History of nursing in the United Kingdom

707:, N. Ireland died in service. Ruth Hannah Dickson had served in WW1. She re-joined the QA/Rs in Singapore having been a missionary in China. The evacuation ship she was aboard was hit by a Japanese U-boat as it left Singapore. She survived the attack to be taken Prisoner of War and died in a concentration camp in 1944. Ellen Lowry and Ida Nelson were nursing with the Colonial Service in Singapore. Their ship was also attacked leaving Singapore and they drowned. Doreen Pedlow QA was aboard a ship leaving Singapore when it too was hit. Doreen drifted for three days on a raft before she died. Beatrice Dowling was serving with the Naval Nursing Service in Singapore when she too died at sea. TheirIne 5 names are on the Roll of Honour in Westminster Abbey. At the outbreak of WW2 there were 640 nurses attached to QAIMNS. By the end of the war this number had risen through the recruitment of reservists to 12,000. 703:(QAIMNS), as they had during World War I, and as they remain today. (Nurses belonging to the QAIMNS are informally called "QA"s.) Members of the Army Nursing Service served in every overseas British military campaign during World War II, as well as at military hospitals in Britain. At the beginning of World War II, nurses held officer status with equivalent rank, but were not commissioned officers. In 1941, emergency commissions and a rank structure were created, conforming with the structure used in the rest of the British Army. Nurses were given rank badges and were now able to be promoted to ranks from Lieutenant through to Brigadier. Nurses were exposed to all dangers during the War, and some were captured and became prisoners of war.Two hundred and thirty-six nurses died as a consequence of the war. Five nurses who trained at the 77:

religious sisters who were recruited separately from nurses and were more respectable, honest and conscientiously devoted to the welfare of patients (which often brought them into conflict with the hospital authorities). Matrons, whose work was largely administrative, were even more so. The Nursing Sisters of St John the Divine (est.1848) and the All Saints Sisters of the Poor (1851) provided the nursing staff for several of London's largest teaching hospitals, including Kings College, Charing Cross and University College Hospitals until close to the end of the century.

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All led to SRN... State Registration in addition to a Degree (either B.Sc or B.A. Some also included additional certifications such as: Certificate in Obstetrics (Newcastle), Certificate in Health Visiting ( Liverpool) Student nurses on these courses were unpaid, but may have been eligible for mandatory/ concessionary student grants. Unlike traditional hospital training courses which took 3yrs, a Nursing Degree course lasted between 4 and 4.5 yrs.

276:, insisted on replacing Helena as President of the Army Nursing Service. In accordance with rank, Helena agreed to resign in Alexandra's favour, and she retained presidency of the Army Nursing Reserve. Though thought to be merely an artefact created by society ladies, Helena exercised an efficient and autocratic regime—"if anyone ventures to disagree with Her Royal Highness she has simply said, 'It is my wish, that is sufficient.'" 233:

almost entirely mental nurses and were not admitted to nurse training schools. Nurses in workhouses were paid about £17 a year. Hospital nurses in 1902 were paid around £19 a year, but the cost of maintenance, laundry, uniforms and accommodation which were provided was around £30 a year. In domiciliary work two guineas a week with meals provided was normal pay, and the work was easier. In hospitals 12-hour days were normal.

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Almost as an afterthought, Briggs also recommended the replacement of the existing regulatory structure (involving nine separate bodies across the United Kingdom) with a unified central council and separate boards in each of the four countries with specific responsibility for education. Six years of debate and delay followed before the modified Briggs proposals formed the basis of the

495:(VAD) nurses who had been enrolled by the Red Cross. The ranks that were created for the new nursing services were Matron-in-Chief, Principal Matron, Sister and Staff Nurses. Women joined steadily throughout the War. At the end of 1914, there were 2,223 regular and reserve members of the QAIMNS and when the war ended there were 10,404 trained nurses in the QAIMNS. 204:, which opposed the new register and sought to align themselves more closely with the medical profession. Florence Nightingale, incidentally, supported neither group and was opposed to any form of regulation for nursing, believing that the essential qualities of the nurse could neither be taught, examined nor regulated. 945:, provide guidance to registrants, and handle professional misconduct complaints. At the same time, National Boards were created for each of the UK countries. Their main functions were to monitor the quality of nursing and midwifery education courses, and to maintain the training records of students on these courses. 357:(often called Zulu War) from 1879 to 1881. They were also dispatched to serve during the Egyptian Campaign in 1882 and the Sudan War of 1883 to 1884. During the Sudan War members of the Army Nursing Service nursed in hospital ships on the Nile as well as the Citadel in Cairo. Almost 2000 nurses served during the second 631:

was appointed to chair a committee of inquiry into the arrangements for "recruitment, training and registration and terms and conditions of service" for nurses. It found that about 12,000 new recruits were needed each year. It recommended higher pay, a 96-hour fortnight and four weeks holiday a year,

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of the leading hospitals, agreed with registration, but differed in their views of the required length of training, arguing for three years as opposed to the one supported by the Hospitals Association. In 1887, the Hospitals Association over-ruled the matrons and established a non-statutory voluntary

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Some Polytechnics and Universities started to offer Degrees in Nursing, which combined higher level study and practical clinical ward based training. Newcastle Polytechnic, Leeds Polytechnic, Manchester University, London University and Liverpool University were the first. Each course was different.

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to oversee the introduction of female nurses into the military hospitals in Turkey. In November 1854, Nightingale arrived at the Barrack Hospital at Scutari, with a party of ten nurses and ten religious sisters, Anglican and Roman Catholic. Initially the doctors did not want the nurses there and did

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In 2017 the student nurse bursary was abolished in England and Wales, resulting in a 23% fall in the number of nurse degree applicants. Northern Ireland retained the bursary and applications remained steady at an average of 10 applicants per year for every one commissioned place on an undergraduate

505:(FANY), which had formed in 1907 as an auxiliary to the home guard in Britain. McDougall at one point was captured by the Germans but escaped. The British army wanted nothing to do with them so they drove ambulances and ran hospitals and casualty clearing stations for the Belgian and French armies. 268:

of those devoted and self-sacrificing women whose whole lives have been devoted to tending the sick, the suffering, and the dying". In the same speech, she warned about opposition and misrepresentation they had encountered. Although the RBNA was in favour of registration as a means of enhancing and

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The armed forces estimated at the beginning of the war that they needed 5000 trained nurses. Up to 67,000 were thought to be needed to care for the expected air-raid casualties. This was more than the number of trained nurses in employment. A Civil Nursing Reserve was set up - 7000 trained nurses,

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established the first two year training scheme in London. She instituted a series of lectures by herself, a surgeon and a physician. In 1884 she introduced the precursor to Sister -Tutors, and selected two of her most trusted and skilled hospital sisters to give probationers extra tuition. Before

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and the nurses were fully stretched. Nightingale was horrified at what she found in the makeshift hospital: doctors reusing infected rags, the used rags just remaining in a pile, soldiers left unwashed and bleeding. She introduced sanitary protocols and reduced the casualty rate by fifty percent.

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In 1901 there were 3,170 paid nurses employed in workhouses, with about 2,000 probationers - about one nurse for 20 patients. In total there were about 63,500 female nurses and 5,700 male nurses in England and Wales, working both in institutions and, the majority, in patients homes. The men were

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The Briggs Committee was established in 1970 due to pressure from the RCN to consider issues around the quality and nature of nurse training and the place of nursing within the NHS, rather than regulation per se. It reported in 1972 and recommended a number of changes to professional education.

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was between 6 shillings and 9s 6d a week, with some board and lodging. Outside London pay was much lower. Few nurses were described as educated. Facilities in hospitals were poor, though some began to provide meals for nurses. The designation 'sister' occurred consequent to the ministry of

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The First World War provided the final impetus to the establishment of nursing regulation, partly because of the specific contribution made by nurses to the war effort and also as a reflection of the increased contribution of women more generally in society. The College of Nursing (later the

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3000 assistant nurses and also nursing auxiliaries. The auxiliaries were given fifty hours training in hospital before they started work. After protests it was agreed that they should not do domestic work. 6,200 from the Civil Nursing Reserve were working in hospitals in June 1940.

291:(RCN), and the RBNA lost membership and dominance. Helena supported the proposed amalgamation of the RBNA with the new RCN, but that proved unsuccessful when the RBNA pulled out of the negotiations. However, Princess Helena remained active in other nursing organisations. 952:(NMC). The English National Board was also abolished and its quality assurance function was taken on board by the NMC. The other National Boards were also abolished, but new bodies were created in each country to take over their functions, for example, NES in Scotland. 156:

When Nightingale returned from the Crimean War in August 1856, she hid herself away from the public's attention. For her contribution to Army statistics and comparative hospital statistics in 1860, Nightingale became the first woman to be elected a fellow of the

361:, the Anglo-Boer War of 1899 to 1902, alongside nurses who were part of the colonial armies of Australia, Canada and New Zealand. They served in tented field hospitals. 23 Army Nursing sisters from Britain lost their lives from disease outbreaks. 989: 626:

adopted a "Nurses’ Charter", demanding a 96-hour fortnight, improvement of the amenities of nurses’ homes and arguing that nurses should be able to live out. At that time the average nurse was working 104 hours per fortnight. The

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Therefore, two separate voluntary registers now existed. Whereas that maintained by the Hospitals Association was purely an administrative list, the register established by the BNA had a more explicit public protection remit.

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produced its first draft policy statement on the profession in 1926, advocating a 48-hour week, the separation of training schools from hospitals and advocating that the profession should be organised on Trade Union lines.

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Following the EU referendum in 2016 nurse applicants from European countries fell by 96%. In actual numbers in July 2016 1,304 nurses from the EU joined the Nursing and Midwifery Council register, whereas in April 2017 46

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111,501 women and 11,000 men declared that they were nurses. The registration regime stopped the very small hospitals from offering training. The first national examination was in 1925. About 40% of the candidates failed.

217:"... to unite all British nurses in membership of a recognised profession and to provide for their registration on terms, satisfactory to physicians and surgeons, as evidence of their having received systematic training". 520:

The bill was finally passed in December 1919 and separate Nurses Registration Acts were passed for England/Wales, Scotland and Ireland, which was still part of the United Kingdom at the time. These acts established the

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The pressure for state registration grew throughout the 1890s but was undermined by disagreements within the profession over the desired form and purpose of the regulatory system. In 1902, the Midwives Registration

338:. Her highly publicised exposure of the abysmal care afforded sick and wounded soldiers energized reformers. Queen Victoria in 1860 ordered a hospital to be built to train Army nurses and surgeons, the 986: 1070:

includes dates of creation which illustrate the historic development of nursing. The list includes a section on historic nursing organisations in the UK that lists organisations that no longer exist.

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established for nursing. Pay for student nurses was set at £200 with a deduction of £100, and for staff nurses £315, rising by increments to £415 with a deduction of £120 for board and lodging.

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The committee reported in 1904 and set out a detailed and persuasive case for registration. However, the government sat on the report and took no action. Over the next decade, a number of

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Rogers, Sarah (2022). 'A Maker of Matrons'? A study of Eva Lückes's influence on a generation of nurse leaders:1880–1919' (Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Huddersfield, April 2022)

48:, their services being extended to patients in their homes. These women had no real training by today's standards, but experience taught them valuable skills, especially in the use of 583: 1028:

By 2001, nearly half of the newly registered nurses were immigrants, especially from the Philippines, India, South Africa, Australia and Nigeria, as compared to 10% in 1990,

1667: 244:, the daughter of Queen Victoria, played a central role in sponsoring and legitimizing the profession. Helena had a firm interest in nursing, and became President of the 552:

in 1918. It threatened to organise strikes in all the London asylums in support of a 48-hour week in 1919. The Professional Union of Trained Nurses was founded in 1919.

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misgivings, lack of consensus within the professions (especially from midwives), and a lack of government will to find the parliamentary time to enact the legislation.

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guaranteeing the professional status of trained nurses, its incorporation with the Privy Council allowed it to maintain a list rather than a formal register of nurses.

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Numbers of male nurses increased as demobilised service men with medical experience join the profession. By 1949 there were about 1300 registered male nurses.

84:, such as it was, was largely carried out by able-bodied paupers, who were not paid. In 1866 there were a total of 53 nurses employed in the 11 metropolitan 2570: 1809: 2378:

Solano, Diana, and Anne Marie Rafferty. "Can lessons be learned from history? The origins of the British imperial nurse labour market: A discussion paper."

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When state registration of the medical profession had begun in 1858, many observers pointed to the need for a similar system for nursing. That year, the

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McGann, Susan. The battle of the nurses: a study of eight women who influenced the development of professional nursing, 1880–1930. Scutari Press, 1992.

488: 2826: 2565: 1052:, (the Report of the Willis Commission on Nursing Education), was produced in 2012. This report provides an historical overview of nursing education. 696:

The Ministry of Health guaranteed a salary of £40 to nursing students in training, about double what voluntary hospitals were paying before the war.

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and the removal of unreasonable restrictions on nurses life. It advocated more domestic staff and that grants should be made from public funds to

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Janet Lee, "A Nurse and a Soldier: Gender, Class and National Identity in the First World War Adventures of Grace McDougall and Flora Sandes,"

818:, the "Nurses (Amendment) Act, 1961", passed through parliament to remove the demeaning "assistant" from the State Enrolled Nurse's job title. 483:

By the beginning of the First World War in 1914, military nursing still had only a small role for women in Britain; 10,500 nurses enrolled in

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This structure survived with minor modifications until April 2002, when the UKCC ceased to exist and its functions were taken over by a new

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and leading public figures. In a speech Helena made in 1893, she made clear that the RBNA was working towards "improving the education and

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In 1960 the University of Edinburgh was the 1st UK higher education institution to offer a pre-registration bachelor’s degree in nursing

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register. At this the Matrons' Committee split between one group which supported the Hospitals Association and another faction, led by

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Support for the regulation of nursing began to become more widespread following the establishment of organised nurse training in 1860.

186:"... the whole question of the Registration of trained nurses to be set forth in a succinct form before the profession and the public". 937:

United Kingdom Central Council for Nursing, Midwifery and Health Visiting (UKCC) becomes the profession's new regulatory body in 1983.

679:(NHS) is launched in 1948, offering comprehensive health care for all, free at the point of delivery, but paid for through taxation. 229:

that the matron was the head of an independent operation, controlling her own staff and reporting directly to the hospital committee.

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Florence Nightingale is regarded as the founder of modern nursing profession. There was no hospital training school for nurses until

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Collins; Parker (Spring 2003). "A Victorian matron; no ordinary woman. Eva Charlotte Ellis Lückes, 8 July 1854 – 16 February 1919".

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based on her military field experience. The success of the team's response is credited with inspiring the development of the use of

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138,670 women and 15,000 men declared that they were nurses. 88% of the women were single, 5% married and 7% widowed or divorced.

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for England and Wales and the other bodies which survived intact until the legislative changes in 1979 which were to create the

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and admitted and cared for military patients. Beginning in 1866, nurses were formally appointed to Military General Hospitals.

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Thanks to increased funding, in 2006 383,000 qualified nurses and midwives were employed by the NHS, a 24% gain over 1997.

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Quality with compassion : the future of nursing education. Report of the Willis Commission on Nursing Education 2012

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Quality with compassion : the future of nursing education. Report of the Willis Commission on Nursing Education 2012

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of their era. Remnants of the religious nature of nurses remains in Britain today, especially with the retention of the

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Sweet, Helen. "Establishing Connections, Restoring Relationships: Exploring the Historiography of Nursing in Britain,"

316:. In 1895 Luckes introduced the first Preliminary Training School for Nurses in England similar to that established by 37: 1387:

Historical Investigations into the Professional Self-Regulation of Nursing and Midwifery: 1860–2002. Vol. One: Nursing

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Elizabeth Goodrick, and Trish Reay. "Florence Nightingale endures: Legitimizing a new professional role identity."

742: 704: 472: 353:(ANS) oversaw the work of the nurses starting in 1881. These military nurses were sent overseas beginning with the 284: 3616: 3283: 2702: 514: 934:

Mass meetings are held over pay, the state of the NHS, clinical grading and the abolition of the enrolled nurse.

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abolishes the legal separation of psychiatric hospitals, allowing those patients to be admitted to any hospital.

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The First World War results in large numbers of unmarried women, many of whom devote their lives to nursing.

3734: 3303: 3231: 2754: 2666: 2641: 2506: 1904: 779: 775: 602: 561: 437: 394:. Queen Alexandra was President from 1902 until her death in 1925. The following year she was succeeded by 280: 383:, who became its President. In 1949, the QAIMNS became a corps in the British Army and was renamed as the 3819: 3626: 3480: 3348: 3241: 3015: 2544: 2022: 941:

In 1983, the UKCC was set up. Its core functions were to maintain a register of UK nurses, midwives and

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in 1893. This became the blueprint for nurses education following the Nurses Registration Act of 1919.

3699: 3298: 2729: 2626: 1930: 513:) was established in 1916 and three years later persuaded a backbench Member of Parliament (MP), Major 502: 180: 118:, Germany, in 1846. There, Nightingale received the training that enabled her in 1860 to establish, at 2229: 115: 3221: 3190: 3035: 2254: 1578: 1179: 918: 158: 1374:

Distinctness of Idea and Firmness of Purpose. The Career of Eva Luckes; A Victorian Hospital Matron.

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Nightingale laid the foundations of professional nursing with the principles summarised in the book

195:) was committed to the principle of registration for nurses. The Matrons' Committee, comprising the 3769: 3634: 3611: 3445: 3150: 3000: 2707: 2636: 2501: 891: 815: 653: 590: 510: 492: 468: 458: 423: 288: 1810:"ARCHIVE: Angels and Errors: How the Harrow & Wealdstone Disaster Helped Shape Modern Britain" 619:

In 1935 county councils began training courses for assistant nurses to care for the chronic sick.

3809: 3709: 3395: 3380: 3360: 3313: 3175: 2713: 2611: 2539: 1091: 752: 738: 676: 522: 321: 1458: 3684: 3500: 3430: 2646: 759: 491:. These services dated to 1902 and 1918, and enjoyed royal sponsorship. There also were 74,000 309: 119: 3545: 3520: 3505: 3375: 3145: 3101: 2965: 2950: 2606: 1421: 884: 724: 623: 613: 304: 1770:

Nicola Tyrer, Sisters in Arms:British Army Nurses Tell their Story. (London:Phoenix 2008) 9.

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designed primarily to train nurses rather than to provide nursing service for the hospital.

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In the Company of Nurses: The History of the British Army Nursing Service in the Great War

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to establish regulation were introduced but all failed to achieve significant support in

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Santos, E.V. and Stainbrook, E. "A History of Psychiatric Nursing in the 19th Century,"

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introduced a standard 54 hour week for nurses and in 1938 moved to a 96-hour fortnight.

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Nursing students are given supernumary status throughout their three years of training.

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upon its foundation in 1887. In 1891, it received the prefix "Royal", and received the

226: 73: 21: 1484:"QAIMNS World War I Queen Alexandra's Imperial Military Nursing Service QAIMNS Nurses" 3719: 3649: 3578: 3573: 3495: 3410: 3390: 3195: 2975: 2960: 2900: 2575: 2175: 2165: 2107: 2064: 2042: 2003: 1993: 1869: 1616: 1409: 1137: 1002: 861: 799: 569: 450: 192: 72:

Before the advent of training, nursing was often casual and low paid. Pay in London

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The Salmon report calls for reform to nurse grading, initiating the end of matrons.

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establishes an ethos based on assessment, planning, implementation and evaluation.

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Museums of Madness: The Social Organisation of Insanity in 19th Century England

1865: 1615:. Oxford Road, Manchester: Manchester University Press. pp. 35, 46–7, 60. 1565: 1189: 1169: 1152: 942: 878: 660: 354: 317: 61: 2210:

The Hospitals 1800–1948: A Study in Social Administration in England and Wales

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not ask for their help, but within ten days fresh casualties arrived from the

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worked 117 hours a fortnight in London and 119 in the provinces. In 1936 the

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Behind the Blue Door: The History of the Royal College of Midwives 1881–1981

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Webster, C. "Nursing and the Crisis of the Early National Health Service,"

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Stolen Daughters, Virgin Mothers: Anglican Sisterhoods in Victorian Britain

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The associated Queen Alexandra's Royal Army Nursing Corps Association is a

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The Project 2000 nurse: the remaking of British general nursing, 1978-2000

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passed the bill allowing formal nurse registration. What resulted was the

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Summers, A. "Pride and Prejudice: Ladies and Nurses in the Crimean War",

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A History of the General Nursing Council for England and Wales 1919–1969

1964: 1613:

A history of the Royal College of Nursing, 1916-1990. A voice for nurses

1327: 517:, to introduce a private members bill to establish a regulatory system. 2955: 2920: 2915: 1132: 1111: 972: 914: 807: 666: 364: 300: 261: 102: 2267:

Bradshaw, Ann. "Competence and British nursing: a view from history."

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University of the West of England Department of Nursing and Midwifery

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The History of Nursing in the British Empire - Primary Source Edition

1483: 791: 746: 85: 57: 53: 1779:

Peggy Donaldson, Yes Matron, A History of Nurses and Nursing at the

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The Nursing and Midwifery Council takes over from the UKCC in 2002.

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The Nurses Salaries Committee was established in October 1941 with

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Thomas, Rob, "The Labour Market for Nurses in the UK: 1997-2006,"

1851:"Bentley, Charlotte Eliza (1915–1996), nurse and nursing activist" 20:

relates to the development of the profession since the 1850s. The

3117: 2100:"Nursing degree applications slump after NHS bursaries abolished" 1031:

In 2009 Healthcare Assistants (HCAs) were entitled to commission.

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By the 1880s, the Hospitals Association (an early version of the

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War girls: the First Aid Nursing Yeomanry in the First World War

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Angels and Citizens: British Women as Military Nurses 1854–1914

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Angels and Citizens: British Women as Military Nurses 1854–1914

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By 1959 most hospital nurses were working an 88-hour fortnight.

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Large influx of Caribbean entrants into British nurse training.

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formally recognised, with two years' training instead of three.

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City University London School of Community and Health Sciences

272:

Following the death of Queen Victoria in 1901, the new Queen,

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Dingwall, Robert, Anne Marie Rafferty, Charles Webster, eds.

1931:"Blue plaque honour for first black NHS matron Daphne Steele" 881:

demanding better pay, and win increases of up to 58 per cent.

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Nurse employers inspected for staff-friendly policies under

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Quiet Heroines: Story of the Nurses of the Second World War

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Quiet Heroines: Story of the Nurses of the Second World War

49: 3086: 1326:. Royal British Nurses' Association. 2008. Archived from 237:

Princess Helena and The Royal British Nurses' Association

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Quality with compassion: the future of nursing education

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was established to consider the registration of nurses.

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A History of the Queen’s Institute: 100 Years 1887–1987

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Roy Terry, "McDougall, Grace Alexandra (1887–1963)",

283:; after six failed attempts between 1904 and 1918, the 1510:

Dictionary of British Women's Organisations, 1825-1960

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Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery

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Political Issues in Nursing: Past, Present and Future

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McGann, Susan; Crowther, Anne; Dougall, Rona (2009).

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In 2005 nurse numbers hit 397,500 – an all-time high.

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College of Nursing founded in 1915. (See entries on

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Queen Alexandra’s Imperial Military Nursing Service.

2134:"EU nurse applicants drop by 96% since Brexit vote" 1068:

List of nursing organisations in the United Kingdom

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Male nurses join the main nursing register in 1951.

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Queen Alexandra's Imperial Military Nursing Service

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Queen Alexandra's Imperial Military Nursing Service

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Queen Alexandra’s Imperial Military Nursing Service

279:The RBNA gradually went into decline following the 146:Other women involved in nursing in the Crimea were 1860:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. 1849: 1668:"Happiness in the Hospital -Recruitment of Nurses" 1313:(Constable & Company Ltd, London, 1969) p. 233 755:runs the first course for clinical nurse teachers. 294: 252:the following year. She was a strong supporter of 2470: 2232:; scholarly history of British nursing by experts 2217:Nursing, Midwifery and Health Visiting since 1900 1905:"Daphne Steele (1927 to 2004) | Historic England" 1783:, Belfast:1988 (the White Row Press Ltd. Belfast) 1005:paves the way for a new pay structure for nurses. 3796: 2535:Category:Fellows of the Royal College of Nursing 2297:An Introduction to the Social History of Nursing 2745:Princess Mary's Royal Air Force Nursing Service 2740:Philippine Nurses Association of United Kingdom 2735:National Network of Learning Disability Nursing 2084: 2082: 2023:"Evaluation of an undergraduate nursing course" 1478: 1476: 1397: 802:of the "National Association of State Enrolled 501:(1887–1963) was the eneretic commandant of the 489:Princess Mary's Royal Air Force Nursing Service 2262:Florence Nightingale. The Woman and Her Legend 1795:Quiet Heroines, Nurses of the Second World War 913:. This was due to the need to take account of 401: 3102: 2820: 2456: 1507: 911:Nurses, Midwives and Health Visitors Act 1979 533:was the first nurse on the English register. 207:In 1887, the group of nurses associated with 133:against Russia, Nightingale was appointed by 2312:Helmstadter, Carol, and Judith Godden, eds. 2079: 1473: 1426:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 52:and folk drugs, and some gained fame as the 2834: 2237:Florence Nightingale and the Nursing Legacy 2020: 1161:(1918-2005), leader in the hospice movement 826:brings registration and greater control by 687: 3109: 3095: 2827: 2813: 2750:Queen Alexandra's Royal Army Nursing Corps 2463: 2449: 2373:Florence Nightingale: Reputation and Power 1833: 1733: 1718: 1703: 1688: 1650: 1635: 1595: 1263: 1235: 968:Post-registration education is introduced. 385:Queen Alexandra's Royal Army Nursing Corps 3815:History of medicine in the United Kingdom 2309:(1978) Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. 3064:History of Nursing in the United Kingdom 2581:Nursing Studies, University of Edinburgh 2530:History of nursing in the United Kingdom 2428:Bulletin of the History of Nursing Group 2380:International journal of nursing studies 1797:. Chatto & Windus:The Hogarth Press. 1562:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, 1401:International History of Nursing Journal 1294: 1285: 1272: 1061: 887:appoints the first professor of nursing. 184:in 1902), a nursing journal, called for 101: 2131: 1857:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 1792: 1503: 1501: 91: 44:was undertaken by certain women in the 3825:History of the United Kingdom by topic 3797: 3319:Nursing credentials and certifications 2157: 1985: 1508:Gordon, Peter; Doughan, David (2001). 1457:. British Army Website. Archived from 1282:(Begell House, New York, 1999) p. 119 778:supplies brings an end to washing and 379:) was established and was named after 312:used to lecture probationers from the 169: 3090: 2808: 2444: 2338:Nursing history: The state of the art 2314:Nursing before Nightingale, 1815-1899 2097: 1665: 1368: 1366: 1356: 1354: 67: 3765: 3607:Nursing Interventions Classification 2780: 2602:British Journal of Community Nursing 2307:Readings in the Sociology of Nursing 2305:Dingwall, R. and Mclntosh, J., eds. 1807: 1498: 1385:Christine Hallett and Hannah Cooke, 1073: 529:and the National Boards of Nursing. 453:established the state regulation of 256:, an issue that was opposed by both 3777: 2787: 2200:A history of the nursing profession 1836:A History of the Nursing Profession 1736:A History of the Nursing Profession 1721:A History of the Nursing Profession 1706:A History of the Nursing Profession 1691:A History of the Nursing Profession 1653:A History of the Nursing Profession 1638:A History of the Nursing Profession 1598:A History of the Nursing Profession 1586:(Manchester University Press, 2012) 1582:(2006) 15#1 pp 83-103; Janet Lee, 1266:A History of the Nursing Profession 1238:A History of the Nursing Profession 810:who was a member of parliament for 669:becomes available for civilian use. 663:and the introduction of inspection. 327: 88:, at an average salary of £20 18s. 13: 2597:British Journal of Cardiac Nursing 2512:Queen's Nursing Institute Scotland 2399:(Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1988) 2352:Journal of the History of Medicine 2347:(Leicester University Press, 1999) 2189: 2098:Adams, Richard (1 February 2017). 2039:10.1111/j.1365-2648.1984.tb00389.x 1842: 1444:(Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1988) 1363: 1351: 699:During the war nurses belonged to 659:Horder Committee recommends fewer 478: 412:National Council of Nurses formed. 28:, when the sick were cared for in 14: 3836: 3076:Royal British Nurses' Association 2657:Nursing Children and Young People 2550:Royal British Nurses' Association 2411:Teaching Business & Economics 2285:(1981) London: Bailliere Tindall. 1838:. London: Heinemann. p. 206. 1738:. London: Heinemann. p. 165. 1723:. London: Heinemann. p. 189. 1708:. London: Heinemann. p. 167. 1693:. London: Heinemann. p. 145. 1655:. London: Heinemann. p. 123. 1640:. London: Heinemann. p. 117. 1600:. London: Heinemann. p. 132. 342:. The hospital opened in 1863 in 3776: 3764: 3753: 3752: 2786: 2779: 2768: 2767: 2632:Evidence-Based Nursing (journal) 1268:. London: Heinemann. p. 55. 743:Harrow and Wealdstone rail crash 308:this the nurses home Sisters at 3617:Nursing Outcomes Classification 3612:Nursing Minimum Data Set (NMDS) 3284:Associate of Science in Nursing 2703:Florence Nightingale Foundation 2151: 2125: 2091: 2061:"Nursing and Midwifery Council" 2053: 2014: 1979: 1949: 1923: 1897: 1827: 1801: 1786: 1773: 1764: 1742: 1727: 1712: 1697: 1682: 1659: 1644: 1629: 1604: 1589: 1570: 1554: 1541: 1516: 1447: 1434: 1391: 1379: 1342: 1240:. London: Heinemann. p. 6. 985:Health care reforms set out in 904:Reform of shift patterns begins 705:Royal Victoria Hospital Belfast 636:to pay for these improvements. 584:National Society of Male Nurses 295:Developments in nurse education 225:By 1892 it was accepted in the 3289:Bachelor of Science in Nursing 3070:The British Journal of Nursing 2687:Primary Health Care (magazine) 2281:Cowell, B. and Wainwright, D. 2132:Triggle, Nick (12 June 2017). 1316: 1303: 1257: 1244: 1229: 1203: 1155:(1917-2008), Labour politician 737:of 494th Medical Group of the 538:National Asylum Workers' Union 1: 3805:Nursing in the United Kingdom 3511:Psychiatric and mental health 2486:Nursing and Midwifery Council 2472:Nursing in the United Kingdom 2406:(2007) 19#3 pp. 565–580. 2249:Bendall, E. and Raybould, E. 1808:Bull, John (8 October 2012). 1670:. Medicine Today and Tomorrow 1564:(2004); online edn, May 2006 1252:Journal of Management Studies 1088:, executed by Germans in 1915 950:Nursing and Midwifery Council 440:and the establishment of the 64:" for a senior female nurse. 42:nursing in the United Kingdom 18:nursing in the United Kingdom 3304:Master of Science in Nursing 2755:Worshipful Company of Nurses 2667:Nursing Management (journal) 2642:Learning Disability Practice 2366:The Peoples Health 1830–1910 2164:. Royal College of Nursing. 1992:. Royal College of Nursing. 1891:UK public library membership 1666:Brook, Iris (October 1937). 1280:Helena: A Princess Reclaimed 894:(RCN) becomes a trade union. 438:Nurses Registration Act 1919 406: 281:Nurses Registration Act 1919 164: 7: 3116: 3016:Jane Catherine Shaw Stewart 2545:Florence Nightingale Museum 2437:(John Wiley and Sons. 1985) 2361:(1979) London: Allen Lane. 2336:Maggs, Christopher J., ed. 2269:Journal of Clinical Nursing 2027:Journal of Advanced Nursing 1056: 402:Twentieth century timetable 246:British Nurses' Association 213:British Nurses' Association 10: 3841: 3299:Doctor of Nursing Practice 2730:First Aid Nursing Yeomanry 2292:(1980) London: Croom Helm. 2255:H. K. Lewis & Co. Ltd. 1834:Abel-Smith, Brian (1960). 1750:"QA World War Two Nursing" 1734:Abel-Smith, Brian (1960). 1719:Abel-Smith, Brian (1960). 1704:Abel-Smith, Brian (1960). 1689:Abel-Smith, Brian (1960). 1651:Abel-Smith, Brian (1960). 1636:Abel-Smith, Brian (1960). 1596:Abel-Smith, Brian (1960). 1264:Abel-Smith, Brian (1960). 1236:Abel-Smith, Brian (1960). 961:Reforms to training under 503:First Aid Nursing Yeomanry 181:British Journal of Nursing 95: 3748: 3625: 3592: 3559: 3456:Women's Health Care Nurse 3347: 3263: 3214: 3191:Clinical nurse specialist 3183: 3174: 3133: 3124: 3056: 3036:Sarah Elizabeth Wardroper 2843: 2763: 2722: 2695: 2589: 2558: 2520: 2507:Queen's Nursing Institute 2494: 2478: 2290:Rewriting Nursing History 2227:Nursing and Social Change 2215:Allan, P. and Jolley, M. 1372:Anthony, Grainne (2011). 1180:Sarah Elizabeth Wardroper 3635:International Nurses Day 3151:Licensed practical nurse 3001:Margaret Elwyn Sparshott 2708:Royal College of Nursing 2637:Gastrointestinal Nursing 2502:Royal College of Nursing 1793:McBryde, Brenda (1985). 1324:"Registration of Nurses" 1197: 1035: 979: 965:begin to be implemented. 955: 928: 892:Royal College of Nursing 871: 860:becomes legal under the 858:Termination of pregnancy 769: 710: 688:Second World War 1939-45 639: 591:Royal College of Nursing 576: 555: 511:Royal College of Nursing 493:Voluntary Aid Detachment 457:and, two years later, a 424:Royal College of Nursing 289:Royal College of Nursing 3314:Nurse Licensure Compact 2612:Cancer Nursing Practice 2540:Category:British nurses 2382:44.6 (2007): 1055–1063. 2021:O'Brien, David (1984). 1781:Royal Victoria Hospital 1010:Improving Working Lives 992:5 February 2007 at the 753:University of Edinburgh 739:United States Air Force 677:National Health Service 523:General Nursing Council 340:Royal Victoria Hospital 2647:Mental Health Practice 1909:historicengland.org.uk 1866:10.1093/ref:odnb/62073 1579:Women's History Review 1309:Georgina Battiscombe, 1254:(2010) 47#1 pp: 55-84. 824:Nursing Homes Act 1963 760:Mental Health Act 1959 608:In 1930 nurses in the 469:Private Member's Bills 107: 3546:Travel health nursing 3146:Clinical nurse leader 2966:Muriel Powell (nurse) 2951:Helen Campbell Norman 2607:British Nursing Index 2354:(1949) 4#1 pp 48–74. 2225:, ed. (2nd ed. 1995) 2158:Willis, Phil (2012). 1986:Willis, Phil (2012). 1566:accessed 6 March 2013 1062:Nursing Organisations 885:Manchester University 816:private member's bill 782:of equipment such as 725:mental health nursing 624:Trades Union Congress 614:London County Council 540:organised strikes at 105: 24:itself dates back to 3371:Correctional nursing 2986:Edith MacGregor Rome 2946:Florence Nightingale 2891:Ethel Gordon Fenwick 2714:Cavell Nurses' Trust 2672:Nursing Older People 2271:9.3 (2000): 321–329. 1814:London Reconnections 1143:Edith MacGregor Rome 1128:Florence Nightingale 1102:Ethel Gordon Fenwick 806:Nurses" worked with 794:initiates the first 774:The availability of 654:state enrolled nurse 546:Whittingham Hospital 531:Ethel Gordon Fenwick 351:Army Nursing Service 310:St Thomas's Hospital 258:Florence Nightingale 209:Ethel Gordon Fenwick 202:Ethel Gordon Fenwick 106:Florence Nightingale 98:Florence Nightingale 92:Florence Nightingale 82:Poor Law infirmaries 3705:Republic of Ireland 3481:Occupational health 3471:Nursing informatics 3247:Psych/mental health 2996:Helen Gregory Smith 2886:Jane Cecilia Deeble 2662:Nursing in Practice 2375:(Croom Helm, 1982). 1014:Investors in People 971:Nurse-led helpline 634:Voluntary hospitals 610:voluntary hospitals 305:The London Hospital 227:voluntary hospitals 170:Professionalisation 159:Statistical Society 140:Battle of Inkermann 120:St Thomas' Hospital 112:one was established 74:voluntary hospitals 38:early Christian era 3820:History of nursing 3569:Nursing assessment 3431:Legal consultation 3294:Diploma in Nursing 3279:Nightingale Pledge 3206:Nurse practitioner 3021:Alicia Lloyd Still 2881:Joanna Cruickshank 2876:Rachael Cox-Davies 2419:Tooley, Sarah A. 2404:Gender and History 2389:(1983) 16:33-56. 2368:(Croom Helm, 1979) 2246:(Croom Helm, 1987) 2239:(Croom Helm, 1986) 2212:(Heinemann, 1964). 2202:(Heinemann, 1960.) 1937:. 23 February 2024 1911:. 23 February 2024 1461:on 28 October 2011 1330:on 9 February 2008 1165:Alicia Lloyd Still 1097:Joanna Cruickshank 1042:nursing programme 850:sets up the first 836:becomes the first 741:ran triage at the 582:Foundation of the 542:Prestwich Hospital 442:Ministry of Health 392:registered charity 314:Nightingale School 285:British parliament 254:nurse registration 135:Sir Sidney Herbert 108: 68:Nineteenth century 22:history of nursing 3792: 3791: 3579:Nursing care plan 3574:Nursing diagnosis 3259: 3258: 3255: 3254: 3227:Adult-gerontology 3215:NPs by population 3196:Nurse anesthetist 3176:Advanced practice 3084: 3083: 2976:Gertrude Richards 2961:Rosabelle Osborne 2901:Annie Warren Gill 2802: 2801: 2723:Specialist groups 2340:(Routledge, 1987) 2319:McBride, Brenda. 2206:Abel-Smith, Brian 2196:Abel-Smith, Brian 2171:978-1-908782-27-4 1999:978-1-908782-27-4 1889:(Subscription or 1875:978-0-19-861412-8 1524:"Civilian Nurses" 1192:1935–2011, author 1138:Rosabelle Osborne 1074:Notable UK nurses 1003:Agenda for Change 862:Abortion Act 1967 828:local authorities 800:Charlotte Bentley 796:degree in nursing 487:(QAIMNS) and the 322:Glasgow Infirmary 193:NHS Confederation 34:places of worship 3832: 3780: 3779: 3768: 3767: 3756: 3755: 3446:Medical-surgical 3349:Specialties and 3309:Board of nursing 3181: 3180: 3156:Registered nurse 3131: 3130: 3111: 3104: 3097: 3088: 3087: 3046:Katherine Watney 3041:Constance Watney 2835:British nursing 2829: 2822: 2815: 2806: 2805: 2790: 2789: 2783: 2782: 2771: 2770: 2677:Nursing Standard 2652:Nurse Researcher 2622:Nursing Standard 2465: 2458: 2451: 2442: 2441: 2387:History Workshop 2326:McEwen, Yvonne. 2288:Davis, C., ed. 2235:Baly, M. (1986) 2184: 2183: 2155: 2149: 2148: 2146: 2144: 2129: 2123: 2122: 2120: 2118: 2095: 2089: 2086: 2077: 2076: 2074: 2072: 2063:. Archived from 2057: 2051: 2050: 2018: 2012: 2011: 1983: 1977: 1976: 1974: 1972: 1963:. Archived from 1953: 1947: 1946: 1944: 1942: 1927: 1921: 1920: 1918: 1916: 1901: 1895: 1894: 1886: 1884: 1882: 1853: 1846: 1840: 1839: 1831: 1825: 1824: 1822: 1820: 1805: 1799: 1798: 1790: 1784: 1777: 1771: 1768: 1762: 1761: 1759: 1757: 1746: 1740: 1739: 1731: 1725: 1724: 1716: 1710: 1709: 1701: 1695: 1694: 1686: 1680: 1679: 1677: 1675: 1663: 1657: 1656: 1648: 1642: 1641: 1633: 1627: 1626: 1622:978-07190-7796-8 1608: 1602: 1601: 1593: 1587: 1574: 1568: 1558: 1552: 1547:Brenda McBride, 1545: 1539: 1538: 1536: 1534: 1520: 1514: 1513: 1505: 1496: 1495: 1493: 1491: 1480: 1471: 1470: 1468: 1466: 1451: 1445: 1438: 1432: 1431: 1425: 1417: 1395: 1389: 1383: 1377: 1370: 1361: 1358: 1349: 1346: 1340: 1339: 1337: 1335: 1320: 1314: 1307: 1301: 1298: 1292: 1289: 1283: 1278:Seweryn Chomet, 1276: 1270: 1269: 1261: 1255: 1248: 1242: 1241: 1233: 1227: 1226: 1224: 1222: 1213:. Archived from 1207: 1185:Constance Watney 877:Nurses march to 719:Introduction of 681:Whitley Councils 462:Select committee 459:House of Commons 335:Notes on Nursing 328:Military nursing 46:Christian Church 3840: 3839: 3835: 3834: 3833: 3831: 3830: 3829: 3795: 3794: 3793: 3788: 3744: 3621: 3594: 3593:Classification 3588: 3561:Nursing process 3555: 3396:Faith community 3361:Ambulatory care 3352: 3350: 3343: 3269: 3267: 3251: 3210: 3170: 3166:Nurse scientist 3126: 3120: 3115: 3085: 3080: 3052: 2906:Margaret Huxley 2866:Betsi Cadwaladr 2839: 2833: 2803: 2798: 2759: 2718: 2691: 2627:Emergency Nurse 2585: 2554: 2516: 2490: 2479:Regulatory body 2474: 2469: 2430:(1985) 7:4-12. 2274:Bradshaw, Ann. 2264:(Penguin, 2008) 2223:Baly, Monica E. 2192: 2190:Further reading 2187: 2172: 2156: 2152: 2142: 2140: 2130: 2126: 2116: 2114: 2096: 2092: 2087: 2080: 2070: 2068: 2059: 2058: 2054: 2019: 2015: 2000: 1984: 1980: 1970: 1968: 1967:on 14 July 2006 1955: 1954: 1950: 1940: 1938: 1929: 1928: 1924: 1914: 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647:Lord Rushcliffe 642: 629:Earl of Athlone 579: 558: 550:Bodmin Hospital 515:Richard Barnett 499:Grace McDougall 481: 479:First World War 428:Sarah Ann Swift 409: 404: 381:Queen Alexandra 369:In March 1902, 367: 330: 297: 242:Princess Helena 239: 215:, which sought 172: 167: 148:Betsi Cadwaladr 122:in London, the 100: 94: 80:Nursing in the 70: 26:ancient history 16:The history of 12: 11: 5: 3838: 3828: 3827: 3822: 3817: 3812: 3810:British nurses 3807: 3790: 3789: 3787: 3786: 3774: 3762: 3749: 3746: 3745: 3743: 3742: 3732: 3725:United Kingdom 3722: 3717: 3712: 3707: 3702: 3697: 3692: 3682: 3677: 3672: 3667: 3662: 3657: 3652: 3647: 3637: 3631: 3629: 3623: 3622: 3620: 3619: 3614: 3609: 3604: 3598: 3596: 3590: 3589: 3587: 3586: 3584:Nursing theory 3581: 3576: 3571: 3565: 3563: 3557: 3556: 3554: 3553: 3548: 3543: 3538: 3533: 3528: 3523: 3518: 3513: 3508: 3503: 3501:Perianesthesia 3498: 3493: 3488: 3483: 3478: 3473: 3468: 3463: 3458: 3453: 3448: 3443: 3438: 3433: 3428: 3423: 3418: 3413: 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