3953:
1890:
1841:
The popular cyclopædia of Biblical literature: condensed from the larger work
1418:
1187:
1158:
948:
816:
760:
588:
577:
543:
391:
371:
328:
199:
134:
2037:
1572:
4501:
4355:
4347:
4035:
4030:
4025:
3948:
2704:
2332:
2110:
2060:"FRENCH SOMALI COAST 1708 – 1946 FRENCH SOMALI COAST | Awdalpress.com"
2008:
1183:
1112:
1074:
1063:
959:
836:
735:
730:
653:
572:
533:
407:
395:
332:
277:
270:
110:
81:
4685:
4233:
4020:
3892:
3817:
2995:
1281:
1240:
1100:
1071:
1037:
952:
896:
670:
351:
297:
2589:"Djibouti President Guelleh wins election with 98%, provisional results"
499:, etc., as evidenced, for example, by the bestiary of cave paintings at
365:. In the Gobaad plain (between Dikhil and Lake Abbe), the remains of an
4884:
4625:
4620:
4207:
4146:
1426:
1096:
1040:
in June 1917, increasing the volume of trade passing through the port.
1036:, linking Djibouti to the heart of Ethiopia, began in 1897 and reached
944:
808:
803:. At its height, the Adal kingdom controlled large parts of modern-day
619:
591:
551:
87:
4635:
2318:, Volume 15, Issue 1, (American Universities Field Staff.: 1968), p.3.
413:
4890:
2414:
2267:
1881:
1855:"Early Christianity in East Africa and Red Sea/Indian Ocean Commerce"
1336:
proclaiming the Djibouti Declaration of Independence on 27 June 1977.
1177:
In 1958, on the eve of neighboring Somalia's independence in 1960, a
1104:
1028:
The administrative capital was moved from Obock in 1896. The city of
870:
and the Somali Coast ports. The Egyptian garrison was withdrawn from
775:
709:
was a medieval kingdom in the Horn of Africa. Founded in 1285 by the
660:
627:
602:, but also in goods from other neighbouring regions, including gold,
599:
567:
521:
475:
very different from the one it knows today and probably close to the
465:
449:
383:
375:
362:
355:
339:
4068:
3393:
2653:
316:
4380:
4197:
3130:
2684:
1213:
1136:
929:
875:
871:
867:
863:
804:
508:
461:
426:
418:
266:
246:
181:
58:
4217:
2366:
The Indian Ocean: its political, economic, and military importance
1231:
In 1967, shortly after the second referendum was held, the former
622:(Μακροβίοι) were a legendary people and kingdom positioned in the
4878:
4630:
4266:
4202:
4058:
4002:
1422:
1315:
1302:
The FLCS was recognized as a national liberation movement by the
1251:
1147:
1077:
while the Italians occupied some areas of the French Somaliland.
1020:
1010:
1002:
925:
917:
842:
812:
796:
649:
635:
581:
559:
555:
488:
484:
472:
442:
403:
293:
262:
258:
254:
64:
4243:
4154:
3963:
2621:
Le operazioni in Africa orientale (giugno 1940 – novembre 1941)
1319:
1107:
and Ally. Near Ali-Sabieh, there was some skirmishing over the
1014:
955:
820:
779:
768:
722:
584:
517:
387:
4337:
4385:
4276:
2571:"Japan Opens Military Base in Djibouti to Help Combat Piracy"
2541:"Africans Fear Hidden U.S. Agenda in New Approach to Africom"
2254:
2113:
in Le Progrès Illustré (French daily newspaper), 1 March 1891
1700:
1140:
937:
859:
854:
846:
824:
783:
764:
752:
726:
714:
603:
595:
563:
513:
504:
500:
496:
438:
434:
379:
361:
The cut stones 3 million years old, collected in the area of
321:
2155:
300:
Sultans with the French. It was subsequently renamed to the
2623:. Volume II: Documenti. Rome: Stato Maggiore dell'Esercito.
1277:
1272:
1095:, troops under General Guglielmo Nasi attacked the fort of
850:
453:
425:
Pottery predating the mid-2nd millennium has been found at
410:
and dated to ~250 Ka, from the valley of the Dagadlé Wadi.
382:
was cut, was excavated in the 1990s, in Gombourta, between
4134:
1220:
1193:
In 1960, with the fall of the ruling Dini administration,
2486:"Djibouti: President Ismael Omar Guelleh wins third term"
1433:
is a United States Naval Expeditionary Base, situated at
456:
in the tectonic depression of Gobaad in Djibouti in the
292:
was established following treaties signed by the ruling
2350:
Africa contemporary record: annual survey and documents
2179:
2167:
2143:
1429:, Djibouti also hosts various foreign military bases.
892:
List of colonial heads of Djibouti (French Somaliland)
606:
and animal skins." According to the temple reliefs at
1348:
on 8 May 1977. The previous referendums were held in
841:
Governor Abou Baker ordered the Egyptian garrison at
471:
Up to 4000 years BC. AD, the region benefited from a
1990:"Some remarks on the origins of the Aksumite Stelae"
1974:
Peoples of the Horn of Africa: Somali, Afar and Saho
1665:
Forgotten Africa: An Introduction to Its Archaeology
288:
Sultanates. In the late 19th century, the colony of
2628:Thompson, Virginia McLean; Adloff, Richard (1968).
2396:
2394:
2392:
2239:United States Joint Publications Research Service,
2379:"French Envoy in Somalia Held by Anti-Paris Group"
2339:, Volume 69, Issues 10–17, (Newsweek: 1967), p.48.
1417:Due to its strategic location at the mouth of the
997:(b. 1856), arrived with settlers, infantry and an
936:, from whom the French purchased the anchorage of
2533:
2439:Nohlen, D, Krennerich, M & Thibaut, B (1999)
2196:
2194:
1826:
1824:
786:region abutting Djibouti. This suggests that the
487:. The region was populated by a very rich fauna:
4907:
2389:
1385:Front for the Restoration of Unity and Democracy
2259:Les Cahiers du Centre de Recherches Historiques
2206:, (University of Michigan Press: 2006), p. 115
1977:. International African Institute. p. 140.
378:site (from 800,000 to 400,000 years BC), where
2627:
2191:
2161:
2052:
1821:
1470:Colonial heads of Djibouti (French Somaliland)
1287:In 1976, the French garrison, centered on the
738:of Ethiopia in 1332, and withdrew from Shewa.
4567:
4323:
4120:
3878:
3833:
3409:
3107:
2669:
2352:, Volume 1, (Africana Pub. Co.: 1969), p.264.
1966:
1964:
1622:
755:was introduced to the area early on from the
227:
2496:
2360:
2358:
2139:simple:Italian invasion of French Somaliland
1456:since independence from France in 1977, was
1261:Front for the Liberation of the Somali Coast
874:. Léonce Lagarde deployed a patrol sloop to
823:are a number of anthropomorphic and phallic
276:In antiquity, the territory was part of the
4717:
1957:. Americana Corporation. 1965. p. 255.
1947:
1945:
1809:Breasted 1906–07, pp. 246–295, vol. 1.
1704:Journal of African Archaeology, Volumes 1–2
1587:Archaeology, Language, and the African Past
1577:
1475:French Territory of the Afars and the Issas
1346:French Territory of the Afars and the Issas
1062:. In June 1940, during the early stages of
338:Djibouti area has been inhabited since the
302:French Territory of the Afars and the Issas
158:French Territory of the Afars and the Issas
4574:
4560:
4330:
4316:
4127:
4113:
3885:
3871:
3847:
3840:
3826:
3416:
3402:
3114:
3100:
2676:
2662:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2310:
2308:
2280:
2278:
2125:A history of Ethiopia, Nubia and Abyssinia
1961:
1853:Seland, Eivind Heldaas (1 December 2014).
1439:Combined Joint Task Force - Horn of Africa
1293:Front de Libération de la Côte des Somalis
1237:Territoire français des Afars et des Issas
986:, was later reaffirmed by agreements with
234:
220:
4594:
2355:
2266:
1987:
1981:
1880:
1870:
1629:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 439.
1070:and the colony was then ruled by the pro-
503:. In the 3rd and 2nd millennia BC. A few
2295:
2293:
2098:Ashinov, Achinov, Atchinoff or Atchimoff
1942:
1739:
1328:
1245:
1082:
1019:
895:
537:
412:
315:
2618:
2609:
2321:
2305:
2275:
2185:
2173:
2149:
2079:
1289:13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion
1227:French Territory of the Afars and Issas
1221:French Territory of the Afars and Issas
4908:
2420:
2342:
2252:
2089:, (Africa Journal Ltd.: 1977), p. 209.
1921:
1852:
1833:
1721:from the original on 14 September 2014
1701:Universität Frankfurt am Main (2003).
1682:from the original on 14 September 2014
1661:
1643:from the original on 14 September 2014
1604:from the original on 14 September 2014
1583:
1435:Djibouti-Ambouli International Airport
4716:
4593:
4555:
4311:
4108:
3866:
3821:
3423:
3397:
3095:
2683:
2657:
2302:, Volume 81, (Newsweek: 1973), p.254.
2290:
2246:
1970:
1915:
1746:. 1136755527: Routledge. p. 86.
1694:
1655:
1623:Walter Raunig, Steffen Wenig (2005).
1590:. Rowman Altamira. pp. 143–144.
666:According to Herodotus' account, the
659:Their name is due to their legendary
2441:Elections in Africa: A data handbook
2030:
1707:. Africa Manga Verlag. p. 230.
1616:
1367:
988:Emperor Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia
881:
342:. According to linguists, the first
4581:
4290:French colonization of the Americas
2750:Djiboutian–Eritrean border conflict
2740:French Territory of Afars and Issas
2547:. 30 September 2008. Archived from
2314:American Universities Field Staff,
2233:
1843:, (Gould and Lincoln: 1856), p.302.
1791:, (Algora Publishing: 2004), p.258.
1235:(French Somaliland) was renamed to
1135:in front of the ports of Djibouti,
1056:invasion and occupation of Ethiopia
680:
13:
2241:Translations on Sub-Saharan Africa
1928:. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 7.
1789:Egypt, trunk of the tree, Volume 2
993:In 1889, a Russian by the name of
417:Geometric design pottery found in
14:
4932:
4921:History of East Africa by country
2637:
1954:Encyclopedia Americana, Volume 25
1050:French Somaliland in World War II
958:, which allowed it to expand the
741:
694:
3724:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
3494:Democratic Republic of the Congo
3123:
2758:
2287:, (Taylor & Francis), p.132.
2285:A Political Chronology of Africa
1297:bus hijacking en route to Loyada
1111:. In the first week of war, the
203:
193:
42:
4784:French domains of the Holy Land
2649:History of Djbouti by documents
2630:Djibouti and the Horn of Africa
2614:. Brassey's Defence Publishers.
2581:
2563:
2478:
2453:
2433:
2428:Encyclopedia of African history
2417:: Matinus Nijhoff, 1981. p. 272
2403:
2371:
2243:, Issues 464–492, (1966), p.24.
2216:
2131:
2116:
2101:
2092:
1906:
1897:
1846:
1812:
1803:
1523:
1486:Heads of government of Djibouti
1043:
1024:Place Menelik, Djibouti, c1905.
830:
448:The site of Wakrita is a small
269:to the west and south, and the
4779:French domains of Saint Helena
3896:in Africa and the Indian Ocean
2087:Africa year book and who's who
1794:
1781:
1733:
1561:
1552:
1496:List of presidents of Djibouti
1250:Joint FLCS-LPAI delegation to
1172:
984:Emperor Menelik II of Ethiopia
1:
2255:"Jacques Foccart et Ali Aref"
2128:, Taylor & Francis, 1928.
1859:African Archaeological Review
1540:
1529:For further information, see
1342:third independence referendum
1304:Organization of African Unity
613:
350:("original homeland") in the
311:
4514:Port Louis-Philippe (Akaroa)
2632:. Stanford University Press.
2612:France, Soldiers, and Africa
2076:FRENCH SOMALI COAST Timeline
1800:Tyldesley, Hatchepsut, p.147
1516:
1109:Djibouti–Addis Ababa railway
527:
7:
4754: and Antarctic Lands
2430:, (CRC Press: 2005), p.360.
1988:Fattovich, Rodolfo (1987).
1743:The Archaeology of Ethiopia
1463:
1374:People's Rally for Progress
452:establishment located on a
10:
4937:
2510:. May 2006. Archived from
2508:United States Marine Corps
2409:Gonidec, Pierre François.
2162:Thompson & Adloff 1968
1839:John Kitto, James Taylor,
1243:being a Somali sub-clan).
1233:Côte française des Somalis
1224:
1047:
995:Nikolay Ivanovitch Achinov
976:Côte française des Somalis
885:
834:
745:
698:
684:
531:
4867:
4806:
4762:
4745:
4727:
4723:
4712:
4684:
4671:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
4644:
4604:
4600:
4589:
4548:
4532:French East India Company
4522:
4494:
4442:
4394:
4346:
4307:
4295:French West India Company
4285:
4257:
4188:
4145:
4104:
4077:
4049:
4011:
3929:
3901:
3862:
3855:
3737:
3712:
3431:
3138:
3058:
2981:
2972:
2922:
2913:
2832:
2823:
2776:
2767:
2756:
2695:
2644:Background Note: Djibouti
2610:Clayton, Anthony (1988).
2504:"Introduction to MARCENT"
2368:, (Praeger: 1972), p.166.
2137:further detailed info at
2038:"Tiya – Prehistoric site"
1872:10.1007/s10437-014-9172-5
1668:. Routledge. p. 46.
1075:Vichy (French) government
900:French Somaliland in 1922
630:. Later authors (such as
587:of the fifth dynasty and
4810: the Indian Ocean
3479:Central African Republic
2465:U.S. Department of State
2253:Dubois, Colette (2002).
2122:Ernest A. Wallis Budge,
1922:Briggs, Phillip (2012).
1773:: CS1 maint: location (
1740:Finneran, Niall (2013).
1034:Franco-Ethiopian railway
394:. Finally, in Gobaad, a
4718:Uninhabited territories
4229:Saint Kitts & Nevis
2316:Northeast Africa series
1662:Connah, Graham (2004).
1573:10.1126/science.1078208
1358:Djibouti's independence
4648: collectivities
4486:Sanjak of Alexandretta
4339:Former French colonies
4136:Former French colonies
3894:Former French colonies
3849:French overseas empire
2869:Japanese military base
2859:Foreign military bases
2348:Africa Research, Ltd,
2009:10.3406/ethio.1987.931
1408:boycotted the election
1402:represented the FRUD.
1337:
1255:
1088:
1025:
901:
815:and Ethiopia. Between
793:Sultanate of Mogadishu
547:
422:
390:, 15 km south of
324:
4595:Inhabited territories
4527:France–Asia relations
4082:Somaliland (Djibouti)
3639:São Tomé and Príncipe
3499:Republic of the Congo
2864:Chinese military base
1454:President of Djibouti
1332:
1249:
1155:East African Campaign
1086:
1023:
974:and named the region
899:
878:the following night.
713:, it was centered in
656:in the extreme east.
541:
477:Mediterranean climate
416:
319:
4873:overseas departments
4808:Scattered Islands in
4689: collectivity
4147:French North America
2200:Barrington, Lowell,
2018:on 24 September 2015
1971:Lewis, I.M. (1955).
1501:Politics of Djibouti
1460:for his fifth term.
1310:" influenced by the
1207:On 19 March 1967, a
1150:, Madda and Rahale.
1115:sent the submarines
912:'s exploration into
759:, shortly after the
634:on the authority of
580:during the times of
335:and Southeast Asia.
306:Republic of Djibouti
249:is a country in the
182:Republic of Djibouti
4916:History of Djibouti
4842:Juan de Nova Island
4729:North Pacific Ocean
4341:in Asia and Oceania
3714:States with limited
2426:Kevin Shillington,
2111:Le cosaque Achinoff
1584:Blench, R. (2006).
1443:U.S. Africa Command
1392:Ismail Omar Guelleh
1167:Liberation of Paris
1060:Italian East Africa
906:Scramble for Africa
772:Masjid al-Qiblatayn
600:short-horned cattle
367:Palaeoloxodon recki
4747:Overseas territory
4272:France Antarctique
4259:Equinoctial France
4222:Dominican Republic
2950:Telecommunications
2874:U.S. military base
2725:Colonial governors
2521:on 25 October 2007
2461:"Djibouti (09/06)"
2400:Clayton 1988, 236.
2383:The New York Times
1997:Annales d'Éthiopie
1441:(CJTF-HOA) of the
1338:
1256:
1129:territorial waters
1093:Harrar Governorate
1089:
1054:After the Italian
1026:
990:in 1945 and 1954.
922:Fleuriot de Langle
910:Rochet d'Hericourt
902:
548:
423:
325:
210:History portal
164:Colonial governors
4903:
4902:
4899:
4898:
4863:
4862:
4859:
4858:
4855:
4854:
4798:Amsterdam Islands
4789:Kerguelen Islands
4737:Clipperton Island
4708:
4707:
4704:
4703:
4676:Wallis and Futuna
4544:
4543:
4540:
4539:
4444:Mandate for Syria
4434:Kouang-Tchéou-Wan
4396:Indochinese Union
4303:
4302:
4100:
4099:
4013:Equatorial Africa
3815:
3814:
3741:other territories
3514:Equatorial Guinea
3425:History of Africa
3391:
3390:
3089:
3088:
3054:
3053:
2968:
2967:
2909:
2908:
2891:Political parties
2847:Foreign relations
2819:
2818:
2730:French Somaliland
1787:Simson Najovits,
1491:History of Africa
1481:French Somaliland
1368:Djibouti Republic
1312:Somali government
1265:French Somaliland
1209:second plebiscite
1202:Charles de Gaulle
1127:to patrol French
1099:in the south and
980:French Somaliland
888:French Somaliland
882:French Somaliland
757:Arabian peninsula
675:conquest of Egypt
290:French Somaliland
244:
243:
200:Africa portal
152:French Somaliland
4928:
4828:Glorioso Islands
4809:
4760:
4759:
4753:
4749:
4725:
4724:
4714:
4713:
4688:
4661:Saint Barthélemy
4656:French Polynesia
4647:
4607:
4602:
4601:
4591:
4590:
4576:
4569:
4562:
4553:
4552:
4361:Coromandel Coast
4332:
4325:
4318:
4309:
4308:
4190:French Caribbean
4170:Terre Neuve
4129:
4122:
4115:
4106:
4105:
3887:
3880:
3873:
3864:
3863:
3860:
3859:
3842:
3835:
3828:
3819:
3818:
3802:
3801:(United Kingdom)
3797:Tristan da Cunha
3793:Ascension Island
3785:
3772:
3763:
3739:Dependencies and
3432:Sovereign states
3418:
3411:
3404:
3395:
3394:
3128:
3127:
3126:
3116:
3109:
3102:
3093:
3092:
3074:
3067:
2979:
2978:
2935:
2920:
2919:
2830:
2829:
2774:
2773:
2762:
2720:Imamate of Aussa
2678:
2671:
2664:
2655:
2654:
2633:
2624:
2619:Rovighi (1995).
2615:
2597:
2596:
2585:
2579:
2578:
2567:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2556:
2545:Associated Press
2537:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2526:
2520:
2500:
2494:
2493:
2482:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2457:
2451:
2437:
2431:
2424:
2418:
2411:African Politics
2407:
2401:
2398:
2387:
2386:
2385:. 25 March 1975.
2375:
2369:
2362:
2353:
2346:
2340:
2330:
2319:
2312:
2303:
2297:
2288:
2282:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2268:10.4000/ccrh.472
2250:
2244:
2237:
2231:
2220:
2214:
2198:
2189:
2183:
2177:
2171:
2165:
2159:
2153:
2147:
2141:
2135:
2129:
2120:
2114:
2109:
2105:
2099:
2096:
2090:
2083:
2077:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2062:. Archived from
2056:
2050:
2049:
2047:
2045:
2034:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2023:
2017:
2011:. Archived from
1994:
1985:
1979:
1978:
1968:
1959:
1958:
1949:
1940:
1939:
1919:
1913:
1910:
1904:
1901:
1895:
1894:
1884:
1874:
1850:
1844:
1837:
1831:
1828:
1819:
1816:
1810:
1807:
1801:
1798:
1792:
1785:
1779:
1778:
1772:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1698:
1692:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1659:
1653:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1620:
1614:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1581:
1575:
1565:
1559:
1556:
1534:
1531:Red Sea Flotilla
1527:
1437:and home to the
1400:Ahmed Dini Ahmed
1344:was held in the
1334:Ahmed Dini Ahmed
1195:Ali Aref Bourhan
1133:Gulf of Tadjoura
1007:Gulf of Tadjoura
972:city of Djibouti
964:Gulf of Tadjoura
711:Walashma dynasty
687:Kingdom of Aksum
681:Kingdom of Aksum
644:) place them in
261:to west and the
236:
229:
222:
208:
207:
206:
198:
197:
196:
129:Imamate of Aussa
67:(4,000~3,000 BC)
61:(3,000~2,500 BC)
46:
36:
18:
17:
4936:
4935:
4931:
4930:
4929:
4927:
4926:
4925:
4906:
4905:
4904:
4895:
4877:Claimed by the
4851:
4847:Tromelin Island
4818:Bassas da India
4802:
4752:French Southern
4741:
4719:
4700:
4680:
4640:
4608: regions
4596:
4585:
4583:Overseas France
4580:
4536:
4518:
4490:
4476:Greater Lebanon
4446:and the Lebanon
4445:
4438:
4390:
4342:
4336:
4299:
4281:
4253:
4184:
4141:
4139:in the Americas
4133:
4096:
4073:
4045:
4007:
3925:
3897:
3891:
3851:
3846:
3816:
3811:
3810:
3800:
3783:
3770:
3761:
3742:
3740:
3733:
3717:
3715:
3708:
3427:
3422:
3392:
3387:
3134:
3124:
3122:
3120:
3090:
3085:
3077:
3070:
3063:
3050:
3041:Public holidays
2964:
2933:
2905:
2881:Law enforcement
2815:
2763:
2754:
2705:Kingdom of Adal
2691:
2682:
2640:
2601:
2600:
2587:
2586:
2582:
2569:
2568:
2564:
2554:
2552:
2551:on 2 April 2013
2539:
2538:
2534:
2524:
2522:
2514:
2502:
2501:
2497:
2492:. 9 April 2011.
2484:
2483:
2479:
2469:
2467:
2459:
2458:
2454:
2438:
2434:
2425:
2421:
2408:
2404:
2399:
2390:
2377:
2376:
2372:
2363:
2356:
2347:
2343:
2331:
2322:
2313:
2306:
2298:
2291:
2283:
2276:
2251:
2247:
2238:
2234:
2221:
2217:
2199:
2192:
2184:
2180:
2172:
2168:
2160:
2156:
2148:
2144:
2136:
2132:
2121:
2117:
2107:
2106:
2102:
2097:
2093:
2084:
2080:
2069:
2067:
2058:
2057:
2053:
2043:
2041:
2036:
2035:
2031:
2021:
2019:
2015:
1992:
1986:
1982:
1969:
1962:
1951:
1950:
1943:
1936:
1920:
1916:
1911:
1907:
1902:
1898:
1851:
1847:
1838:
1834:
1829:
1822:
1817:
1813:
1808:
1804:
1799:
1795:
1786:
1782:
1766:
1765:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1738:
1734:
1724:
1722:
1715:
1699:
1695:
1685:
1683:
1676:
1660:
1656:
1646:
1644:
1637:
1621:
1617:
1607:
1605:
1598:
1582:
1578:
1566:
1562:
1557:
1553:
1543:
1538:
1537:
1528:
1524:
1519:
1466:
1448:In April 2021,
1421:gateway to the
1370:
1308:Greater Somalia
1229:
1223:
1175:
1052:
1046:
962:to include the
894:
886:Main articles:
884:
839:
833:
750:
744:
719:Ahmar Mountains
703:
697:
689:
683:
668:Persian Emperor
616:
536:
530:
431:Southern Arabia
314:
240:
204:
202:
194:
192:
144:Colonial period
111:Kingdom of Adal
94:Kingdom of Axum
82:Kingdom of Punt
34:
27:
12:
11:
5:
4934:
4924:
4923:
4918:
4901:
4900:
4897:
4896:
4894:
4893:
4887:
4881:
4875:
4871:Also known as
4868:
4865:
4864:
4861:
4860:
4857:
4856:
4853:
4852:
4850:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4838:
4837:
4834:Banc du Geyser
4825:
4820:
4814:
4812:
4804:
4803:
4801:
4800:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4774:Crozet Islands
4771:
4763:
4757:
4743:
4742:
4740:
4739:
4733:
4731:
4721:
4720:
4710:
4709:
4706:
4705:
4702:
4701:
4699:
4698:
4692:
4690:
4682:
4681:
4679:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4652:
4650:
4642:
4641:
4639:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4612:
4610:
4598:
4597:
4587:
4586:
4579:
4578:
4571:
4564:
4556:
4550:
4546:
4545:
4542:
4541:
4538:
4537:
4535:
4534:
4529:
4523:
4520:
4519:
4517:
4516:
4511:
4510:
4509:
4498:
4496:
4492:
4491:
4489:
4488:
4483:
4481:Jabal al-Druze
4478:
4473:
4468:
4467:
4466:
4461:
4454:State of Syria
4450:
4448:
4440:
4439:
4437:
4436:
4431:
4430:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4411:
4406:
4400:
4398:
4392:
4391:
4389:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4352:
4350:
4344:
4343:
4335:
4334:
4327:
4320:
4312:
4305:
4304:
4301:
4300:
4298:
4297:
4292:
4286:
4283:
4282:
4280:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4263:
4261:
4255:
4254:
4252:
4251:
4249:Virgin Islands
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4225:
4224:
4213:Saint-Domingue
4210:
4208:The Grenadines
4205:
4200:
4194:
4192:
4186:
4185:
4183:
4182:
4177:
4175:French Florida
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4151:
4149:
4143:
4142:
4132:
4131:
4124:
4117:
4109:
4102:
4101:
4098:
4097:
4095:
4094:
4092:Isle de France
4089:
4084:
4078:
4075:
4074:
4072:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4055:
4053:
4047:
4046:
4044:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4017:
4015:
4009:
4008:
4006:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3984:
3983:
3973:
3968:
3967:
3966:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3935:
3933:
3927:
3926:
3924:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3907:
3905:
3899:
3898:
3890:
3889:
3882:
3875:
3867:
3857:
3853:
3852:
3845:
3844:
3837:
3830:
3822:
3813:
3812:
3809:
3808:
3806:Western Sahara
3803:
3786:
3773:
3764:
3750:Canary Islands
3746:
3745:
3743:
3738:
3735:
3734:
3732:
3731:
3726:
3720:
3718:
3713:
3710:
3709:
3707:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3435:
3433:
3429:
3428:
3421:
3420:
3413:
3406:
3398:
3389:
3388:
3386:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3139:
3136:
3135:
3133:(1977–present)
3119:
3118:
3111:
3104:
3096:
3087:
3086:
3084:
3083:
3076:
3075:
3068:
3060:
3059:
3056:
3055:
3052:
3051:
3049:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2982:
2976:
2970:
2969:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2929:
2923:
2917:
2911:
2910:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2903:
2901:Prime Minister
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2877:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2856:
2855:
2854:
2844:
2839:
2833:
2827:
2821:
2820:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2777:
2771:
2765:
2764:
2757:
2755:
2753:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2715:Adal Sultanate
2712:
2710:Ifat Sultanate
2707:
2701:
2699:
2693:
2692:
2681:
2680:
2673:
2666:
2658:
2652:
2651:
2646:
2639:
2638:External links
2636:
2635:
2634:
2625:
2616:
2606:
2605:
2599:
2598:
2580:
2577:. 8 July 2011.
2562:
2532:
2495:
2477:
2452:
2432:
2419:
2402:
2388:
2370:
2354:
2341:
2320:
2304:
2289:
2274:
2245:
2232:
2215:
2190:
2188:, p. 109.
2178:
2176:, p. 105.
2166:
2154:
2152:, p. 107.
2142:
2130:
2115:
2100:
2091:
2085:Raph Uwechue,
2078:
2066:on 9 June 2013
2051:
2029:
1980:
1960:
1941:
1935:978-1841623719
1934:
1914:
1905:
1896:
1865:(4): 637–647.
1845:
1832:
1830:Wheeler pg 526
1820:
1811:
1802:
1793:
1780:
1753:978-1136755521
1752:
1732:
1713:
1693:
1675:978-1134403035
1674:
1654:
1636:978-3447051750
1635:
1615:
1597:978-0759104662
1596:
1576:
1560:
1550:
1549:
1548:
1547:
1542:
1539:
1536:
1535:
1521:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1514:
1513:
1505:Djibouti City
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1472:
1465:
1462:
1450:Ismael Guelleh
1431:Camp Lemonnier
1369:
1366:
1222:
1219:
1174:
1171:
1163:British troops
1048:Main article:
1045:
1042:
968:Léonce Lagarde
883:
880:
835:Main article:
832:
829:
788:Adal Sultanate
748:Adal Sultanate
746:Main article:
743:
742:Adal Sultanate
740:
707:Ifat Sultanate
701:Ifat Sultanate
699:Main article:
696:
695:Ifat Sultanate
693:
685:Main article:
682:
679:
624:Horn of Africa
615:
612:
608:Deir el-Bahari
550:Together with
532:Main article:
529:
526:
516:life. A stone
483:, fishing and
458:Horn of Africa
313:
310:
265:to the north,
251:Horn of Africa
242:
241:
239:
238:
231:
224:
216:
213:
212:
189:
188:
185:
184:
178:
177:
174:
173:
169:
168:
167:
166:
161:
155:
146:
145:
141:
140:
139:
138:
137:(16th–19th c.)
132:
131:(16th–18th c.)
126:
125:(15th–16th c.)
123:Adal Sultanate
120:
119:(12th–15th c.)
117:Ifat Sultanate
114:
105:
104:
100:
99:
98:
97:
91:
85:
84:(2500~2000 BC)
76:
75:
71:
70:
69:
68:
62:
53:
52:
48:
47:
39:
38:
29:
28:
21:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4933:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4913:
4911:
4892:
4888:
4886:
4882:
4880:
4876:
4874:
4870:
4869:
4866:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4836:
4835:
4831:
4830:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4823:Europa Island
4821:
4819:
4816:
4815:
4813:
4811:
4805:
4799:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4769:
4765:
4764:
4761:
4758:
4755:
4748:
4744:
4738:
4735:
4734:
4732:
4730:
4726:
4722:
4715:
4711:
4697:
4696:New Caledonia
4694:
4693:
4691:
4687:
4683:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4653:
4651:
4649:
4643:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4616:French Guiana
4614:
4613:
4611:
4609:
4603:
4599:
4592:
4588:
4584:
4577:
4572:
4570:
4565:
4563:
4558:
4557:
4554:
4551:
4547:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4524:
4521:
4515:
4512:
4508:
4505:
4504:
4503:
4500:
4499:
4497:
4493:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4471:Alawite State
4469:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4456:
4455:
4452:
4451:
4449:
4447:
4441:
4435:
4432:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4414:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4401:
4399:
4397:
4393:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4353:
4351:
4349:
4345:
4340:
4333:
4328:
4326:
4321:
4319:
4314:
4313:
4310:
4306:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4287:
4284:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4264:
4262:
4260:
4256:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4239:Saint Vincent
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4223:
4219:
4216:
4215:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4195:
4193:
4191:
4187:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4152:
4150:
4148:
4144:
4140:
4137:
4130:
4125:
4123:
4118:
4116:
4111:
4110:
4107:
4103:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4079:
4076:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4064:Grande Comore
4062:
4060:
4057:
4056:
4054:
4052:
4048:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4018:
4016:
4014:
4010:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3982:
3981:Four Communes
3979:
3978:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3965:
3964:Arguin Island
3962:
3961:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3939:Côte d'Ivoire
3937:
3936:
3934:
3932:
3928:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3908:
3906:
3904:
3900:
3895:
3888:
3883:
3881:
3876:
3874:
3869:
3868:
3865:
3861:
3858:
3854:
3850:
3843:
3838:
3836:
3831:
3829:
3824:
3823:
3820:
3807:
3804:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3787:
3781:
3777:
3774:
3768:
3765:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3748:
3747:
3744:
3736:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3721:
3719:
3711:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3554:Guinea-Bissau
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3436:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3419:
3414:
3412:
3407:
3405:
3400:
3399:
3396:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3140:
3137:
3132:
3117:
3112:
3110:
3105:
3103:
3098:
3097:
3094:
3082:
3079:
3078:
3073:
3069:
3066:
3062:
3061:
3057:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2971:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2912:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2861:
2860:
2857:
2853:
2850:
2849:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2834:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2822:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2778:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2766:
2761:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2702:
2700:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2679:
2674:
2672:
2667:
2665:
2660:
2659:
2656:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2631:
2626:
2622:
2617:
2613:
2608:
2607:
2603:
2602:
2594:
2590:
2584:
2576:
2572:
2566:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2536:
2518:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2499:
2491:
2487:
2481:
2466:
2462:
2456:
2450:
2449:0-19-829645-2
2446:
2442:
2436:
2429:
2423:
2416:
2412:
2406:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2384:
2380:
2374:
2367:
2361:
2359:
2351:
2345:
2338:
2334:
2329:
2327:
2325:
2317:
2311:
2309:
2301:
2296:
2294:
2286:
2281:
2279:
2269:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2249:
2242:
2236:
2229:
2225:
2219:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2204:
2197:
2195:
2187:
2182:
2175:
2170:
2164:, p. 16.
2163:
2158:
2151:
2146:
2140:
2134:
2127:
2126:
2119:
2112:
2104:
2095:
2088:
2082:
2065:
2061:
2055:
2039:
2033:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2003:(14): 43–69.
2002:
1998:
1991:
1984:
1976:
1975:
1967:
1965:
1956:
1955:
1948:
1946:
1937:
1931:
1927:
1926:
1918:
1909:
1900:
1892:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1849:
1842:
1836:
1827:
1825:
1815:
1806:
1797:
1790:
1784:
1776:
1770:
1755:
1749:
1745:
1744:
1736:
1720:
1716:
1714:9783937248004
1710:
1706:
1705:
1697:
1681:
1677:
1671:
1667:
1666:
1658:
1642:
1638:
1632:
1628:
1627:
1619:
1603:
1599:
1593:
1589:
1588:
1580:
1574:
1570:
1564:
1555:
1551:
1545:
1544:
1532:
1526:
1522:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1461:
1459:
1455:
1452:, the second
1451:
1446:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1419:Bab el Mandeb
1415:
1413:
1409:
1403:
1401:
1395:
1393:
1388:
1386:
1382:
1377:
1375:
1365:
1361:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1285:
1283:
1279:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1253:
1248:
1244:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1228:
1218:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1203:
1198:
1196:
1191:
1189:
1188:Mahmoud Harbi
1185:
1180:
1170:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1159:Djibouti City
1156:
1151:
1149:
1144:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1125:
1120:
1119:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1085:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1051:
1041:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1022:
1018:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
991:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
954:
950:
946:
941:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
898:
893:
889:
879:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
856:
852:
848:
845:to retire to
844:
838:
828:
826:
822:
818:
817:Djibouti City
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
749:
739:
737:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
702:
692:
688:
678:
676:
672:
669:
664:
662:
657:
655:
651:
647:
643:
642:
637:
633:
629:
626:mentioned by
625:
621:
611:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
590:
586:
583:
579:
578:Ancient Egypt
575:
574:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
545:
544:Deir el-Bahri
540:
535:
525:
523:
519:
515:
510:
506:
502:
498:
495:, elephants,
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
469:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
446:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
420:
415:
411:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
372:Homo ergaster
368:
364:
359:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
336:
334:
330:
329:Bab-el-Mandeb
323:
318:
309:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
274:
273:to the east.
272:
268:
264:
260:
257:to the east,
256:
252:
248:
237:
232:
230:
225:
223:
218:
217:
215:
214:
211:
201:
191:
190:
187:
186:
183:
180:
179:
176:
175:
172:Modern period
171:
170:
165:
162:
159:
156:
153:
150:
149:
148:
147:
143:
142:
136:
135:Ottoman Egypt
133:
130:
127:
124:
121:
118:
115:
113:(9th–12th c.)
112:
109:
108:
107:
106:
102:
101:
95:
92:
89:
86:
83:
80:
79:
78:
77:
73:
72:
66:
63:
60:
57:
56:
55:
54:
50:
49:
45:
41:
40:
37:
31:
30:
25:
20:
19:
16:
4832:
4766:
4666:Saint Martin
4502:New Hebrides
4356:Chandernagor
4348:French India
4180:French Texas
4036:Ubangi-Shari
4031:Middle Congo
3998:James Island
3903:North Africa
3789:Saint Helena
3760:
3664:South Africa
3654:Sierra Leone
3503:
3459:Burkina Faso
2991:Demographics
2837:Constitution
2735:World War II
2696:
2629:
2620:
2611:
2604:Bibliography
2592:
2583:
2574:
2565:
2555:30 September
2553:. Retrieved
2549:the original
2535:
2523:. Retrieved
2512:the original
2498:
2489:
2480:
2468:. Retrieved
2464:
2455:
2440:
2435:
2427:
2422:
2410:
2405:
2382:
2373:
2365:
2349:
2344:
2336:
2333:Jean Strouse
2315:
2299:
2284:
2258:
2248:
2240:
2235:
2218:
2202:
2186:Rovighi 1995
2181:
2174:Rovighi 1995
2169:
2157:
2150:Rovighi 1995
2145:
2133:
2123:
2118:
2103:
2094:
2086:
2081:
2068:. Retrieved
2064:the original
2054:
2042:. Retrieved
2032:
2020:. Retrieved
2013:the original
2000:
1996:
1983:
1973:
1953:
1924:
1917:
1908:
1899:
1862:
1858:
1848:
1840:
1835:
1814:
1805:
1796:
1788:
1783:
1757:. Retrieved
1742:
1735:
1723:. Retrieved
1703:
1696:
1684:. Retrieved
1664:
1657:
1645:. Retrieved
1626:Afrikas Horn
1625:
1618:
1606:. Retrieved
1586:
1579:
1563:
1554:
1525:
1447:
1416:
1404:
1396:
1389:
1378:
1371:
1362:
1339:
1301:
1286:
1257:
1236:
1232:
1230:
1206:
1199:
1192:
1184:vote rigging
1176:
1152:
1145:
1122:
1116:
1113:Italian Navy
1090:
1079:
1064:World War II
1053:
1044:World War II
1027:
992:
975:
960:protectorate
942:
903:
840:
837:Egypt Eyalet
831:Egypt Eyalet
751:
736:Amda Seyon I
731:Yekuno Amlak
704:
690:
665:
658:
654:Hyperboreans
639:
617:
571:
549:
534:Land of Punt
470:
447:
424:
408:Homo sapiens
396:Homo erectus
360:
337:
333:South Arabia
326:
320:Rock art at
278:Land of Punt
275:
271:Gulf of Aden
253:bordered by
245:
96:(100~940 AD)
32:
15:
4889:Claimed by
4883:Claimed by
4768:Adélie Land
4686:Sui generis
4417:Cochinchina
4234:Saint Lucia
3988:Upper Volta
3931:West Africa
3716:recognition
3669:South Sudan
3559:Ivory Coast
3021:LGBT rights
2996:Djiboutians
2927:Agriculture
2108:(in French)
2044:24 December
2022:7 September
1759:29 December
1725:7 September
1686:7 September
1647:7 September
1608:8 September
1282:South Yemen
1173:Referendums
1068:France fell
1038:Addis Ababa
778:wrote that
671:Cambyses II
650:known world
352:Nile Valley
344:Afroasiatic
160:(1967–1977)
154:(1883–1967)
103:Middle Ages
33:History of
4910:Categories
4885:Madagascar
4794:Saint Paul
4626:Martinique
4621:Guadeloupe
4376:Pondichéry
4087:Madagascar
3959:Mauritania
3771:(Portugal)
3729:Somaliland
3649:Seychelles
3614:Mozambique
3599:Mauritania
3584:Madagascar
3539:The Gambia
3474:Cape Verde
2934:(currency)
2781:Localities
2593:Africanews
2525:9 February
2228:1579582451
2212:0472068989
1925:Somaliland
1541:References
1458:re-elected
1427:Suez Canal
1225:See also:
1217:frontier.
1179:referendum
1118:Torricelli
1097:Ali-Sabieh
1001:priest to
945:Suez Canal
809:Somaliland
620:Macrobians
614:Macrobians
592:Hatshepsut
552:Somaliland
312:Prehistory
88:Macrobians
51:Prehistory
4891:Mauritius
4750: (
4160:Louisiana
4041:Cameroons
3604:Mauritius
3129:Years in
3016:Languages
3001:Education
2960:Transport
2896:President
2842:Elections
2806:Volcanoes
2791:Districts
2769:Geography
2745:Civil War
2575:Bloomberg
2443:, p. 322
2415:The Hague
1891:1572-9842
1882:1956/8893
1769:cite book
1546:Citations
1517:Footnotes
1381:civil war
1169:in 1944.
940:in 1862.
908:. It was
801:Abyssinia
776:Al-Yaqubi
673:upon his
661:longevity
628:Herodotus
568:Egyptians
562:coast of
528:Antiquity
522:territory
493:buffaloes
481:gathering
466:Lake Abbé
450:Neolithic
384:Damerdjog
376:Acheulean
363:Lake Abbe
356:Near East
354:, or the
340:Neolithic
74:Antiquity
4646:Overseas
4606:Overseas
4464:Damascus
4413:Vietnam
4404:Cambodia
4381:Karaikal
4198:Dominica
3993:Togoland
3795: /
3791: /
3784:(France)
3778: /
3756: /
3752: /
3704:Zimbabwe
3679:Tanzania
3529:Ethiopia
3524:Eswatini
3504:Djibouti
3469:Cameroon
3454:Botswana
3143:Pre-1977
3131:Djibouti
3081:Category
3046:Religion
3036:Olympics
2886:Military
2852:CJTF-HOA
2825:Politics
2811:Wildlife
2689:articles
2685:Djibouti
2490:BBC News
2337:Newsweek
2300:Newsweek
2070:19 April
2040:. UNESCO
1719:Archived
1680:Archived
1641:Archived
1602:Archived
1511:timeline
1464:See also
1425:and the
1412:election
1273:Ethiopia
1214:Ethiopia
1137:Tadjoura
1101:Dadda'to
1030:Djibouti
1011:gunboats
999:Orthodox
930:Tadjoura
876:Tadjoura
872:Tadjoura
868:Ethiopia
864:Tadjoura
858:between
805:Djibouti
734:Emperor
558:and the
462:Asa Koma
427:Asa Koma
419:Asa Koma
392:Djibouti
348:urheimat
267:Ethiopia
247:Djibouti
90:(525 BC)
59:Asa Koma
35:Djibouti
24:a series
22:Part of
4879:Comoros
4636:Réunion
4631:Mayotte
4549:Present
4507:Vanuatu
4495:Oceania
4267:Berbice
4203:Grenada
4059:Anjouan
4051:Comoros
4003:Albreda
3976:Senegal
3944:Dahomey
3921:Tunisia
3916:Morocco
3911:Algeria
3780:Réunion
3776:Mayotte
3767:Madeira
3762:(Spain)
3758:Melilla
3689:Tunisia
3659:Somalia
3644:Senegal
3629:Nigeria
3619:Namibia
3609:Morocco
3574:Liberia
3569:Lesotho
3519:Eritrea
3489:Comoros
3464:Burundi
3439:Algeria
3065:Outline
2986:Cuisine
2974:Culture
2955:Tourism
2915:Economy
2796:Regions
2786:Climate
2697:History
1507:history
1423:Red Sea
1324:Somalia
1316:Kampala
1269:Somalia
1254:in 1976
1252:Kampala
1148:Alailou
1131:in the
1005:on the
1003:Sagallo
956:Sultans
926:Raheita
918:Red Sea
843:Sagallo
813:Eritrea
797:Benadir
795:in the
780:Muslims
767:'s two-
636:Ctesias
582:Pharaoh
560:Red Sea
556:Eritrea
514:Nomadic
489:felines
485:hunting
473:climate
443:Handoga
404:pottery
263:Red Sea
259:Eritrea
255:Somalia
65:Handoga
4459:Aleppo
4427:Tonkin
4386:Yanaon
4366:Madras
4244:Tobago
4165:Canada
4155:Acadia
4069:Mohéli
3954:Guinea
3856:Former
3799:
3782:
3769:
3699:Zambia
3694:Uganda
3634:Rwanda
3589:Malawi
3549:Guinea
3444:Angola
3011:Health
2945:Mining
2940:Energy
2932:Franc
2801:Rivers
2687:
2470:9 June
2447:
2261:(30).
2226:
2210:
1932:
1889:
1750:
1711:
1672:
1633:
1594:
1477:(FTAI)
1320:Uganda
1015:Odessa
949:Somali
934:Gobaad
932:, and
825:stelae
821:Loyada
769:mihrab
723:Sultan
721:. Its
641:Indika
585:Sahure
518:tumuli
509:jewels
505:nomads
497:rhinos
400:Goubet
388:Loyada
294:Somali
26:on the
4422:Annam
4277:Inini
4218:Haïti
4026:Gabon
3971:Niger
3949:Sudan
3754:Ceuta
3674:Sudan
3624:Niger
3579:Libya
3564:Kenya
3544:Ghana
3534:Gabon
3509:Egypt
3449:Benin
3072:Index
3031:Music
3026:Media
2016:(PDF)
1993:(PDF)
1267:from
1141:Obock
1124:Perla
1091:From
938:Obock
860:Obock
855:Zeila
847:Zeila
784:Awdal
765:Zeila
761:hijra
753:Islam
727:Shewa
715:Zeila
646:India
632:Pliny
604:ivory
596:ebony
589:Queen
564:Sudan
501:Balho
439:Balho
435:Dorra
380:stone
374:. An
322:Balho
4796:and
4409:Laos
4371:Mahé
4021:Chad
3684:Togo
3594:Mali
3484:Chad
3383:2024
3378:2023
3373:2022
3368:2021
3363:2020
3358:2019
3353:2018
3348:2017
3343:2016
3338:2015
3333:2014
3328:2013
3323:2012
3318:2011
3313:2010
3308:2009
3303:2008
3298:2007
3293:2006
3288:2005
3283:2004
3278:2003
3273:2002
3268:2001
3263:2000
3258:1999
3253:1998
3248:1997
3243:1996
3238:1995
3233:1994
3228:1993
3223:1992
3218:1991
3213:1990
3208:1989
3203:1988
3198:1987
3193:1986
3188:1985
3183:1984
3178:1983
3173:1982
3168:1981
3163:1980
3158:1979
3153:1978
3148:1977
3006:Flag
2557:2008
2527:2007
2472:2017
2445:ISBN
2224:ISBN
2208:ISBN
2072:2013
2046:2014
2024:2014
1930:ISBN
1887:ISSN
1775:link
1761:2016
1748:ISBN
1727:2014
1709:ISBN
1688:2014
1670:ISBN
1649:2014
1631:ISBN
1610:2014
1592:ISBN
1509:and
1354:1967
1352:and
1350:1958
1278:Aden
1271:and
1241:Issa
1139:and
1121:and
1105:Abbe
1072:Axis
953:Afar
951:and
914:Shoa
890:and
862:and
851:Aden
819:and
705:The
618:The
598:and
573:Punt
454:wadi
437:and
386:and
327:The
298:Afar
296:and
286:Ifat
284:and
282:Adal
2517:PPT
2263:doi
2005:doi
1877:hdl
1867:doi
1569:doi
570:as
4912::
4220:,
2591:.
2573:.
2543:.
2506:.
2488:.
2463:.
2413:.
2391:^
2381:.
2357:^
2335:,
2323:^
2307:^
2292:^
2277:^
2257:.
2193:^
2001:14
1999:.
1995:.
1963:^
1944:^
1885:.
1875:.
1863:31
1861:.
1857:.
1823:^
1771:}}
1767:{{
1717:.
1678:.
1639:.
1600:.
1414:.
1394:.
1379:A
1360:.
1340:A
1326:.
1318:,
1299:.
1280:,
1143:.
1066:,
966:.
928:,
811:,
807:,
763:.
638:'
554:,
524:.
491:,
441:.
308:.
4756:)
4575:e
4568:t
4561:v
4331:e
4324:t
4317:v
4128:e
4121:t
4114:v
3886:e
3879:t
3872:v
3841:e
3834:t
3827:v
3417:e
3410:t
3403:v
3115:e
3108:t
3101:v
2677:e
2670:t
2663:v
2595:.
2559:.
2529:.
2519:)
2515:(
2474:.
2271:.
2265::
2230:.
2074:.
2048:.
2026:.
2007::
1938:.
1893:.
1879::
1869::
1777:)
1763:.
1729:.
1690:.
1651:.
1612:.
1571::
1533:.
978:(
546:.
421:.
235:e
228:t
221:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
