932:"If the Germans on both sides of the Brenner don't toe the line, then the fascists will teach them a thing or two about obedience. Alto Adige is Italian and bilingual, and no one would even dream of trying forcibly to Italianize these German immigrants. But neither may Germans imagine that they might push Italy back to Salorno and from there to the Lago di Garda. Perhaps the Germans believe that all Italians are like Credaro. If they do, they’re sorely mistaken. In Italy, there are hundreds of thousands of Fascists who would rather lay waste to Alto Adige than to permit the tricolore that flies above the Vetta d’Italia to be lowered. If the Germans have to be beaten and stomped to bring them to reason, then so be it, we’re ready. A lot of Italians have been trained in this business."
315:
19:
1360:
1352:
1344:
948:
675:
1187:
509:
2991:
1337:, and 4.3% speakers of other languages of the Austrian Empire, altogether 251,000 people. According to some sources, the census did not include some 9000 immigrants from Italy. However, from the official provincial statistics of the "Autonomous Province of South Tyrol" it appears that Italian citizens were indeed registered in the census, although not necessarily as Italian speakers.
1061:, "But I do not hesitate to declare that, now the dice have fallen, I not only regard a reconquest of the South Tyrol by war as impossible, but that I personally would reject it in the conviction that for this question the flame of national enthusiasm of the whole German people could not be achieved to a degree which would offer the premise for victory."
777:. One of the first orders was to seal the border between South Tyrol and Austria. People were not allowed to cross, and the postal service and the flow of goods were interrupted; censorship was introduced and officials not born in the area were dismissed. On November 11, 1919, General Pecori-Giraldi proclaimed in the name of King
1192:
1191:
1188:
1137:. Many German-speaking South Tyroleans, after years of linguistic oppression and discrimination by Fascist Italy, wanted revenge upon ethnic Italians living in the area (particularly in the larger cities) but were mostly prevented from doing so by the occupying Nazis, who still considered Mussolini head of the
1193:
895:
Up to this time, the German-speaking population had not been subjected to violence and nor had the
Italian authorities interfered with its cultural activities, traditions and schooling. This was about to change with the rise of fascism. The first hint of what was to come was experienced by the German
2128:
Given the region's historical and cultural association with neighboring
Austria, calls for the secession of South Tyrol and its reunification with Austria are notable in the local and national political climate. Polls conducted in 2013 noted that 46% of South Tyrol's population would favor secession
1293:
The new autonomous status, granted from 1972 onwards, has resulted in a considerable level of self-government, also due to the large financial resources of the province of
Bolzano/Bozen, retaining almost 90% of all levied taxes. It took a further 20 years for the reforms to be fully implemented, the
918:
of the intention of the fascists there to go to
Bolzano-Bozen to disrupt the procession, but did not take any precautions. After arriving by train in Bolzano-Bozen the approximately 280 out-of-province fascists were joined by about 120 from Bolzano-Bozen, and proceeded to attack the procession with
1141:
and wanted to preserve good relations with the
Italian Fascists, still supporting Mussolini against the Allies. Although the Nazis were able to recruit South Tyrolean youth and to capture local Jews, they prevented anti-Italian feelings from getting out of hand. Mussolini, who wanted to set up his
1269:
Eventually, international (especially
Austrian) public opinion and domestic considerations led the Italian government to consider a "Second statutory order" and to negotiate a package of reforms that produced the "Autonomy Statute", which virtually delinked the mostly German-speaking province of
781:
in
Italian and German: "... Italy is willing, as sole united nation with full freedom of thought and expression, to allow nationals of other language the preservation of their own schools, private institutions and associations." On December 1, 1919 the King promised in a speech: "a careful
919:
clubs, pistols and hand grenades. The teacher Franz
Innerhofer from Marling was shot dead and around 50 people injured in the attack. After the attack the military intervened and escorted the fascists back to the station. Although Credaro, under orders from the Italian Prime Minister
1190:
604:, because the Triple Alliance was a defensive one, requiring its members to come under attack to come into effect. Many Italians were still hostile to Austrian historical and continuing occupation of ethnically Italian areas. Austria-Hungary requested Italian neutrality, while the
1194:
1160:
treasures. Among the items reportedly found were railway wagons filled with gold bars, hundreds of thousands of metres of silk, the
Italian crown jewels, King Victor Emmanuel's personal collection of rare coins, and scores of works of art looted from art galleries such as the
1055:(1924) he claimed that Germans were just a small and irrelevant minority in Southern Tyrol (this definition including also Trentino) and he acknowledged the German portion of Southern Tyrol as a permanent possession of Italy. Hitler writes in Book II of
1229:
region, a new name for "Venezia
Tridentina". German and Italian were both made official languages, and German-language education was permitted. But as the Italians were the majority in the region, self-government of the German minority was impossible.
410:
in 1180. Also in this period, from the late twelfth to the thirteenth centuries, have been established along the Brenner axis almost all of up-today's existing urban settlements, which can be categorized as marked-formed, not very densely populated
1257:) became an international issue. As the implementation of the post-war agreement was not seen as satisfactory by the Austrian government, the matter became the cause of significant friction with Italy and was taken up by the
1245:
destroyed a number of electricity pylons. The second phase was bloodier, costing 21 lives (among them four activists and 15 Italian policemen and soldiers), four of them during a BAS ambush at Cima Vallona, province of
879:. On May 15, 1921, the people of the area participated for the first (and until April 18, 1948, the only) free and democratic elections (the people of Venezia Tridentina and Venezia Giulia did not participate in the
1297:
Today, South Tyrol is peaceful and the wealthiest Italian province, enjoying a high degree of autonomy. It has strong relations with the Austrian state of Tyrol, especially since Austria's 1995 entry into the
1189:
902:(a procession in traditional local costume) to celebrate the opening of the spring trade fair. The General Civil Commissioner of the province, Luigi Credaro, had been warned in advance by his colleagues from
2554:"Großdeutschland ruft!" Südtiroler NS-Optionspropaganda und völkische Sozialisation – "La Grande Germania chiamaǃ" La propaganda nazionalsocialista sulle Opzioni in Alto Adige e la socializzazione 'völkisch'
563:
was not complete. This was because several areas inhabited by Italian-speaking communities remained under what was seen as foreign rule. This situation gave rise to the idea that parts of Italy were still
927:
had threatened to come to Bolzano-Bozen with 2,000 fascists to free the two suspects by force if they were not set free immediately. Mussolini made clear his policies regarding the people of South Tyrol:
1020:
In this period of oppression, National Socialist propaganda became more and more successful among young South Tyroleans, leading in 1934 to the formation of the illegal local Nazi organization of the
1099:), but most were resettled in German-annexed Western Poland, where they were expelled or killed after the war. Because of the outbreak of World War II, this agreement was only partially carried out.
752:, which gave to Italy some 150,000 Tyrolese Germans-an action which he subsequently regarded as a big mistake and deeply regretted. It had been before he had made a careful study of the subject...."
1173:
activities in Allied-controlled territories, but this did not occur due to the suicide of Hitler, the disintegration and chaos of the Nazi apparatus and the rapid Nazi German surrender thereafter.
1294:
last in 1992. After a debate in Parliament, Vienna declared the dispute closed. On June 18, 1992 the release was signed by Italy and Austria in New York, in front of the United Nations building.
1169:. It was feared that the Germans might use the region, along with other Nazi-owned territories to make a last-ditch stronghold in the Alps to fight to the bitter end, and from there direct
608:(Great Britain, France and Russia) demanded its intervention. Many people in Italy wanted the country to join the conflict on the side of the Triple Entente, with the aim of gaining the "
536:
power in Italy and the single most powerful adversary to unification. The Austrian Empire vigorously repressed the growing nationalist sentiment among Italian elites, most of all during
1309:, a region of intensified cross-border cooperation within the EU, called "Tyrol-South Tyrol-Trentino", and a joint Tyrolean parliament has been established, albeit with limited powers.
593:). However, Italian public opinion remained unenthusiastic about the alignment with Austria-Hungary, still perceiving it as the historical enemy of Italy. In the years before
2417:
Sterling J. Kernek, "Woodrow Wilson and National Self-Determination along Italy's Frontier: A Study of the Manipulation of Principles in the Pursuit of Political Interests",
3951:
1233:
Together with the arrival of new Italian-speaking migrants, this led to strong dissatisfaction among South Tyroleans, which culminated in terrorist acts perpetrated by the
3491:
3305:
3288:
1017:
A large industrial zone in Bolzano opened in 1935. It was followed by the immigration of many workers and their families from other parts of Italy (mainly from Veneto).
3512:
1237:(BAS–Committee for the liberation of South Tyrol). In a first phase only public buildings and fascist monuments were targeted. One of the most notable attacks was the
764:, all the names of locations in the treaty, except the Adige river, were in German (the same monolingual German approach to local names as in the Treaty of London).
1156:
occupied South Tyrol from May 2 to May 8, 1945, and after the total unconditional surrender of Germany on May 8, 1945, it found vast amounts of precious items and
662:
was signed on November 3. It came into force at 3.00 pm on November 4. In the following days the Italian Army completed the occupation of all Tirol (including
3003:
1325:-speaking majority. According to the census of 1910, which listed four groups according to their spoken language, the area was inhabited by approximately 89%
3728:
295:
River) belonging to the Lombard kingdom. While the boundary remained unchanged for centuries, Bavarian settlers further migrated southwards down to Salorno (
3784:
1122:. German troops promptly invaded and occupied northern Italy to help Mussolini's side against the Allies and new Italy, and South Tyrol became part of the
3808:
3772:
3370:
3745:
3830:
3762:
3750:
3968:
3025:
2513:
2328:
4004:
790:
757:
1198:
Post-war newsreel story about Austrians demonstrating at a peace conference in favor of having the southern Tyrol region returned to Austria
524:
emerged as the dominant ideology in Europe. In Italy several intellectuals and groups began to push the idea of a unified nation-state (see
1340:
In the following, the population is listed by language group, according to the censuses undertaken from 1880 to 2001. In absolute numbers:
959:, commemorating the separation of South Tyrol, set up in 1923 in response to the prohibition of the original southern Tyrolean place names
3564:
1145:
The region largely escaped fighting, and its mountainous remoteness proved useful to the Nazis as a refuge for items looted from across
741:
was signed on September 10, 1919, Italy was given by Article 27, section 2 the ethnic German territories south of the Alpine watershed.
559:
However, for many nationalist intellectuals and political leaders, the process of unification of the Italian peninsula under a single
2310:
1127:
304:
2995:
1305:
The whole historic region of Tyrol, comprising the Austrian state of Tyrol and the Italian Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol, forms a
1153:
1123:
738:
718:
694:(November 3, 1918) Italian troops occupied uncontested the territory and as stipulated in the ceasefire agreement marched into
2704:
3682:
2974:
2953:
2928:
2825:
2565:
2228:
338:, Bolzano and Vinschgau to the Trent bishops and finally separated the territory on the east bank of the Adige River down to
1064:
In 1939, both dictators in order to solve any further dispute agreed to give the German-speaking population a choice in the
3920:
3476:
2495:
2123:
347:
308:
2593:, trans. Ralph Manheim (New York: The Houghton Mifflin Company, First Mariner Book edition, 1999), 229, Internet Archive,
2453:
Parliament of the Autonomous Province of Bolzano/Bozen. "A brief contemporary history of Alto Adige/Südtirol (1918-2002)".
963:
In October 1922, the new Fascist government rescinded all the special dispensations that protected linguistic minorities.
3925:
3526:
3485:
1242:
2138:
541:
394:
extended their territory over much of the region and came to surpass the power of the bishops who were nominally their
2964:
2939:
3895:
3647:
3195:
3053:
2536:
2360:
2594:
2194:
2169:
3011:
2398:
1203:
785:
Italy formally annexed the territories on October 10, 1920. The administration passed from the military to the new
448:
314:
4025:
871:, while retaining military and police control, ceded administrative control to the new provincial council of the
1225:
negotiated an agreement in 1946, recognizing the rights of the German minority. This led to the creation of the
829:
3890:
1279:
880:
733:"A readjustment of the frontiers of Italy should be effected along clearly recognizable lines of nationality."
688:"shall obtain the Trentino, Cisalpine Tyrol with its geographical and natural frontier (the Brenner frontier)"
635:, homeland of large Italian minorities. War against the Austro-Hungarian Empire was declared on May 24, 1915.
3715:
3595:
3496:
3135:
942:
475:
323:
1065:
1033:
845:
778:
18:
284:
2833:
Table 1 — Declarations of which language group belong to/affiliated to — Population Census 2011
1286:, that the province would receive greater autonomy within Italy, and that Austria would not interfere in
3672:
3353:
2493:
471:
108:
280:
3544:
3152:
2664:
2642:
923:, had two suspects in Innerhofer's murder arrested, nobody was brought to justice for the attack, as
749:
659:
655:
647:
467:
352:
327:
2471:
1290:
internal affairs. The agreement proved broadly satisfactory and the separatist tensions soon eased.
768:
2129:
from Italy. Among the political parties that support South Tyrol's reunification into Austria are
3796:
3358:
2799:"Resident Italian citizens without any valid language group declaration, and resident foreigners"
1222:
1138:
1134:
1096:
683:
616:
260:
3251:
3238:
2945:
2130:
1278:
for Italy. It stipulated that disputes in South Tyrol would be submitted for settlement to the
1115:
887:(German Association), which won close to 90% of the votes and thus sent four deputies to Rome.
801:
590:
3946:
3426:
3421:
3401:
3046:
2912:
2458:
1359:
1351:
714:
651:
2966:
Dialogue against Violence. The Question of Trentino-South Tyrol in the International Context
2677:
721:
a petition for help, signed by all the mayors of South Tyrol, was presented to US President
646:
river. In June 1918, an Austro-Hungarian offensive against the Piave line was repulsed (see
3539:
3233:
1343:
837:
729:
to a joint session of Congress on January 8, 1918, and the mayors reminded him of point 9:
521:
139:
2314:
2281:
1006:
In 1926 the ancient institution of communal autonomy was abolished. Throughout Italy the "
8:
3915:
3630:
3441:
3406:
2438:
Ray Stannard Baker, Woodrow Wilson and World Settlement, New York, 1992, Vol. II, p. 146.
2150:
849:
639:
529:
503:
373:
234:
202:
3789:
3755:
1261:
in 1960. A fresh round of negotiations took place in 1961 but this proved unsuccessful.
3941:
3910:
3900:
3694:
3657:
3615:
3431:
3375:
3310:
3261:
3228:
3216:
3211:
3183:
3147:
2134:
479:
463:
444:
440:
272:
264:
187:
3576:
2308:
623:
in exchange for (among other things) territorial gains in the Austrian crown lands of
3689:
3625:
3605:
3600:
3549:
3534:
3481:
3453:
3436:
3380:
3320:
3315:
3221:
2970:
2949:
2924:
2751:"Italian citizens with a different commonly spoken language and non Italian citizens"
2561:
2532:
2507:
2377:
2356:
2322:
2224:
1214:, who had elected to stay in Italy after the agreement between Hitler and Mussolini.
1000:
920:
896:
population on Sunday April 24, 1921. The population of Bolzano-Bozen had organized a
861:
841:
288:
947:
3905:
3885:
3863:
3767:
3677:
3662:
3652:
3635:
3590:
3582:
3554:
3458:
3411:
3396:
3330:
3298:
3271:
3266:
3176:
3039:
1334:
1218:
1046:
924:
578:
573:
545:
403:
300:
120:
93:
2452:
1302:, which has led to a common currency and a de facto disappearance of the borders.
251:), while after the final collapse of the Ostrogothic Kingdom in 553 West Germanic
3723:
3620:
3610:
3571:
3243:
3157:
3140:
3113:
2920:
2595:
https://archive.org/details/mein-kampf-by-adolf-hitler-ralph-manheim-translation/
1426:
1326:
1322:
967:
809:
773:
748:"Already the president had, unfortunately, promised the Brenner Pass boundary to
726:
624:
537:
491:
459:
399:
81:
2499:
597:, many distinguished military analysts predicted that Italy would change sides.
3363:
3348:
3325:
3281:
3247:
3188:
3085:
2484:
Archivio per l'Alto Adige, Ettore Tolomei, Annata XVI, Gleno (Alto Adige), 1921
2262:"‘Bastard Urbanism’? Past Forms of Cities in the Alpine Area of Tyrol-Trentino"
1330:
1299:
1258:
996:
971:
833:
761:
722:
620:
605:
560:
517:
407:
218:
97:
78:
2369:
1010:", appointed by the government, replaced the mayors and had to report to the "
4019:
3818:
3701:
3293:
3276:
3255:
3101:
2494:
Institute of contemporary history; University of Innsbruck; Rolf Steininger.
2261:
1271:
1238:
1150:
981:
Tolomei's "program in 23 points" was adopted. Among other things it decreed:
956:
643:
146:, and its northern and eastern parts were incorporated into the provinces of
29:
1079:
The South Tyrolean population was deeply divided. Those who wanted to stay (
966:
The Italianization program had been started, and the Fascist regime charged
674:
628:
3667:
3169:
2687:. Provincial Statistics Institute of the Autonomous Province of South Tyrol
2557:
1069:
1042:
1038:
817:
691:
525:
487:
387:
331:
214:
198:
135:
2861:
2719:
Provincial Statistics Institute of the Autonomous Province of South Tyrol"
1142:
new pro-German Italian Social Republic in Bolzano, was still a Nazi ally.
3997:
3445:
2851:
Provincial Statistics Institute of the Autonomous Province of South Tyrol
2815:"Invalid declarations, people temporarily absent and resident foreigners"
2787:"All residents who did not declare which language group they belonged to"
2198:
2173:
1318:
1287:
1103:
853:
695:
609:
601:
594:
569:
339:
194:
179:
101:
73:
43:
995:
The first forms of opposition to the regime appeared in 1925: a priest,
767:
At first, the territory was governed by a military regime under General
3801:
1306:
1270:
South Tyrol from the Trentino. The new agreement was signed in 1969 by
1157:
1057:
1051:
857:
744:
It has been claimed that Wilson later complained about the annexation:
650:). On October 24, 1918, Italy launched its final offensive against the
572:
became an important ideological component of the political life of the
292:
268:
105:
3738:
3162:
2887:
2221:
Tolerance Through Law: Self Governance and Group Rights In South Tyrol
1007:
508:
237:
of Italy in the 5th and the 6th centuries. Already in 534 the western
3559:
3092:
2969:. Bologna, Berlin: Il Mulino - Duncker & Humblot. pp. 256+.
2962:
2862:"South Tyrol heading to unofficial independence referendum in autumn"
2607:
1283:
1275:
1073:
952:
703:
699:
663:
533:
377:
369:
365:
252:
247:
238:
206:
171:
3028:
County Londonderry/Bozen-Bolzano, May 2001. Retrieved on 2009-03-16.
1217:
As the Allies had decided that the province should remain a part of
3823:
3813:
2739:"Locals" with a different commonly spoken language and "non locals"
2282:
First World War.com - Battles - The Battle of Vittorio Veneto, 1918
1166:
1106:, a military fortification to defend Italy's northern land border.
1011:
975:
798:
632:
585:
In 1882 Italy signed a defensive alliance with Austria-Hungary and
455:
424:
256:
143:
66: Parts of the former county now within other Italian provinces
57:
2941:
A Land on the Threshold. South Tyrolean Transformations, 1915–2015
77:, an autonomous Italian province created in 1948, was part of the
3878:
3873:
3868:
3835:
3062:
1247:
1170:
915:
907:
805:
710:
586:
482:
in 1814. Integrated into the Austrian Empire, from 1867 it was a
428:
416:
361:
276:
275:
ran southwest of present-day Bolzano along the Adige River, with
242:
163:
151:
33:
3845:
3031:
619:, signed in April 1915, Italy agreed to declare war against the
267:
with the southernmost part of Tyrol. The border with the German
3961:
3956:
3733:
3640:
2990:
1162:
1146:
1119:
1088:
911:
903:
897:
876:
549:
420:
395:
391:
335:
193:. The mountainous area then mainly was a transit country along
167:
159:
147:
130:
In 15 BC the region, inhabited by the Alpine population of the
1076:
Austria) or stay in Italy and accept complete Italianisation.
3777:
1959:
1580:
532:
was largely waged against the Austrian Empire, which was the
230:
210:
155:
131:
47:
2937:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2727:
2725:
2448:
2446:
2444:
2309:
Institute of contemporary history; University of Innsbruck.
1114:
In 1943, Mussolini was deposed and Italy surrendered to the
3973:
3840:
3004:"South Tyrol/Südtirol—History of Tyrol & the Dolomites"
782:
maintenance of local institutions and self-administration"
553:
382:
154:
respectively, while the southern part including the lower
2775:"All residents with a different commonly spoken language"
2722:
2441:
2353:
South Tyrol, A Minority Conflict of the Twentieth Century
1003:", clandestine schools where teachers taught in German.
439:
From the 13th century they held much of their territory
2390:
104:. It has been part of a cross-border joint entity, the
2811:
2809:
2807:
2805:
2219:
Woelk, Jens; Palermo, Franceso; Marko, Joseph (2008).
2212:
808:, who sought to include all of the territories of the
638:
In October 1917, the Italian army was defeated in the
474:
in 1806. Tyrol remained split between Bavaria and the
2910:
1312:
1041:
never claimed any part of the Southern Tyrol for his
991:
incentives for immigrants from other Italian regions.
462:
was forced to cede the northern part of Tyrol to the
2560:: South Tyrolean Museum of History. pp. 14–21.
642:, and was forced back to a defensive line along the
2802:
1181:
2411:
1027:
600:Italy declared its neutrality at the beginning of
2419:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
2218:
2195:"Euregio Tyrol-South Tyrol-Trentino | Objectives"
4017:
2643:"The South Tyrol Autonomy. A Short Introduction"
2529:Südtirol. Vom Ersten Weltkrieg bis zur Gegenwart
540:and the following years. Italy finally attained
2551:
2170:"Euregio Tirolo-Alto Adige-Trentino | Finalità"
1781:
1773:
1768:
1746:
1738:
1733:
1711:
1703:
1698:
1676:
1668:
1663:
1641:
1633:
1628:
1606:
1598:
1593:
1569:
1561:
1553:
1531:
1523:
1515:
1493:
1485:
1477:
1455:
1447:
1439:
1415:
1407:
1399:
985:exclusive use of Italian in the public offices;
883:). The result was a resounding victory for the
2963:Giovanni Bernardini, Günther Pallaver (2017).
2795:
2793:
2783:
2781:
2771:
2769:
2759:
2757:
2747:
2745:
2251:Tyrolia-Athesia, Innsbruck-Bozen, pp. 125–264.
1083:) were condemned as traitors; those who left (
988:closure of the majority of the German schools;
3699:
3047:
1109:
3995:
3167:
3099:
3083:
3076:
2583:
2520:
2512:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2378:"President Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points"
2346:
2344:
2342:
2340:
2338:
2327:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2097:
2072:
2047:
2022:
1997:
1972:
1945:
1917:
1889:
1861:
1833:
812:claimed by Italy into a wider region called
380:. Over the centuries, the episcopal reeves (
255:entered the region from the north. When the
4005:Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)
2790:
2778:
2766:
2754:
2742:
2665:Storia dell'Alto Adige in breve - 1969-1998
3054:
3040:
2640:
2526:
2350:
789:(Governorate of Venezia Tridentina) under
114:
3026:Anthony Alcock, The South Tyrol Autonomy.
2675:
2335:
2247:In Josef Fontana, Peter W. Haider (eds).
852:. The northern part of Tyrol, comprising
2631:, 1967. Economist Newspaper Ltd., p. 485
2117:
1358:
1350:
1342:
1185:
946:
797:had been proposed in 1863 by the Jewish
673:
507:
478:until it was returned to Austria by the
313:
17:
3585:(including German, Swiss and Austrians)
3579:(including German, Swiss and Austrians)
2156:
1264:
1128:Operation Zone of the Adriatic Littoral
860:, became what is today one of the nine
372:, was granted to the newly established
330:in order to secure the route up to the
318:Map of the County of Tyrol, around 1700
4018:
2715:
2713:
2396:
2375:
1124:Operation Zone of the Alpine Foothills
1102:In 1939 Mussolini decided to build an
1068:: they could emigrate to neighbouring
787:Governatorato della Venezia Tridentina
669:
162:valleys around the modern-day city of
3035:
2938:Georg Grote, Hannes Obermair (2017).
2845:
2698:
2658:
2574:
2478:
2432:
2304:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2245:Von der Antike ins frühe Mittelalter.
1227:Trentino-Alto Adige/Tiroler Etschland
1176:
1118:, who had invaded southern Italy via
666:), according to the armistice terms.
497:
259:invaded Italy in 568 and founded the
2710:
2286:
2275:
2187:
2162:
2124:South Tyrolean secessionist movement
654:, which consequently collapsed (see
2888:"Website of South Tyrolean Freedom"
2854:
2685:Bozen/Bolzano 2007, p. 19, Table 11
1243:South Tyrolean Liberation Committee
1091:. There was a plan to relocate the
828:included the present-day region of
229:After the conquest of Italy by the
13:
2295:
1313:Linguistic and demographic history
890:
14:
4037:
3061:
2984:
2676:Benvenuto, Oscar (June 8, 2006).
2429:. (Aug., 1982), pp. 243-300 (246)
1087:), the majority, were defamed as
936:
756:As Italy had not yet adopted the
528:). At the time, the struggle for
233:in 493, Tyrol became part of the
2989:
2917:Historical Dictionary of Austria
1182:First Austrian-Italian agreement
1045:, even before the alliance with
881:general election of June 2, 1946
709:During the negotiations between
449:Princes of the Holy Roman Empire
2904:
2880:
2818:
2669:
2634:
2614:
2600:
2545:
2487:
2139:Citizens' Union for South Tyrol
1317:At the time of its annexation,
1028:German-Italian option agreement
873:Provincia di Venezia Tridentina
771:, directly subordinated to the
2911:Paula Sutter Fichtner (2009).
2707:The Italians were not included
2397:Wilson, Woodrow (1918-01-08).
2376:Wilson, Woodrow (1918-01-08).
2254:
2237:
1280:International Court of Justice
1022:Völkischer Kampfring Südtirols
406:during the deposition of Duke
402:reached independence from the
279:and the right bank (including
224:
1:
2678:"South Tyrol in Figures 2008"
1363:Language distribution in 2011
1355:Language distribution in 2001
1253:The South Tyrolean question (
1204:South Tyrolean People's Party
943:Italianization of South Tyrol
434:
213:tribes which had adopted the
2249:Geschichte des Landes Tirol.
1235:Befreiungsausschuss Südtirol
1066:South Tyrol Option Agreement
1034:South Tyrol Option Agreement
830:Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol
470:. It became a member of the
125:
96:following the defeat of the
7:
3486:Alsatians and Lotharingians
2313:(in German). Archived from
2311:"South Tyrol Documentation"
2292:Treaty of London; Article 4
2144:
1347:Ethnic distribution in 1880
725:. Wilson had announced his
690:and after the ceasefire of
476:Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy
334:. He ceded the counties of
10:
4042:
2944:. Oxford, Bern, New York:
2355:. Transaction Publishers.
2223:. Transaction Publishers.
2121:
1110:Annexation by Nazi Germany
1031:
940:
501:
472:Confederation of the Rhine
376:, followed in 1091 by the
374:Prince-Bishopric of Brixen
118:
109:Tyrol-South Tyrol-Trentino
84:until 1918 (then known as
3988:
3934:
3856:
3714:
3525:
3505:
3469:
3389:
3341:
3204:
3128:
3121:
3112:
3069:
2527:Steininger, Rolf (2003).
2399:"The Conditions of Peace"
2351:Steininger, Rolf (2003).
1321:was inhabited by a large
1210:) was founded, mainly by
867:On January 21, 1921, the
660:armistice of Villa Giusti
656:Battle of Vittorio Veneto
648:Battle of the Piave River
328:Prince-bishopric of Trent
2552:Hannes Obermair (2021).
2260:Hannes Obermair (2007).
2243:Peter W. Haider (1985).
769:Guglielmo Pecori-Giraldi
678:Kingdom of Italy in 1919
3506:Multinational dimension
3008:South Tyrol Information
1139:Italian Social Republic
810:Austro-Hungarian Empire
739:Treaty of Saint-Germain
684:Treaty of London (1915)
512:Austria-Hungary in 1914
263:, it also included the
205:, settled by Romanised
134:, was conquered by the
115:Before the 19th century
22:The former Tyrol today
4026:History of South Tyrol
3996:
3700:
3427:Bosnia and Herzegovina
3168:
3100:
3084:
3077:
3010:. 2009. Archived from
2996:History of South Tyrol
2466:Cite journal requires
2131:South Tyrolean Freedom
1364:
1356:
1348:
1208:Südtiroler Volkspartei
1199:
1154:88th Infantry Division
1095:in Crimea (annexed to
960:
934:
820:was accordingly named
802:Graziadio Isaia Ascoli
754:
735:
679:
513:
490:, the western half of
319:
299:). The population was
68:
2998:at Wikimedia Commons
2611:, London, 25 May 1945
2118:Secessionist movement
1362:
1354:
1346:
1197:
950:
930:
746:
731:
677:
652:Austro-Hungarian Army
511:
502:Further information:
447:and were elevated to
317:
243:Kingdom of the Franks
92:). It was annexed by
21:
3926:United Arab Emirates
3234:Transylvanian Saxons
2705:1910 Austrian Census
2266:Concilium medii aevi
2157:Notes and references
1265:The second agreement
999:, opened the first "
974:(a nationalist from
454:Following defeat by
346:) from the Imperial
3513:Central and Eastern
3417:Italy (South Tyrol)
2826:"astat info Nr. 38"
2496:"Die Südtirolfrage"
2151:Timeline of Bolzano
1274:for Austria and by
1250:, on 25 June 1967.
850:Province of Belluno
779:Victor Emmanuel III
713:and the victorious
670:Annexation by Italy
640:Battle of Caporetto
530:Italian unification
504:Italian irredentism
287:and the area up to
241:region fell to the
235:Ostrogothic Kingdom
203:Via Claudia Augusta
3658:Pennsylvania Dutch
2135:Die Freiheitlichen
1365:
1357:
1349:
1200:
1177:After World War II
961:
795:Venezia Tridentina
680:
514:
498:Age of nationalism
480:Congress of Vienna
468:Peace of Pressburg
464:Kingdom of Bavaria
445:Holy Roman Emperor
320:
303:by the Bishops of
265:Duchy of Tridentum
190:Venetia et Histria
166:up to present-day
69:
4013:
4012:
3984:
3983:
3521:
3520:
3321:Russian Mennonite
2994:Media related to
2976:978-88-15-27340-6
2955:978-3-0343-2240-9
2948:. pp. 417+.
2930:978-0-8108-6310-1
2923:. pp. 282+.
2868:. Nationalia.info
2567:978-88-95523-36-1
2531:. Studienverlag.
2230:978-90-47-43177-0
2115:
2114:
1796:
1795:
1195:
1001:Katakombenschulen
921:Giovanni Giolitti
885:Deutscher Verband
842:Colle Santa Lucia
682:Under the secret
615:Under the secret
544:in 1861, annexed
398:lords. The later
178:) became part of
88:and occasionally
4033:
4001:
3952:Papua New Guinea
3790:Kapitaï and Koba
3756:Kapitaï and Koba
3705:
3583:Los Lagos Region
3565:British Columbia
3173:
3126:
3125:
3119:
3118:
3105:
3089:
3080:
3056:
3049:
3042:
3033:
3032:
3022:
3020:
3019:
2993:
2980:
2959:
2934:
2899:
2898:
2896:
2894:
2884:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2873:
2858:
2852:
2849:
2843:
2842:
2840:
2839:
2830:
2822:
2816:
2813:
2800:
2797:
2788:
2785:
2776:
2773:
2764:
2761:
2752:
2749:
2740:
2737:
2720:
2717:
2708:
2702:
2696:
2695:
2693:
2692:
2682:
2673:
2667:
2662:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2652:
2647:
2641:Anthony Alcock.
2638:
2632:
2618:
2612:
2604:
2598:
2587:
2581:
2578:
2572:
2571:
2549:
2543:
2542:
2524:
2518:
2517:
2511:
2503:
2498:. Archived from
2491:
2485:
2482:
2476:
2475:
2469:
2464:
2462:
2454:
2450:
2439:
2436:
2430:
2415:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2405:
2394:
2388:
2387:
2385:
2384:
2373:
2367:
2366:
2348:
2333:
2332:
2326:
2318:
2306:
2293:
2290:
2284:
2279:
2273:
2258:
2252:
2241:
2235:
2234:
2216:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2206:
2197:. Archived from
2191:
2185:
2184:
2182:
2181:
2172:. Archived from
2166:
2099:
2074:
2049:
2024:
1999:
1974:
1947:
1934:Austria-Hungary
1922:
1920:
1906:Austria-Hungary
1894:
1892:
1878:Austria-Hungary
1866:
1864:
1850:Austria-Hungary
1838:
1836:
1801:
1800:
1798:In percentages:
1786:
1784:
1778:
1776:
1770:
1751:
1749:
1743:
1741:
1735:
1716:
1714:
1708:
1706:
1700:
1681:
1679:
1673:
1671:
1665:
1646:
1644:
1638:
1636:
1630:
1611:
1609:
1603:
1601:
1595:
1574:
1572:
1566:
1564:
1558:
1556:
1542:Austria-Hungary
1536:
1534:
1528:
1526:
1520:
1518:
1504:Austria-Hungary
1498:
1496:
1490:
1488:
1482:
1480:
1466:Austria-Hungary
1460:
1458:
1452:
1450:
1444:
1442:
1420:
1418:
1412:
1410:
1404:
1402:
1367:
1366:
1196:
1047:Benito Mussolini
925:Benito Mussolini
617:Treaty of London
579:Italia irredenta
574:Kingdom of Italy
568:, hence Italian
486:(Crown Land) of
404:Duchy of Bavaria
360:, including the
348:Kingdom of Italy
326:established the
322:In 1027 Emperor
261:Kingdom of Italy
121:History of Tyrol
79:Austro-Hungarian
65:
55:
41:
27:
4041:
4040:
4036:
4035:
4034:
4032:
4031:
4030:
4016:
4015:
4014:
4009:
3980:
3930:
3852:
3710:
3577:Los Ríos Region
3517:
3501:
3465:
3390:Southern Europe
3385:
3359:North Schleswig
3342:Northern Europe
3337:
3200:
3141:Sudeten Germans
3108:
3065:
3060:
3017:
3015:
3002:
2987:
2977:
2956:
2931:
2921:Scarecrow Press
2907:
2902:
2892:
2890:
2886:
2885:
2881:
2871:
2869:
2860:
2859:
2855:
2850:
2846:
2837:
2835:
2828:
2824:
2823:
2819:
2814:
2803:
2798:
2791:
2786:
2779:
2774:
2767:
2762:
2755:
2750:
2743:
2738:
2723:
2718:
2711:
2703:
2699:
2690:
2688:
2680:
2674:
2670:
2663:
2659:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2639:
2635:
2619:
2615:
2605:
2601:
2588:
2584:
2579:
2575:
2568:
2550:
2546:
2539:
2525:
2521:
2505:
2504:
2492:
2488:
2483:
2479:
2467:
2465:
2456:
2455:
2451:
2442:
2437:
2433:
2416:
2412:
2403:
2401:
2395:
2391:
2382:
2380:
2374:
2370:
2363:
2349:
2336:
2320:
2319:
2307:
2296:
2291:
2287:
2280:
2276:
2259:
2255:
2242:
2238:
2231:
2217:
2213:
2204:
2202:
2193:
2192:
2188:
2179:
2177:
2168:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2147:
2126:
2120:
1918:
1890:
1862:
1834:
1782:
1774:
1747:
1739:
1712:
1704:
1677:
1669:
1642:
1634:
1607:
1599:
1570:
1562:
1554:
1532:
1524:
1516:
1494:
1486:
1478:
1456:
1448:
1440:
1427:Austria-Hungary
1416:
1408:
1400:
1327:German speakers
1315:
1267:
1186:
1184:
1179:
1135:Greater Germany
1112:
1097:Greater Germany
1036:
1030:
978:) to drive it.
968:Achille Starace
951:Street sign in
945:
939:
893:
891:Rise of fascism
848:, today in the
774:Comando Supremo
727:Fourteen Points
672:
612:" territories.
591:Triple Alliance
538:1848 revolution
506:
500:
492:Austria-Hungary
460:Austrian Empire
437:
400:Counts of Tyrol
227:
128:
123:
117:
86:Deutschsüdtirol
82:County of Tyrol
67:
63:
61:
53:
51:
39:
37:
25:
23:
12:
11:
5:
4039:
4029:
4028:
4011:
4010:
4008:
4007:
4002:
3992:
3990:
3986:
3985:
3982:
3981:
3979:
3978:
3977:
3976:
3969:German Samoans
3966:
3965:
3964:
3959:
3949:
3944:
3938:
3936:
3932:
3931:
3929:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3882:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3860:
3858:
3854:
3853:
3851:
3850:
3849:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3828:
3827:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3806:
3805:
3804:
3794:
3793:
3792:
3782:
3781:
3780:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3759:
3758:
3748:
3743:
3742:
3741:
3736:
3726:
3720:
3718:
3712:
3711:
3709:
3708:
3707:
3706:
3692:
3687:
3686:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3650:
3645:
3644:
3643:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3587:
3586:
3580:
3569:
3568:
3567:
3562:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3531:
3529:
3523:
3522:
3519:
3518:
3516:
3515:
3509:
3507:
3503:
3502:
3500:
3499:
3497:United Kingdom
3494:
3489:
3479:
3473:
3471:
3470:Western Europe
3467:
3466:
3464:
3463:
3462:
3461:
3451:
3450:
3449:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3393:
3391:
3387:
3386:
3384:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3367:
3366:
3364:Potato Germans
3361:
3351:
3345:
3343:
3339:
3338:
3336:
3335:
3334:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3303:
3302:
3301:
3299:North Caucasus
3296:
3286:
3285:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3241:
3236:
3226:
3225:
3224:
3214:
3208:
3206:
3205:Eastern Europe
3202:
3201:
3199:
3198:
3193:
3192:
3191:
3181:
3180:
3179:
3174:
3165:
3160:
3150:
3145:
3144:
3143:
3136:Czech Republic
3132:
3130:
3129:Central Europe
3123:
3116:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3106:
3097:
3096:
3095:
3086:Reichsdeutsche
3081:
3078:Bundesdeutsche
3073:
3071:
3067:
3066:
3059:
3058:
3051:
3044:
3036:
3030:
3029:
3023:
2986:
2985:External links
2983:
2982:
2981:
2975:
2960:
2954:
2935:
2929:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2900:
2879:
2853:
2844:
2817:
2801:
2789:
2777:
2765:
2753:
2741:
2721:
2709:
2697:
2668:
2657:
2633:
2613:
2599:
2589:Adolf Hitler,
2582:
2573:
2566:
2544:
2537:
2519:
2502:on 2010-09-20.
2486:
2477:
2468:|journal=
2440:
2431:
2410:
2389:
2368:
2361:
2334:
2317:on 2009-08-22.
2294:
2285:
2274:
2253:
2236:
2229:
2211:
2186:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2154:
2153:
2146:
2143:
2122:Main article:
2119:
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2113:
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2103:
2100:
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2025:
2020:
2017:
2013:
2012:
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1995:
1992:
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1987:
1984:
1981:
1978:
1975:
1970:
1967:
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1935:
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1371:
1314:
1311:
1300:European Union
1266:
1263:
1259:United Nations
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1111:
1108:
1032:Main article:
1029:
1026:
997:Michael Gamper
993:
992:
989:
986:
972:Ettore Tolomei
941:Main article:
938:
937:Italianization
935:
892:
889:
862:federal states
832:and the three
822:Venezia Giulia
762:Ettore Tolomei
723:Woodrow Wilson
671:
668:
621:Central Powers
606:Triple Entente
561:national state
518:Napoleonic Era
499:
496:
436:
433:
408:Henry the Lion
386:) residing at
226:
223:
127:
124:
119:Main article:
116:
113:
111:, since 2001.
98:Central Powers
62:
52:
38:
24:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4038:
4027:
4024:
4023:
4021:
4006:
4003:
4000:
3999:
3994:
3993:
3991:
3987:
3975:
3972:
3971:
3970:
3967:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3954:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3939:
3937:
3933:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3866:
3865:
3862:
3861:
3859:
3855:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3833:
3832:
3829:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3819:Dar es Salaam
3817:
3815:
3812:
3811:
3810:
3807:
3803:
3800:
3799:
3798:
3795:
3791:
3788:
3787:
3786:
3783:
3779:
3776:
3775:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3757:
3754:
3753:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3731:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3721:
3719:
3717:
3713:
3704:
3703:
3702:Colonia Tovar
3698:
3697:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3655:
3654:
3653:United States
3651:
3649:
3646:
3642:
3639:
3638:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3584:
3581:
3578:
3575:
3574:
3573:
3570:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3557:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3532:
3530:
3528:
3524:
3514:
3511:
3510:
3508:
3504:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3487:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3474:
3472:
3468:
3460:
3457:
3456:
3455:
3452:
3447:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3424:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3394:
3392:
3388:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3356:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3349:Baltic states
3347:
3346:
3344:
3340:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3308:
3307:
3304:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3291:
3290:
3287:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3231:
3230:
3227:
3223:
3220:
3219:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3203:
3197:
3194:
3190:
3187:
3186:
3185:
3182:
3178:
3175:
3172:
3171:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3155:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3142:
3139:
3138:
3137:
3134:
3133:
3131:
3127:
3124:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3111:
3104:
3103:
3102:Volksdeutsche
3098:
3094:
3091:
3090:
3088:
3087:
3082:
3079:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3063:German people
3057:
3052:
3050:
3045:
3043:
3038:
3037:
3034:
3027:
3024:
3014:on 2012-08-15
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
3000:
2999:
2997:
2992:
2978:
2972:
2968:
2967:
2961:
2957:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2942:
2936:
2932:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2913:"South Tyrol"
2909:
2908:
2889:
2883:
2867:
2863:
2857:
2848:
2834:
2827:
2821:
2812:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2796:
2794:
2784:
2782:
2772:
2770:
2760:
2758:
2748:
2746:
2736:
2734:
2732:
2730:
2728:
2726:
2716:
2714:
2706:
2701:
2686:
2679:
2672:
2666:
2661:
2644:
2637:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2621:The Economist
2617:
2610:
2609:
2603:
2596:
2592:
2586:
2577:
2569:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2548:
2540:
2538:3-7065-1348-X
2534:
2530:
2523:
2515:
2509:
2501:
2497:
2490:
2481:
2473:
2460:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2435:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2414:
2400:
2393:
2379:
2372:
2364:
2362:0-7658-0800-5
2358:
2354:
2347:
2345:
2343:
2341:
2339:
2330:
2324:
2316:
2312:
2305:
2303:
2301:
2299:
2289:
2283:
2278:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2257:
2250:
2246:
2240:
2232:
2226:
2222:
2215:
2201:on 2008-05-09
2200:
2196:
2190:
2176:on 2008-07-05
2175:
2171:
2165:
2161:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2142:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2125:
2110:
2107:
2104:
2101:
2096:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2085:
2082:
2079:
2076:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2060:
2057:
2054:
2051:
2046:
2043:
2040:
2039:
2035:
2032:
2029:
2026:
2021:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2010:
2007:
2004:
2001:
1996:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1985:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1971:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1955:
1952:
1949:
1944:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1924:
1916:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1905:
1902:
1899:
1896:
1888:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1877:
1874:
1871:
1868:
1860:
1857:
1854:
1853:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1832:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1809:
1806:
1803:
1802:
1799:
1791:
1788:
1780:
1772:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1756:
1753:
1745:
1737:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1721:
1718:
1710:
1702:
1697:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1686:
1683:
1675:
1667:
1662:
1659:
1656:
1655:
1651:
1648:
1640:
1632:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1616:
1613:
1605:
1597:
1592:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1568:
1560:
1552:
1549:
1546:
1545:
1541:
1538:
1530:
1522:
1514:
1511:
1508:
1507:
1503:
1500:
1492:
1484:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1469:
1465:
1462:
1454:
1446:
1438:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1428:
1425:
1422:
1414:
1406:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1361:
1353:
1345:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1310:
1308:
1303:
1301:
1295:
1291:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1272:Kurt Waldheim
1262:
1260:
1256:
1255:Südtirolfrage
1251:
1249:
1244:
1240:
1239:Night of Fire
1236:
1231:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1174:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1159:
1155:
1152:
1148:
1143:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1129:
1126:, along with
1125:
1121:
1117:
1107:
1105:
1100:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1062:
1060:
1059:
1054:
1053:
1049:; in fact in
1048:
1044:
1040:
1035:
1025:
1023:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1009:
1004:
1002:
998:
990:
987:
984:
983:
982:
979:
977:
973:
969:
964:
958:
954:
949:
944:
933:
929:
926:
922:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
900:
899:Trachtenumzug
888:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
869:Governatorato
865:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
826:Governatorato
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
800:
796:
792:
791:Luigi Credaro
788:
783:
780:
776:
775:
770:
765:
763:
759:
753:
751:
745:
742:
740:
737:But when the
734:
730:
728:
724:
720:
719:Saint-Germain
716:
712:
707:
705:
701:
698:and occupied
697:
693:
689:
685:
676:
667:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
636:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
613:
611:
607:
603:
598:
596:
592:
588:
583:
581:
580:
575:
571:
567:
562:
557:
555:
551:
548:in 1866, and
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
510:
505:
495:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
458:in 1805, the
457:
452:
450:
446:
442:
432:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
384:
379:
378:Puster Valley
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
354:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
316:
312:
310:
306:
302:
301:Christianised
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
249:
244:
240:
236:
232:
222:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
197:crossing the
196:
192:
191:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
122:
112:
110:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
80:
76:
75:
59:
49:
45:
35:
31:
30:Tyrol (state)
20:
16:
3797:South Africa
3416:
3170:Walddeutsche
3016:. Retrieved
3012:the original
3007:
2988:
2965:
2940:
2916:
2905:Bibliography
2891:. Retrieved
2882:
2870:. Retrieved
2866:7 March 2013
2865:
2856:
2847:
2836:. Retrieved
2832:
2820:
2763:"Foreigners"
2700:
2689:. Retrieved
2684:
2671:
2660:
2649:. Retrieved
2636:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2606:
2602:
2590:
2585:
2576:
2558:Tyrol Castle
2553:
2547:
2528:
2522:
2500:the original
2489:
2480:
2459:cite journal
2434:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2413:
2402:. Retrieved
2392:
2381:. Retrieved
2371:
2352:
2315:the original
2288:
2277:
2269:
2265:
2256:
2248:
2244:
2239:
2220:
2214:
2203:. Retrieved
2199:the original
2189:
2178:. Retrieved
2174:the original
2164:
2127:
1797:
1339:
1316:
1304:
1296:
1292:
1268:
1254:
1252:
1234:
1232:
1226:
1221:, Italy and
1216:
1211:
1207:
1202:In 1945 the
1201:
1144:
1130:
1113:
1101:
1092:
1084:
1080:
1078:
1063:
1056:
1050:
1039:Adolf Hitler
1037:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1005:
994:
980:
965:
962:
931:
898:
894:
884:
872:
868:
866:
864:of Austria.
846:Livinallongo
836:communes of
825:
821:
818:Julian March
813:
794:
786:
784:
772:
766:
755:
747:
743:
736:
732:
708:
692:Villa Giusti
687:
681:
637:
614:
599:
584:
577:
565:
558:
552:, including
542:independence
526:Risorgimento
515:
488:Cisleithania
483:
453:
438:
412:
388:Tirol Castle
381:
357:
351:
343:
332:Brenner Pass
321:
296:
246:
228:
221:) language.
215:Vulgar Latin
199:Eastern Alps
189:
183:
175:
129:
89:
85:
72:
70:
15:
3998:Ostsiedlung
3947:New Zealand
3921:Philippines
3763:Ivory Coast
3648:Puerto Rico
3601:El Salvador
3492:Netherlands
3446:Gottscheers
3246:(including
3196:Switzerland
2272:, pp. 53-76
1319:South Tyrol
1288:South Tyrol
1241:, when the
1149:. When the
1133:annexed to
1104:Alpine Wall
1072:(including
1043:Third Reich
957:North Tyrol
854:North Tyrol
793:. The term
760:created by
696:North Tyrol
602:World War I
595:World War I
570:irredentism
556:, in 1870.
522:nationalism
413:small-towns
344:Deutschmetz
340:Mezzocorona
225:Middle Ages
195:Roman roads
180:Roman Italy
138:commanders
102:World War I
90:Mitteltirol
74:South Tyrol
71:Modern-day
44:South Tyrol
3911:Kyrgyzstan
3901:Kazakhstan
3802:Afrikaners
3596:Costa Rica
3560:Hutterites
3422:Yugoslavia
3402:Azerbaijan
3311:Bessarabia
3070:Historical
3018:2009-02-21
2946:Peter Lang
2838:2012-06-12
2691:2009-02-21
2651:2007-11-14
2591:Mein Kampf
2580:Mein Kampf
2404:2005-06-20
2383:2005-06-20
2205:2009-02-12
2180:2009-02-12
1307:Euroregion
1158:looted art
1058:Mein Kampf
1052:Mein Kampf
858:East Tyrol
717:powers in
629:Küstenland
610:unredeemed
566:unredeemed
516:After the
435:Modern Age
415:, such as
293:Falschauer
269:stem duchy
106:Euroregion
3942:Australia
3695:Venezuela
3678:Palatines
3626:Nicaragua
3606:Guatemala
3535:Argentina
3316:Black Sea
3262:Satu Mare
3222:Black Sea
3093:Palatines
2629:6467-6470
2627:, issues
2623:, Volume
2608:The Times
1284:The Hague
1276:Aldo Moro
1212:Dableiber
1081:Dableiber
953:Innsbruck
700:Innsbruck
664:Innsbruck
534:hegemonic
451:in 1504.
443:from the
441:immediate
370:Val Badia
366:Eisacktal
324:Conrad II
253:Bavarians
248:Alamannia
239:Vinschgau
201:like the
172:Waidbruck
126:Antiquity
4020:Category
3989:See also
3916:Pakistan
3824:Zanzibar
3814:Bagamoyo
3809:Tanzania
3729:Cameroon
3663:Nebraska
3631:Paraguay
3591:Colombia
3527:Americas
3459:Bosporus
3442:Slovenia
3407:Bulgaria
3267:Bukovina
3252:Highland
3239:Landlers
3184:Slovakia
3114:Diaspora
2893:28 March
2872:28 March
2508:cite web
2323:cite web
2145:See also
1822:Country
1789:511,750
1765:314,604
1754:462,999
1730:296,461
1719:440,508
1695:287,503
1684:430,568
1660:279,544
1649:414,041
1625:260,351
1614:373,863
1590:232,717
1577:254,735
1550:193,271
1539:251,451
1512:223,913
1501:222,794
1474:197,822
1463:210,285
1436:187,100
1423:205,306
1396:186,087
1388:Country
1167:Florence
1131:de facto
1093:Optanten
1085:Optanten
1012:prefetti
976:Rovereto
799:linguist
758:toponymy
706:valley.
702:and the
686:, Italy
633:Dalmatia
484:Kronland
456:Napoleon
425:Sterzing
368:and the
257:Lombards
207:Illyrian
188:Regio X
176:Sublavio
144:Tiberius
60:(Italy)
58:Trentino
3935:Oceania
3879:Tianjin
3874:Qingdao
3869:Beijing
3836:Baguida
3785:Senegal
3773:Nigeria
3768:Namibia
3739:Yaoundé
3690:Uruguay
3683:by city
3616:Jamaica
3545:Bolivia
3477:Belgium
3432:Croatia
3412:Georgia
3397:Armenia
3376:Finland
3354:Denmark
3331:Galicia
3306:Ukraine
3272:Dobruja
3229:Romania
3217:Moldova
3212:Belarus
3177:Galicia
3163:Olęders
3158:Vistula
3148:Hungary
2919:. USA:
2421:, Vol.
1810:Italian
1769:118,120
1734:113,494
1699:116,914
1664:123,695
1629:137,759
1594:128,271
1376:Italian
1335:Italian
1333:, 2.9%
1329:, 3.8%
1248:Belluno
1223:Austria
1171:Werwolf
1074:annexed
1070:Germany
1024:(VKS).
1008:podestà
916:Vicenza
908:Brescia
838:Cortina
824:). The
814:Venezia
806:Gorizia
750:Orlando
715:Entente
711:Austria
658:). The
587:Germany
546:Venetia
466:in the
429:Bruneck
417:Bolzano
362:Wipptal
358:Norital
291:on the
285:Kaltern
277:Salorno
273:Bavaria
164:Bolzano
152:Noricum
34:Austria
3962:Rabaul
3957:Kokopo
3891:Israel
3751:Guinea
3734:Douala
3724:Angola
3716:Africa
3641:Pozuzo
3621:Mexico
3555:Canada
3550:Brazil
3540:Belize
3482:France
3454:Turkey
3437:Serbia
3381:Sweden
3371:Norway
3326:Crimea
3289:Russia
3282:Zipser
3256:Walser
3254:, and
3244:Danube
3189:Zipser
3153:Poland
3122:Europe
2973:
2952:
2927:
2564:
2535:
2425:, No.
2359:
2227:
2111:Italy
2108:100.0
2086:Italy
2083:100.0
2061:Italy
2058:100.0
2036:Italy
2033:100.0
2011:Italy
2008:100.0
1986:Italy
1983:100.0
1956:100.0
1931:100.0
1903:100.0
1875:100.0
1847:100.0
1816:Others
1807:German
1792:Italy
1785:58,478
1777:20,548
1757:Italy
1750:34,308
1742:18,736
1722:Italy
1715:17,657
1707:18,434
1687:Italy
1672:17,736
1652:Italy
1637:15,456
1617:Italy
1602:12,594
1573:24,506
1557:27,048
1535:10,770
1382:Others
1373:German
1323:German
1163:Uffizi
1147:Europe
1120:Sicily
1116:Allies
912:Verona
904:Mantua
877:Trento
576:: see
550:Latium
421:Merano
396:feudal
392:Merano
364:, the
350:. The
336:Trento
309:Trento
305:Brixen
297:Salurn
184:Italia
168:Merano
160:Eisack
148:Raetia
140:Drusus
64:
56:
54:
42:
40:
28:
26:
3906:Korea
3896:Japan
3886:India
3864:China
3778:Lagos
3746:Ghana
3673:Omaha
3668:Texas
3611:Haiti
3572:Chile
3294:Volga
3277:Regat
3248:Banat
2829:(PDF)
2681:(PDF)
2646:(PDF)
2105:11.4
2094:61.5
2091:2011
2069:64.0
2066:2001
2044:65.3
2041:1991
2019:64.9
2016:1981
1994:62.9
1991:1971
1969:62.2
1966:1961
1960:Italy
1942:75.9
1939:1921
1914:89.0
1911:1910
1886:88.8
1883:1900
1858:89.0
1855:1890
1830:90.6
1827:1880
1819:Total
1813:Ladin
1762:2011
1727:2001
1692:1991
1680:9,593
1657:1981
1622:1971
1587:1961
1581:Italy
1565:9,910
1547:1921
1527:9,429
1519:7,339
1509:1910
1497:7,149
1489:8,907
1481:8,916
1471:1900
1459:6,884
1451:8,954
1443:9,369
1433:1890
1419:3,513
1411:8,822
1403:6,884
1393:1880
1385:Total
1379:Ladin
1331:Ladin
1219:Italy
1089:Nazis
834:Ladin
816:(the
804:from
644:Piave
625:Tyrol
589:(see
390:near
383:Vögte
281:Eppan
231:Goths
219:Ladin
211:Raeti
156:Adige
136:Roman
132:Raeti
94:Italy
48:Italy
3974:Apia
3857:Asia
3846:Lomé
3841:Sebe
3831:Togo
3636:Peru
2971:ISBN
2950:ISBN
2925:ISBN
2895:2014
2874:2014
2562:ISBN
2533:ISBN
2514:link
2472:help
2357:ISBN
2329:link
2225:ISBN
2137:and
2102:4.0
2098:23.1
2080:7.4
2077:4.0
2073:24.5
2055:4.0
2052:4.2
2048:26.5
2030:2.2
2027:4.1
2023:28.7
2005:0.1
2002:3.7
1998:33.3
1980:0.1
1977:3.4
1973:34.3
1953:9.6
1950:3.9
1946:10.6
1928:4.3
1925:3.8
1900:3.2
1897:4.0
1872:2.3
1869:4.3
1844:1.7
1841:4.3
1804:Year
1643:123,
1608:123,
1370:Year
970:and
914:and
856:and
844:and
631:and
554:Rome
307:and
289:Lana
209:and
170:and
158:and
150:and
142:and
2625:224
2423:126
1921:2.9
1893:4.0
1865:4.5
1837:3.4
1645:475
1610:281
1282:in
1165:in
1014:".
875:in
704:Inn
427:or
356:of
353:Gau
271:of
186:),
100:in
4022::
3250:,
3006:.
2915:.
2864:.
2831:.
2804:^
2792:^
2780:^
2768:^
2756:^
2744:^
2724:^
2712:^
2683:.
2556:.
2510:}}
2506:{{
2463::
2461:}}
2457:{{
2443:^
2337:^
2325:}}
2321:{{
2297:^
2270:10
2268:,
2264:.
2141:.
2133:,
1678:12
1563:12
1525:12
1517:12
1495:12
1487:12
1479:12
1457:12
1449:12
1441:12
1417:12
1409:12
1401:12
1151:US
955:,
910:,
906:,
840:,
627:,
582:.
520:,
494:.
431:.
423:,
419:,
311:.
283:,
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3448:)
3444:(
3258:)
3055:e
3048:t
3041:v
3021:.
2979:.
2958:.
2933:.
2897:.
2876:.
2841:.
2694:.
2654:.
2597:.
2570:.
2541:.
2516:)
2474:)
2470:(
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2407:.
2386:.
2365:.
2331:)
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2208:.
2183:.
1919:1
1891:1
1863:1
1835:1
1783:1
1775:1
1748:1
1740:1
1713:1
1705:1
1670:1
1635:1
1600:2
1571:1
1555:1
1533:1
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