722:
the aggressive leadership of state superintendent of schools Thomas A. Parker, the number of public schools jumped from 48,000 in 1867 to 75,000 in 1870, as enrollment grew from 169,000 to 280,000. The 1870 totals included 9100 black students. About 59 percent of the eligible white children attended school annually in 1870, along with 21 percent of the eligible black children. Parker built up organizations of teachers at the county level, as well as the state level, holding numerous clinics to provide the pedagogical education the teachers lacked. New normal schools, to train teachers, were opened at
Kirksville and Warrensburg in 1870. A new state university was founded in Columbia, with land-grant federal aid. However it had to share some of that aid with the new school of mines at Rolla.
742:). She became the first female principal of secondary school in the United States. During her tenure, Brackett worked to ensure female students had access to higher education and liberal studies as preparation for professional teaching. She made two proposals to the Board of Education that were eventually adopted. The first proposal was an age requirement for entrance to the school. Second, there should be an entrance exam for admission to the St. Louis Normal School. In 1872, Brackett resigned as principal after there were changes in the curriculum that went against her beliefs.
849:, in an effort to desegregate the City's remaining schools. Despite opposition from state and local political leaders, the plan significantly desegregated St. Louis schools; in 1980, 82 percent of black students in the city attended all-black schools, while in 1995, only 41 percent did so. During the late 1990s, the St. Louis voluntary transfer program was the largest such program in the United States, with more than 14,000 enrolled students. The program is shrinking every year and will end after the 2030–2031 school year.
757:
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Herculaneum, and in rural areas in both Cooper and Howard counties. They were proprietary schools run by itinerant teachers who catered to boys of families who could pay small stipends, and usually provide room and board for the teacher. A few coeducational schools existed in some rural areas by the 1830s. Eleven schools for girls also operated during the territorial period, but these focused on basic literacy and homemaking practices.
634:
705:, SJ., was a key leader in building Catholicism in the West from his arrival 1823 to his death in 1853. As the first Jesuit president of St. Louis College, he Americanized the Jesuits, created a curriculum to fit frontier needs, integrated the school into Catholic life, moved the school to a bigger campus, and established a medical department.
824:
In the early 1950s, legal challenges led to the admission of black students to the
University of Missouri, which had heretofore been a white-only institution. From 1950 to 1954, four attempts were made by black families to enroll their students in white schools in Kansas City, St. Louis County, and
721:
in power strongly favored modernization through the rapid growth in public schools. Their 1865 Constitution, and numerous state laws, called for a large network of public schools, including ones for black children. The plan was to require four months terms of schooling every year for children. Under
844:
In the 1970s, a lawsuit challenged segregation in St Louis city and suburban schools led to a 1983 settlement agreement in which St. Louis County school districts agreed to accept black students from the city on a voluntary basis. State funds were used to transport students to provide an integrated
686:
The small historically French settlements that became part of the United States in 1803 had limited schooling. Schools were established in several
Missouri towns; by 1821, they existed in the towns of St. Louis, St. Charles, Ste. Genevieve, Florissant, Cape Girardeau, Franklin, Potosi, Jackson, and
836:
avoided integration until the mid-1960s, along with several other
Bootheel districts. In many cases, black students were assigned to schools more than 30 miles from their homes, beyond white schools, and many libraries and parks remained off limits to black students. Many black teachers were laid
708:
Before the Civil War, Missouri followed the southern pattern that downplayed public schooling, as well-to-do families patronized local private academies. Ambitious but poor parents pooled their resources to hire part-time teachers for their children. Public high schools opened in St Louis and St.
780:
During the war, the 62nd
Colored Infantry regiment of the U.S. Army, largely recruited in Missouri, set up educational program for its soldiers. At the end of the war it raised $ 6300 To set up a black school, to be headed by a white abolitionist officer, Richard Foster (1826–1901). Foster opened
725:
The public school system across the state was heavily oriented toward providing the three Rs of elementary education. High schools were rare outside the major cities. Families that could afford to have children attend school rather than hold a paying job patronized 45 academies in 1870, most of
840:
By 1970 the Kansas City school district had experienced massive white and middle-class black flight that left it with a smaller tax base and a severe money shortage. The district increasingly depended on federal funding and could not afford to turn down large federal grants that required it to
798:
passed
Congress, giving generous deeds of public land to states that created schools with programs in engineering and scientific agriculture. Debates over the Civil War and reconstruction slowed progress in Missouri, but finally in 1870 the obvious importance of mining in the state, as well as
811:
Older farmers had long been dubious about the benefits of schooling for their sons because it took them away from learning at home what they needed to know about farming. Reformers set up educational trains across the state around 1902, bringing displays of scientific advances regarding farm
785:
in
Jefferson City in 1866. Lincoln had a black student body, both black and white teachers, and outside support from religious groups. The state government was supportive and provided $ 5000 a year to train teachers for the new black school system. It was later renamed Lincoln University.
730:
as superintendent of schools 1868–1880, developed one of the nation's outstanding public school systems, complete with the first public kindergartens. Once the conservatives returned to power in 1872, however, public schooling became again a low priority matter in rural
Missouri.
812:
techniques and new technology, with an appeal to farmers of all ages. after 1914, the federal government expanded the extension service in the county agent system, which produced permanent support in each county to keep
Farmers up to speed on new technology. The
1188:
Justin D. Smith, "Hostile
Takeover: The State of Missouri, the St. Louis School District, and the Struggle for Quality Education in the Inner-City: Board of Education of the City of St. Louis V. Missouri State Board of Education"
1429:
Olson, Audrey Louise. "St. Louis Germans, 1850–1920: The nature of an immigrant community and its relation to the assimilation process" (PhD dissertation, University of Kansas; ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 1970. 7025388).
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integrate faster. Ultimately, the desegregation that was accomplished in Kansas City was far too little and came far too late, after the district had lost most of its white students to the suburbs, says historian Peter Moran.
998:
1488:
1424:
1402:
1412:
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Education for enslaved people was practically nonexistent in Missouri, the small free black population in St. Louis provided small-scale schooling. During and after the Civil War, a private religious group, the
1265:
Gersman, Elinor Mondale. "Education in St. Louis, 1880–1900: a case study of schools in society" (PhD dissertation, Washington University in St. Louis, 1969; ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 1969. 7010952).
1284:
1518:
417:
1495:
Nelson, Lynn R., and Frederick D. Drake. "The Eclipse of Progressive, Democratic Education in the United States: A Case Study of Springfield, Missouri Schools, 1924–1952." (ERIC, 1998)
160:
832:(1954), Missouri Attorney General announced that Missouri's school segregation laws were void. Despite this, several Missouri districts refused to comply with the ruling; schools in
825:
St. Louis City. In Kansas City, 150 black students attempted to enroll at a white school; despite their schools not offering gymnasiums or auditoriums, their attempt was rejected.
1215:
Benton, Edwin Joseph. “A History of Public Education in Missouri, 1760–1964” (PhD dissertation, Saint Louis University; ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 1965. 6514633)., 127pp.
1535:
622:
226:
1235:
Brigham, Robert Irving. "The Education of the Negro in Missouri" (PhD dissertation, University of Missouri - Columbia; ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 1946. 0001274).
531:
184:
deals with schooling over two centuries, from the settlements In the early 19th century to the present. It covers students, teachers, schools, and educational policies.
1316:
Howren, Gary Allen. "The history of school finance in Missouri" (PhD dissertation, University of Missouri - Columbia; ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 1993. 9404979.
230:
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302:
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In the 1830s to 1850s the legislature passed several ambitious laws, but they were too complex, too expensive and too centralized; none were put in effect.
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Peter Moran, "Too little, too late: The illusive goal of school desegregation in Kansas City, Missouri, and the role of the federal government."
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off after integration. In Moberly, eleven black teachers were laid off in 1955, and more than 125 teachers lost their jobs in mid-Missouri.
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402:
1175:
William Freivogel, "St. Louis: Desegregation and School Choice in the Land of Dred Scott" (Century Foundation Press, September 17, 2002
1319:
Hunt, John W., and Linda C. Morice. "Caught in the crossfire: Factors influencing the closing of Missouri's Black schools, 1865–1905."
437:
346:
967:
John W. Hunt and Linda C. Morice. "Caught in the crossfire: factors influencing the closing of Missouri's black schools, 1865-1905."
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Engineering and agricultural education was a rarity in American higher education in 1860, but that changed dramatically in 1862, The
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which were attached to the 37 small private colleges. Most were run by religious denominations. St. Louis, under the leadership of
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Looking Ahead To Better Education In Missouri, A Report On Organization, Structure, And Financing Of Schools And Junior Colleges.
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197:
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History of Missouri, Vol. 1.: From the Earliest Explorations and Settlements until the Admission of the State into the Union
701:), was established in 1818 as the first college west of the Mississippi River. According to William Barnaby Faherty, Rev.
521:
454:
383:
329:
307:
297:
1098:
Harry J. Eisenman, “Origins of engineering education in Missouri,” ‘’Missouri Historical Review’’ (1969) 63#4 pp 451-460.
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J. Michael Hoey, "Missouri Education at the Crossroads: The Phelan Miscalculation and the Education Amendment of 1870."
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became the Catholic bishop of St Louis in 1818 he began numerous projects. A Catholic academy, St. Louis Academy (later
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351:
292:
95:
72:
1462:
1269:
Gersman, Elinor Mondale. "The Development of Public Education for Blacks in Nineteenth Century St. Louis, Missouri."
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769:, based in New England, worked to advance black education in Missouri. They funded Colonel F. A. Seely of the
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62:
57:
23:
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378:
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Richardson, Joe M. "The American Missionary Association and Black Education in Civil War Missouri."
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education. The agreement also called for white students from the county to voluntarily attend city
449:
1397:
McMillan, Margaret, and Morris, Monia Cook "Educational Opportunities in Early Missouri." Part I:
795:
954:
William Barnaby Faherty, “Peter Verhaegen: Pioneer Missouri Educator and Church Administrator,”
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67:
1615:(Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, 1920), long, in-depth study of Missouri
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858:
727:
422:
1332:
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Williams, Henry Sullivan. “The Development of the Negro Public School System in Missouri.”
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738:, educated in Massachusetts, was appointed principal of the St. Louis Normal School (now
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32:
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After the United States Supreme Court declared school segregation unconstitutional in
1629:"Education research guide" Full text of scholarly articles on education published in
1507:
1458:
1438:
1370:
1363:
1339:
1059:
756:
1279:
Gersman, Elinor Mondale. "Progressive reform of the St. Louis school board, 1897."
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in Rolla and a new agricultural school at the University of Missouri in Columbia.
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1496:
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Roy V. Scott, "Railroads and farmers: educational trains in Missouri, 1902-1914."
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702:
115:
110:
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1251:(University of Missouri press, 1999); 700 short biographies by experts; 848pp.
1644:
1525:
Slavery, southern culture, and education in Little Dixie, Missouri, 1820–1860
1291:
Glauert, Ralph E. "Stereotypes and Cliches: The pioneer teacher in Missouri"
735:
489:
1560:
The History of the Development of Public Education in Kansas City, Missouri
1453:
Parrish, William Earl; Jones, Charles T.; Christensen, Lawrence O. (2004).
1022:
Norma Kidd Green, "Brackett, Anna Calender," in Edward T. James et al eds.
935:
Founded in 1818, SLU was the first university west of the Mississippi River
1205:
Bellamy, Donnie D. "The education of Blacks in Missouri prior to 1861."
1274:
1210:
1112:
777:. They criss-crossed the state after 1864 and opened 32 black schools.
1541:
Troen, Selwyn K. "Popular education in nineteenth century St. Louis."
1218:
Billington, Monroe. "Public School Integration in Missouri, 1954-64,"
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movement grew in the 1920s to help educate and motivate farm youth .
1123:
Clarence R. Keathley, and Donna M. Ham, "4-H Club Work in Missouri",
105:
1613:
The Professional Preparation Of Teachers For American Public Schools
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The Public and the Schools: Shaping the St. Louis System, 1838–1920
1437:. Vol. III. Columbia, Missouri: University of Missouri Press.
1051:
600:
1574:
1369:. Vol. VI. Columbia, Missouri: University of Missouri Press.
1223:
1338:. Vol. V. Columbia, Missouri: University of Missouri Press.
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Lawrence O. Christensen, "Schools for Blacks: J. Milton Turner"
1419:
Morris, Monia Cook "Teacher Training in Missouri before 1871."
933:
633:
1228:
Brigham, Robert I. "Negro Education in Ante Bellum Missouri."
1390:
McKee, H.I. "The school law of 1853, its origin and authors.
1355:
Race and Meaning: The African American Experience in Missouri
1024:
Notable American Women, 1607–1950: A Biographical Dictionary
1588:
In retrospect: a narrative on Missouri education 1938–1973
982:
Founding the Future: A History of Truman State University
813:
1452:
1483:
Phillips, C. A. "A Century of Education in Missouri."
1608:; recollections from the Missouri Ozarks in 1930s.
1504:Lion of the Valley: St. Louis, Missouri, 1764–1980
1362:
1357:(University of Missouri Press, 2014). xiv, 269 pp.
1331:
799:agriculture, forced the legislature to create the
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1487:15 (January 1921): 298-314, a shorter summary;
1240:Christensen, Lawrence O. and Gary R. Kremer.
789:
1590:( Missouri State Teachers Association., 1991)
1258:(Academy for Educational Development: 1966).
760:James Milton Turner (1840–1915) later in life
667:
161:
1052:Lawrence O. Christensen et al. eds. (1999).
1411:33 (July 1939): 477-498. deals with girls.
1401:33 (April 1939): 307-325, deals with boys.
1385:A History of Missouri: Volume II, 1820–1860
1329:
1242:A History of Missouri: vol IV 1875 to 1919
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168:
154:
1651:History of education in the United States
1562:(University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1925)
884:History of education in the United States
241:History of education in the United States
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717:During Reconstruction in the 1860s, the
1532:A Second Home: Missouri's Early Schools
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1387:(U of Missouri Press, 1971) pp 190-205.
801:Missouri School of Mines and Metallurgy
1643:
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1321:American Educational History Journal
1247:Christensen, Lawrence O. et al. eds.
1244:(U of Missouri Press, 1997) pp 53-62.
874:History of the University of Missouri
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266:History of education in New York City
256:History of education in Massachusetts
1058:. U of Missouri Press. p. 312.
969:American Educational History Journal
1435:A History of Missouri: 1860 to 1875
1365:A History of Missouri: 1953 to 2003
1334:A History of Missouri: 1919 to 1953
894:Normal schools in the United States
13:
1580:
1474:A history of education in Missouri
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1622:
1506:(1998) a major scholarly history
1455:Missouri, the Heart of the Nation
1011:Missouri: The Heart of the Nation
1552:(1975), a major scholarly study
1480:; a standard scholarly history.
1249:Dictionary of Missouri Biography
1055:Dictionary of Missouri Biography
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261:History of education in Missouri
251:History of education in Kentucky
182:history of education in Missouri
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1330:Kirkendall, Richard S. (2004).
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767:American Missionary Association
695:Louis William Valentine Dubourg
246:History of education in Chicago
1543:History of Education Quarterly
1281:History of Education Quarterly
1026:(Harvard UP, 1971) 1:217-218.
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924:McCandless, (1971) p. 190-194.
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752:Lincoln University (Missouri)
746:Schools for African Americans
740:Harris–Stowe State University
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1534:(U of Missouri Press, 2006)
1433:Parrish, William E. (1973).
1361:Larsen, Lawrence H. (2004).
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7:
1611:Learned, William S. et al.
1472:Phillips, Claude Anderson.
1457:(3 ed.). H. Davidson.
1166:107.9 (2005): pp 1933-1955.
1164:The Teachers College Record
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830:Brown v. Board of Education
790:Engineering and agriculture
559:For-profit higher education
10:
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1631:Missouri Historical Review
1515:Missouri Historical Review
1485:Missouri Historical Review
1423:43 (October 1948): 18-37.
1421:Missouri Historical Review
1409:Missouri Historical Review
1399:Missouri Historical Review
1392:Missouri Historical Review
1293:Missouri Historical Review
1271:Journal of Negro Education
1220:Journal of Negro Education
1136:Lorenzo J. Greene, et al.
1125:Missouri Historical Review
1040:Missouri Historical Review
995:Missouri Historical Review
956:Missouri Historical Review
749:
512:School corporal punishment
1151:Missouri's Black Heritage
1138:Missouri's Black Heritage
1127:(1977) 71#2 pp. 193-203.
1042:(1982) 76#2 pp. 121-135..
997:95 (July 2001): 372-393.
547:School-to-work transition
1593:Mott, Frank Luther. ed.
1573:5#2 (1920), pp. 137–65.
1571:Journal of Negro History
1517:69 (July 1975): 433-448
1323:35.1/2 (2008): 233-250.
1295:(1978) 72#2 pp. 136–153.
1230:Journal of Negro History
1222:(1966) 35#3 pp 252-262.
1207:Journal of Negro History
980:David Clifford Nichols,
913:The Heritage of Missouri
899:
650:United States portal
196:This article is part of
144:United States portal
1394:(1941) 25, pp.539-561.
958:(1966) 60#4 pp 407-415.
945:date=February 20, 2013.
915:(3 ed. 1982) pp 138-42.
796:Morrill Land-Grant Acts
368:Education policy issues
337:Environmental education
1232:30.4 (1945): 405-420.
1209:59.2 (1974): 143–157.
864:Education in St. Louis
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699:Saint Louis University
505:Standards-based reform
480:Gender achievement gap
470:Racial achievement gap
403:Educational attainment
121:St. Louis World's Fair
1656:Education in Missouri
1538:; a scholarly history
1469:; university textbook
1350:; pp 99–114, 452-454.
859:Education in Missouri
759:
750:Further information:
728:William Torrey Harris
709:Joseph in the 1850s.
571:Research universities
438:Student financial aid
433:Graduate unemployment
408:Post-secondary issues
384:Primary and secondary
347:Mathematics education
1597:(1964) pp . 277-301.
1558:Wiberg, Ella Lydia.
1273:41.1 (1972): 35-47.
1109:Agricultural History
889:History of St. Louis
639:Education portal
475:Desegregation busing
428:Elite overproduction
357:Vocational education
1545:13.1 (1973): 23-40.
1502:Primm, James Neal.
1383:McCandless, Perry.
1283:10.1 (1970): 3-21.
1191:Missouri Law Review
1111:36.1 (1962): 3-15.
971:35.1/2 (2008): 233.
879:History of Missouri
775:James Milton Turner
773:, and black leader
719:Radical Republicans
592:Levels of education
564:For-profit colleges
532:Foreign involvement
33:History of Missouri
1527:(Routledge, 2013).
1523:Stone, Jeffrey C.
1084:has generic name (
941:2013-02-17 at the
820:School integration
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554:Community colleges
500:School segregation
418:Cost and financing
342:Language education
68:Territorial period
1602:Backwoods Teacher
1548:Troen, Selwyn K.
1254:Eurich, Alvin C.
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517:School meals
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58:Pre-colonial
15:
1586:Keith, E.
1449:pp 170–189.
1193:74#4 (2009)
1645:Categories
1444:0826201482
1376:0826215467
1345:0826204945
1312:online v 3
1304:online v 1
834:Charleston
485:Head Start
460:Inequality
313:Law school
188:Early days
111:Mormon War
1407:Part II:
1308:online v2
1179:pp 209-35
1074:cite book
1009:Parrish,
734:In 1863,
713:1860–1900
613:Secondary
397:Financing
106:Honey War
101:Education
96:Civil War
939:Archived
853:See also
283:Literacy
227:By state
198:a series
90:By topic
51:Timeline
24:a series
22:Part of
1604:(1949)
1476:(1911)
1262:, 119pp
984:(2007).
609:Primary
219:Summary
126:Slavery
76:present
1617:online
1606:online
1575:online
1564:online
1554:online
1536:online
1519:online
1508:online
1497:online
1489:online
1478:online
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1425:online
1413:online
1403:online
1373:
1342:
1325:online
1285:online
1260:online
1224:online
1211:online
1177:online
1113:online
1062:
1028:online
999:online
450:Reform
413:Bubble
26:on the
1275:onlne
900:Notes
693:When
73:1821–
1633:and
1459:ISBN
1439:ISBN
1371:ISBN
1340:ISBN
1086:help
1060:ISBN
615:) –
601:K–12
229:and
180:The
814:4-H
1647::
1310:;
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1078::
1076:}}
1072:{{
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607:(
169:e
162:t
155:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
