History of Montreal

819:

prices than the voyageurs would offer, and the governor would meet them for a ceremony. They would stay outside of town until late September. There were also some natives who lived on the island and in the settlement of Montreal as permanent residents. There were a couple missions founded in Montreal for natives, such as the 1671 La Montagne Mission by the Sulpicians and the Jesuit at Sault-Saint-Louis (Kahnawake). The mission population rose in the 18th century through natural increase and some newcomers; between 1735 and 1752, Kahnawake contained about 1000 people, as did Lac-des-deux-Montagnes. Montreal had some natives residing within the settlement, even if it was temporary, the Jesuits recorded 76 baptisms in 1643 of native children, and this continued to be recorded until 1653. Despite the presence of natives in the settlement of Montreal there seems to be very little intermixing with only seven registered mixed marriages in Montreal, though the number of actually mixed marriages was probably slightly higher. Native slaves were also a reality in Montreal, there were about 50 or so slaves recorded on the island of Montreal in 1716. Therefore, the presence of Natives was definitely necessary for trade, but the Natives were never really integrated into the city of Montreal itself.

667:

richest supported engages who performed agricultural labour. Another prominent group of French migrants was soldiers who accounted for a fifth of all migrants. Soldiers who came in the early part of the colony's history became the notable residents of Ville-Marie, and eventually Montreal. Migrants from a miscellaneous background, who paid their own way to the colony, were an additional fifth of the migrants to Montreal. Women also came to the colony, ¾ of all women were single, and looking for a husband, these were truly permanent residents since single women and whole families did not intend to return to France. The thirty-one girls who arrived in Montreal with the 1653 and 1659 married within the year, some within weeks of landing. Between 1646 and 1717, 178 French girls were married on the Island of Montreal, 20 percent of the overall permanent settlers. During this period the merchant population was relatively small, a hundred came. This was because Quebec City was the primary place for merchants to migrate to; all the merchants who came to Montreal were related to a resident or another merchant.

915:

and with his large force of native allies and the bronzed soldiery of France General Louis-Joseph de Montcalm moved the large force out of Montreal and left a garrison in its place, relieving the pressure on the city to supply the military slightly. Montcalm was very successful in his military efforts keeping spirits in Montreal high and the people hopeful. After his victory at Carillon, Montcalm returned to Montreal; having just defeated 16,000 British forces Montcalm seemed to be in a good position. This would prove false, because of Montcalm's lack of troops in comparison to the British. Learning of an invasion coming over the Saint Laurence, Montcalm took his forces to reinforce Quebec City. Montcalm would die there and Quebec City would be lost, which caused a major shock in Montreal as it now seemed they were doomed and though the city was also briefly established as the capital, but with three British armies headed for it, the town would not last long. In September 1760, the French forces finally capitulated to the British and the French colonial rule ended in Montreal.

671:

Montreal was still dominated by males, the female population grew. The rural proportion represented two-thirds in the first 40 years. However, by 1715-1730 the urban proportion was about 45 percent. Data from 1681 to 1739 show that the point of equilibrium was reached around 1695, with males accounting for 51.6 percent of the population. This percent of the population was maintained until 1710, through migration that was predominantly male. The infant mortality rates in Montreal grew from 9.8% in 1676 to 18.0% to 1706–1715. Illegitimacy rate for Montreal was 1.87 percent higher than the rest of colony due to the status of the Montreal as a garrison town; some unwed mothers from the countryside would abandon their children in the town. Despite some differences in the pattern of population in comparison to the rest of the colony, Montreal's population developed at approximately the same rhythm as that of the whole colony. In the 18th century, the population grew at an even rate of 2.5 percent per annum until 1725 when the growth rate decreased to 0.7 percent per annum.

551:

seminary of St Sulpice had administered justice. Montreal also had a local governor who represented the governor general and a commissaire de la marine who acted as the intendant's representative. While most government positions were appointed, Montreal and the other districts did have some element of democracy, if only briefly. Syndics were elected representatives who attended meetings of the council of Quebec and the Sovereign Council. However, the syndics had little authority and could only raise the concerns of their district's residents. This office existed from 1647 until it was eliminated in the 1670s due to government fears over the potential formation of political factions; in lieu of syndics, citizens brought their issues to the commissaire de la marine. Because of their importance to Montreal and New France, merchants were allowed to establish chambers of commerce called bourses and meet regularly to discuss their concerns. A bourse would have collectively chosen a representative to address these issues with the governor and commissaire de la marine.

655:

the native population was higher than the French population on the Island of Montreal. By 1716, the French population had grown to 4,409 people while the native population was 1,177. The French Population of Montreal began slowly through migration. In 1642 a party of 50 Frenchmen representing the Societe de Notre Dame de Montreal pour la conversion des Sauvages de la Nouvelle France set foot on the island that the Compagnie des Cent Associes donated. The initial settlement had 150 individuals in the first ten years; few remained for long because the site of Montreal was vulnerable to Iroquois attacks. Migration to Montreal increased thereafter; between 1653 and 1659, 200 persons arrived. Eventually approximately 1200 to 1500 migrants settled on the island of Montreal between 1642 and 1714; 75% remained and half of them came before 1670. Migrants came from different regions of France: 65 percent of the migrants were rural; 25 percent of the migrants were from the largest cities of France; 10 percent from smaller urban communities.

803: 80: 851:

period are still present. The Sulpicians, who became the seigneurs of Montreal in 1663, perhaps played the largest role in the early formation of the city. The Sulpicians helped design Montreal's chequerboard city plan decided upon in 1671 and with the help of the king's engineers the establishment of stone buildings also began. For example, Father Superior of the Sulpicians Dollier de Casson and surveyor Bénigne Basset originally planned Rue Notre Dame to be the main street of Montreal in 1672. The designers themselves were all similar to the Father Superior not architects by profession and so the engineers worked closely with the religious order to design and build Montreal. Casson for example also designed the Old Sulpician Seminary, the oldest standing building in Montreal and home to the oldest gardens in North America, in 1684.

855:

charge when in came to building as their resource was of the highest demand and what ever could be done without stone was, this had some unfortunate side effects though as fires in Montreal became common. When more stone was used, the issue arose of cracking as the cold and heat expansion stressed the stone this led to the discovery of a basic plan, which worked for the environment and uniformity in buildings. The roofs in Montreal were designed to be of a sharp pitch and they were topped not with slate, which common in France, but were uncommon in Montreal, and they used cedar shingles and the cheaper method of Canadian-style sheet metal roofing. The Château Ramezay, which was built in 1705 as the residence for then-Governor Claude de Ramezay was built with these building styles.

823:

distribution centre for grain. Furthermore, despite a surplus of unsold wheat at the colony, flour and lard were still regularly imported to feed French troops during the seventeenth century. The ineffective use of the wheat surplus remained a contentious issue for the habitants in Montreal and the royalty in France. An intendant explained that: "The habitants do not grow hemp because they get nothing for it. Wool is plentiful, but there is no market. They have enough to ensure their subsistence, but since they are all in the same position, the cannot make any money, and this prevents them from meeting other needs and keeps them so poor in winter that we have been told that there are men and women who wander about practically naked."

827:

Albany. The contraband was buried outside the walls of Montreal at the request of merchants in order to avoid more loyal French eyes. Furs were traded illegally between Quebec and Albany, however these instances were less extensive than the illegal trade between Quebec and France or Boston. Some estimates place the furs being illegally traded from Montreal to roughly half or two-thirds of total fur-production at the beginning of the 1700s. Later in the century, records appear to be silent. The presence of English supplies amongst the Iroquois during the period, among other reasons, is given as proof of a continued existence of the illegal fur trade between colonies.

1468: 1429:

shopping, childcare—was essential to the economic maintenance of the family and offered room for economies. Most of her informants also worked outside the home, or took boarders, did laundry for trade or cash, and did sewing for neighbours in exchange for something they could offer. Extended families used mutual aid—extra food, spare rooms, repair-work, cash loans—to help cousins and in-laws. Half of the Catholic women defied Church teachings and used contraception to postpone births—the number of births nationwide fell from 250,000 in 1930 to about 228,000 and did not recover until 1940.

1286: 884:

place in August and was between the French and representatives of thirty-nine different Aboriginal nations. For the conference an estimated 2000-3000 people (including roughly 1300 native delegates) entered a theatre south of Pointe-à-Callière to listen to speeches given by French leaders and native chiefs. The French engaged in many Aboriginal gestures of peace, including the burying of hatchets, the exchange of wampum belts, and the use of peace pipes. While the French signed their names using their alphabet, the Aboriginal leaders notably used totem symbols to sign the treaty.

2803:"His Most Christian Majesty cedes and guaranties to his said Britannick Majesty, in full right, Canada, with all its dependencies, as well as the island of Cape Breton, and all the other islands and coasts in the gulph and river of St. Lawrence, and in general, every thing that depends on the said countries, lands, islands, and coasts, with the sovereignty, property, possession, and all rights acquired by treaty, or otherwise, which the Most Christian King and the Crown of France have had till now over the said countries, lands, islands, places, coasts, and their inhabitants" – 799:

company remained profitable until the Iroquois Wars, where it slipped into semi-bankruptcy. In 1664, The Communaute des Habitants" at Montreal was taken over by the French West India Company. The "compagnie de la colonie" (as the French West India Company were referred to) had significant scale of operations and capital. While the Iroquois Wars did limit trade for a time the Natives were still a lot of trade to be had with them. For example, the Island of Montreal did not have a large native population, but 80,000 natives lived within an 800-kilometre radius of Montreal.

903:, a double wall 6.4 metres tall and over three kilometres long was erected in 1737 (after twenty years of construction) to protect the city. Only some of the base of the wall remains today. This helped make Montreal the most militarily capable town in New France, and so when the seven years war started Montreal was declared the military headquarters for operations in the North American Theatre. As the military headquarters, the number of military men in Montreal began to increase and the town itself was further expanded and stressed Montreal for supplies. 880:

Foundation in 1653, Montreal became a front for activity throughout New France and a key launching point for expeditions into the frontier. Montreal did not become reinforced however until after the establishment of New France as a province and the welcoming of the ‘king’s engineers’ who came with the military reinforcements. Many of the expeditions who went out to explore Ontario and the Ohio River Valley would start in Montreal, but much of the time in the beginning they would not make it far or they would be forced to return by hostile native forces.

836:

designed in the French style. These buildings completely relied on the use of classic French building techniques and many of the craftsmen refused to use anything other than sawn and squared lumber. This caused the natives such as the Iroquoians to view the building methods of the colonists as odd as almost all of their building was done with unfinished materials such as branches, bark and tree trunks. The buildings in the city of Montreal remained wooden until the year 1664 when Louis XIV declared the colony an officially recognized province.

3978: 6088: 934: 659: 1113: 840: 426: 342: 775: 498: 1385: 888: 4296: 907: 791:

large flock organized the manufacture and sale of their wool to compensate for the imports. To the contrary, in the early 18th century, for peasants who kept their own sheep and grew flax, production was limited to their own needs. This led to few weavers and a left no more than 5% of textiles sold in Montreal to be manufactured locally. Louise Dechene states: "There was no market-oriented production of fabrics and, understandably no import of raw materials."

6075: 5595: 4818: 787:

centre rather than a mere trading post. Pelts and merchandise were stocked for distribution inland and out. Montreal lacked moorings in the 17th century, forcing trans-Atlantic vessels with larger capacity to unload at Quebec. Goods from Quebec had to be transported by river between the two towns until the construction of a road in 1735. Montreal remained subservient to Quebec due to its isolation. Trade between Montreal and France remained indirect.

1541:, officially known as the "Games of the XXI Olympiad", held in Montreal, was the first Olympics in Canada. The Games helped introduce Quebec and Canada to the rest of the world. The entire province of Quebec prepared for the games and associated activities, generating a resurgence of interest in amateur athletics across the province. The spirit of Québec nationalism helped motivate the organizers; however, the city went $ 1 billion into debt. 868: 246: 1207: 685: 565: 4830: 1875: 1690: 24: 896:

form a military frontier with their Native allies along the borders on New France against the advancing British colonies. The military thus established many forts along the ‘borders’ down the Ohio Valley into New Orleans. Many of these such as Detroit relied on Montreal to reinforce them with supplies and military men furthering Montreal's military involvement and development.

1171:

enabled Officers of Militia or Candidates for Commission or promotion in the Militia to learn Military duties, drill and discipline, to command a Company at Battalion Drill, to Drill a Company at Company Drill, the internal economy of a Company and the duties of a Company's Officer. The school was retained at Confederation, in 1867. In 1868, The School of

1895:

wealthier English-speaking municipalities that had voted for demerger). Proponents of the demergers contest the results of such studies. They note that reports from other merged municipalities across the country that show that, contrary to their primary raison d'être, the fiscal and societal costs of mega-municipalities far exceed any projected benefit.

859:

only churches truly to have any form of decoration on them and caused many of the colonial buildings to be plain. This lack of artistic expression to demonstrate wealth caused many of the wealthy simply to build larger buildings to demonstrate their greatness. This caused a large boom in the demand for stone and an increase in the size of Montreal.

795:

at this time took the form of an "easily transportable large copper cauldron". Knives, scissors, and awls had to be imported. Local production of these items did not begin until approximately 1660. By 1720, all iron tools could be purchased exclusively from colonial blacksmiths. Small stocks of glassware, porcelain, and china were imported as well.

1341:, in Montreal, in 1939. By 1945 it was one of the major film production studios in the world with a staff of nearly 800 and over 500 films to its credit including the very popular, "The World in Action" and "Canada Carries On", series of monthly propaganda films. Other developments in the cultural field included the founding of 1276:

Montreal shared control of the Canadian securities market with Toronto from the 1850s to the 1970s causing a persistent rivalry between the two. The financiers were Anglophones. However both cities were overshadowed by London and later New York, for they had easy access to these much larger financial

858:

Canadian-specific architecture in Montreal began to evolve and form after the fire ordinances in 1721, as wood was removed as much as possible from dwellings and left buildings almost completely stone. This also eliminated the common wooden fashionable extras and designs common in France. This caused

850:

This declaration led to the introduction of ‘king’s engineers’ to New France and to Montreal. This led to actual city layout planning and a shift to stone buildings as well. The government of Montreal helped plan the layout of the city; several aspects of the design of the city in the French colonial

822:

Very little information exists on how the colony of Montreal obtained foodstuffs before 1663. The town of Montreal was too small to act as an important internal market. Though habitants came to Montreal to sell their goods (such as eggs, chickens, vegetables, and other goods), it was never a regional

654:

The Population of the Island of the Montreal during French rule consisted of both native peoples and the French. When the first census was conducted in the colony in 1666, the French population was 659 with an estimated native population of 1000. According to the sources, this was the only point when

1602:

held two referendums on the question, in 1980 and in 1995. During those decades, about 300,000 English-speaking Quebecers left Quebec. The uncertain political climate caused substantial social and economic impacts, as a significant number of Montrealers, mostly Anglophone, took their businesses and

826:

In the eighteenth century, Montreal was central to the illegal trade of furs. The illegal fur trade can be defined as the "export of furs to any destination other than France". French merchants carried furs were carried down the Richelieu River to English, Dutch, and the converted Jesuit Iroquois at

670:

During the 17th century there were drastic changes in the demographics of Montreal. In 1666, 56 percent of the population were newcomers to Montreal; by 1681, 66% of Montreal was native-born. There was a male to female sex ratio of 163:100 in 1666, by 1681 it was 133:100. Although, the population of

666:

These migrants came from different groups the largest of which were indentured servants, they were half of the males, excluding those still in service that potentially could go home. By 1681, indentured labour had seen its heyday in both the colony and in Montreal, only religious communities and the

466:

By 1651, Ville-Marie had been reduced to less than 50 inhabitants by repeated attacks by the Mohawk. Maisonneuve returned to France that year to recruit 100 men to bolster the failing colony. He had already decided that should he fail to recruit these settlers, he would abandon Ville-Marie and move

356:

travelled to Hochelaga, but the village no longer existed, nor was there sign of any human habitation in the valley. At times historians theorized that the people migrated west to the Great Lakes (or were pushed out by conflict with other tribes, including the Huron), or suffered infectious disease.

1882:

The Island of Montreal now has 16 municipalities (the city of Montreal proper plus 15 independent municipalities). The post-demerger city of Montreal (divided into 19 boroughs) has a territory of 366.02 km (141.32 sq mi) and a population of 1,583,590 inhabitants (based on 2001 census

1607:

in 1977, the government gave primacy to French as the only official language for all levels of government in Quebec, the main language of business and culture, and the exclusive language for public signage and business communication. In the rest of Canada, the government adopted a bilingual policy,

1428:

into sandwiches and soups. They sewed and patched clothing, traded with their neighbours for outgrown items, and kept the house colder. New furniture and appliances were postponed until better days. These strategies, Baillargeon finds, show that women's domestic labour—cooking, cleaning, budgeting,

1332:

The twenties saw many changes in the city and the introduction of new technologies continued to have a prominent impact. The introduction of the car in large numbers began to transform the nature of the city. The world's first commercial radio station, XWA began broadcasting in 1920. A huge mooring

914:

In 1757 the number of soldiers and natives stationed in Montreal had gotten so great that Pierre de Rigaud de Vaudreuil the Governor of New France realized they needed to take action on a campaign or the army and the town would begin to suffer from starvation. This led to the great campaign of 1757

794:

Guns, shot, bullets, and powder represented 15% of imported cargo. The presence of guns meant that colonies retained the services of blacksmiths, or arquebusiers, to repair guns, manufacture bullets, and perform other duties to relieve dependence on imports. 4-5% of imports were kettles. The kettle

550:

Though Quebec was the capital and thus the centre of government activity, Montreal also served a key administrative function in New France. Along with Quebec and Trois-Rivières, Montreal was considered a district of the colony. Before the cour de la jurisdiction royale was established in 1693, the

1487:

By the beginning of the 1960s, a new political movement was rising in Quebec. The newly elected Liberal government of Jean Lesage made reforms that helped francophone Quebecers gain more influence in politics and in the economy, thus changing the city. More francophones began to own businesses as

895:

The Great Peace resulted in an end to the Iroquois Wars and, according to historian Gilles Havard, "ostensibly (brought) peace to the vast territory extending from Acadia in the East to the Mississippi in the west, and from James Bay in the north to Missouri in the south". The French had hoped to

798:

Soon after the founding of the Montreal, when the population numbered 8, the Company of One Hundred Associates gave the city's trading rights up to the colonial merchants. The colonial merchants at Montreal formed the "Communaute des Habitants". Both Indians and Coureurs de Bois supplied furs. The

790:

Not long after its establishment, Montreal provided for its own subsistence. However, the colony was still dependent on France for a range of finished products, iron, and salt. Montreal's principal import, before the end of the 17th century, was finished fabric. The seigneurs of Montreal who owned

1894:

Despite the demerger referendums held in 2004, controversy continues as some politicians note the cost of demerging. Several studies show that the recreated municipalities will incur substantial financial costs, which will require them to increase taxes (an unanticipated result for the generally

1423:

With so many men unemployed women had to scrimp on spending to meet the reduced family budget. About a fourth of the workforce were women, but most women were housewives. Denyse Baillargeon uses oral histories to discover how Montreal housewives handled shortages of money and resources during the

1336:

Film production became a part of the city activity. Associated Screen News of Canada in Montreal produced two notable newsreel series, "Kinograms" in the twenties and "Canadian Cameo" from 1932 to 1953. The making of documentary films grew tremendously during World War II with the creation of the

1183:

Montréal's status as a major inland port with direct connections to Britain and France made it a valuable asset for both sides of the American Civil War. While Confederate troops secured arms and supplies from the friendly British, Union soldiers and agents spied on their activity while similarly

883:

During the early 1700s, many military expeditions left from Montreal to finally deal with the Hostile natives and to strengthen alliances with the Native allies. This led to one of the most significant events to occur in Montreal during this period was the Great Peace of 1701. The conference took

835:

The organization and building of towns in New France attempted to continue the history of France and had similar designs to the homes and buildings of France. Originally with the lack of stone and the plentiful number of lumber cites like Montreal were almost completely made with wooden buildings

818:

These natives would come to Montreal on occasion to participate in economic activity. One of these occasions happened every August, as Montreal welcomed hundreds of member of various nations to an annual fur fair which dwindled after 1680; as many as 500 to 1000 natives would attend to get better

1170:

was established in 1876, there were proposals for military colleges in Canada. Staffed by British Regulars, adult male students underwent a 3-month-long military course in Montreal in 1865 at the School of Military Instruction in Montreal. Established by Militia General Order in 1865, the school

1031:

The town's population was majority Francophones until around the 1830s. From the 1830s, to about 1865, it was inhabited by a majority of Anglophones, most of recent immigration from the British Isles or other parts of British North America. Fire destroyed one quarter of the town on May 18, 1765.

786:

In the 17th century, Montreal acted as a point of trans-shipment and a stopover on the passage to the interior. Due to the rapids upriver from Montreal, free sailing through the Saint-Laurence ended in Montreal. Portages inland were then taken. This effectively made Montreal a major distribution

854:

The lack of architects led to the lack of classical metropolitan form common in France and so many buildings had more basic designs. The workers did improve however and as stonemasons became more skilled and stone more available stone buildings became more common. Stonemasons became the men in

1909:

During the early 18th century, the name of the island came to be used as the name of the town. Two 1744 maps by Nicolas Bellin identified the island as Isle de Montréal and the town as Ville-Marie; but a 1726 map refers to the town as "la ville de Montréal". The name Ville-Marie soon fell into

1886:

The city of Montreal with its current boundaries now has nearly as many inhabitants as the former unified city of Montreal (the recreated suburban municipalities are less densely populated than the core city), but population growth is expected to be slower for some time. Analysts note that the

879:

In 1645, a fort was established on the island of Montreal and this was the beginning of Montreal's military history. The fort was key and effective in repelling the raids of the Iroquois and would become a station for soldiers for years to come. After the arrival of Maisonneuve in the Second

1188:

spent some time in Montréal prior to assassinating President Lincoln, and in one case was said to have drunkenly gallivanted throughout the city telling anyone who would listen of his plan to kill Lincoln. Almost all took him to be a fool. After the War, President of the Confederacy

1333:

mast for dirigibles was constructed in St. Hubert in anticipation of trans-Atlantic lighter-than-air passenger service, but only one craft, the R-100, visited in 1930 and the service never developed. However, Montreal became the eastern hub of the Trans-Canada Airway in 1939.

471:. (Even 10 years after its founding, the people of Quebec City still thought of Montreal as "une folle entreprise" - a crazy undertaking.) These recruits arrived on 16 November 1653 and essentially guaranteed the evolution of Ville Marie and of all New France. In 1653 1670:

Institute for Statistics (UIS). With developments such as Centre de Commerce Mondial (World Trade Centre), Quartier International, Square Cartier, and proposed revitalization of the harbourfront, Montreal is regaining its international position as a world-class city.

1325:

movement in the United States turned Montreal into a destination for Americans looking for alcohol. Americans went to Montreal for its drinking, gambling, and prostitution, unrivalled in North America at this time, which earned the city the nickname "Sin City".

385:, based mostly in present-day New York, successfully defended what had by then become their hunting grounds and paths for their war parties. It was not until 1639 that the French created a permanent settlement on the Island of Montreal, started by tax collector 1449:, considering Houde's actions treasonable, incarcerated him in a prison camp in Petawawa, Ontario, for over four years, from 1940 until 1944. That year the government instituted conscription in order to expand the armed forces to confront the Axis Powers. (see 1424:

depression years. Often they updated strategies their mothers used when they were growing up in poor families. Cheap foods were used, such as soups, beans and noodles. They purchased the cheapest cuts of meat—sometimes even horse meat and recycled the

1887:

overwhelming majority of industrial sites are located in the territory of the post-demerger city of Montreal. The current city of Montreal is about half the size of the post-1998 merger city of Toronto (both in terms of land area and population).

1759:

had promised to submit the mergers to referendums. On June 20, 2004, a number of the former cities voted to demerge from Montreal and regain their municipal status, although not with all the powers they once had. The following voted to demerge:

1608:

producing all government materials in both French and English. The success of the separatist Parti Québécois caused uncertainty over Quebec's economic future, leading to an exodus of corporate headquarters to Toronto and Calgary.

272:

began to adopt the cultivation of maize and more settled lifestyles. Some settled along the fertile St. Lawrence River, where fishing and hunting in nearby forests supported a full diet. By the 14th century, the people had built

1890:

The 15 recreated suburban municipalities have fewer government powers than they did before the merger. A joint board covering the entire Island of Montreal, in which the city of Montreal has the upper hand, retains many powers.

1519:, while the provincial government built much of what is today's highway system. Like many other North American cities during these years, Montreal had developed so rapidly that its infrastructure was lagging behind its needs. 1019:

and residents continued to arrive in what had by then become known as Montreal. Soon the main language of commerce in the city was English. The golden era of fur trading began in the city with the advent of the locally owned

1273:. With the annexation of neighbouring towns between 1883 and 1918, Montreal became a mostly Francophone city again. The tradition of alternating between a francophone and an anglophone mayor began, lasting until 1914. 1850:

had majority votes in favour of demerger, but their turnout of voters was insufficient to meet the requirements for the decision, so those former municipalities remained part of Montreal. No referendum was held in

446:

was governor of the colony and on January 4, 1648, he granted Pierre Gadois (who was in his fifties) the first concession of land - some 40 acres (160,000 m). In 1650, Grou family, the lineage of historian

1193:

stayed at a manor house located at the current site of The Bay on Sainte-Catherine's Street West; a plaque commemorating the site was installed on the West wall of the building, on Union Avenue, in 1957 by the

1627:

than many other major Canadian cities. By the late 1990s, however, Montreal's economic climate had improved, as new firms and institutions began to fill the traditional business and financial niches.

237:. Historically, business and finance in Montreal were under the control of Anglophones. With the rise of Quebec nationalism in the 1970s, many institutions relocated their headquarters to Toronto. 1559:

At the end of the 1960s, the independence movement in Quebec was in full swing due to a constitutional debate between the Ottawa and Quebec governments. Radical groups formed, most notably the

1249:

In 1852, Montreal had 58,000 inhabitants and by 1860, Montreal was the largest city in British North America, and it was the undisputed economic and cultural centre of Canada. From 1861 to the

5233: 284:

have had many theories about the people encountered by Cartier, as well as the reasons for their disappearance from the valley about 1580. Since the 1950s, archaeological and

1372:(Montreal), in 1934 to study and treat epilepsy and other neurological diseases. Research into the design of nuclear weapons was conducted at the Montreal Laboratory of the 802: 1404:

in the 1930s. Canada began to recover from the Great Depression in the mid-1930s, and real estate developers began to build skyscrapers, changing Montreal's skyline. The

991:

but left when it became obvious they could not hold Canada. Often having suffered loss of property and personal attacks during hostilities, thousands of English-speaking

4782: 2924: 2673:

Morisset, Lucie K., and Luc Noppen. "Architectural History: The French Colonial Régime." The Canadian Encyclopedia. Historica-Dominion Institute, 2012. Web. Feb. 2013.

3344:

Morisset, Lucie K., and Luc Noppen. "Architectural History: The French Colonial Régime." The Canadian Encyclopedia. Historica-Dominion Institute, 2012. Feb. 2013.

2604:

Morisset, Lucie K., and Luc Noppen. "Architectural History: The French Colonial Régime." The Canadian Encyclopedia. Historica-Dominion Institute, 2012. Feb. 2013.

1651: 4628: 3435:

Illustrated Montreal: The Metropolis of Canada. Its Romantic History, Its Beautiful Scenery, Its Grand Institutions, Its Present Greatness, Its Future Splendour

782:

area west of Montreal. Because of rapids west of Montreal, portages were required to travel further inland, making Montreal a key distribution point for trade.

4526: 4367: 3967: 1944: 5907: 1655: 194:

from 1844 to 1849. Growth continued and by 1860 Montreal was the largest city in British North America and the undisputed economic and cultural centre of

5730: 4347: 3852: 979:

As a British colony, and with immigration no longer limited to members of the Roman Catholic religion, the city began to grow from British immigration.

1408:, built in 1931, was for a time the tallest building in the British Commonwealth. During World War II its vaults were used as the hiding place for the 5631: 3994: 3942: 5750: 2033: 4905: 4623: 4352: 1698: 953: 4552: 3130: 2200:

Louise Dechêne, Habitants and Merchants in Seventeenth-Century Montreal, trans, Liana Vardi, (Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1992), 7

5976: 3827: 1148: 1117: 1646:

around the island. The city attracted several international organisations that moved their secretariats into Montreal's Quartier International:

1246:, making English and French linguistic groups roughly equal in size. The growing city also attracted immigrants from Italy, and Eastern Europe. 460: 4910: 2081: 1151:. Rather than rebuild, the government chose Toronto as the new capital of the colony. In Montreal the Anglophone community continued to build 1028:. The first machine shop in Montreal, owned by one George Platt, was in operation before 1809. The census of 1821 numbered 18,767 residents. 5682: 4562: 3999: 1642:, with the expansion of the metro system, construction of new skyscrapers, and the development of new highways, including the start of a 1214:

in 1852. Bypassing the rapids west of the city, the canal linked Montreal with other continental markets, spurring its industrialization.

3063: 4920: 4915: 3707: 3424:

General Review of the Trade of Montreal: Also, A Synopsis of the Commerce of Canada, and an Essay Upon Protection for Home Manufactures

1554: 4618: 1437:

Canada declared war on Germany in September 1939, and the result was an economic boom that ended the last traces of depression. Mayor

5755: 5719: 5677: 5672: 4762: 4649: 3912: 1093: 1615:, the leading Quebecois separatist party, won 7.7% of the vote in the 2019 election which is a 63% increase from the 2015 election. 386: 5777: 5013: 924: 79: 4802: 3193: 2948:

Richard Preston 'Canada's RMC: A History of the Royal Military College of Canada' published by the RMC Club by U of Toronto Press.

1603:

migrated to other provinces. The extent of the transition was greater than the norm for major urban centres. With the passage of

753: 633: 5497: 5243: 4531: 4463: 3947: 1647: 695: 575: 480: 2152:

Yves F. Zoltvany, The Government of New France: Royal, Clerical, or Class Rule? (Scarborough: Prentice-Hall of Canada, 1971), 4.

1883:

figures). Compared with the pre-merger city of Montreal, this is a net increase of 96.8% in land area, and 52.3% in population.

1736:

In 2001, the provincial government announced a plan to merge major cities with their suburbs. As of January 1, 2002, the entire

725: 605: 5794: 5624: 5159: 4792: 5208: 3742: 2928: 1878:

The Island of Montreal and its municipalities after several communities were reestablished as independent communities in 2006.

435: 391: 261:

for some 8,000 years, while the oldest known artifact found in Montreal proper is about 4,000 years old. By about 1000 A.D.,

5109: 4483: 2422: 1218:

The Lachine Canal and major new businesses linked the established port of Montreal with continental markets and led to rapid

221:

was opened during this time. More skyscrapers were built along with museums. Montreal's international status was cemented by

44:"38 of 94 sources are from the same book by Dechêne, creating potential POV issues overall. More diverse sources are needed." 2998: 6027: 5991: 5871: 5866: 5789: 5697: 5203: 5091: 4867: 4633: 4511: 4204: 4019: 4014: 4009: 4004: 3797: 1740:, home to 1.8 million people, as well as the several outlying islands that were also part of the Montreal Urban Community, 1080:

were established along the Lachine Canal. Many buildings from this time period are concentrated in the area known today as

732: 612: 48: 5831: 4890: 3952: 1939: 1373: 1195: 179:. British immigration expanded the city. The city's golden era of fur trading began with the advent of the locally owned 5424: 4729: 4415: 4237: 1741: 1684: 1560: 1534:

passed an emergency law forcing the police back to work. By the time order was restored, 108 people had been arrested.

957: 891:

Map of the fortified walls of Montreal in 1752. Walls surrounding the city were erected in 1737 in order to protect it.

2709:

Gilles Havard, Montreal, 1701: Planting the Tree of Peace (Montreal: Recherches Amérindiennes au Québec, 2001), 42-43.

2124: 2095: 6001: 5767: 5692: 5687: 5617: 5351: 4704: 4667: 3757: 3625: 3611: 3597: 3583: 3569: 3555: 3534: 3520: 3499: 3480: 3366: 3334: 3315: 3248: 3167: 3114: 2969: 1979: 1369: 1101: 843: 739: 662:

Development plan for the settlement, 1687–1723. During this period, Montreal saw a drastic change in its demographic.

619: 66: 4772: 999:

estimated the population of the city at 6,000. The government provided most with land, settling them in what became

357:

Since the 1950s, other theories have been proposed. The Mohawk had most to gain by moving up from New York into the

6059: 6044: 5946: 5772: 5725: 5662: 5518: 5477: 5266: 4672: 4521: 4332: 3897: 3877: 1167: 198:. Annexation of neighbouring towns between 1883 and 1918 changed Montreal back to a mostly Francophone city. The 88: 5996: 5891: 5816: 5281: 5198: 4942: 4199: 4194: 4189: 4184: 4179: 4174: 4169: 4164: 4159: 4154: 4149: 4144: 4139: 4134: 4129: 4124: 4119: 4114: 4109: 4104: 4099: 4094: 4089: 4084: 4079: 4074: 4069: 4064: 4059: 4054: 4049: 4044: 4039: 4034: 4029: 1809: 1365: 3932: 721: 601: 406:

and a few French colonists set up a mission named Ville Marie on May 17, 1642, as part of a project to create a

5271: 5188: 4900: 4833: 4592: 3700: 2161:

Robert Stanley Weir, The Administration of the Old Regime in Canada (Montreal: L.E. and A.F. Waters, 1897), 68.

1604: 1445:'s registry of all men and women because he believed it would lead to conscription. The federal government at 992: 710: 590: 338:), and noted others in the valley which he did not name. He recorded about 200 words of the people's language. 3308:

Montreal in Evolution. Historical Analysis of the Development of Montreal's Architecture and Urban Environment

3293: 5801: 5261: 4724: 4587: 4557: 4372: 1338: 1128:, which permitted ships to pass by the unnavigable Lachine Rapids south of the island. As the capital of the 1591:, giving unprecedented peacetime powers to police. The social unrest and related events became known as the 476: 6120: 5951: 5653: 5461: 5169: 4473: 4362: 4280: 3986: 3962: 1949: 1752: 443: 399: 3381: 6054: 5961: 5918: 5846: 5223: 4719: 4640: 3752: 1572: 1550: 1531: 1450: 1346: 1342: 1306: 419: 206: 126:

became the first European to reach the area now known as Montreal in 1535 when he entered the village of

1843: 6078: 5811: 5784: 5740: 5366: 5071: 4757: 4322: 3882: 3842: 3822: 3792: 1476: 1401: 807: 199: 1781: 1714: 202:

brought unemployment to the city, but this waned in the mid-1930s, and skyscrapers began to be built.

5821: 5560: 5387: 4797: 4425: 3802: 3693: 2804: 1262: 1129: 988: 191: 39: 2074: 1761: 1631: 6049: 5931: 5861: 5454: 5382: 5334: 4970: 4860: 4767: 4694: 4337: 4265: 4260: 3902: 3787: 1580: 1258: 514: 2819: 253:

in 1535. Hochelaga was the first indigenous settlement in Montreal to make contact with Europeans.

5896: 5648: 5565: 5193: 5164: 4937: 4699: 3957: 3772: 2545:

Jean Lunn, The Illegal Fur Trade Out of New France 1713-60 (McGill University: Montreal, 1939) 61

1635: 1630:

As the city celebrated its 350th anniversary in 1992, construction began on two new skyscrapers:

1124:

Montreal was incorporated as a city in 1832. The city's growth was spurred by the opening of the

1097: 1051: 1025: 995:

migrated to Canada from the American colonies during and after the American Revolution. In 1782,

941: 746: 626: 519: 501:

Fort Remy in 1671. An outpost erected west of Ville-Marie, the town saw its fortification as the

289: 186:

Montreal was incorporated as a city in 1832. The city's growth was spurred by the opening of the

107: 4430: 2414: 1793: 1710: 1705:

The concept of having one municipal government for the island of Montreal was first proposed by

5986: 5941: 5876: 5528: 5513: 5154: 5081: 5061: 5036: 4976: 4927: 4895: 4230: 3044: 1726: 1467: 1361: 1133: 969: 407: 164: 3907: 3666: 3659: 3652: 3645: 3227:

Jazz, Gender, Historiography: a Case Study of the" Golden Age" of Jazz in Montreal (1925–1955)

2959: 2755: 2661: 2639: 2614: 1995: 1748:, named after their former cities or (in the case of parts of the former Montreal) districts. 1526:. Police were motivated to strike because of difficult working conditions caused by disarming 1507:. Montreal gained an increased international status due to the World's Fair of 1967, known as 1285: 5956: 5533: 5444: 5429: 4749: 4572: 4506: 4405: 4400: 4382: 3777: 1969: 1847: 1797: 1722: 1231: 1227: 1219: 1144:, and English. The population of Montreal grew from 40,000 in 1841 to 57,000 a decade later. 706: 586: 475:

arrived to serve as a teacher. She founded Montreal's first school that year, as well as the

411: 3104: 6016: 6006: 5806: 5575: 5543: 5439: 5296: 5213: 5119: 4597: 4501: 4493: 4478: 4435: 4420: 4357: 3922: 3917: 3762: 3747: 1765: 1756: 1744:

into a new "megacity". Some 27 suburbs as well as the former city were folded into several

1599: 1538: 1511:, for which innovative construction such as Habitat was completed. During the 1960s, mayor 1480: 1442: 1417: 1266: 1254: 1239: 1047: 900: 875:

in 1645. Fort Ville-Marie was the first European fortified settlement established the area.

472: 288:

comparative studies have established many facts about the people. They are now called the

234: 226: 2925:"Anson Keill's Second class certificate from the School of Military Instruction, Kingston" 8: 6021: 5936: 5926: 5851: 5598: 5548: 5538: 5404: 5361: 5076: 5026: 4964: 4853: 4739: 4686: 4455: 4317: 3867: 3732: 3216: 2900: 1864: 1835: 1801: 1773: 1730: 1612: 1011:

to the east. The first Protestant church in Montreal was St. Gabriel's, established by a

980: 973: 965: 491: 353: 307: 292:

and recognized by scholars as distinct from other Iroquoian-language people, such as the

250: 218: 141: 128: 119: 3658:

Old Montreal. "The Old Seminary and Notre-Dame Basilica." Last modified September 2001.

3444: 2613:"The Old Seminary and Notre-Dame Basilica," Old Montreal, last modified September 2001, 2409:

Constructing Early Modern Empires: Proprietary Ventures in the Atlantic World, 1500-1750

1745: 6011: 5966: 5881: 5856: 5841: 5051: 4982: 4734: 3847: 3832: 3807: 3190: 3037: 2407: 2062: 2051: 1813: 1737: 1694: 1353:, built in 1924 became the home ice rink of the fabled Montreal Canadiens hockey team. 1021: 984: 928: 528: 258: 180: 137: 133: 3410:

The Montreal Almanack, Or, Lower Canada Register for 1831: Being Third After Leap Year

3148: 2629:

Robert, Jean-Claude. Atlas Historique De Montréal. Montréal, Québec: Art Global, 1994.

1060:, the first in Canada, incorporated within the Hudson's Bay Company in the 1970s; the 523:) was signed at Montreal in 1701. With the Great Peace, Montreal and the surrounding 5981: 5886: 5735: 5707: 5640: 5580: 5523: 5307: 4998: 4932: 4821: 4714: 4709: 4602: 4516: 4468: 4390: 4327: 4223: 4024: 3621: 3607: 3593: 3579: 3565: 3551: 3530: 3516: 3495: 3492:

Les Sulpiciens de Montréal : Une histoire de pourvoir et de discrétion 1657-2007

3476: 3362: 3352: 3351:. Carleton Library Series. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2011. 524 pp. 3330: 3311: 3244: 3110: 2965: 2418: 1975: 1934: 1860: 1817: 1785: 1515:

carried upgraded infrastructure throughout the city, such as the construction of the

1496: 1492: 1405: 1185: 1152: 1089: 1068:; and both of Canada's national railroads. The city boomed as railways were built to 961: 846:

in 1839. Completed in 1687, the seminary is the oldest standing building in Montreal.

532: 348:

at Hochelaga. Cartier was the first European to arrive in the area, arriving in 1535.

176: 115: 84: 34: 5041: 4547: 1769: 1638:. Montreal's improving economic conditions allowed further enhancements of the city 1226:

labourers from the surrounding countryside to factories in satellite cities such as

944:

to take the city in 1775. A few months later, the city would be briefly occupied by

5901: 5761: 5570: 5449: 5399: 5339: 5139: 5129: 4988: 4787: 4395: 4275: 4270: 3887: 3812: 3737: 3414: 1910:

disuse. Today it is used to refer to the Montreal borough that includes downtown.

1904: 1789: 1588: 1523: 1462: 1393: 1250: 1061: 1054: 872: 811: 430: 160: 4445: 3977: 2449:

Guy Fregault, La Compagnie de la Colonie, 30:(Universite d’Ottawa: Ottawa, 1960),1

1856: 1015:

missionary in 1792. With 19th-century immigration, more and more English-speaking

306:, although sharing some cultural characteristics. Their language has been called 5291: 5286: 4285: 3484: 3455: 3433: 3422: 3370: 3338: 3319: 3252: 3197: 1914: 1852: 1839: 1827: 1680: 1624: 1564: 1438: 1413: 1357: 1314: 1294: 1235: 1223: 1190: 540: 345: 327: 319: 281: 123: 5114: 1317:

in the early days of World War I, but most French Montrealers opposed mandatory

933: 702: 582: 5745: 5414: 5356: 5003: 4777: 4342: 3892: 1868: 1639: 1592: 1584: 1568: 1516: 1392:

in 1931. Like the rest of Canada, unemployment in Montreal was high during the

1350: 1270: 1041: 362: 293: 230: 210: 1112: 658: 456: 425: 341: 6114: 6092: 5329: 5149: 5124: 3837: 3817: 3091:

The Montreal Olympics: An Insider's View of Organizing a Self-financing Games

3002: 1823: 1805: 1611:

In recent years, Quebecois Independence has had a surge of popularity as the

1500: 1472: 1265:

in 1919. At the time of its construction in 1928, the new head office of the

1211: 1125: 1065: 1008: 945: 463:. In November 1653, another 140 Frenchmen arrived to enlarge the settlement. 448: 382: 302: 187: 149: 3672: 2682:

Atherton, William H. Montreal, 1535-1914. (Montreal: S.J. Clarke,, 1914), 92

1871:- nor in any of the boroughs that were part of the former city of Montreal. 1831: 1491:

From 1962 to 1964, four of Montreal's ten tallest buildings were completed:

839: 497: 433:

in the 1640s. The settlement was established in 1642 under the authority of

5134: 4993: 3862: 3857: 3767: 3644:

Old Montreal. "Central Rue Notre-Dame West." Last modified September 2001.

2638:"Central Rue Notre-Dame West," Old Montreal, last modified September 2001, 2132: 2103: 1706: 1512: 1425: 1409: 1389: 1318: 1298: 1290: 1088:

work, Scots established and funded numerous Montreal institutions, such as

1085: 1081: 1012: 1000: 774: 536: 415: 403: 378: 145: 3376:

Vineberg, Robert. "The British Garrison and Montreal Society, 1830-1850."

3076:

Patrick Allen, "Les Jeux Olympiques: Icebergs ou Rampes de Lancements?,"

1384: 1329:

Montreal had a population of 618,000 in 1921, growing to 903,000 in 1941.

887: 5555: 4440: 4410: 3604:

Pour le Christ et le Roi : La vie aux temps des premiers montréalais

3408: 3023:

Making Do: Women, Family and Home in Montreal during the Great Depression

1576: 1456: 1322: 1302: 1257:

became the most important economic centre of the Dominion of Canada. The

1253:

of 1930, Montreal developed in what some historians call its Golden Age.

1243: 1160: 1069: 1057: 1004: 996: 937: 910:

French authorities surrender the city of Montreal to the British in 1760.

779: 502: 468: 335: 285: 269: 3527:

Histoire de Montréal depuis la Confédération. Deuxième édition augmentée

1623:

During the 1980s and early 1990s, Montreal experienced a slower rate of

1132:

from 1844 to 1849, Montreal attracted more English-speaking immigrants:

906: 209:. Montreal's population surpassed one million in the early 1950s. A new 106:, Canada. At the time of European contact the area was inhabited by the 5667: 5482: 5144: 4876: 3937: 1663: 1156: 487: 396: 175:

until 1760, when it was surrendered to the British army, following the

172: 5434: 3685: 1709:

in the 1960s. The idea was strongly opposed in many suburbs, although

1522:

In 1969, a police strike resulted in 16 hours of unrest, known as the

5715: 5492: 5487: 5394: 5344: 5313: 5276: 3782: 1971:

National Performance: Representing Quebec from Expo 67 to Céline Dion

1504: 1172: 867: 544: 517:

threatened the survival of Ville-Marie until a peace treaty (see the

510: 274: 265: 168: 111: 5609: 2131:. Department of National Defence, Canada. 2004-06-20. Archived from 684: 564: 5409: 4295: 4246: 4215: 3927: 2660:"Rue Notre-Dame East," Old Montreal, last modified September 2001, 1718: 1441:

protested against conscription. He urged Montrealers to ignore the

1206: 1159:, and the wealthy continued to build large mansions at the foot of 1141: 1046:

Scottish immigrants constructed Montreal's first bridge across the

1016: 297: 277:

villages similar to those described by Cartier on his later visit.

245: 153: 99: 92: 5419: 3665:

Old Montreal."Rue Notre-Dame East." Last modified September 2001.

3168:"Montreal Journal; No Longer Fading, City Booms Back Into Its Own" 233:, played in Montreal from 1969 to 2004 when the team relocated to 205:

World War II brought protests against conscription and caused the

5301: 4312: 3872: 1643: 1508: 1238:

immigrants settled in tough working-class neighbourhoods such as

1137: 1077: 1073: 262: 222: 214: 4958: 3446:

History and Biographical Gazetteer of Montreal to the Year 1892

3290:

The History of Montreal: The Story of Great North American City

2984:

Ranald C. Michie, "The Canadian Securities Market, 1850–1914,"

1874: 1777: 1729:

neighbourhood) were annexed to Montreal between 1963 and 1968.

1689: 1667: 1488:

Montreal became the centre of French culture in North America.

1446: 195: 103: 2580: 2578: 1587:, ordered the military occupation of Montreal and invoked the 4845: 3651:

Old Montreal. "Champ-de-Mars." Last modified September 2001.

3395:

The Government of New France: Royal, Clerical, or Class Rule?

2754:"Champ-de-Mars," Old Montreal, last modified September 2001, 1530:

and patrolling frequent protests and wanting higher pay. The

972:

in 1763 marked its end, with the French being forced to cede

452: 313: 156:

defended what they had been using as their hunting grounds.

4783:

Montréal–Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport

3667:

http://www.vieux.montreal.qc.ca/tour/etape2/eng/2text5a.htm

3660:

http://www.vieux.montreal.qc.ca/tour/etape17/eng/17fena.htm

3653:

http://www.vieux.montreal.qc.ca/tour/etape1/eng/1text2a.htm

3646:

http://www.vieux.montreal.qc.ca/tour/etape18/eng/18fena.htm

3102: 2756:

http://www.vieux.montreal.qc.ca/tour/etape1/eng/1text2a.htm

2662:

http://www.vieux.montreal.qc.ca/tour/etape2/eng/2text5a.htm

2640:

http://www.vieux.montreal.qc.ca/tour/etape18/eng/18fena.htm

2625: 2623: 2615:

http://www.vieux.montreal.qc.ca/tour/etape17/eng/17fena.htm

2575: 1050:

and founded many of the city's great industries, including

918: 367: 2600: 2598: 2596: 2594: 2592: 2590: 952:

Ville-Marie remained a French settlement until 1760, when

3131:"Canada election 2019: Results from the federal election" 3025:(Wilfrid Laurier U. Press, 1999) pp 70, 108, 136–38, 159. 1527: 1222:

during the mid-19th century. The economic boom attracted

547:, ...) could develop without the fear of Iroquois raids. 375: 2620: 1269:

at 360 St. James Street was the tallest building in the

3241:

Habitants and Merchants in Seventeenth-Century Montreal

2587: 1652:

International Council of Societies of Industrial Design

1598:

Sovereignty was addressed through the ballot box. The

422:, the first hospital in North America north of Mexico. 365:

and St. Lawrence rivers, which was controlled by local

257:

The area known today as Montreal had been inhabited by

102:

was established in 1642 in what is now the province of

3442: 1998:. Société de développement de Montréal. September 2001 1659: 1457:

The Quiet Revolution and the modernization of Montreal

862: 479:, which became mostly a teaching order. In 1663, the 3513:

L’histoire du Vieux-Montréal à travers son patrimoine

3349:

Peopling the North American City: Montreal, 1840–1900

3278:. Montreal: Recherches Amérindiennes au Québec, 2001. 1945:

List of National Historic Sites of Canada in Montreal

322:

on October 2, 1535. Cartier visited the villages of

1656:

International Council of Graphic Design Associations

899:

Due to the importance of Montreal to New France the

3475:, Montreal: Les éditions du Septentrion, 134 pages 1820:. The demergers were effective on January 1, 2006. 814:

was a vital part of the settlement's early economy.

163:was built in 1642 as part of a project to create a 3511:Lauzon, Gilles and Forget, Madeleine, ed. (2004). 3471:Desjardins, Pauline, and Geneviève Duguay (1992). 3401: 3036: 2406: 2102:. Government of Canada. 2004-06-20. Archived from 2050: 1579:, a British diplomat, who was later released. The 455:, France, and established a land holding known as 381:at Place Royal on the Island of Montreal, but the 3541:Les rues de Montréal : Répertoire historique 6112: 3457:The Centenary of the Bank of Montreal, 1817-1917 3347:Olson, Sherry H. and Patricia A. Thornton, eds. 3106:Canadian Studies in the New Millennium (2nd ed.) 3093:(Montréal: McGill-Queens University Press, 2009) 1664:International Centre for the Prevention of Crime 954:Pierre de Rigaud, marquis de Vaudreuil-Cavagnial 810:in 1662. The fur trade with the natives and the 483:seminary became the new Seigneur of the island. 136:while in search of a passage to Asia during the 3590:Pignon sur rue : Les quartiers de Montréal 3388:The Administration of the Old Regime in Canada. 3301:The Illegal Fur Trade Out of New France 1713-60 2999:"Lonely Planet Montreal Guide - Modern History" 2820:"The Invasion of Canada and the Fall of Boston" 1544: 1118:burning of the Parliament Buildings in Montreal 3473:Pointe-à-Callière—from Ville-Marie to Montreal 3431: 3058: 3056: 3054: 3034: 2129:The Compagnies Franches de la Marine of Canada 2100:The Compagnies Franches de la Marine of Canada 1563:(FLQ). In October 1970, members of the FLQ's " 976:and all its dependencies to the other nation. 940:marched through the streets of Montreal after 5625: 4861: 4231: 3701: 3677: 3361:, McGill-Queen's University Press, 247 pages 2514: 2512: 2493: 2491: 2436: 2434: 2392: 2390: 2388: 2386: 2367: 2365: 2363: 2353: 2351: 2349: 2303: 2301: 2299: 2280: 2278: 2223: 2221: 2219: 2217: 2215: 2178: 2176: 1261:made its headquarters there in 1880, and the 1184:arranging for weapons shipments from France. 389:. Under the authority of the Roman Catholic 4647: 4638: 3359:Marguerite Bourgeoys and Montreal, 1640-1665 3288:Linteau, Paul-André, and Peter McCambridge. 3236:, McGill-Queen's University Press, 217 pages 1321:and enlistment fell off. After the war, the 711:introducing citations to additional sources 591:introducing citations to additional sources 3588:Benoît, Michèle and Gratton, Roger (1991). 3397:Scarborough: Prentice-Hall of Canada, 1971. 3261:The Barley and the Stream: The Molson Story 3051: 2957: 2651:"The Old Seminary and Notre-Dame Basilica." 1967: 5632: 5618: 4868: 4854: 4238: 4224: 3708: 3694: 3490:Deslandres, Dominique et al., ed. (2007). 3276:Montreal, 1701: Planting the Tree of Peace 3109:. University of Toronto Press. p. 9. 2961:Encyclopedia of North American Immigration 2509: 2488: 2431: 2383: 2360: 2346: 2296: 2275: 2212: 2173: 2021:The Saint Lawrence Iroquoians. Corn People 2014: 2012: 1996:"Place Royale and the Amerindian presence" 1660:International Bureau for Children's Rights 1555:History of the Quebec sovereignty movement 1024:, the main rival to the primarily British 509:Ville Marie would become a centre for the 459:which is today encompassed by the borough 314:Montreal during the French colonial period 4563:Service de police de la Ville de Montréal 3913:1972 Montreal Museum of Fine Arts robbery 2527:Dechêne, Habitants and Merchants, 192-193 1094:Literary and Historical Society of Quebec 1035: 956:surrendered it to the British army under 830: 554: 318:The first European to reach the area was 67:Learn how and when to remove this message 4553:Service de sécurité incendie de Montréal 3515:, Les Publications du Québec, 292 pages 3453: 3283:Montreal: Island City of the St Lawrence 2964:. Infobase Publishing. pp. 194–95. 2023:. Montréal, Qc: Les Éditions de l'Homme. 2018: 1873: 1688: 1466: 1383: 1313:Montrealers volunteered to serve in the 1284: 1205: 1111: 932: 919:British rule and the American Revolution 905: 886: 866: 838: 801: 773: 701:Relevant discussion may be found on the 657: 581:Relevant discussion may be found on the 513:and the town was fortified in 1725. The 496: 461:Rivière-des-Prairies–Pointe-aux-Trembles 424: 340: 244: 78: 3948:2011 Montreal Museum of Fine Arts theft 3715: 3271:, New York: Dutton & Co., 384 pages 3258: 2887: 2875: 2863: 2851: 2839: 2080:CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2044: 2042: 2009: 1648:International Air Transport Association 1107: 6113: 3550:, Éditions du Remue-Ménage, 627 pages 3165: 3103:Mark J. Kasoff; Patrick James (2013). 2536:Dechêne, Habitants and Merchants, 193 2518:Dechêne, Habitants and Merchants, 192 2506:Dechêne, Habitants and Merchants, 188 1674: 1116:Political protests in 1849 led to the 964:. With Great Britain's victory in the 674: 352:Seventy years after Cartier, explorer 167:. Ville Marie became a centre for the 5639: 5613: 5110:List of French forts in North America 4849: 4219: 3689: 3676: 3560:Marsolais, Claude-V. et al., (1993). 3546:Darsigny, Maryse et al., ed. (1994). 3508:, University of Ottawa: Ottawa, 1960. 3390:Montreal: L.E. and A.F. Waters, 1897. 2048: 1898: 1178: 987:briefly captured the city during the 925:Great Britain in the Seven Years' War 144:unsuccessfully tried to create a fur 5977:Northwest Territories capital cities 4245: 3574:Burgess, Johanne et al., ed. (1992) 3303:. Montreal: McGill University, 1939. 3267:Dollier de Casson, François (1928). 2497:Dechêne, Habitants and Merchants, 9 2485:Dechêne, Habitants and Merchants, 5 2467:Dechêne, Habitants and Merchants, 10 2440:Dechêne, Habitants and Merchants, 74 2413:. BRILL. 23 February 2007. pp. 2396:Dechêne, Habitants and Merchants, 81 2380:Dechêne, Habitants and Merchants, 80 2371:Dechêne, Habitants and Merchants, 78 2357:Dechêne, Habitants and Merchants, 66 2343:Dechêne, Habitants and Merchants, 61 2334:Dechêne, Habitants and Merchants, 57 2325:Dechêne, Habitants and Merchants, 60 2316:Dechêne, Habitants and Merchants, 62 2307:Dechêne, Habitants and Merchants, 47 2293:Dechêne, Habitants and Merchants, 44 2284:Dechêne, Habitants and Merchants, 36 2272:Dechêne, Habitants and Merchants, 17 2263:Dechêne, Habitants and Merchants, 19 2254:Dechêne, Habitants and Merchants, 25 2245:Dechêne, Habitants and Merchants, 26 2236:Dechêne, Habitants and Merchants, 46 2227:Dechêne, Habitants and Merchants, 16 2125:"The Shock of the Attack on Lachine" 2039: 1701:of all municipalities on the island. 1618: 1201: 1149:burning of the Provincial Parliament 678: 558: 229:. A major league baseball team, the 190:and Montreal was the capital of the 17: 4891:French colonization of the Americas 4829: 3968:National Historic Sites in Montreal 3953:Concordia University Netanyahu riot 3564:, VLB Éditeur, Montréal, 323 pages 3325:McLean, Eric, R. D. Wilson (1993). 3263:. McClelland & Stewart Limited. 2476:Dechêne, Habitants and Merchants, 6 2458:Dechêne, Habitants and Merchants, 4 2209:Dechêne, Habitants and Merchants, 7 1940:List of historic places in Montreal 1432: 1379: 1374:National Research Council of Canada 1196:United Daughters of the Confederacy 863:French military history of Montreal 310:, a distinct branch of the family. 110:, a discrete and distinct group of 13: 4353:2002–06 reorganization of Montreal 3310:, McGill-Queen's Press, 456 pages 3243:, McGill-Queen's Press, 428 pages 3205: 1974:. U of Toronto Press. p. 58. 1685:Municipal reorganization in Quebec 1198:. The plaque was removed in 2017. 1003:(Ontario) to the west, as well as 14: 6132: 4793:Réseau de transport métropolitain 4668:Montreal Public Libraries Network 4368:National Historic Sites of Canada 3638: 3543:, Éditions du Méridien, 547 pages 3329:, McGill-Queen's Press, 60 pages 1400:Unemployment was high during the 429:Depiction of the first church in 387:Jérôme le Royer de la Dauversière 374:Champlain decided to establish a 6086: 6074: 6073: 5594: 5593: 5519:Military history of the Acadians 5267:Seigneurial system of New France 4828: 4817: 4816: 4803:Société de transport de Montréal 4333:Montreal Metropolitan Commission 4294: 3976: 3898:Montreal Metropolitan Commission 3878:Black Power movement in Montreal 3578:, Éditions du Boréal, 247 pages 3576:Clés pour l’histoire de Montréal 3548:Ces femmes qui ont bâti Montréal 3529:, Éditions du Boréal, 622 pages 2096:"The Exhaustion of the Iroquois" 1168:Royal Military College of Canada 694:relies largely or entirely on a 683: 574:relies largely or entirely on a 563: 494:, on the orders of Maisonneuve. 89:Notre-Dame-de-Bon-Secours Chapel 22: 5756:Former colonies and territories 4943:History of the French-Americans 4650:Université du Québec à Montréal 4634:École de technologie supérieure 4348:Oldest buildings and structures 3620:, Éditions du Boréal 165 pages 3562:Histoire des maires de Montréal 3443:John Douglas Borthwick (1892). 3402:Older sources: full text online 3269:A History of Montreal 1640-1672 3184: 3159: 3149:"2015 Federal Election Results" 3141: 3123: 3096: 3083: 3070: 3039:Historical statistics of Canada 3028: 3015: 2991: 2978: 2951: 2942: 2917: 2893: 2881: 2869: 2857: 2845: 2833: 2812: 2797: 2788: 2779: 2770: 2761: 2748: 2739: 2730: 2721: 2712: 2703: 2694: 2685: 2676: 2667: 2654: 2645: 2632: 2607: 2566: 2557: 2548: 2539: 2530: 2521: 2500: 2479: 2470: 2461: 2452: 2443: 2399: 2374: 2337: 2328: 2319: 2310: 2287: 2266: 2257: 2248: 2239: 2230: 2203: 2194: 2185: 2164: 1366:Montreal Neurological Institute 1147:Riots led by Tories led to the 361:area, at the confluence of the 5272:Criminal justice in New France 4901:Timeline of New France history 4875: 3606:, Libre Expression, 320 pages 3222:. Montreal: S.J. Clarke, 1914. 3043:. Toronto: Macmillan. p. 2901:"Walking Tour of Old Montreal" 2155: 2146: 2117: 2088: 2027: 1988: 1961: 436:Société Notre-Dame de Montréal 392:Société Notre-Dame de Montréal 240: 1: 5262:Custom of Paris in New France 4373:COVID-19 pandemic in Montreal 3632:Atlas Historique De Montréal. 3306:Marsan, Jean-Claude. (1990). 3210: 1921:. In Algonquin, it is called 1561:Front de libération du Québec 1339:National Film Board of Canada 268:and other peoples around the 213:system was added, Montreal's 5731:Crown and Indigenous peoples 3933:École Polytechnique massacre 3616:Linteau, Paul-André (1992). 3525:Linteau, Paul-André (2000). 3494:, Éditions Fides, 670 pages 3465: 3232:Cooper, John Irwin. (1969). 3166:Brooke, James (2000-05-06). 1950:Timeline of Montreal history 1545:Quebec Independence Movement 1280: 444:Paul Chomedey de Maisonneuve 400:Paul Chomedey de Maisonneuve 7: 4773:Gare d'autocars de Montréal 3634:Montréal: Art Global, 1994. 3413:. R. Armour. 1831. p. 3357:Simpson, Patricia. (1997). 3327:The Living Past of Montreal 2584:Lunn, Illegal Fur Trade, 65 2572:Lunn, Illegal Fur Trade, 64 2563:Lunn, Illegal Fur Trade, 61 2554:Lunn, Illegal Fur Trade, 66 1928: 1551:Quebec sovereignty movement 1532:National Assembly of Quebec 1451:Conscription Crisis of 1944 1360:, with a grant from the US 1347:Montreal Symphony Orchestra 1307:Conscription Crisis of 1917 490:was dug in 1658 by settler 467:everyone back downriver to 207:Conscription Crisis of 1944 42:. The specific problem is: 10: 6137: 5209:Governor of Trois-Rivières 3883:Sir George Williams affair 3618:Brève histoire de Montréal 3602:Landry, Yves, ed. (1992). 3539:Ville de Montréal (1995). 3506:La Compagnie de la Colonie 3454:Montreal, Bank of (1917). 3229:(McGill University, 2018). 2988:(1988), 62#1 pp 35–73. 39p 2036:accessed December 23, 2007 1902: 1693:The municipalities of the 1678: 1548: 1460: 1402:Great Depression in Canada 1039: 922: 477:Congrégation de Notre-Dame 200:Great Depression in Canada 171:and French expansion into 6068: 6037: 5917: 5867:Newfoundland and Labrador 5830: 5706: 5647: 5589: 5561:Expulsion of the Acadians 5506: 5470: 5375: 5352:Company of 100 Associates 5322: 5254: 5178: 5165:Fort St. Louis (Illinois) 5102: 5012: 4951: 4883: 4811: 4748: 4685: 4660: 4648: 4639: 4629:CSS de la Pointe-de-l'Île 4611: 4580: 4571: 4540: 4492: 4454: 4381: 4303: 4292: 4253: 3985: 3974: 3828:Burning of the Parliament 3723: 3683: 3678:Links to related articles 3378:Canadian Military History 3259:Denison, Merrill (1955). 3239:Dechêne, Louise. (1992). 3234:Montreal, a Brief History 3225:Blais-Tremblay, Vanessa. 2049:Auger, Roland J. (1955). 2019:Tremblay, Roland (2006). 1753:2003 provincial elections 1567:" kidnapped and murdered 1293:rally in Montreal, 1917. 1263:Canadian National Railway 1163:as the suburbs expanded. 1130:United Province of Canada 192:United Province of Canada 5556:French and Iroquois Wars 4624:CSS Marguerite-Bourgeoys 4338:Montreal Urban Community 3903:Montreal Urban Community 3798:Capitulation of Montreal 3427:. T.&R. White. 1877. 2822:. americanrevolution.com 2053:La Grande Recrue de 1653 1955: 1581:Prime Minister of Canada 1528:separatist-planted bombs 1259:Canadian Pacific Railway 1175:was formed in Montreal. 1155:, one of Canada's first 515:French and Iroquois Wars 505:threatened its survival. 140:. Seventy years later, 5720:Persons of significance 5566:Great Peace of Montreal 5367:Compagnie de l'Occident 4938:History of the Acadians 4474:René Lévesque Boulevard 3958:Dawson College shooting 3773:Great Peace of Montreal 3432:John McConniff (1890). 3035:M. C. Urquhart (1965). 2986:Business History Review 2794:Atherton, Montreal, 428 2776:Atherton, Montreal, 404 2767:Atherton, Montreal, 391 2745:Atherton, Montreal, 315 2700:Atherton, Montreal, 124 2691:Atherton, Montreal, 111 1810:Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue 1370:Royal Victoria Hospital 1301:in the latter years of 1102:Royal Victoria Hospital 1098:High School of Montreal 989:1775 invasion of Canada 981:American Revolutionists 520:Great Peace of Montreal 290:St. Lawrence Iroquoians 108:St. Lawrence Iroquoians 5751:Events of significance 5514:Military of New France 5440:Gens de couleur libres 5170:Fort St. Louis (Texas) 5155:Fortress of Louisbourg 4979:(1682–1763, 1801–1803) 4896:French colonial empire 4641:Université de Montréal 3758:Saint-Sulpice Seminary 3743:Notre-Dame de Montréal 3386:Weir, Robert Stanley. 3080:(1976) 65#5 pp 271-323 2785:Atherton, Montreal,419 1879: 1702: 1632:1000 de La Gauchetière 1484: 1479:. The city hosted the 1397: 1362:Rockefeller Foundation 1343:Université de Montréal 1310: 1215: 1121: 1036:Scottish contributions 949: 911: 892: 876: 847: 844:Saint-Sulpice Seminary 831:The design of Montreal 815: 783: 663: 555:Population of Montreal 506: 440: 349: 254: 217:was expanded, and the 165:French colonial empire 96: 5872:Northwest Territories 5817:Territorial evolution 4758:Aéroports de Montréal 4705:Festivals and parades 4673:Jewish Public Library 4401:Hochelaga Archipelago 3963:2012 student movement 3630:Robert, Jean-Claude. 3089:Paul Charles Howell, 1917:, Montreal is called 1877: 1733:was annexed in 1982. 1692: 1575:, and also kidnapped 1549:Further information: 1470: 1461:Further information: 1387: 1376:during World War II. 1288: 1209: 1115: 1040:Further information: 936: 923:Further information: 909: 890: 870: 842: 805: 777: 722:"History of Montreal" 661: 602:"History of Montreal" 503:war with the Iroquois 500: 428: 344: 248: 82: 5892:Prince Edward Island 5214:Governor of Montreal 5120:Fort Michilimackinac 4928:1763 Treaty of Paris 4598:Concordia University 4593:Lester B. Pearson SB 4522:Municipal government 4479:Saint Jacques Street 4436:Saint Lawrence River 4431:Rivière des Prairies 4358:1976 Summer Olympics 3923:1976 Summer Olympics 3918:Gargantua bar attack 3763:Battle of Long Sault 3748:Governor of Montreal 3217:Atherton, William H. 3021:Denyse Baillargeon, 2958:John Powell (2009). 1968:Erin Hurley (2011). 1711:Rivière-des-Prairies 1571:, a minister in the 1539:1976 Summer Olympics 1481:1976 Summer Olympics 1418:British Crown Jewels 1267:Royal Bank of Canada 1255:Saint Jacques Street 1240:Pointe-Saint-Charles 1108:The City of Montreal 1076:, and the west, and 1048:Saint Lawrence River 1026:Hudson's Bay Company 707:improve this article 587:improve this article 473:Marguerite Bourgeoys 227:1976 Summer Olympics 49:improve this article 38:to meet Knowledge's 6121:History of Montreal 5807:Population history 5778:Chinese immigration 5362:Mississippi Company 4588:English Montreal SB 4281:Notable Montrealers 3995:Pre-European period 3908:Blue Bird Café fire 3868:St. Lawrence Seaway 3803:American occupation 3717:History of Montreal 3592:, Guérin 393 pages 3281:Jenkins, Kathleen. 3220:Montreal, 1535-1914 1774:Dollard-des-Ormeaux 1731:Pointe-aux-Trembles 1675:Merger and demerger 1297:opposition towards 675:Economy of Montreal 492:Jacques Archambault 354:Samuel de Champlain 219:St. Lawrence Seaway 142:Samuel de Champlain 5534:King William's War 5529:Intercolonial Wars 4527:Opposition leaders 3938:Sex Garage protest 3848:Golden Square Mile 3833:Great Fire of 1852 3808:North West Company 3393:Zoltvany, Yves F. 3196:2008-05-31 at the 1899:Origin of the name 1880: 1780:, the uninhabited 1738:Island of Montreal 1723:Ville Saint Michel 1703: 1695:Island of Montreal 1636:1250 René-Lévesque 1485: 1475:inside Montreal's 1443:federal government 1398: 1311: 1216: 1179:American Civil War 1122: 1084:. Noted for their 1022:North West Company 985:Richard Montgomery 962:two month campaign 950: 929:Conquest of Canada 912: 893: 877: 848: 816: 784: 664: 507: 441: 350: 259:indigenous peoples 255: 181:North West Company 138:Age of Exploration 134:Island of Montreal 97: 6108: 6107: 6102: 6101: 6093:Canada portal 5663:18000 BCE–1500 CE 5641:History of Canada 5607: 5606: 5544:King George's War 5524:Acadian Civil War 5471:Missionary groups 5462:Intellectual life 5199:Sovereign Council 4933:History of Quebec 4843: 4842: 4681: 4680: 4603:McGill University 4532:Political parties 4469:Montreal Exchange 4328:Montreal District 4213: 4212: 2424:978-90-474-1903-7 1935:History of Quebec 1619:Economic recovery 1573:National Assembly 1497:Place Ville-Marie 1493:Tour de la Bourse 1406:Sun Life Building 1220:industrialization 1202:Industrialization 1186:John Wilkes Booth 1090:McGill University 806:Depiction of the 772: 771: 757: 652: 651: 637: 410:dedicated to the 177:Montreal Campaign 159:A fortress named 116:indigenous people 85:Bonsecours Market 83:Depiction of the 77: 76: 69: 40:quality standards 31:This article may 6128: 6091: 6090: 6089: 6077: 6076: 6028:Name etymologies 5908:Name etymologies 5847:British Columbia 5762:Heritage Minutes 5634: 5627: 5620: 5611: 5610: 5597: 5596: 5576:Schenectady Raid 5549:Seven Years' War 5539:Queen Anne's War 5405:King's Daughters 5357:Crozat's Company 5340:Coureur des bois 5282:Superior Council 5204:Bishop of Quebec 5189:Governor General 5130:Fort de Chartres 4989:Illinois Country 4870: 4863: 4856: 4847: 4846: 4832: 4831: 4820: 4819: 4788:Port of Montreal 4653: 4652: 4644: 4643: 4581:English-language 4578: 4577: 4396:Greater Montreal 4298: 4247:City of Montreal 4240: 4233: 4226: 4217: 4216: 3980: 3888:Murray-Hill riot 3853:Oldest buildings 3813:Bank of Montreal 3738:Fort Ville-Marie 3710: 3703: 3696: 3687: 3686: 3674: 3673: 3461: 3450: 3439: 3428: 3418: 3274:Havard, Gilles. 3264: 3200: 3188: 3182: 3181: 3179: 3178: 3163: 3157: 3156: 3145: 3139: 3138: 3127: 3121: 3120: 3100: 3094: 3087: 3081: 3078:Action Nationale 3074: 3068: 3067: 3060: 3049: 3048: 3042: 3032: 3026: 3019: 3013: 3012: 3010: 3009: 2995: 2989: 2982: 2976: 2975: 2955: 2949: 2946: 2940: 2939: 2937: 2936: 2927:. Archived from 2921: 2915: 2914: 2912: 2911: 2897: 2891: 2885: 2879: 2873: 2867: 2861: 2855: 2849: 2843: 2837: 2831: 2830: 2828: 2827: 2816: 2810: 2801: 2795: 2792: 2786: 2783: 2777: 2774: 2768: 2765: 2759: 2752: 2746: 2743: 2737: 2734: 2728: 2725: 2719: 2716: 2710: 2707: 2701: 2698: 2692: 2689: 2683: 2680: 2674: 2671: 2665: 2658: 2652: 2649: 2643: 2636: 2630: 2627: 2618: 2611: 2605: 2602: 2585: 2582: 2573: 2570: 2564: 2561: 2555: 2552: 2546: 2543: 2537: 2534: 2528: 2525: 2519: 2516: 2507: 2504: 2498: 2495: 2486: 2483: 2477: 2474: 2468: 2465: 2459: 2456: 2450: 2447: 2441: 2438: 2429: 2428: 2412: 2403: 2397: 2394: 2381: 2378: 2372: 2369: 2358: 2355: 2344: 2341: 2335: 2332: 2326: 2323: 2317: 2314: 2308: 2305: 2294: 2291: 2285: 2282: 2273: 2270: 2264: 2261: 2255: 2252: 2246: 2243: 2237: 2234: 2228: 2225: 2210: 2207: 2201: 2198: 2192: 2189: 2183: 2180: 2171: 2168: 2162: 2159: 2153: 2150: 2144: 2143: 2141: 2140: 2121: 2115: 2114: 2112: 2111: 2092: 2086: 2085: 2078: 2072: 2068: 2066: 2058: 2056: 2046: 2037: 2031: 2025: 2024: 2016: 2007: 2006: 2004: 2003: 1992: 1986: 1985: 1965: 1905:Name of Montreal 1844:Sainte-Geneviève 1589:War Measures Act 1524:Murray Hill riot 1471:Lighting of the 1463:Quiet Revolution 1433:Second World War 1394:Great Depression 1380:Great Depression 1345:in 1919 and the 1251:Great Depression 1166:Long before the 1062:Bank of Montreal 1055:department store 966:Seven Years' War 873:Fort Ville-Marie 812:coureur des bois 767: 764: 758: 756: 715: 687: 679: 647: 644: 638: 636: 595: 567: 559: 431:Fort Ville-Marie 72: 65: 61: 58: 52: 26: 25: 18: 6136: 6135: 6131: 6130: 6129: 6127: 6126: 6125: 6111: 6110: 6109: 6104: 6103: 6098: 6087: 6085: 6064: 6033: 5913: 5834:and territories 5833: 5826: 5702: 5651: 5643: 5638: 5608: 5603: 5585: 5502: 5478:Jesuit missions 5466: 5415:Casquette girls 5371: 5318: 5287:Admiralty court 5250: 5174: 5098: 5015: 5008: 4947: 4906:Beginnings–1533 4879: 4874: 4844: 4839: 4807: 4768:Central Station 4744: 4677: 4656: 4619:CSS de Montréal 4612:French-language 4607: 4567: 4541:Public services 4536: 4488: 4450: 4377: 4299: 4290: 4249: 4244: 4214: 4209: 3981: 3972: 3943:Montreal merger 3843:Victoria Bridge 3793:1870 earthquake 3788:1732 earthquake 3719: 3714: 3679: 3641: 3504:Fregault, Guy. 3468: 3421: 3407: 3404: 3213: 3208: 3206:Further reading 3203: 3198:Wayback Machine 3189: 3185: 3176: 3174: 3164: 3160: 3147: 3146: 3142: 3129: 3128: 3124: 3117: 3101: 3097: 3088: 3084: 3075: 3071: 3062: 3061: 3052: 3033: 3029: 3020: 3016: 3007: 3005: 2997: 2996: 2992: 2983: 2979: 2972: 2956: 2952: 2947: 2943: 2934: 2932: 2923: 2922: 2918: 2909: 2907: 2899: 2898: 2894: 2886: 2882: 2874: 2870: 2862: 2858: 2850: 2846: 2838: 2834: 2825: 2823: 2818: 2817: 2813: 2806:Treaty of Paris 2802: 2798: 2793: 2789: 2784: 2780: 2775: 2771: 2766: 2762: 2753: 2749: 2744: 2740: 2735: 2731: 2726: 2722: 2717: 2713: 2708: 2704: 2699: 2695: 2690: 2686: 2681: 2677: 2672: 2668: 2659: 2655: 2650: 2646: 2637: 2633: 2628: 2621: 2612: 2608: 2603: 2588: 2583: 2576: 2571: 2567: 2562: 2558: 2553: 2549: 2544: 2540: 2535: 2531: 2526: 2522: 2517: 2510: 2505: 2501: 2496: 2489: 2484: 2480: 2475: 2471: 2466: 2462: 2457: 2453: 2448: 2444: 2439: 2432: 2425: 2405: 2404: 2400: 2395: 2384: 2379: 2375: 2370: 2361: 2356: 2347: 2342: 2338: 2333: 2329: 2324: 2320: 2315: 2311: 2306: 2297: 2292: 2288: 2283: 2276: 2271: 2267: 2262: 2258: 2253: 2249: 2244: 2240: 2235: 2231: 2226: 2213: 2208: 2204: 2199: 2195: 2190: 2186: 2181: 2174: 2169: 2165: 2160: 2156: 2151: 2147: 2138: 2136: 2123: 2122: 2118: 2109: 2107: 2094: 2093: 2089: 2079: 2070: 2069: 2060: 2059: 2047: 2040: 2032: 2028: 2017: 2010: 2001: 1999: 1994: 1993: 1989: 1982: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1931: 1915:Mohawk language 1907: 1901: 1687: 1681:Montreal Merger 1679:Main articles: 1677: 1666:(ICPC) and the 1625:economic growth 1621: 1600:Parti Québécois 1565:Liberation Cell 1557: 1547: 1477:Olympic Stadium 1465: 1459: 1439:Camillien Houde 1435: 1414:Bank of England 1382: 1358:Wilder Penfield 1295:French-Canadian 1283: 1224:French Canadian 1204: 1191:Jefferson Davis 1181: 1110: 1044: 1038: 970:Treaty of Paris 958:Jeffery Amherst 946:American rebels 931: 921: 865: 833: 768: 762: 759: 716: 714: 700: 688: 677: 648: 642: 639: 596: 594: 580: 568: 557: 451:, arrived from 346:Jacques Cartier 328:Montreal Island 320:Jacques Cartier 316: 282:anthropologists 280:Historians and 243: 124:Jacques Cartier 73: 62: 56: 53: 46: 27: 23: 12: 11: 5: 6134: 6124: 6123: 6106: 6105: 6100: 6099: 6097: 6096: 6082: 6069: 6066: 6065: 6063: 6062: 6057: 6052: 6050:Historiography 6047: 6041: 6039: 6035: 6034: 6032: 6031: 6024: 6019: 6014: 6009: 6004: 5999: 5994: 5989: 5984: 5979: 5974: 5969: 5964: 5959: 5954: 5949: 5944: 5939: 5934: 5929: 5923: 5921: 5915: 5914: 5912: 5911: 5904: 5899: 5894: 5889: 5884: 5879: 5874: 5869: 5864: 5859: 5854: 5849: 5844: 5838: 5836: 5828: 5827: 5825: 5824: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5804: 5799: 5798: 5797: 5792: 5782: 5781: 5780: 5770: 5768:Historic Sites 5765: 5758: 5753: 5748: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5728: 5726:Constitutional 5723: 5712: 5710: 5704: 5703: 5701: 5700: 5695: 5690: 5685: 5680: 5675: 5670: 5665: 5659: 5657: 5645: 5644: 5637: 5636: 5629: 5622: 5614: 5605: 5604: 5602: 5601: 5590: 5587: 5586: 5584: 5583: 5581:Deerfield Raid 5578: 5573: 5568: 5563: 5558: 5553: 5552: 5551: 5546: 5541: 5536: 5526: 5521: 5516: 5510: 5508: 5504: 5503: 5501: 5500: 5495: 5490: 5485: 5480: 5474: 5472: 5468: 5467: 5465: 5464: 5459: 5458: 5457: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5427: 5422: 5417: 5412: 5407: 5402: 5397: 5392: 5391: 5390: 5379: 5377: 5373: 5372: 5370: 5369: 5364: 5359: 5354: 5349: 5348: 5347: 5342: 5332: 5326: 5324: 5320: 5319: 5317: 5316: 5311: 5304: 5299: 5294: 5289: 5284: 5279: 5274: 5269: 5264: 5258: 5256: 5252: 5251: 5249: 5248: 5247: 5246: 5238: 5237: 5236: 5228: 5227: 5226: 5218: 5217: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5191: 5182: 5180: 5176: 5175: 5173: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5152: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5122: 5117: 5112: 5106: 5104: 5100: 5099: 5097: 5096: 5095: 5094: 5086: 5085: 5084: 5079: 5074: 5066: 5065: 5064: 5056: 5055: 5054: 5049: 5044: 5042:Trois-Rivières 5039: 5031: 5030: 5029: 5020: 5018: 5010: 5009: 5007: 5006: 5004:Domaine du roy 5001: 4999:Pays d'en Haut 4996: 4991: 4986: 4980: 4974: 4968: 4962: 4955: 4953: 4949: 4948: 4946: 4945: 4940: 4935: 4930: 4925: 4924: 4923: 4918: 4913: 4908: 4898: 4893: 4887: 4885: 4881: 4880: 4873: 4872: 4865: 4858: 4850: 4841: 4840: 4838: 4837: 4825: 4812: 4809: 4808: 4806: 4805: 4800: 4795: 4790: 4785: 4780: 4775: 4770: 4765: 4760: 4754: 4752: 4746: 4745: 4743: 4742: 4737: 4732: 4730:Shopping malls 4727: 4722: 4717: 4712: 4707: 4702: 4697: 4691: 4689: 4683: 4682: 4679: 4678: 4676: 4675: 4670: 4664: 4662: 4658: 4657: 4655: 4654: 4645: 4636: 4631: 4626: 4621: 4615: 4613: 4609: 4608: 4606: 4605: 4600: 4595: 4590: 4584: 4582: 4575: 4569: 4568: 4566: 4565: 4560: 4555: 4550: 4548:Urgences-santé 4544: 4542: 4538: 4537: 4535: 4534: 4529: 4524: 4519: 4514: 4509: 4504: 4498: 4496: 4490: 4489: 4487: 4486: 4481: 4476: 4471: 4466: 4464:Board of Trade 4460: 4458: 4452: 4451: 4449: 4448: 4443: 4438: 4433: 4428: 4423: 4418: 4416:Neighbourhoods 4413: 4408: 4403: 4398: 4393: 4387: 4385: 4379: 4378: 4376: 4375: 4370: 4365: 4360: 4355: 4350: 4345: 4343:October Crisis 4340: 4335: 4330: 4325: 4320: 4315: 4309: 4307: 4301: 4300: 4293: 4291: 4289: 4288: 4283: 4278: 4273: 4268: 4263: 4257: 4255: 4251: 4250: 4243: 4242: 4235: 4228: 4220: 4211: 4210: 4208: 4207: 4202: 4197: 4192: 4187: 4182: 4177: 4172: 4167: 4162: 4157: 4152: 4147: 4142: 4137: 4132: 4127: 4122: 4117: 4112: 4107: 4102: 4097: 4092: 4087: 4082: 4077: 4072: 4067: 4062: 4057: 4052: 4047: 4042: 4037: 4032: 4027: 4022: 4017: 4012: 4007: 4002: 3997: 3991: 3989: 3983: 3982: 3975: 3973: 3971: 3970: 3965: 3960: 3955: 3950: 3945: 3940: 3935: 3930: 3925: 3920: 3915: 3910: 3905: 3900: 3895: 3893:October Crisis 3890: 3885: 3880: 3875: 3870: 3865: 3860: 3855: 3850: 3845: 3840: 3835: 3830: 3825: 3823:List of Mayors 3820: 3815: 3810: 3805: 3800: 3795: 3790: 3785: 3780: 3775: 3770: 3765: 3760: 3755: 3750: 3745: 3740: 3735: 3729: 3727: 3721: 3720: 3713: 3712: 3705: 3698: 3690: 3684: 3681: 3680: 3671: 3670: 3663: 3656: 3649: 3640: 3639:External links 3637: 3636: 3635: 3628: 3614: 3600: 3586: 3572: 3558: 3544: 3537: 3523: 3509: 3502: 3488: 3485:online excerpt 3467: 3464: 3463: 3462: 3451: 3449:. John Lovell. 3440: 3429: 3419: 3403: 3400: 3399: 3398: 3391: 3384: 3374: 3371:online excerpt 3355: 3345: 3342: 3339:online excerpt 3323: 3320:online excerpt 3304: 3297: 3286: 3285:(1966), 559pp. 3279: 3272: 3265: 3256: 3253:online excerpt 3237: 3230: 3223: 3212: 3209: 3207: 3204: 3202: 3201: 3183: 3172:New York Times 3158: 3140: 3122: 3115: 3095: 3082: 3069: 3064:"CBC Archives" 3050: 3027: 3014: 2990: 2977: 2970: 2950: 2941: 2916: 2905:Véhicule Press 2892: 2880: 2868: 2856: 2844: 2832: 2811: 2796: 2787: 2778: 2769: 2760: 2747: 2738: 2729: 2720: 2711: 2702: 2693: 2684: 2675: 2666: 2653: 2644: 2631: 2619: 2606: 2586: 2574: 2565: 2556: 2547: 2538: 2529: 2520: 2508: 2499: 2487: 2478: 2469: 2460: 2451: 2442: 2430: 2423: 2398: 2382: 2373: 2359: 2345: 2336: 2327: 2318: 2309: 2295: 2286: 2274: 2265: 2256: 2247: 2238: 2229: 2211: 2202: 2193: 2184: 2172: 2170:Zoltvany, 4-5. 2163: 2154: 2145: 2116: 2087: 2038: 2026: 2008: 1987: 1980: 1959: 1957: 1954: 1953: 1952: 1947: 1942: 1937: 1930: 1927: 1913:In the modern 1903:Main article: 1900: 1897: 1770:Côte Saint-Luc 1755:, the winning 1676: 1673: 1640:infrastructure 1620: 1617: 1613:Bloc Québécois 1593:October Crisis 1585:Pierre Trudeau 1569:Pierre Laporte 1546: 1543: 1517:Montreal Metro 1458: 1455: 1434: 1431: 1381: 1378: 1351:Montreal Forum 1282: 1279: 1271:British Empire 1203: 1200: 1180: 1177: 1134:Late Loyalists 1109: 1106: 1052:Henry Morgan's 1042:Scots-Quebecer 1037: 1034: 983:under General 920: 917: 864: 861: 832: 829: 770: 769: 705:. Please help 691: 689: 682: 676: 673: 650: 649: 585:. Please help 571: 569: 562: 556: 553: 315: 312: 242: 239: 235:Washington, DC 75: 74: 30: 28: 21: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6133: 6122: 6119: 6118: 6116: 6095: 6094: 6083: 6081: 6080: 6071: 6070: 6067: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6042: 6040: 6036: 6029: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6002:Richmond Hill 6000: 5998: 5995: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5973: 5970: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5932:Charlottetown 5930: 5928: 5925: 5924: 5922: 5920: 5916: 5909: 5905: 5903: 5900: 5898: 5895: 5893: 5890: 5888: 5885: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5875: 5873: 5870: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5862:New Brunswick 5860: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5840: 5839: 5837: 5835: 5829: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5787: 5786: 5783: 5779: 5776: 5775: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5763: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5721: 5717: 5714: 5713: 5711: 5709: 5705: 5699: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5650: 5646: 5642: 5635: 5630: 5628: 5623: 5621: 5616: 5615: 5612: 5600: 5592: 5591: 5588: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5531: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5511: 5509: 5505: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5475: 5473: 5469: 5463: 5460: 5456: 5453: 5452: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5389: 5386: 5385: 5384: 5381: 5380: 5378: 5374: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5337: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5330:Chemin du Roy 5328: 5327: 5325: 5321: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5309: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5259: 5257: 5253: 5245: 5242: 5241: 5239: 5235: 5232: 5231: 5229: 5225: 5222: 5221: 5219: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5186: 5184: 5183: 5181: 5177: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5150:Fort Duquesne 5148: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5140:Fort Carillon 5138: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5125:Fort de Buade 5123: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5107: 5105: 5101: 5093: 5090: 5089: 5087: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5073: 5070: 5069: 5067: 5063: 5060: 5059: 5057: 5053: 5050: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5035: 5034: 5032: 5028: 5025: 5024: 5022: 5021: 5019: 5017: 5011: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4984: 4981: 4978: 4975: 4972: 4969: 4966: 4963: 4960: 4957: 4956: 4954: 4950: 4944: 4941: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4922: 4919: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4904: 4903: 4902: 4899: 4897: 4894: 4892: 4889: 4888: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4871: 4866: 4864: 4859: 4857: 4852: 4851: 4848: 4836: 4835: 4826: 4824: 4823: 4814: 4813: 4810: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4796: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4771: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4755: 4753: 4751: 4747: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4733: 4731: 4728: 4726: 4723: 4721: 4718: 4716: 4713: 4711: 4708: 4706: 4703: 4701: 4698: 4696: 4693: 4692: 4690: 4688: 4684: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4665: 4663: 4659: 4651: 4646: 4642: 4637: 4635: 4632: 4630: 4627: 4625: 4622: 4620: 4617: 4616: 4614: 4610: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4586: 4585: 4583: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4570: 4564: 4561: 4559: 4556: 4554: 4551: 4549: 4546: 4545: 4543: 4539: 4533: 4530: 4528: 4525: 4523: 4520: 4518: 4515: 4513: 4510: 4508: 4505: 4503: 4500: 4499: 4497: 4495: 4491: 4485: 4482: 4480: 4477: 4475: 4472: 4470: 4467: 4465: 4462: 4461: 4459: 4457: 4453: 4447: 4446:Montréal 2025 4444: 4442: 4439: 4437: 4434: 4432: 4429: 4427: 4424: 4422: 4419: 4417: 4414: 4412: 4409: 4407: 4404: 4402: 4399: 4397: 4394: 4392: 4389: 4388: 4386: 4384: 4380: 4374: 4371: 4369: 4366: 4364: 4361: 4359: 4356: 4354: 4351: 4349: 4346: 4344: 4341: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4331: 4329: 4326: 4324: 4321: 4319: 4316: 4314: 4311: 4310: 4308: 4306: 4302: 4297: 4287: 4286:Sister cities 4284: 4282: 4279: 4277: 4274: 4272: 4269: 4267: 4264: 4262: 4259: 4258: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4241: 4236: 4234: 4229: 4227: 4222: 4221: 4218: 4206: 4203: 4201: 4198: 4196: 4193: 4191: 4188: 4186: 4183: 4181: 4178: 4176: 4173: 4171: 4168: 4166: 4163: 4161: 4158: 4156: 4153: 4151: 4148: 4146: 4143: 4141: 4138: 4136: 4133: 4131: 4128: 4126: 4123: 4121: 4118: 4116: 4113: 4111: 4108: 4106: 4103: 4101: 4098: 4096: 4093: 4091: 4088: 4086: 4083: 4081: 4078: 4076: 4073: 4071: 4068: 4066: 4063: 4061: 4058: 4056: 4053: 4051: 4048: 4046: 4043: 4041: 4038: 4036: 4033: 4031: 4028: 4026: 4023: 4021: 4018: 4016: 4013: 4011: 4008: 4006: 4003: 4001: 3998: 3996: 3993: 3992: 3990: 3988: 3984: 3979: 3969: 3966: 3964: 3961: 3959: 3956: 3954: 3951: 3949: 3946: 3944: 3941: 3939: 3936: 3934: 3931: 3929: 3926: 3924: 3921: 3919: 3916: 3914: 3911: 3909: 3906: 3904: 3901: 3899: 3896: 3894: 3891: 3889: 3886: 3884: 3881: 3879: 3876: 3874: 3871: 3869: 3866: 3864: 3861: 3859: 3856: 3854: 3851: 3849: 3846: 3844: 3841: 3839: 3838:Gavazzi Riots 3836: 3834: 3831: 3829: 3826: 3824: 3821: 3819: 3818:Lachine Canal 3816: 3814: 3811: 3809: 3806: 3804: 3801: 3799: 3796: 3794: 3791: 3789: 3786: 3784: 3781: 3779: 3776: 3774: 3771: 3769: 3766: 3764: 3761: 3759: 3756: 3754: 3751: 3749: 3746: 3744: 3741: 3739: 3736: 3734: 3731: 3730: 3728: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3711: 3706: 3704: 3699: 3697: 3692: 3691: 3688: 3682: 3675: 3668: 3664: 3661: 3657: 3654: 3650: 3647: 3643: 3642: 3633: 3629: 3627: 3626:2-89052-469-8 3623: 3619: 3615: 3613: 3612:2-89111-523-6 3609: 3605: 3601: 3599: 3598:2-7601-2494-0 3595: 3591: 3587: 3585: 3584:2-89052-486-8 3581: 3577: 3573: 3571: 3570:2-89005-547-7 3567: 3563: 3559: 3557: 3556:2-89091-130-6 3553: 3549: 3545: 3542: 3538: 3536: 3535:2-89052-441-8 3532: 3528: 3524: 3522: 3521:2-551-19654-X 3518: 3514: 3510: 3507: 3503: 3501: 3500:2-7621-2727-0 3497: 3493: 3489: 3486: 3482: 3481:2-921114-74-7 3478: 3474: 3470: 3469: 3459: 3458: 3452: 3448: 3447: 3441: 3437: 3436: 3430: 3426: 3425: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3411: 3406: 3405: 3396: 3392: 3389: 3385: 3383: 3380:21.1 (2015): 3379: 3375: 3372: 3368: 3367:0-7735-1641-7 3364: 3360: 3356: 3354: 3353:online review 3350: 3346: 3343: 3340: 3336: 3335:0-7735-0981-X 3332: 3328: 3324: 3321: 3317: 3316:0-7735-0798-1 3313: 3309: 3305: 3302: 3298: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3284: 3280: 3277: 3273: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3257: 3254: 3250: 3249:0-7735-0951-8 3246: 3242: 3238: 3235: 3231: 3228: 3224: 3221: 3218: 3215: 3214: 3199: 3195: 3192: 3187: 3173: 3169: 3162: 3154: 3150: 3144: 3136: 3132: 3126: 3118: 3116:9781442665385 3112: 3108: 3107: 3099: 3092: 3086: 3079: 3073: 3065: 3059: 3057: 3055: 3046: 3041: 3040: 3031: 3024: 3018: 3004: 3003:Lonely Planet 3000: 2994: 2987: 2981: 2973: 2971:9781438110127 2967: 2963: 2962: 2954: 2945: 2931:on 2016-04-07 2930: 2926: 2920: 2906: 2902: 2896: 2890:, p. 183 2889: 2884: 2878:, p. 136 2877: 2872: 2865: 2860: 2853: 2848: 2841: 2836: 2821: 2815: 2808: 2807: 2800: 2791: 2782: 2773: 2764: 2757: 2751: 2742: 2733: 2724: 2715: 2706: 2697: 2688: 2679: 2670: 2663: 2657: 2648: 2641: 2635: 2626: 2624: 2616: 2610: 2601: 2599: 2597: 2595: 2593: 2591: 2581: 2579: 2569: 2560: 2551: 2542: 2533: 2524: 2515: 2513: 2503: 2494: 2492: 2482: 2473: 2464: 2455: 2446: 2437: 2435: 2426: 2420: 2416: 2411: 2410: 2402: 2393: 2391: 2389: 2387: 2377: 2368: 2366: 2364: 2354: 2352: 2350: 2340: 2331: 2322: 2313: 2304: 2302: 2300: 2290: 2281: 2279: 2269: 2260: 2251: 2242: 2233: 2224: 2222: 2220: 2218: 2216: 2206: 2197: 2188: 2179: 2177: 2167: 2158: 2149: 2135:on 2006-12-07 2134: 2130: 2126: 2120: 2106:on 2007-09-11 2105: 2101: 2097: 2091: 2083: 2076: 2064: 2055: 2054: 2045: 2043: 2035: 2030: 2022: 2015: 2013: 1997: 1991: 1983: 1981:9781442640955 1977: 1973: 1972: 1964: 1960: 1951: 1948: 1946: 1943: 1941: 1938: 1936: 1933: 1932: 1926: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1911: 1906: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1876: 1872: 1870: 1866: 1865:Saint Leonard 1862: 1858: 1857:Montréal-Nord 1854: 1849: 1848:Saint-Laurent 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1806:Pointe-Claire 1803: 1799: 1798:Montreal West 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1758: 1757:Liberal Party 1754: 1749: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1734: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1700: 1697:prior to the 1696: 1691: 1686: 1682: 1672: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1628: 1626: 1616: 1614: 1609: 1606: 1601: 1596: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1556: 1552: 1542: 1540: 1535: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1520: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1501:CIBC Building 1498: 1494: 1489: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1473:Olympic Torch 1469: 1464: 1454: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1430: 1427: 1421: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1395: 1391: 1386: 1377: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1354: 1352: 1349:in 1934. The 1348: 1344: 1340: 1334: 1330: 1327: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1287: 1278: 1274: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1247: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1213: 1212:Lachine Canal 1208: 1199: 1197: 1192: 1187: 1176: 1174: 1169: 1164: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1145: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1126:Lachine Canal 1119: 1114: 1105: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1086:philanthropic 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1066:Redpath Sugar 1063: 1059: 1056: 1053: 1049: 1043: 1033: 1029: 1027: 1023: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1009:New Brunswick 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 986: 982: 977: 975: 971: 967: 963: 959: 955: 947: 943: 939: 935: 930: 926: 916: 908: 904: 902: 897: 889: 885: 881: 874: 871:Depiction of 869: 860: 856: 852: 845: 841: 837: 828: 824: 820: 813: 809: 804: 800: 796: 792: 788: 781: 776: 766: 755: 752: 748: 745: 741: 738: 734: 731: 727: 724: – 723: 719: 718:Find sources: 712: 708: 704: 698: 697: 696:single source 692:This section 690: 686: 681: 680: 672: 668: 660: 656: 646: 635: 632: 628: 625: 621: 618: 614: 611: 607: 604: – 603: 599: 598:Find sources: 592: 588: 584: 578: 577: 576:single source 572:This section 570: 566: 561: 560: 552: 548: 546: 542: 538: 534: 530: 526: 522: 521: 516: 512: 504: 499: 495: 493: 489: 484: 482: 478: 474: 470: 464: 462: 458: 454: 450: 449:Lionel Groulx 445: 438: 437: 432: 427: 423: 421: 417: 413: 409: 405: 401: 398: 394: 393: 388: 384: 380: 377: 372: 370: 369: 364: 360: 355: 347: 343: 339: 337: 334:(near modern 333: 329: 325: 321: 311: 309: 305: 304: 303:Haudenosaunee 299: 295: 291: 287: 283: 278: 276: 271: 267: 264: 260: 252: 247: 238: 236: 232: 228: 224: 220: 216: 212: 208: 203: 201: 197: 193: 189: 188:Lachine Canal 184: 182: 178: 174: 170: 166: 162: 157: 155: 151: 147: 143: 139: 135: 131: 130: 125: 121: 118:. They spoke 117: 113: 109: 105: 101: 94: 90: 86: 81: 71: 68: 60: 50: 45: 41: 37: 36: 29: 20: 19: 16: 6084: 6072: 6045:Bibliography 5971: 5897:Saskatchewan 5795:Peacekeeping 5760: 5698:1982–present 5571:Lachine Raid 5308:Maréchaussée 5306: 5230:Terre-Neuve 5135:Fort Detroit 5115:Fort Rouillé 5088:Terre-Neuve 5046: 4994:Ohio Country 4827: 4815: 4725:Music groups 4695:Architecture 4507:City Council 4304: 4266:Demographics 4261:Coat of arms 4000:16th century 3863:Richard Riot 3858:Ouimetoscope 3768:Old Montreal 3724: 3716: 3631: 3617: 3603: 3589: 3575: 3561: 3547: 3540: 3526: 3512: 3505: 3491: 3472: 3456: 3445: 3434: 3423: 3409: 3394: 3387: 3377: 3358: 3348: 3326: 3307: 3300: 3299:Lunn, Jean. 3289: 3282: 3275: 3268: 3260: 3240: 3233: 3226: 3219: 3186: 3175:. Retrieved 3171: 3161: 3152: 3143: 3134: 3125: 3105: 3098: 3090: 3085: 3077: 3072: 3038: 3030: 3022: 3017: 3006:. Retrieved 2993: 2985: 2980: 2960: 2953: 2944: 2933:. Retrieved 2929:the original 2919: 2908:. Retrieved 2904: 2895: 2888:Denison 1955 2883: 2876:Denison 1955 2871: 2866:, p. 64 2864:Denison 1955 2859: 2854:, p. 48 2852:Denison 1955 2847: 2842:, p. 21 2840:Denison 1955 2835: 2824:. Retrieved 2814: 2805: 2799: 2790: 2781: 2772: 2763: 2750: 2741: 2732: 2723: 2718:Havard, 44. 2714: 2705: 2696: 2687: 2678: 2669: 2656: 2647: 2634: 2609: 2568: 2559: 2550: 2541: 2532: 2523: 2502: 2481: 2472: 2463: 2454: 2445: 2408: 2401: 2376: 2339: 2330: 2321: 2312: 2289: 2268: 2259: 2250: 2241: 2232: 2205: 2196: 2187: 2166: 2157: 2148: 2137:. Retrieved 2133:the original 2128: 2119: 2108:. Retrieved 2104:the original 2099: 2090: 2052: 2034:Google books 2029: 2020: 2000:. Retrieved 1990: 1970: 1963: 1922: 1918: 1912: 1908: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1832:L'Île-Bizard 1822: 1794:Montréal-Est 1782:L'Île-Dorval 1766:Beaconsfield 1750: 1735: 1727:Saint-Michel 1707:Jean Drapeau 1704: 1658:(Icograda), 1629: 1622: 1610: 1597: 1558: 1536: 1521: 1513:Jean Drapeau 1490: 1486: 1436: 1426:Sunday roast 1422: 1410:gold bullion 1399: 1390:soup kitchen 1364:founded the 1355: 1335: 1331: 1328: 1319:conscription 1312: 1299:conscription 1291:conscription 1275: 1248: 1217: 1182: 1165: 1157:universities 1146: 1123: 1082:Old Montreal 1045: 1030: 1013:Presbyterian 1001:Upper Canada 978: 951: 913: 898: 894: 882: 878: 857: 853: 849: 834: 825: 821: 817: 797: 793: 789: 785: 760: 750: 743: 736: 729: 717: 693: 669: 665: 653: 640: 630: 623: 616: 609: 597: 573: 549: 537:Boucherville 524: 518: 508: 485: 465: 442: 434: 418:founded the 416:Jeanne Mance 404:Jeanne Mance 397:missionaries 390: 379:trading post 373: 366: 358: 351: 331: 323: 317: 301: 279: 256: 204: 185: 158: 146:trading post 127: 98: 63: 54: 47:Please help 43: 32: 15: 5987:Quebec City 5942:Fredericton 5877:Nova Scotia 5802:Monarchical 5773:Immigration 5425:Amerindians 5388:1666 census 5297:Officiality 5292:Provostship 5179:Governments 5160:Castle Hill 5082:New Orleans 5058:Île Royale 5037:Quebec City 4985:(1713–1763) 4973:(1662–1713) 4971:Terre-Neuve 4967:(1608–1763) 4961:(1604–1713) 4834:WikiProject 4484:Skyscrapers 4441:West Island 4411:Mount Royal 3135:Global News 2736:Havard, 11 2727:Havard, 47 2182:Zoltvany 5. 2071:|work= 2057:. Montreal. 1836:Pierrefonds 1802:Mount Royal 1762:Baie-d'Urfé 1751:During the 1742:were merged 1699:2002 merger 1577:James Cross 1388:A Montreal 1323:Prohibition 1305:led to the 1303:World War I 1244:Griffintown 1232:Maisonneuve 1228:Saint-Henri 1161:Mount Royal 1070:New England 1005:Nova Scotia 997:John Molson 942:his attempt 938:Ethan Allen 780:Great Lakes 778:Map of the 525:seigneuries 469:Quebec City 457:Coulée Grou 414:. In 1644, 412:Virgin Mary 336:Quebec City 270:Great Lakes 241:Pre-contact 161:Ville Marie 51:if you can. 6055:Historians 5992:Saint John 5957:Lethbridge 5790:Operations 5498:Sulpicians 5455:card money 5383:Population 5277:Intendancy 5240:Louisiane 5145:Fort Condé 5068:Louisiane 5062:Louisbourg 5027:Port Royal 4983:Île Royale 4877:New France 3753:Hôtel-Dieu 3211:In English 3177:2008-04-12 3008:2007-08-02 2935:2016-01-22 2910:2008-01-30 2826:2007-08-02 2139:2007-01-23 2110:2007-08-02 2002:2007-03-09 1919:Tiohtià:ke 1814:Senneville 1100:, and the 901:city walls 733:newspapers 613:newspapers 529:Terrebonne 488:water well 486:The first 420:Hôtel-Dieu 368:Montagnais 308:Laurentian 286:linguistic 173:New France 120:Laurentian 114:-speaking 6017:Vancouver 6007:Saskatoon 5832:Provinces 5746:Etymology 5716:Canadians 5693:1960–1981 5688:1945–1960 5683:1914–1945 5678:1867–1914 5673:1763–1867 5668:1534–1763 5649:Year list 5493:Ursulines 5488:Grey Nuns 5483:Récollets 5400:Canadiens 5395:Habitants 5345:Voyageurs 5335:Fur trade 5314:Code Noir 5194:Intendant 5092:Plaisance 5014:Towns and 4977:Louisiana 4921:1663–1759 4916:1608–1662 4911:1534–1607 4750:Transport 4661:Libraries 4573:Education 4558:Hospitals 4512:Elections 4406:Landmarks 4383:Geography 4318:Hochelaga 3783:Grey Nuns 3733:Hochelaga 3466:In French 2191:Weir, 86. 2073:ignored ( 2063:cite book 1861:Outremont 1818:Westmount 1786:Hampstead 1725:(now the 1654:(Icsid), 1644:ring road 1595:of 1970. 1505:CIL House 1281:1914–1939 1277:centres. 1173:Artillery 1078:factories 1017:merchants 993:Loyalists 808:fur trade 703:talk page 583:talk page 545:Longueuil 533:Lachenaie 511:fur trade 481:Sulpician 359:Tadoussac 332:Stadacona 324:Hochelaga 275:fortified 266:Iroquoian 251:Hochelaga 169:fur trade 129:Hochelaga 112:Iroquoian 6115:Category 6079:Category 6038:Research 6022:Winnipeg 5972:Montreal 5952:Hamilton 5937:Edmonton 5927:Brampton 5852:Manitoba 5785:Military 5741:Economic 5736:Cultural 5654:Timeline 5599:Category 5450:Currency 5410:Acadians 5244:Governor 5234:Governor 5224:Governor 5047:Montreal 5016:villages 4952:Colonies 4822:Category 4502:Boroughs 4494:Politics 4421:Old Port 4391:Downtown 4363:Timeline 4254:Features 3987:Timeline 3928:Overdale 3194:Archived 3191:Geonames 1929:See also 1790:Kirkland 1746:boroughs 1719:Saraguay 1715:Saraguay 1662:(IBCR), 1650:(IATA), 1605:Bill 101 1416:and the 1289:An anti- 1210:View of 1142:Scottish 1058:Morgan's 960:after a 763:May 2017 643:May 2017 363:Saguenay 298:Iroquois 225:and the 154:Iroquois 148:but the 100:Montreal 93:Montreal 57:May 2017 33:require 6060:Surveys 6012:Toronto 5967:Moncton 5962:Markham 5947:Halifax 5882:Nunavut 5857:Ontario 5842:Alberta 5445:Alcohol 5435:Plaçage 5430:Slavery 5376:Society 5323:Economy 5302:Bailiff 5220:Acadie 5185:Canada 5052:Détroit 5033:Canada 5023:Acadie 4884:History 4763:Bridges 4740:Tourism 4720:Museums 4700:Cuisine 4687:Culture 4456:Economy 4313:Expo 67 4305:History 3873:Expo 67 3778:Citadel 3296:; 200pp 3294:excerpt 3292:(2013) 1923:Moniang 1853:Lachine 1840:Roxboro 1828:LaSalle 1509:Expo 67 1412:of the 1368:at the 1074:Toronto 747:scholar 627:scholar 541:Lachine 300:of the 263:nomadic 249:Map of 223:Expo 67 215:harbour 152:of the 132:on the 95:, 1853. 35:cleanup 5997:Regina 5982:Ottawa 5919:Cities 5887:Quebec 5812:Sports 5708:Topics 5077:Biloxi 5072:Mobile 4965:Canada 4959:Acadia 4323:Mayors 3725:Topics 3624: 3610: 3596: 3582: 3568: 3554: 3533: 3519: 3498: 3479: 3382:online 3365: 3333: 3314: 3247: 3113: 2968: 2809:, 1763 2421: 1978: 1869:Verdun 1846:, and 1816:, and 1778:Dorval 1721:) and 1668:UNESCO 1499:, the 1447:Ottawa 1153:McGill 1096:, the 1092:, the 974:Canada 968:, the 749: 742: 735: 728: 720: 629: 622: 615: 608: 600: 408:colony 383:Mohawk 330:) and 196:Canada 150:Mohawk 104:Quebec 5902:Yukon 5822:Women 5420:Métis 5103:Forts 4798:Roads 4778:Metro 4735:Sport 4715:Media 4710:Films 4517:Mayor 4426:Parks 4205:2000s 4200:1990s 4195:1980s 4190:1970s 4185:1960s 4180:1950s 4175:1940s 4170:1930s 4165:1920s 4160:1910s 4155:1900s 4150:1890s 4145:1880s 4140:1870s 4135:1860s 4130:1850s 4125:1840s 4120:1830s 4115:1820s 4110:1810s 4105:1800s 4100:1790s 4095:1780s 4090:1770s 4085:1760s 4080:1750s 4075:1740s 4070:1730s 4065:1720s 4060:1710s 4055:1700s 4050:1690s 4045:1680s 4040:1670s 4035:1660s 4030:1650s 4025:1640s 4020:1630s 4015:1620s 4010:1610s 4005:1600s 1956:Notes 1867:, or 1824:Anjou 1236:Irish 1138:Irish 754:JSTOR 740:books 634:JSTOR 620:books 453:Rouen 294:Huron 231:Expos 211:metro 5507:Wars 5255:Laws 4276:Name 4271:Flag 3622:ISBN 3608:ISBN 3594:ISBN 3580:ISBN 3566:ISBN 3552:ISBN 3531:ISBN 3517:ISBN 3496:ISBN 3477:ISBN 3363:ISBN 3331:ISBN 3312:ISBN 3245:ISBN 3111:ISBN 2966:ISBN 2419:ISBN 2082:link 2075:help 1976:ISBN 1683:and 1634:and 1553:and 1537:The 1503:and 1356:Dr. 1315:army 1242:and 1230:and 1007:and 927:and 726:news 606:news 326:(on 87:and 5718:- ( 3153:CBC 2417:–. 2415:121 1453:). 709:by 589:by 376:fur 296:or 91:in 6117:: 3415:96 3170:. 3151:. 3133:. 3053:^ 3045:38 3001:. 2903:. 2622:^ 2589:^ 2577:^ 2511:^ 2490:^ 2433:^ 2385:^ 2362:^ 2348:^ 2298:^ 2277:^ 2214:^ 2175:^ 2127:. 2098:. 2067:: 2065:}} 2061:{{ 2041:^ 2011:^ 1925:. 1863:, 1859:, 1855:, 1842:, 1838:, 1834:, 1830:, 1826:, 1812:, 1808:, 1804:, 1800:, 1796:, 1792:, 1788:, 1784:, 1776:, 1772:, 1768:, 1764:, 1713:, 1583:, 1495:, 1420:. 1234:. 1140:, 1136:, 1104:. 1072:, 1064:; 543:, 539:, 535:, 531:, 402:, 395:, 371:. 183:. 122:. 6030:) 6026:( 5910:) 5906:( 5722:) 5656:) 5652:( 5633:e 5626:t 5619:v 4869:e 4862:t 4855:v 4239:e 4232:t 4225:v 3709:e 3702:t 3695:v 3669:. 3662:. 3655:. 3648:. 3487:) 3483:( 3460:. 3438:. 3417:. 3373:) 3369:( 3341:) 3337:( 3322:) 3318:( 3255:) 3251:( 3180:. 3155:. 3137:. 3119:. 3066:. 3047:. 3011:. 2974:. 2938:. 2913:. 2829:. 2758:. 2664:. 2642:. 2617:. 2427:. 2142:. 2113:. 2084:) 2077:) 2005:. 1984:. 1717:( 1483:. 1396:. 1309:. 1120:. 948:. 765:) 761:( 751:· 744:· 737:· 730:· 713:. 699:. 645:) 641:( 631:· 624:· 617:· 610:· 593:. 579:. 527:( 439:. 70:) 64:( 59:) 55:(

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index