754:"Beheaded corpses hanging from their legs in between what is left from blown up cars, shapeless bodies among glass shards and tree branches all over the place is what a terrorist attack caused yesterday at 9:35 am. El Gráfico reporters were able to get to exact place where the bomb went off, only seconds after the horrific explosion, and found a truly infernal scene in the corner of the 6th avenue and 6th street -where the Presidential Office is located- which had turned into a huge oven -but the solid building where the president worked was safe-. The reporters witnessed the dramatic rescue of the wounded, some of them critical, like the man that completely lost a leg and had only stripes of skin instead."
635:
321:
224:
418:
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236:
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263:
669:" and the "Charles the Fifth fountain" were moved from the Main Square to the "Spain Plazuela". Ubico also built several palaces: National Palace, Police headquarters, Post Office headquarters, Central Custom office, and the Supreme Court. The elite homes were placed along "Avenida Reforma" (Reform Avenue), and were built of wood, American style, to resist earthquakes; much open space was retained in that area, which contributed to the peace and quiet of the zone.
329:
442:
512:
894:. On the night of 27 May 2010, Pacaya volcano erupted; the ash column reached 1,500 metres (4,900 feet) above the crater and severely impact the city and three adjacent regions. The International Airport had to remain closed for five days due to the falling ash, rain and poor visibility conditions. The Guatemalan Emergency and Disaster response team declared a red alert for those communities near the volcano and urged them to evacuate.
345:. The place was chosen as the new city Central Square, saving the surroundings for the new Cathedral, Palace, and houses for the richest family of the time, the Aycinena family, since the family leader, Fermín de Aycinena, had contributed considerably to the move of the city from its old place. However, the design approved by the Spanish crown had the Central Square in a different location, and this one became the Old Central Square.
587:
25:
611:
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661:'s term in office (1931-1934) new facilities were completed; a presidential suite, and field referee quarters were added. In 1935 an outdoor concert hall was added near the track and a yearly international fair was established. For this fair, the government rented mechanical attractions such as roller coasters and there were cultural and social events; the fair was in honor of general Ubico's birthday on November 10.
41:
489:
945:). This 2010 piping feature was at least 18 metres (59 feet) wide and 60 metres (200 feet) deep. The distance between the 2010 piping feature and the 2007 piping feature is about 2 kilometres (1.2 mi). Geologists Sam Bonis and T. Waltham argue that the recurring piping features in Guatemala City are caused by sewer leaks eroding the soft volcanic deposits that form the floor of the Valle de la Ermita.
466:
33:
745:(EGP) took place right in front of the Guatemalan National Palace, the headquarters of the Guatemalan government at the time. The intention was to prevent the Guatemalan people from supporting a huge demonstration that the government of general Lucas Garcia had prepared for on Sunday 7 September 1980. In the attack, six adults and a little boy died after two bombs inside a vehicle went off.
302:
1640:
914:, which caused an extreme amount of rain over a very short period. The sewerage system collapsed, creating a large sinkhole that practically swallowed a complete house, killing its three occupants. The piping feature, of larger dimensions than a street intersection, engulfed a three-story building and a house (
672:
In those days, Ubico designated the city mayor who was in charge of modernizing the utilities of downtown and the south area, since the elite had started to relocate there; besides, the palace buildings took 35% of the cement production of the country. On the other hand, peripheral poor neighborhoods
372:
After the
Liberal reform of 1871, the theater was called the National Theater. In 1892, it was refurbished, removing the conservative Coat of Arms from its façade and substituting it with a sculpture and inscriptions. The orange trees, fountains and sculptures were removed, and in their place modern
360:
presented Rafael
Carrera with a new plan. Once approved, Carrera commissioned Matheu and Miguel Ruiz de Santisteban to build the theater. Initially, construction was to be supervised by engineer Miguel Rivera Maestre, but he quit after a few months and was replaced by German expert José Beckers, who
340:
An enthusiastic fan of opera, and following the advice of his mistress Josefa Silva, president for life of
Guatemala Rafael Carrera started the construction of a massive National Theater that was called "Carrera Theater" in his honor, and was located in the old Central Square. The Old Central Square
130:
Humans have long inhabited and settled in the areas in and around modern-day
Guatemala City. Upon the advent of agriculture, some of these early Neolithic settlements grew to become large, stratified cities. Testimony of this can be seen in the western suburbs of Guatemala City, where the ruins of
650:, and it was a very popular recreation place in "La Aurora" National Park. the track was 1,600 metres (5,200 feet) long and 30 metres (98 feet) wide and the bleachers could seat 1500 spectators. Back in those days one could enjoy horse manoeuvers, rodeos and horse races. In 1926, president general
733:
occupied the embassy in a desperate attempt to bring attention to the issues they were having with the Army in that region of the country, which was rich in oil and had been recently populated as part of the "Franja
Transversal del Norte" agricultural program. In the end, thirty seven people died
673:
that formed after the 1917-18 earthquakes lacked attention; these neighborhoods were "La
Parroquia", "Ermita", "Candelaria", "La Reformita", "El Gallito", "Gerona" and "Palmita", among others. The population in these areas was formed by extremely poor families who lived in precarious conditions.
368:
of 1884 describes the theater as follows: "In the middle of the square is the
Theater, similar in size and elegance to any of the rest of Spanish America. Lines of orange trees and other nice trees of brilliant flowers and delicious fragances surround the building while the statues and fountains
400:
built several monuments to embellish the
Capital City. Among them are the "30 de Junio" Boulevard to celebrate the Liberal Reform of 1871 and the Presidential Palace. In 1895, Reyna Barrios hired architect José de Bustamante, who came to Guatemala from Spain to build the Presidential Palace and
142:
The footprint of the archeological site is extensive, proof of the size and sophistication of
Kaminaljuyu at its Preclassic peak. As a result, in the late 20th century, the unregulated suburbs of modern-day Guatemala City grew above and around the ruins. Many of the outlying ruins, along with
536:
celebrated the student parades in honor of the Greek goddess
Minerva, and the Guatemala Relief Map was built in 1905. President Estrada Cabrera moved his residence to "La Palma", located where in 1955 the "Teodoro Palacios Flores" national gym had been built. Toward the end of Estrada Cabrera
531:
and relocated on the southeast section of the city, forming the "San Pedrito", "Ciudad Vieja" and "Villa de Guadalupe" neighborhoods. Guatemala City also expanded a little bit to the north, especially along "Simeón Cañas" Avenue, at the end of which was the Temple of Minerva, where president
865:; the first during this modernization period was the Tecún Umán overpass, that connects zones 8, 9 and 13. The structure has four concrete bridges and a freeway exchange transit system. The overpass was built in three phases, beginning in October 1991 and completing on 31 August 1993.
401:
residence. The contract was approved on February 8, 1895. It was built in a garden that was on the southwest corner of the colonial Royal Palace on 8th Street at a cost around 4,000 Guatemalan pesos. Construction began on January 1, 1895, and it was finished on December 24, 1896.
1648:
504:
189:, on the east side, was built between 1782 and 1815, with the towers being completed in 1867. Its massive structure incorporates baroque and classical elements and has withstood numerous earthquakes. On the west side, the Royal Palace was the Executive branch headquarters for the
175:
officiated at the moving of the capital. This move to a location at a significant distance from the volcanoes believed to have caused the earthquake dramatically increased the potential for expansion of the city. The new city was given the name Nueva Guatemala (New Guatemala).
352:
issued a decree to build a theater in the Old Central Square site. However, at that time the political climate was very tense in the country and when the civil war between liberal and conservative parties escalated, Galvez was overthrown and the theater was not built.
1768:
143:
several hundred temple mounds, were covered over with freeways, shopping centers, businesses, luxury hotels and residential areas. However, the central ceremonial center of Kaminaljuyu came under the protection of the Guatemalan government and is now a park.
561:. Among the destroyed public buildings were the Palace of La Reforma built by Reyna Barrios and the Joaquina maternity home; because of this, the historical infrastructure that existed during this time has been forgotten by new generations of Guatemalans.
722:, who commanded the Guatemalan army, earned the nickname "Butcher of Zacapa" or "Jackal of the East." The victims included guerrilla sympathizers, labor union leaders, intellectuals, students, and people vaguely defined "enemies of the government."
556:
The earthquakes marked the beginning of the end for Estrada Cabrera's long regime. From 17 November 1917 to 24 January 1918, a series of quakes destroyed a number of public and religious structures and private dwellings, both in Guatemala City and
748:
There was an undetermined number of wounded and heavy material losses, not only from art pieces from the National Palace, but from all the surrounding buildings, particularly in the Lucky Building, which was right across the Presidential Office.
361:
built the Greek façades and added a lobby. This was the first monumental building ever built in the Republican era of Guatemala; it was built in the 1850s, a period when the country finally was enjoying some peace and prosperity.
184:
Central Square was the civic and political center of Guatemala city from its foundation in 1776 until the beginning of democratic rule in 1985. Around the square were the main religious and political buildings of the country. The
1776:
664:
During the next years of Ubico's regime, the city expanded towards the South, with the construction of "La Aurora" International Airport and exposition halls for the "November Fair". Seventh Avenue was extended and the
341:
was located in the northeast part of Guatemala City, then not larger than a village, and in 1776 was the site of the placement of the first block of Nueva Guatemala de la Asunción after the 1773 earthquakes destroyed
1004:
75% of the houses were made out of wood, and 67% of them had no floor; 97.8% had deficient zinc roofing while 90.6% had no running water, 21.5% lacked a sanitary system and 71.1% lacked any kind of underground
901:
declared a State of Emergency and the Secretary of Education suspended classes in the affected regions: Guatemala, Escuintla and Sacatepéquez. The Congress ratified the State of Emergency on 1 June 2010.
714:- Observers estimate that as many as 15,000 Guatemalans were killed by the military and government-led death squads in three years of Mendez's presidency to eliminate fewer than 300 Marxist guerrillas.
850:
Car bomb against the building which virtually destroyed one of the bank towers. In a sign of defiance, the bank did not repair the windows immediately and continued operating as normally as it could.
861:
Guatemala City started growing uncontrollably after the 1976 earthquake, which led to serious transit problems, especially at rush hour. To help with this situation, City Hall started building
1665:
1793:
256:
Cathedral of Guatemala City in 1850. The very first lightning rods in use in Guatemala can be seen both on the Cathedral and on the Carlos III fountain in the middle of Central Park.
897:
The eruption caused two deaths, Guatemalan news channel Noti-7 reporter Aníbal Archila being one of them; Archila was one of the first reporters to arrive to the scene. President
310:
1929:
103:
and many new public buildings were constructed, although peripheral poor neighborhoods that formed after the 1917–1918 earthquakes continued to lack basic amenities.
654:
ordered to build new facilities and improve the horse track to increase event diversity, fairs and other shows, keeping the site under constant improvement and expansion.
767:
The attacks against private financial, commercial, and agricultural targets increased in the Lucas Garcia years, as the leftist Marxist groups saw those institutions as "
2092:
1732:
775:
government". The following is a non-exhaustive list of the terrorist attacks that occurred in Guatemala city and are presented in the UN Commission report:
2024:
Prensa Libre (6 September 1980). "Avalancha terrorista en contra de la manifestación de mañana; poder público y transporte extraurbano blancos de ataque".
384:, the theater was remodeled to celebrate the Discovery of America fourth centennial anniversary; the Italian community in Guatemala donated a statue of
527:
moved their homes to the area around "30 de junio" Boulevard, on the south side of the city; also, certain native settlements were forcibly moved from
2136:
1673:
833:
Bombs against newly built structures: Chamber of Industry, Torre Panamericana (Bank of Coffee headquarters) and Industrial Bank Financial Center
1954:
1595:
1801:
1014:
Among the deceased was Domingo Sánchez, Secretary of Agriculture drive; Joaquín Díaz y Díaz, car washer; and Amilcar de Paz, security guard.
729:, resulting in 37 deaths, including embassy personnel and high ranked Guatemalan former government officials. A group of native people from
691:—presidential candidate and the former first elected mayor of Guatemala City—was assassinated, shot to death. In his place in the party,
1707:
1682:
917:
804:
Car bomb damaged the building and neighbor Guatemalan and international financial institutions; there were more than Q300k in losses.
332:
Collage of Guatemala City buildings in 1896. Most of the structures shown disappeared or were severely damaged and modified after the
1898:
1937:
1526:
549:– 1898-1920 – several important government buildings were constructed along 30 de Junio Boulevard, such as the Joaquina
954:
1575:
28:"Cerrito del Carmen" church. First construction ever built by the Spaniards in the valley that eventually became Guatemala City.
695:
became the candidate and was elected president, after signing a pact with the Guatemalan Army, leading to a repressive regime.
201:
69:
1979:
1757:
1571:
2100:
742:
388:—Cristóbal Colón, in Spanish—which was placed next to the theater. Since then, the place has been called "Colón Theater".
229:
Signing of the declaration of independence of Central America inside the Royal Palace in 1821. Rafael Beltranena painting.
205:
73:
1740:
381:
2206:
692:
88:
357:
296:
114:
in 1980 led to severe destruction and loss of life in the city. In May 2010 two disasters struck: the eruption of the
2073:
1837:
2192:
2034:
1832:] (in Spanish). Vol. 8 (2nd ed.). San Salvador, El Salvador: Dirección de Publicaciones e Impresos.
726:
190:
156:
111:
1393:
1391:
699:
493:
397:
61:
2144:
878:
Four volcanoes are visible from Guatemala City, and two of them are active. The closest and most active is
64:
established a small town, which was made a capital city in 1775. At this period the Central Square with the
119:
1864:"En torno a la destrucción de la ciudad de Guatemala, 1773. Una carta del ingeniero militar Antonio Marín"
1553:
Central America; Describing Each of the States of Guatemala, Honduras, Salvador, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica
1388:
1376:
1364:
348:
Years later it became a commercial site, and on August 6, 1832, then State of Guatemala Governor Dr.
1769:"Una crónica impactante en el aniversario de la quema de la Embajada de España tras 33 años de impunidad"
959:
734:
after a fire started within the embassy after the police force tried to occupy the building; after that,
703:
404:
Unfortunately, most of the infrastructure from those years was lost due to the earthquakes of 1917–1918.
286:
186:
80:
65:
1817:
1622:
Appleton's guide to Mexico, including a chapter on Guatemala, and a complete English-Spanish vocabulary
719:
497:
333:
244:
celebrating their independence from Spain outside the Royal Palace in 1821. Rafael Beltranena painting.
194:
83:
in the 1850s, and the Presidential Palace in the 1890s. At this time the city was expanding around the
19:
2126:. National Security Archive Electronic. Vol. Briefing Book No. 32. George Washington University:
688:
2127:
2065:
374:
313:
172:
92:
1962:
1603:
1889:
1516:
Almengor, Oscar Guillermo (1994). "La Nueva Guatemala de la Asunción y los terremotos de 1917-18".
1255:
647:
718:
cited lower estimates of 3,000 to 8,000 peasants killed by the military during that time. Colonel
2153:
1822:
634:
646:(English: "Southern Horse Track") was officially inaugurated in 1923 by then president general
546:
533:
164:
2118:
1244:(in Spanish). Guatemala: Tesis de la Facultad de Ciencias Médicas de la Universidad Nacional.
911:
715:
707:
827:
135:
are located. Archeological evidence demonstrates that Kaminaljuyu was first occupied by the
1715:
1690:
711:
682:
666:
524:
385:
139:
around 1500 BC, with the site being continuously inhabited until around 1200 AD.
107:
1909:
1908:(in Spanish) (23). Guatemala: Centro de estudios urbanos y regionales-USAC. Archived from
8:
1534:
2173:
2012:
651:
1620:
883:
320:
151:
In Spanish colonial times, Guatemala City was a small town. It had a monastery called
2177:
2079:
2069:
2016:
1883:
1843:
1833:
1753:
1600:
Programa de Ciencia y Derechos Humanos, Asociación Americana del Avance de la Ciencia
1562:
558:
528:
342:
168:
891:
349:
2165:
2002:
1994:
1593:
1397:
1382:
1370:
992:
910:
On 29 May 2010, two days after the Pacaya eruption, Guatemala City was impacted by
2058:
223:
160:
898:
417:
2169:
979:
550:
520:
292:
241:
49:
1847:
250:
235:
155:, founded in 1620 (this was the second hermitage). The capital of the Spanish
2200:
2053:
1551:
932:
919:
453:
2108:
Torres Rivas, Edelberto (1980). "Guatemala: Crisis and Political Violence".
2083:
1564:
Restauración y revitalización del complejo arquitectónico de la Recolección
730:
429:
2007:
768:
658:
629:
537:
presidency in 1920, the population of Guatemala City was around 120,000.
328:
262:
136:
132:
96:
57:
53:
369:
placed at certain intervals enhance even more the beauty of the place."
1998:
1863:
1403:
887:
698:
Some observers referred to the policy of the Guatemalan government as "
441:
100:
1520:(in Spanish). Guatemala: Centro de estudios urbanos y regionales-USAC.
1267:
1265:
1641:"El volcán Pacaya continúa activo y obliga a seguir con evacuaciones"
1328:
574:
511:
882:, which often expels large amounts of ash and rocks, the others are
465:
1262:
1063:
862:
772:
24:
1630:
Dary Fuentes, Claudia (1994). "Una ciudad que empezaba a crecer".
586:
523:
and the new coffee elite that was formed during the presidency of
492:"La Reforma Palace", on the "30 de Junio" Boulevard. Built under
1899:"Movimientos de pobladores en la Ciudad de Guatemala (1944-1954)"
1469:
771:" and "millionaire exploiters" that were collaborating with the "
610:
598:
488:
40:
1435:
1433:
1980:"Social Theory and Peasant Revolution in Vietnam and Guatemala"
1242:
Guatemala y el seguro social obligatorio (Estudio Médicosocial)
1027:
978:
Ms. Silva was a professional actress and singer who had taught
879:
309:
115:
1125:
1113:
1080:
1078:
503:
32:
1602:(in Spanish). Guatemala: memoria del silencio. Archived from
1430:
735:
131:
the central ceremonial center of the Preclassic Maya city of
95:
in 1917–1918 destroyed many historic structures. Under
2112:. Vol. 14–18. North American Congress on Latin America.
1594:
Comisión para el Esclarecimiento Histórico: Vol. IV (1999).
1927:
1409:
1306:
1304:
1256:"Asesinan a Mario Méndez Montenegro, ex alcalde capitalino"
1173:
1075:
725:
On 31 January 1980, Guatemala got worldwide attention when
301:
167:
that started on July 29, 1773 — destroyed the old capital,
1481:
1289:
1221:
1197:
324:
Coat of arms of the Republic of Guatemala, 1858–1871
2158:
Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology
1791:
1334:
1149:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1093:
702:" -a term previously used to describe similar periods of
316:
bust, placed in the newly remodeled Colón Theatre in 1892
202:
declaration of independence of Central America from Spain
193:
from the time the city was established in 1776 until the
1398:
Comisión para el Esclarecimiento Histórico: Vol. IV 1999
1383:
Comisión para el Esclarecimiento Histórico: Vol. IV 1999
1371:
Comisión para el Esclarecimiento Histórico: Vol. IV 1999
1340:
1301:
1277:
1209:
1185:
79:
The 19th century saw the construction of the monumental
1137:
1039:
356:
The project was revisited in 1852 when Juan Matheu and
2137:"Tropical Storm Agatha blows a hole in Guatemala City"
2116:
1420:
1418:
1271:
1090:
836:
Car bombs completely destroyed the buildings windows.
2090:
1794:"Guatemala, viudas y huérfanos que dejó el comunismo"
1475:
1161:
163:, was moved here after a series of earthquakes — the
1352:
727:
the Spanish Embassy in Guatemala City was burnt down
483:
1445:
1415:
1316:
738:broke its diplomatic relationships with Guatemala.
471:
Palace location as shown in a map published in 1915
305:
Map of the city in 1868 showing the Carrera Theater
2154:"Sinkhole hazard case histories in karst terrains"
2057:
1934:Segmento cultural de la Municipalidad de Guatemala
1821:
1750:La montaña infinita;Carrera, caudillo de Guatemala
1493:
1457:
1051:
873:
1816:
1638:
1439:
1069:
960:Colonial Guatemala—Captaincy General of Guatemala
496:between 1892 and 1898 and later destroyed by the
2198:
1747:
1131:
1119:
1084:
410:Reyna Barrios Presidential Palace and residence
2193:Timeline of Guatemala City § Bibliography
2064:(6th (fully revised) ed.). Stanford, CA:
2035:"Don't Call the Guatemala Sinkhole a Sinkhole"
1527:"Llueve ceniza y piedras del Volcán de Pacaya"
146:
2120:Guatemala: A Counter-Insurgency Running Wild?
2052:
1792:La otra memoria histórica (5 December 2011).
1560:
1179:
1033:
515:Remains of the Cathedral after the earthquake
2107:
2093:"Hole that swallowed a three-story building"
2023:
1952:
1896:
1861:
1752:(in Spanish). Guatemala: Artemis y Edinter.
1680:
1629:
1346:
1310:
1295:
1227:
1215:
1203:
1191:
1155:
1045:
519:Conservative elite members from the time of
1928:Municipalidad de Guatemala (August 2008a).
1824:José Matías Delgado, Prócer Centroamericano
1730:
1672:(in Spanish). Madrid, Spain. Archived from
1107:
638:Post Office Headquarters, Guatemala (1979).
459:Palace exterior as seen from north to south
435:Palace exterior as seen from south to north
2117:US Department of State (23 October 1967).
1830:José Matías Delgado, Central American Hero
1634:(in Spanish). Guatemala: Editorial Anahté.
2006:
856:
801:Corporación Financiera Nacional (CORFINA)
68:and Royal Palace were constructed. After
1733:"Parques y plazas antiguas de Guatemala"
1705:
1666:"Socavón causado por la tormenta Agatha"
1618:
1515:
1358:
1167:
1143:
905:
676:
633:
540:
510:
502:
487:
327:
319:
308:
300:
70:Central American independence from Spain
48:Human settlement on the present site of
39:
31:
23:
2151:
1800:(in Spanish). Guatemala. Archived from
1766:
1663:
1524:
1487:
1451:
1424:
1322:
955:Santiago de los Caballeros de Guatemala
741:On 5 September 1980 a terror attack by
529:Santiago de los Caballeros de Guatemala
343:Santiago de los Caballeros de Guatemala
125:
2199:
2134:
2032:
1632:Revista Crónica, suplemento Revolución
1625:. Nueva York: D. Appleton and Company.
1499:
1463:
1977:
1572:University of San Carlos of Guatemala
1549:
1283:
1057:
623:
1596:"Atentados contra sedes municipales"
1561:Barrios Vital, Jenny Ivette (2006).
1239:
982:how to behave, write, read and sing.
200:Guatemala City was the scene of the
110:, terror attacks beginning with the
87:Boulevard and elsewhere, displacing
1748:González Davison, Fernando (2008).
373:gardens were planted and a bust of
206:United Provinces of Central America
91:settlements from the ancient site.
74:United Provinces of Central America
72:the city became the capital of the
13:
1955:"La Aurora y el Hipódromo del Sur"
1570:(Thesis) (in Spanish). Guatemala:
743:Ejército Guerrillero de los Pobres
391:
280:
14:
2218:
844:EGP "Otto René Castillo" commando
380:During the government of General
179:
1862:Moncada Maya, José Omar (n.d.).
1708:"Bombazo en el Palacio Nacional"
1681:El Periódico (31 January 2012).
1410:Municipalidad de Guatemala 2008a
847:Industrial Bank Financial Center
815:Industrial Bank Financial Center
609:
597:
585:
573:
464:
452:
440:
428:
416:
382:Manuel Lisandro Barillas Bercián
261:
249:
234:
222:
204:, and became the capital of the
2186:
2033:Reilly, Michael (2 June 2010).
1930:"Paso a desnivel de Tecún Umán"
1731:Guateantaño (17 October 2011).
1581:from the original on 2014-11-06
1248:
1233:
1008:
998:
985:
874:Pacaya volcano eruption of 2010
868:
507:"30 de Junio" Boulevard in 1910
478:
358:Manuel Francisco Pavón Aycinena
297:Manuel Francisco Pavón Aycinena
275:
214:Independence of Central America
2091:Sydney Morning Herald (2010).
1508:
1335:La otra memoria histórica 2011
995:, the late President's mother.
972:
616:Santurario de Guadalupe Church
157:Captaincy General of Guatemala
112:burning of the Spanish Embassy
36:Map of Guatemala City in 1821.
1:
1897:Morán Mérida, Amanda (1994).
1556:. London: Trelawney Saunders.
1021:
693:Julio César Méndez Montenegro
657:In the early days of general
366:Guide to México and Guatemala
2143:. London, UK. Archived from
2110:NACLA Report on the Americas
1936:(in Spanish). Archived from
1775:(in Spanish). Archived from
1714:(in Spanish). Archived from
1689:(in Spanish). Archived from
1683:"Quema de embajada española"
1647:(in Spanish). Archived from
1619:Conkling, Alfred R. (1884).
195:earthquakes of 1917 and 1918
118:volcano, and two days later
7:
1961:. Guatemala. Archived from
1739:. Guatemala. Archived from
1533:. Guatemala. Archived from
1272:US Department of State 1967
948:
704:anti-communist mass killing
580:Masonic Temple of Guatemala
287:Carrera Theater (Guatemala)
268:Colonial City Hall in 1907.
147:The Spanish colonial period
44:Guatemala City in the 1870s
10:
2223:
2190:
2056:; Traxler, Loa P. (2006).
1978:Paige, Jeffery M. (1983).
1639:Diario de Navarra (2010).
1476:Sydney Morning Herald 2010
680:
627:
290:
284:
159:, covering most of modern
20:Timeline of Guatemala City
17:
2207:History of Guatemala City
2128:National Security Archive
2066:Stanford University Press
1818:Meléndez Chaverri, Carlos
1798:La otra memoria histórica
1034:Sharer & Traxler 2006
545:During the government of
423:The Royal Palace in 1907.
173:King Charles III of Spain
171:. On September 27, 1775,
2170:10.1144/1470-9236/07-211
2028:(in Spanish). Guatemala.
965:
933:14.6520833°N 90.505972°W
494:José María Reina Barrios
398:José María Reina Barrios
1706:Figueroa, Luis (2011).
689:Mario Méndez Montenegro
484:"30 de junio" Boulevard
165:Santa Marta earthquakes
2135:Walker, Peter (2010).
1737:Guatepalabras Blogspot
1525:Assardo, Luis (2010).
1440:Diario de Navarra 2010
1400:, p. Sección 252.
1385:, p. Sección 253.
1373:, p. Sección 256.
1070:Meléndez Chaverri 2000
938:14.6520833; -90.505972
857:Overpass constructions
756:
639:
604:Parroquia Vieja Church
547:Manuel Estrada Cabrera
534:Manuel Estrada Cabrera
516:
508:
500:
337:
325:
317:
306:
191:Capitanía of Guatemala
45:
37:
29:
2097:Sydney Morning Herald
1953:Mundo Chapín (2013).
1906:Boletín del CEUR-USAC
1132:González Davison 2008
1120:González Davison 2008
1085:González Davison 2008
912:Tropical Storm Agatha
906:Tropical storm Agatha
752:
716:Amnesty International
706:in countries such as
677:Civil war in the city
637:
541:1917–1918 earthquakes
514:
506:
491:
331:
323:
312:
304:
120:Tropical Storm Agatha
43:
35:
27:
2152:Waltham, T. (2008).
1888:: CS1 maint: year (
1676:on 18 February 2012.
1550:Baily, John (1850).
1240:Meza, César (1944).
687:On 31 October 1965,
683:Guatemalan Civil War
667:Torre del Reformador
525:Justo Rufino Barrios
386:Christopher Columbus
375:José Batres Montúfar
314:José Batres Montúfar
126:Pre-Columbian period
108:Guatemalan Civil War
56:who built a city at
1940:on 24 February 2011
1743:on 27 January 2015.
1518:Ciudad de Guatemala
1286:, pp. 699–737.
1072:, pp. 235–237.
929: /
818:Building sabotage.
762:, 6 September 1980
648:José María Orellana
498:1917–18 earthquakes
334:1917–18 earthquakes
1999:10.1007/BF00912078
1987:Theory and Society
1915:on 18 October 2014
1804:on 7 December 2013
1779:on 7 December 2013
1712:Luis Figueroa Blog
1693:on 30 October 2013
1490:, p. 291-300.
1258:. 31 October 2016.
1180:Barrios Vital 2006
1036:, p. 194-195.
828:Otto René Castillo
812:EGP Urban guerilla
795:15 September 1981
640:
624:Jorge Ubico regime
517:
509:
501:
338:
326:
318:
307:
46:
38:
30:
2147:on 19 March 2013.
2054:Sharer, Robert J.
1759:978-84-89452-81-7
1645:Diario de Navarra
1347:Prensa Libre 1980
1311:El Periódico 2012
1296:Torres Rivas 1980
1228:Morán Mérida 1994
1216:Dary Fuentes 1994
1204:Morán Mérida 1994
1192:Mundo Chapín 2013
1156:Morán Mérida 1994
854:
853:
841:28 December 1981
823:21 December 1981
798:Rebel Army Forces
644:Hipódromo del Sur
559:Antigua Guatemala
216:15 September 1821
62:Spanish colonists
2214:
2181:
2148:
2131:
2125:
2113:
2104:
2099:. Archived from
2087:
2063:
2060:The Ancient Maya
2049:
2047:
2045:
2029:
2020:
2010:
1984:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1965:on 30 March 2014
1949:
1947:
1945:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1914:
1903:
1893:
1887:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1827:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1767:La Hora (2013).
1763:
1744:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1677:
1664:El País (2010).
1660:
1658:
1656:
1635:
1626:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1590:
1588:
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1213:
1207:
1201:
1195:
1189:
1183:
1177:
1171:
1165:
1159:
1153:
1147:
1141:
1135:
1129:
1123:
1117:
1111:
1108:Guateantaño 2011
1105:
1088:
1082:
1073:
1067:
1061:
1055:
1049:
1046:Moncada Maya n.d
1043:
1037:
1031:
1015:
1012:
1006:
1002:
996:
993:Joaquina Cabrera
989:
983:
976:
944:
943:
941:
940:
939:
934:
930:
927:
926:
925:
922:
809:19 October 1981
778:
777:
763:
613:
601:
589:
577:
567:Temples in ruins
468:
456:
444:
432:
420:
265:
253:
238:
226:
2222:
2221:
2217:
2216:
2215:
2213:
2212:
2211:
2197:
2196:
2195:
2189:
2184:
2123:
2103:on 3 July 2014.
2076:
2043:
2041:
1982:
1968:
1966:
1943:
1941:
1918:
1916:
1912:
1901:
1881:
1880:
1873:
1871:
1852:
1850:
1840:
1807:
1805:
1782:
1780:
1760:
1721:
1719:
1718:on 26 June 2014
1696:
1694:
1654:
1652:
1651:on 31 July 2014
1609:
1607:
1584:
1582:
1578:
1567:
1540:
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1506:
1498:
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1474:
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1462:
1458:
1450:
1446:
1438:
1431:
1423:
1416:
1408:
1404:
1396:
1389:
1381:
1377:
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1345:
1341:
1333:
1329:
1321:
1317:
1309:
1302:
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1249:
1238:
1234:
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1190:
1186:
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1091:
1083:
1076:
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1044:
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1032:
1028:
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999:
990:
986:
977:
973:
968:
951:
937:
935:
931:
928:
923:
920:
918:
916:
915:
908:
884:Volcán de Fuego
876:
871:
859:
765:
758:
685:
679:
632:
626:
621:
620:
619:
618:
617:
614:
606:
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594:
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582:
581:
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569:
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486:
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473:
472:
469:
461:
460:
457:
449:
448:
445:
437:
436:
433:
425:
424:
421:
412:
411:
394:
392:Liberal regimes
299:
289:
283:
281:Carrera Theatre
278:
273:
272:
271:
270:
269:
266:
258:
257:
254:
246:
245:
239:
231:
230:
227:
218:
217:
215:
182:
161:Central America
149:
128:
99:in the 1930s a
81:Carrera Theater
52:began with the
22:
12:
11:
5:
2220:
2210:
2209:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2182:
2164:(3): 291–300.
2149:
2132:
2114:
2105:
2088:
2074:
2050:
2039:Discovery News
2030:
2021:
1993:(6): 699–737.
1975:
1950:
1925:
1894:
1859:
1838:
1814:
1789:
1773:Diario La Hora
1764:
1758:
1745:
1728:
1703:
1678:
1661:
1636:
1627:
1616:
1591:
1558:
1547:
1537:on 4 July 2014
1522:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1504:
1492:
1480:
1468:
1456:
1444:
1429:
1414:
1402:
1387:
1375:
1363:
1351:
1339:
1327:
1315:
1300:
1288:
1276:
1261:
1247:
1232:
1220:
1208:
1196:
1184:
1172:
1160:
1148:
1146:, p. 343.
1136:
1134:, p. 432.
1124:
1122:, p. 430.
1112:
1089:
1074:
1062:
1050:
1038:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1007:
997:
984:
980:Rafael Carrera
970:
969:
967:
964:
963:
962:
957:
950:
947:
907:
904:
892:Volcán de Agua
875:
872:
870:
867:
858:
855:
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851:
848:
845:
842:
838:
837:
834:
831:
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816:
813:
810:
806:
805:
802:
799:
796:
792:
791:
788:
785:
782:
751:
681:Main article:
678:
675:
628:Main article:
625:
622:
615:
608:
607:
603:
596:
595:
592:La Recolección
591:
584:
583:
579:
572:
571:
570:
566:
565:
564:
563:
551:maternity home
542:
539:
521:Rafael Carrera
485:
482:
480:
477:
470:
463:
462:
458:
451:
450:
447:Reception Hall
446:
439:
438:
434:
427:
426:
422:
415:
414:
413:
409:
408:
407:
406:
393:
390:
350:Mariano Gálvez
293:Rafael Carrera
285:Main article:
282:
279:
277:
274:
267:
260:
259:
255:
248:
247:
240:
233:
232:
228:
221:
220:
219:
213:
212:
211:
210:
181:
180:Central Square
178:
148:
145:
127:
124:
50:Guatemala City
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2219:
2208:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2194:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2133:
2129:
2122:
2121:
2115:
2111:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2075:0-8047-4817-9
2071:
2067:
2062:
2061:
2055:
2051:
2040:
2036:
2031:
2027:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2009:
2008:2027.42/43640
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1981:
1976:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1951:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1926:
1911:
1907:
1900:
1895:
1891:
1885:
1869:
1865:
1860:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1839:9789992300572
1835:
1831:
1826:
1825:
1819:
1815:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1790:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1765:
1761:
1755:
1751:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1729:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1704:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1662:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1637:
1633:
1628:
1624:
1623:
1617:
1606:on 6 May 2013
1605:
1601:
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1592:
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1573:
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1565:
1559:
1555:
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1453:
1448:
1441:
1436:
1434:
1426:
1421:
1419:
1411:
1406:
1399:
1394:
1392:
1384:
1379:
1372:
1367:
1360:
1359:Figueroa 2011
1355:
1348:
1343:
1336:
1331:
1324:
1319:
1312:
1307:
1305:
1298:, p. 19.
1297:
1292:
1285:
1280:
1273:
1268:
1266:
1257:
1251:
1243:
1236:
1230:, p. 10.
1229:
1224:
1217:
1212:
1206:, p. 11.
1205:
1200:
1193:
1188:
1182:, p. 38.
1181:
1176:
1169:
1168:Almengor 1994
1164:
1157:
1152:
1145:
1144:Conkling 1884
1140:
1133:
1128:
1121:
1116:
1109:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1086:
1081:
1079:
1071:
1066:
1060:, p. 72.
1059:
1054:
1047:
1042:
1035:
1030:
1026:
1011:
1001:
994:
988:
981:
975:
971:
961:
958:
956:
953:
952:
946:
942:
913:
903:
900:
895:
893:
889:
885:
881:
866:
864:
849:
846:
843:
840:
839:
835:
832:
829:
825:
822:
821:
817:
814:
811:
808:
807:
803:
800:
797:
794:
793:
789:
786:
783:
780:
779:
776:
774:
770:
769:reactionaries
764:
761:
755:
750:
746:
744:
739:
737:
732:
728:
723:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
696:
694:
690:
684:
674:
670:
668:
662:
660:
655:
653:
652:Lázaro Chacón
649:
645:
636:
631:
612:
600:
588:
576:
562:
560:
554:
552:
548:
538:
535:
530:
526:
522:
513:
505:
499:
495:
490:
467:
455:
443:
431:
419:
405:
402:
399:
389:
387:
383:
378:
377:was erected.
376:
370:
367:
362:
359:
354:
351:
346:
344:
335:
330:
322:
315:
311:
303:
298:
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209:
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134:
123:
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104:
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90:
86:
82:
77:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
42:
34:
26:
21:
16:
2187:Bibliography
2161:
2157:
2145:the original
2141:The Guardian
2140:
2130:. p. 1.
2119:
2109:
2101:the original
2096:
2059:
2042:. Retrieved
2038:
2026:Prensa Libre
2025:
1990:
1986:
1969:23 September
1967:. Retrieved
1963:the original
1959:Mundo Chapín
1958:
1944:27 September
1942:. Retrieved
1938:the original
1933:
1919:27 September
1917:. Retrieved
1910:the original
1905:
1872:. Retrieved
1870:(in Spanish)
1867:
1851:. Retrieved
1829:
1823:
1806:. Retrieved
1802:the original
1797:
1781:. Retrieved
1777:the original
1772:
1749:
1741:the original
1736:
1720:. Retrieved
1716:the original
1711:
1695:. Retrieved
1691:the original
1686:
1674:the original
1669:
1653:. Retrieved
1649:the original
1644:
1631:
1621:
1610:20 September
1608:. Retrieved
1604:the original
1599:
1583:. Retrieved
1563:
1552:
1539:. Retrieved
1535:the original
1531:El Periódico
1530:
1517:
1495:
1488:Waltham 2008
1483:
1471:
1459:
1452:El País 2010
1447:
1425:Assardo 2010
1405:
1378:
1366:
1354:
1342:
1330:
1323:La Hora 2013
1318:
1291:
1279:
1274:, p. 1.
1250:
1241:
1235:
1223:
1211:
1199:
1187:
1175:
1170:, p. 3.
1163:
1158:, p. 9.
1151:
1139:
1127:
1115:
1065:
1053:
1041:
1029:
1010:
1000:
991:Named after
987:
974:
924:90°30′21.5″W
921:14°39′7.50″N
909:
899:Álvaro Colom
896:
877:
869:21st century
860:
784:Perpetrator
766:
759:
757:
753:
747:
740:
724:
700:White Terror
697:
686:
671:
663:
656:
643:
641:
555:
544:
518:
479:20th century
403:
395:
379:
371:
365:
363:
355:
347:
339:
276:19th century
199:
183:
152:
150:
141:
129:
105:
84:
78:
47:
15:
1687:elPeriódico
1585:2 September
1509:Works cited
1500:Reilly 2010
1464:Walker 2010
936: /
659:Jorge Ubico
630:Jorge Ubico
364:Appleton's
133:Kaminaljuyu
106:During the
97:Jorge Ubico
93:Earthquakes
85:30 de junio
58:Kaminaljuyu
2191:See also:
1848:1035898393
1808:10 October
1722:25 October
1284:Paige 1983
1058:Baily 1850
1022:References
888:Acatenango
863:overpasses
830:" commando
760:El Gráfico
291:See also:
101:hippodrome
18:See also:
2178:128585380
2017:141234746
1783:8 October
1697:8 October
1005:sewerage.
773:genocidal
731:El Quiché
208:in 1821.
187:cathedral
153:El Carmen
76:in 1821.
66:Cathedral
2201:Category
2084:57577446
1884:cite web
1820:(2000).
1576:Archived
949:See also
396:General
242:Criollos
1853:17 July
1670:El País
790:Result
787:Target
169:Antigua
2176:
2082:
2072:
2044:9 June
2015:
1874:8 July
1846:
1836:
1756:
1655:5 June
1541:28 May
880:Pacaya
708:Taiwan
116:Pacaya
89:native
60:. The
2174:S2CID
2124:(PDF)
2013:S2CID
1983:(PDF)
1913:(PDF)
1902:(PDF)
1868:Ub.es
1828:[
1579:(PDF)
1568:(PDF)
966:Notes
826:EGP "
781:Date
736:Spain
720:Arana
712:Spain
2080:OCLC
2070:ISBN
2046:2010
1971:2014
1946:2014
1921:2014
1890:link
1876:2009
1855:2022
1844:OCLC
1834:ISBN
1810:2013
1785:2013
1754:ISBN
1724:2014
1699:2013
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