History of television

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some public interest groups) over which of the two scanning processes—interlaced or progressive—is superior. Interlaced scanning, which is used in televisions worldwide, scans even-numbered lines first, then odd-numbered ones. Progressive scanning, which is the format used in computers, scans lines in sequences, from top to bottom. The computer industry argued that progressive scanning is superior because it does not "flicker" in the manner of interlaced scanning. It also argued that progressive scanning enables easier connections with the Internet, and is more cheaply converted to interlaced formats than vice versa. The film industry also supported progressive scanning because it offers a more efficient means of converting filmed programming into digital formats. For their part, the consumer electronics industry and broadcasters argued that interlaced scanning was the only technology that could transmit the highest quality pictures then feasible, that is, 1080 lines per picture and 1920 pixels per line. William F. Schreiber, who was a director of the Advanced Television Research Program at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology from 1983 until his retirement in 1990, thought that the continued advocacy of interlaced equipment originated from consumer electronics companies that were trying to get back the substantial investments they made in the interlaced technology.

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images with sufficient resolution to reproduce recognizable figures. As recounted by media historian Melita Zajc, most inventors were determined to increase the number of lines used by their systems – some were approaching what was then the magic number of 100 lines. But Codelli had a different idea. In 1929, he developed a television device with a single line – but one that formed a continuous spiral on the screen. Codelli based his ingenious design on his understanding of the human eye. He knew that objects seen in peripheral vision don't need to be as sharp as those in the center. Codelli's mechanical television system, whose image was sharpest in the middle, worked well, and he was soon able to transmit images of his wife, Ilona von Drasche-Lazar, over the air. Despite the backing of the German electronics giant Telefunken, however, Codelli's television system never became a commercial reality. Electronic television ultimately emerged as the dominant system, and Codelli moved on to other projects. His invention was largely forgotten.

263:, and so he did not apply for a patent until 1917. His "Televista" Patent No. 191,405 titled "Improved Apparatus for the Electrical Transmission of Optical Images" was finally published in 1923; delayed possibly for security reasons. The patent states that the scanning roller had a row of conductive contacts corresponding to the cells in each row of the array and arranged to sample each cell in turn as the roller rotated. The receiver's roller was similarly constructed and each revolution addressed a row of cells as the rollers traversed over their array of cells. Loops report tells us that... "The receiver is made up of a series of cells operated by the passage of polarized light through thin slats of steel, and at the receiver the object before the transmitter is reproduced as a flickering image" and "The roller is driven by a motor of 3,000 revolutions per minute, and the resulting variations of light are transmitted along an ordinary conducting wire." and the patent states "into each... space I place a 2171:

receivers. Some sets in restaurants or bars might have 100 viewers for sport events (Dunlap, p56). The outbreak of the Second World War caused the BBC service to be abruptly suspended on September 1, 1939, at 12:35 pm, after a Mickey Mouse cartoon and test signals were broadcast, so that transmissions could not be used as a beacon to guide enemy aircraft to London. It resumed, again from Alexandra Palace on June 7, 1946, after the end of the war, began with a live programme that opened with the line "Good afternoon everybody. How are you? Do you remember me, Jasmine Bligh?" and was followed by the same Mickey Mouse cartoon broadcast on the last day before the war. At the end of 1947 there were 54,000 licensed television receivers, compared with 44,000 television sets in the United States at that time.

2508: 1093:". Early Telechrome devices used two electron guns aimed at either side of a phosphor plate. Using cyan and magenta phosphors, a reasonable limited-color image could be obtained. He also demonstrated the same system using monochrome signals to produce a 3D image (called "stereoscopic" at the time). A demonstration on August 16, 1944, was the first example of a practical color television system. Work on the Telechrome continued and plans were made to introduce a three-gun version for full color. This used a patterned version of the phosphor plate, with the guns aimed at ridges on one side of the plate. However, Baird's untimely death in 1946 ended development of the Telechrome system. 811: 1227:, a Japanese broadcaster, was seen as a pacesetter that threatened to eclipse U.S. electronics companies. Sony's system produced images at 1125-line resolution (or in digital terms, 1875x1125, close to the resolution of Full HD video) Until June 1990, the Japanese MUSE standard—based on an analog system—was the front-runner among the more than 23 different technical concepts under consideration. Then, an American company, General Instrument, demonstrated the feasibility of a digital television signal. This breakthrough was of such significance that the FCC was persuaded to delay its decision on an ATV standard until a digitally based standard could be developed. 935:) in Germany in 1925, two years before Farnsworth did the same in the United States. The image iconoscope (Superikonoskop) became the industrial standard for public broadcasting in Europe from 1936 until 1960, when it was replaced by the vidicon and plumbicon tubes. Indeed, it was the representative of the European tradition in electronic tubes competing against the American tradition represented by the image orthicon. The German company Heimann produced the Superikonoskop for the 1936 Berlin Olympic Games, later Heimann also produced and commercialized it from 1940 to 1955, finally the Dutch company 1159:) occurred on January 1, 1954, but during the following ten years most network broadcasts, and nearly all local programming, continued to be in black-and-white. It was not until the mid-1960s that color sets started selling in large numbers, due in part to the color transition of 1965 in which it was announced that over half of all network prime-time programming would be broadcast in color that fall. The first all-color prime-time season came just one year later. In 1972, the last holdout among daytime network programs converted to color, resulting in the first completely all-color network season. 1529: 1135:, which encoded the color information separately from the brightness information and greatly reduced the resolution of the color information in order to conserve bandwidth. The brightness image remained compatible with existing black-and-white television sets at slightly reduced resolution, while color televisions could decode the extra information in the signal and produce a limited-resolution color display. The higher resolution black-and-white and lower resolution color images combine in the brain to produce a seemingly high-resolution color image. The 1303: 766:. By September 3, 1928, Farnsworth had developed the system sufficiently to hold a demonstration for the press. This is widely regarded as the first electronic television demonstration. In 1929, the system was further improved by elimination of a motor generator, so that his television system now had no mechanical parts. That year, Farnsworth transmitted the first live human images with his system, including a 3.5 in (89 mm) image of his wife Elma ("Pem") with her eyes closed (possibly due to the bright lighting required). 915: 3016:, and in the US most condominiums, neighborhoods, and other homeowner associations tightly restricted their use, except in areas where such restrictions were illegal. These restrictions were altered in 1986 when the Federal Communications Commission ruled all of them illegal. A municipality could require a property owner to relocate the dish if it violated other zoning restrictions, such as a setback requirement, but could not outlaw their use. The necessity of these restrictions would slowly decline as the dishes got smaller. 314: 22: 740: 2426:

Schenectady. From May through December 1939, the New York City NBC station (W2XBS) of RCA broadcast twenty to fifty-eight hours of programming per month, Wednesday through Sunday of each week. The programming was 33% news, 29% drama, and 17% educational programming, with an estimated 2,000 receiving sets by the end of the year, and an estimated audience of five to eight thousand. A remote truck could cover outdoor events from up to 10 miles (16 km) away from the transmitter, which was located atop the

714:) suffered from a very disappointing and fatal flaw: They scanned the subject and what was seen at each point was only the tiny piece of light viewed at the instant that the scanning system passed over it. A practical functional camera tube needed a different technological approach, which later became known as Charge - Storage camera tube. It based on a new physical phenomenon which was discovered and patented in Hungary in 1926, but it became widely understood and recognised only from around 1930. 1871: 1231:

of existing television images. Then, to ensure that viewers who did not wish to buy a new digital television set could continue to receive conventional television broadcasts, it dictated that the new ATV standard must be capable of being "simulcast" on different channels. The new ATV standard also allowed the new DTV signal to be based on entirely new design principles. Although incompatible with the existing NTSC standard, the new DTV standard would be able to incorporate many improvements.

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of his 1923 patent application, he also divided his original application in 1931. Zworykin was unable or unwilling to introduce evidence of a working model of his tube that was based on his 1923 patent application. In September 1939, after losing an appeal in the courts and determined to go forward with the commercial manufacturing of television equipment, RCA agreed to pay Farnsworth US$ 1 million over a ten-year period, in addition to license payments, to use Farnsworth's patents.

770: 3281: 2605: 1272: 3409: 3092: 12263: 1143: 12273: 583: 491:. (Today's systems typically transmit 30 or 60 frames per second, or one frame every 33.3 or 16.7 milliseconds respectively.) Television historian Albert Abramson underscored the significance of the Bell Labs demonstration: "It was in fact the best demonstration of a mechanical television system ever made to this time. It would be several years before any other system could even begin to compare with it in picture quality." 1044:

1940 he had publicly demonstrated a 600 line, hybrid, field-sequential, colour television system. This device was very "deep", but was later improved with a mirror folding the light path into an entirely practical device resembling a large conventional console. However, Baird was not happy with the design, and as early as 1944 had commented to a British government committee that a fully electronic device would be better.

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a mosaic screen (receiver/viewer) with an electro-mechanical scanning mechanism that moved a rotating roller over the cell contacts providing a multiplex signal to the camera/viewer data link. The receiver employed a similar roller. The two rollers were synchronised. It was unlike any other TV system of the 20th Century and in some respects, Low had a digital TV system 80 years before modern digital TV.

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Farnsworth Image Dissectors in Philadelphia and San Francisco. In September 1939, RCA agreed to pay the Farnsworth Television and Radio Corporation royalties over the next ten years for access to Farnsworth's patents. With this historic agreement in place, RCA integrated much of what was best about the Farnsworth Technology into their systems. In 1941, the United States implemented 525-line television.

1800:(Nordwestdeutscher Rundfunk), which had started work in the British zone straight after the war, agreed to the launch of a television station. Even before this, German television specialists had agreed on 625 lines as the future standard. This standard had narrower channel bandwidth (7 MHz) compared to the Soviet specification (8 MHz), allowing three television channels to fit into the 1071:(owned by RCA) made its first field test of color television on February 20, 1941. CBS began daily color field tests on June 1, 1941. These color systems were not compatible with existing black-and-white television sets, and as no color television sets were available to the public at this time, viewing of the color field tests was restricted to RCA and CBS engineers and the invited press. The 348:. This is widely regarded as being the world's first public television demonstration. Baird's system used Nipkow disks for both scanning the image and displaying it. A brightly illuminated subject was placed in front of a spinning Nipkow disk set with lenses that swept images across a static photocell. At this time, it is believed that it was a thallium sulphide (Thalofide) cell, developed by 306:

achieved by a deposition process of caesium alloy on an insulated substrate that was subsequently sectioned to divide it into cells, the essence of today's technology. Low's system failed for various reasons, mostly due to its inability to reproduce an image by reflected light and simultaneously depict gradations of light and shade. It can be added to the list of systems, like that of

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programs included entertainment such as boxing and plays, events at Madison Square Garden, and illustrated war news as well as training for air raid wardens and first aid providers. In 1942, there were 5,000 sets in operation, but production of new TVs, radios, and other broadcasting equipment for civilian purposes was suspended from April 1942 to August 1945 (Dunlap).

1855:. On July 22, 1939, comes into operation in Rome the first television transmitter at the EIAR station, which performed a regular broadcast for about a year using a 441-line system that was developed in Germany. In September of the same year, a second television transmitter was installed in Milan, making experimental broadcasts during major events in the city. 736:" in 1931, the U.S. patent for Tihanyi's transmitting tube would not be granted until May 1939. The patent for his receiving tube had been granted the previous October. Both patents had been purchased by RCA prior to their approval. Tihanyi's charge storage idea remains a basic principle in the design of imaging devices for television to the present day. 2869:(DBS), was launched on May 30, 1974. It transmitted at 860 MHz using wideband FM modulation and had two sound channels. The transmissions were focused on the Indian subcontinent but experimenters were able to receive the signal in Western Europe using home constructed equipment that drew on UHF television design techniques already in use. 38:. After the end of the war, all-electronic methods of scanning and displaying images became standard. Several different standards for addition of color to transmitted images were developed with different regions using technically incompatible signal standards. Television broadcasting expanded rapidly after World War II, becoming an important 1646:. On the 18th, Susy Wincker, the first announcer since the previous June, carried out a demonstration for the press from 5:30 to 7:30 pm. Broadcasts became regular from January 4, 1937, from 11:00 to 11:30 am and 8:00 to 8:30 pm during the week, and from 5:30 to 7:30 pm on Sundays. In July 1938, a decree defined for three years a standard of 375:. In 1928, Baird's company (Baird Television Development Company/Cinema Television) broadcast the first transatlantic television signal, between London and New York, and the first shore-to-ship transmission. In 1929, he became involved in the first experimental mechanical television service in Germany. In November of the same year, Baird and 5511:"Human-like eye made by engineers to televise images. 'Iconoscope' converts scenes into electrical energy for radio transmission. Fast as a movie camera. Three million tiny photo cells 'memorize', then pass out pictures. Step to home television. Developed in ten years' work by Dr. V. K. Zworykin, who describes it at Chicago" 3035:, which gave those using TVRO systems the right to receive signals for free unless they were scrambled, and required those who did scramble to make their signals available for a reasonable fee. Since cable channels could prevent reception by big dishes, other companies had an incentive to offer competition. In January 1986, 344:

about the long hours of staying still in front of the blinding level of light used in these experiments. On October 2, 1925, suddenly the dummy's head came through on the screen with incredible clarity. On January 26, 1926, he demonstrated the transmission of images of real human faces for 40 distinguished scientists of the

335:. Nipkow's was an obscure, forgotten patent and not at all obvious at the time. He created his first prototypes in Hastings, where he was recovering from a serious illness. In late 1924, Baird returned to London to continue his experiments there. On March 25, 1925, Baird gave the first public demonstration of televised 421:, also pioneered the television. He published an article on "Motion Pictures by Wireless" in 1913, but it was not until December 1923 that he transmitted moving silhouette images for witnesses. On June 13, 1925, Jenkins publicly demonstrated the synchronized transmission of silhouette pictures. In 1925, Jenkins used a 1793:

television service got off the ground, and a Television Centre in Berlin was approved. Transmissions began on December 21, 1952, using the 625-line standard developed in the Soviet Union in 1944, although at that time there were probably no more than 75 television receivers capable of receiving the programming.

5274: 2449:. Sets sold since 1939 that were built for slightly lower resolution could still be adjusted to receive the new standard. (Dunlap, p31). The FCC saw television ready for commercial licensing, and the first such licenses were issued to NBC- and CBS-owned stations in New York on July 1, 1941, followed by 2197: 3443:

in Germany in 1934, followed by other makers in France (1936), Britain (1936), and the United States (1938). The cheapest model with a 12-inch (30 cm) screen was $ 445 (equivalent to $ 9,632 in 2023). An estimated 19,000 electronic televisions were manufactured in Britain, and about 1,600 in

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On March 4, 1996, EchoStar introduced Digital Sky Highway (Dish Network) using the EchoStar 1 satellite. EchoStar launched a second satellite in September 1996 to increase the number of channels available on Dish Network to 170. These systems provided better pictures and stereo sound on 150-200 video

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The government, on advice from a special advisory committee, decided that Marconi-EMI's electronic system gave the superior picture, and the Baird system was dropped in February 1937. TV broadcasts in London were on the air an average of four hours daily from 1936 to 1939. There were 12,000 to 15,000

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The broadcasts were suddenly ended on May 31, 1940, by order of the government, allegedly because of interferences encountered in the first air navigation systems. Also, the imminent participation in the war is believed to have played a role in this decision. EIAR transmitting equipment was relocated

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On the other hand, in 1934, Zworykin shared some patent rights with the German licensee company Telefunken. The "image iconoscope" ("Superikonoskop" in Germany) was produced as a result of the collaboration. This tube is essentially identical to the super-Emitron. The production and commercialization

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Television broadcasting is supported by continuing technical developments such as long-haul microwave networks, which allow distribution of programming over a wide geographic area. Video recording methods allow programming to be edited and replayed for later use. Three-dimensional television has been

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with the lifting of the manufacturing freeze, war-related technological advances, the drop in television prices caused by mass production, increased leisure time, and additional disposable income. While only 0.5% of U.S. households had a television in 1946, 55.7% had one in 1954, and 90% by 1962. In

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systems. The scrambling of HBO was met with much protest from owners of big-dish systems, most of which had no other option at the time for receiving such channels, claiming that clear signals from cable channels would be difficult to receive. Eventually HBO allowed dish owners to subscribe directly

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electronic television broadcast with live and film segments to its licensees, and made its first public demonstration to the press on November 6. Irregularly scheduled broadcasts continued through 1937 and 1938. Regularly scheduled electronic broadcasts began in April 1938 in New York (to the second

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television aired their regular broadcasting debut in New York City on April 26, 1931, with a special demonstration set up in Aeolian Hall at Fifth Avenue and Fifty-fourth Street. Thousands waited to catch a glimpse of the Broadway stars who appeared on the 6 in (150 mm) square image, in an

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A first patent was filed in 1994 (and extended the following year) for an "intelligent" television system, linked with data processing systems, by means of a digital or analog network. Apart from being linked to data networks, one key point is its ability to automatically download necessary software

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The final standard adopted by the FCC did not require a single standard for scanning formats, aspect ratios, or lines of resolution. This outcome resulted from a dispute between the consumer electronics industry (joined by some broadcasters) and the computer industry (joined by the film industry and

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In March 1990, when it became clear that a digital standard was feasible, the FCC made a number of critical decisions. First, the Commission declared that the new ATV standard must be more than an enhanced analog signal, but be able to provide a genuine HDTV signal with at least twice the resolution

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examiner disagreed in a 1935 decision, finding priority of invention for Farnsworth against Zworykin. Farnsworth claimed that Zworykin's 1923 system would be unable to produce an electrical image of the type to challenge his patent. Zworykin received a patent in 1928 for a color transmission version

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cell". Low covered the cells with a liquid dielectric and the roller connected with each cell in turn through this medium as it rotated and travelled over the array. The receiver used bimetallic elements that acted as shutters "transmitting more or less light according to the current passing through

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that he included Televista in his 1914 Scientific and Electrical Exhibition at his store. It also interested Deputy Consul General Carl Raymond Loop who filled a US consular report from London containing considerable detail about Low's system. Low's invention employed a matrix detector (camera) and

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The first official channel of French television appeared on February 13, 1935, the date of the official inauguration of television in France, which was broadcast in 60 lines from 8:15 to 8:30 pm. The program showed the actress Béatrice Bretty in the studio of Radio-PTT Vision at 103 rue de Grenelle

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was again pioneered by John Logie Baird, with the initial demonstration made in July 1939. His system incorporated synchronised, two colour, red and blue-green, rotating filters, placed in front of both the camera, and CRT, to add false colour to the monochromatic television broadcasts. By December

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for the reproducer) marked the beginning of the end for mechanical systems as the dominant form of television. Mechanical TV usually only produced small images. It was the main type of TV until the 1930s. The last mechanical television broadcasts ended in 1939 at stations run by a handful of public

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In 1927, Ronald Frank Tiltman asked Low to write the introduction to his book in which he acknowledged Low's work, referring to Low's related patents with an apology that they were of 'too technical a nature for inclusion'. Later in his 1938 patent Low envisioned a much larger 'camera' cell density

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is the work of many individuals in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The first practical transmissions of moving images over a radio system used mechanical rotating perforated disks to scan a scene into a time-varying signal that could be reconstructed at a receiver back into an approximation

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By 1987, nine channels were scrambled, but 99 others were available free-to-air. While HBO initially charged a monthly fee of $ 19.95, soon it became possible to unscramble all channels for $ 200 a year. Dish sales went down from 600,000 in 1985 to 350,000 in 1986, but pay television services were

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technology enabled the use of smaller dishes. 500,000 systems, some costing as little as $ 2000, were sold in the US in 1984. Dishes pointing to one satellite were even cheaper. People in areas without local broadcast stations or cable television service could obtain good-quality reception with no

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Following the rapid rise of television after the war, the Federal Communications Commission was flooded with applications for television station licenses. With more applications than available television channels, the FCC ordered a freeze on processing station applications in 1948 that remained in

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After the U.S. entry into World War II, the FCC reduced the required minimum air time for commercial television stations from 15 hours per week to 4 hours. Most TV stations suspended broadcasting; of the ten original television stations only six continued through the war. On the few that remained,

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watches, for which the company paid anywhere from $ 4.00 to $ 9.00 (reports vary), displayed a WNBT test pattern modified to look like a clock with the hands showing the time. The Bulova logo, with the phrase "Bulova Watch Time", was shown in the lower right-hand quadrant of the test pattern while

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broadcasts in the world were broadcast over XHGC in 1954. Color television was introduced in 1962, also over XHGC-TV. One of Telesistema Mexicano's earliest broadcasts as a network, over XEW-TV, on June 25, 1955, was the first international North American broadcast in the medium's history, and was

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started in the late 2000s. All the governments across the world set the deadline for analog shutdown by the 2010s. Initially the adoption rate was low. But soon, more and more households were converting to digital televisions. The transition was expected to be complete worldwide by the mid to late

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American television broadcasting at the time consisted of a variety of markets in a wide range of sizes, each competing for programming and dominance with separate technology, until deals were made and standards agreed upon in 1941. RCA, for example, used only Iconoscopes in the New York area, but

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in 1923, he began to develop an electronic camera tube. But in a 1925 demonstration, the image was dim, had low contrast and poor definition, and was stationary. Zworykin's imaging tube never got beyond the laboratory stage. But RCA, which acquired the Westinghouse patent, asserted that the patent

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nobleman, was a passionate inventor. Among other things, he had devised a miniature refrigerator for cars and a new rotary engine design. Intrigued by television, he decided to apply his technical skills to the new medium. At the time, the biggest challenge in television technology was to transmit

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demonstrated television transmission from Washington to New York, using a prototype array of 50 lines containing 50 individual neon lights each against a gold-appearing background, as a display to make the images visible to an audience. The display measured approximately two feet by three feet and

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in the US, that detected the light reflected from the subject. This was transmitted by radio to a receiver unit, where the video signal was applied to a neon bulb behind a similar Nipkow disk synchronised with the first. The brightness of the neon lamp was varied in proportion to the brightness of

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department store in London. Since human faces had inadequate contrast to show up on his system at this time, he televised cut-outs and by mid-1925 the head of a ventriloquist's dummy he later named "Stooky Bill", whose face was painted to highlight its contrast. "Stooky Bill" also did not complain

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Television broadcasting may be funded by advertising revenue, by private or governmental organizations prepared to underwrite the cost, or in some countries, by television license fees paid by owners of receivers. Some services, especially carried by cable or satellite, are paid by subscriptions.

3377:. The addition of color to broadcast television after 1953 further increased the popularity of television sets in the 1960s, and an outdoor antenna became a common feature of suburban homes. The ubiquitous television set became the display device for the first recorded media in the 1970s, such as 3323:

as opposed to traditional systems like terrestrial, cable and satellite, although internet itself is received by terrestrial, cable or satellite methods. Internet television is a general term that covers the delivery of television shows and other video content over the Internet by video streaming

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The abbreviation CATV is often used for cable television. It originally stood for "community access television" or "community antenna television", from cable television's origins in 1948: in areas where over-the-air reception was limited by distance from transmitters or mountainous terrain, large

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The basic idea of using three monochrome images to produce a color image had been experimented with almost as soon as black-and-white televisions had first been built. Among the earliest published proposals for television was one by Maurice Le Blanc in 1880 for a color system, including the first

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Because only a limited number of holes could be made in the disks, and disks beyond a certain diameter became impractical, image resolution in mechanical television broadcasts was relatively low, ranging from about 30 lines up to about 120. Nevertheless, the image quality of 30-line transmissions

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gave a dramatic demonstration of mechanical television on April 7, 1927. The reflected-light television system included both small and large viewing screens. The small receiver had a two-inch-wide by 2.5-inch-high screen. The large receiver had a screen 24 inches wide by 30 inches high.

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of the image was reproduced. With this early apparatus, Baird's disks had 16 lenses, yet in conjunction with the other discs used produced moving images with 32 scan-lines, just enough to recognize a human face. He began with a frame-rate of five per second, which was soon increased to a rate of

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Christmas catalogue featured the first home satellite TV stations on sale for $ 36,500. The dishes were nearly 20 feet (6.1 m) in diameter and were remote-controlled. The price went down by half soon after that, but there were only eight more channels. The Society for Private and Commercial

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by the BBC, for the first time, on Armistice Day 1937, when the general public could watch on a television set how the King laid a wreath at the Cenotaph. This was the first time that anyone could broadcast a live street scene from cameras installed on the roof of neighbouring buildings, because

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In 1937 RCA raised the frame definition to 441 lines, and its executives petitioned the FCC for approval of the standard. By June 1939, regularly scheduled 441-line electronic television broadcasts were available in New York City and Los Angeles, and by November on General Electric's station in

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By the mid-1970s, the only stations broadcasting in black-and-white were a few high-numbered UHF stations in small markets and a handful of low-power repeater stations in even smaller markets, such as vacation spots. By 1979, even the last of these had converted to color and by the early 1980s,

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sensor. The CBS field-sequential color system was partly mechanical, with a disc made of red, blue, and green filters spinning inside the television camera at 1,200 rpm, and a similar disc spinning in synchronization in front of the cathode ray tube inside the receiver set. The system was first

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in March 1926 for a television system he dubbed "Radioskop". After further refinements included in a 1928 patent application, Tihanyi's patent was declared void in Great Britain in 1930, and so he applied for patents in the United States. Although his breakthrough would be incorporated into the

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in the beginning of 1924. In 1926, Tihanyi designed a television system utilizing fully electronic scanning and display elements and employing the principle of "charge storage" within the scanning (or "camera") tube. His solution was a camera tube that accumulated and stored electrical charges

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and transmitted the silhouette image of a toy windmill in motion, over a distance of five miles (from a naval radio station in Maryland to his laboratory in Washington, D.C.), using a lensed disk scanner with a 48-line resolution. He was granted U.S. patent 1,544,156 (Transmitting Pictures over

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In East Germany, the head of broadcasting in the Soviet occupation zone, Hans Mahler, predicted in 1948 that in the near future 'a new and important technical step forward in the field of broadcasting in Germany will begin its triumphant march: television.' In 1950, the plans for a nationwide

2064:. In particular, frame size was set to 625 lines, frame rate to 25 frames/s interlaced, and video bandwidth to 6 MHz. These basic parameters were accepted by most countries having 50 Hz mains frequency and became the foundation of television systems presently known as PAL and SECAM. 272:

into electric impulses, which responded too slowly thus spoiling the effect. Loop reported that "The system has been tested through a resistance equivalent to a distance of four miles, but in the opinion of Doctor Low there is no reason why it should not be equally effective over far greater

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Cable television is a system of broadcasting television programming to paying subscribers via radio frequency (RF) signals transmitted through coaxial cables or light pulses through fiber-optic cables. This contrasts with traditional terrestrial television, in which the television signal is

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device that he began work on in 1930, and demonstrated in 1931. This small tube could amplify a signal reportedly to the 60th power or better and showed great promise in all fields of electronics. A problem with the multipactor, unfortunately, was that it wore out at an unsatisfactory rate.

2115:, with 14%, 10% and 9.6% market share, respectively. The most important reception platforms are terrestrial and satellite, with almost 50% of homes using satellite (of these 15% were pay services) at the end of 2009. Three services dominate the multi-channel market: the satellite platforms 678:

published in October 1926, Campbell-Swinton also announced the results of some "not very successful experiments" he had conducted with G. M. Minchin and J. C. M. Stanton. They had attempted to generate an electrical signal by projecting an image onto a selenium-coated metal plate that was

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The first transatlantic television signal was sent in 1928 from London to New York by the Baird Television Development Company/Cinema Television, although this signal was not broadcast to the public. The first live satellite signal to Britain from the United States was broadcast via the

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photoelectric cell at the transmitter and an electromagnet controlling an oscillating mirror and a moving prism at the receiver. But his system contained no means of analyzing the spectrum of colors at the transmitting end, and could not have worked as he described it. Another inventor,

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went on the air. This became the English-speaking flagship station for the country, while CBFT became the French-language flagship after a second English-language station was licensed to CBC in Montreal later in the decade. The CBC's first privately owned affiliate television station,

691:. Both teams succeeded in transmitting "very faint" images with the original Campbell-Swinton's selenium-coated plate. Although others had experimented with using a cathode ray tube as a receiver, the concept of using one as a transmitter was novel. The first cathode ray tube to use a 1971:

became the first state to receive a commercial television station over the air. Within a year, the Mexican government would adopt the U.S. NTSC 525-line B/W 60-field-per-second system as the country's broadcast standard. In 1950, the first commercial television station within Mexico,

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decreed a broadcast standard of 819 lines; broadcasting began at the end of 1949 in this definition. Besides France, this standard was later adopted by Algeria, Monaco, and Morocco. Belgium and Luxembourg used a modified version of this standard with bandwidth narrowed to 7 MHz.

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hours a day) lasted until August 16, 1944. One thousand 441-line sets, most of which were installed in soldiers' hospitals, picked up the broadcasts. These German-controlled television broadcasts from the Eiffel Tower in Paris were able to be received on the south coast of England by

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was launched, among other goals, with the aim to make technical improvements in the field of simultaneous sharing of TV signals across main national European broadcasters, a technical challenge by that time. It is the longest-running annual international televised music competition.

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to broadcast from experimental station W3XK in Wheaton, Maryland, a suburb of Washington, D.C. For at least the first eighteen months, 48-line silhouette images from motion picture film were broadcast, although beginning in the summer of 1929 he occasionally broadcast in halftones.

1654:

With the entry of France into World War II the same year, broadcasts ceased and the transmitter of the Eiffel Tower was sabotaged. On September 3, 1940, French television was seized by the German occupation forces. A technical agreement was signed by the Compagnie des Compteurs and

2571:

With the widespread adoption of cable across the United States in the 1970s and 80s, terrestrial television broadcasts have been in decline; in 2013 it was estimated that about 7% of US households used an antenna. A slight increase in use began around 2010 due to a switchover to

946:

The world's first 625-line television standard was designed in the Soviet Union in 1944, and became a national standard in 1946. The first broadcast in 625-line standard occurred in 1948 in Moscow. The concept of 625 lines per frame was subsequently implemented in the European

2139:

radio transmitter in September 1929. Baird provided a limited amount of programming five days a week by 1930. During this time, Southampton earned the distinction of broadcasting the first-ever live television interview, which featured Peggy O'Neil, an actress and singer from

525:

in 1926. As part of his thesis on May 7, 1926, Theremin electrically transmitted and then projected near-simultaneous moving images on a five-foot square screen. By 1927 he achieved an image of 100 lines, a resolution that was not surpassed until 1931 by RCA, with 120 lines.

1650:

VHF (whereas three standards were used for the experiments: 441 lines for Gramont, 450 lines for the Compagnie des Compteurs and 455 for Thomson). In 1939, there were about only 200 to 300 individual television sets, some of which were also available in a few public places.

530:

steadily improved with technical advances, and by 1933 the UK broadcasts using the Baird system were remarkably clear. A few systems ranging into the 200-line region also went on the air. Two of these were the 180-line system that Compagnie des Compteurs (CDC) installed in

2012:

and the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Except for a brief period between 1969 and 1973, nearly every commercial television station in Mexico, with exceptions in the border cities, was expected to affiliate with a subnetwork of Telesistema Mexicano or its successor,

1421:

in his company's premises at 133 Long Acre, London. Baird pioneered a variety of 3D television systems using electro-mechanical and cathode-ray tube techniques. The first 3D TV was produced in 1935. The advent of digital television in the 2000s greatly improved 3D TVs.

1717:, which SECAM, and later PAL, solved. Some have argued that the primary motivation for the development of SECAM in France was to protect French television equipment manufacturers. However, incompatibility had started with the earlier unusual decision to adopt positive 1012:

demonstrated the world's first color transmission on July 3, 1928, using scanning discs at the transmitting and receiving ends with three spirals of apertures, each spiral with filters of a different primary color; and three light sources at the receiving end, with a

838:

to scan slides and film. Ardenne achieved his first transmission of television pictures on 24 December 1933, followed by test runs for a public television service in 1934. The world's first electronically scanned television service then started in Berlin in 1935, the

441:, Hamamatsu Campus. By 1927, Takayanagi improved the resolution to 100 lines, which was not surpassed until 1931. He is the man who completed the first all-electronic television. His research toward creating a production model was halted by the US after Japan lost 801:

by Zworykin, the new tube had a light sensitivity of about 75,000 lux, and thus was claimed to be much more sensitive than Farnsworth's image dissector. However, Farnsworth had overcome his power problems with his Image Dissector through the invention of a unique

2042:

First electronic television system on 180 lines at 25 fps was created in the beginning of 1935 in Leningrad (St. Petersburg). In September 1937 the experimental Leningrad TV Center (OLTC) was put in action. OLTC worked with 240 lines at 25 fps progressive scan.

1905:

for encoding the signal, required about twice the bandwidth of the existing NTSC system but provided about four times the resolution (1080i/1125 lines). Satellite test broadcasts started in 1989, with regular testing starting in 1991 and regular broadcasting of

5271: 1788:

After the end of World War II, the victorious Allies imposed a general ban on all radio and television broadcasting in Germany. Radio broadcasts for information purposes were soon permitted again, but television broadcasting was allowed to resume only in 1948.

2050:. Regular broadcasting began on December 31, 1938. It was quickly realized that 343 lines of resolution offered by this format would have become insufficient in the long run, thus a specification for 441-line format at 25 fps interlaced was developed in 1940. 9875: 3419:

were commercially sold from 1928 to 1934 in the United Kingdom, United States, and Soviet Union. The earliest commercially made televisions sold by Baird called Televisors in the UK in 1928 were radios with the addition of a television device consisting of a

2102:

started it broadcast on 26 May 1989. Until then there was only one television channel controlled by the state, but with the wave of liberalization, privately owned broadcasting began. Turkey's television market is defined by a handful of big channels, led by

2265:, faces in motion, and wind-up toys in motion. Speaking later that month, Gernsback downplayed the broadcasts, intended for amateur experimenters. "In six months we may have television for the public, but so far we have not got it." Gernsback also published 1748:

and tested in December 1961, followed by other studies to improve compatibility and image quality, but it was too soon for a wide introduction. A version of SECAM for the French 819-line television standard was devised and tested, but never introduced.

1425:

Although 3D TV sets are quite popular for watching 3D home media such as on Blu-ray discs, 3D programming has largely failed to make inroads among the public. Many 3D television channels that started in the early 2010s were shut down by the mid-2010s.

195:: he transmitted, in 1906, a photograph image from one room to another. In 1917, after other successful attempts by several independent inventors, he transmitted an image from London to New York City. He patented his apparatus in Los Angeles in 1928. 2636:

transmitted over the air by radio waves and received by a television antenna attached to the television. FM radio programming, high-speed Internet, telephone service, and similar non-television services may also be provided through these cables.

893:

analyzed how the iconoscope (or Emitron) produces an electronic signal and concluded that its real efficiency was only about 5% of the theoretical maximum. They solved this problem by developing and patenting in 1934 two new camera tubes dubbed

5304: 2956:

Early satellite television systems were not very popular due to their expense and large dish size. The satellite television dishes of the systems in the late 1970s and early 1980s were 10 to 16 feet (3.0 to 4.9 m) in diameter, made of

3019:

Originally, all channels were broadcast in the clear (ITC) because the equipment necessary to receive the programming was too expensive for consumers. With the growing number of TVRO systems, the program providers and broadcasters had to

3132:. This legislation enabled anyone caught engaging in signal theft to be fined up to $ 50,000 and to be sentenced to a maximum of two years in prison. A repeat offender can be fined up to $ 100,000 and be imprisoned for up to five years. 4007:

of the moment, and Caselli wondered if it was possible to send pictures over telegraph wires. He went to work in 1855, and over the course of six years perfected what he called the "pantelegraph." It was the world's first practical fax

884:

The original American iconoscope was noisy, had a high ratio of interference to signal, and ultimately gave disappointing results, especially when compared to the high definition mechanical scanning systems then becoming available. The

833:

gave a public demonstration of a television system using a CRT for both transmission and reception, the first completely electronic television transmission. However, Ardenne had not developed a camera tube, using the CRT instead as a

2876:) system of broadcasting and delivering of TV signals via satellites was launched in 1979. Stationary and mobile downlink stations with parabolic antennas 13.1 and 8.2 feet (4 and 2.5 m) in diameter were receiving signal from 1602:

channel was launched by Czechoslovak Television in May 1990 and broadcast in the format from the very start. The remaining channels switched to PAL by July 1, 1992. Commercial television didn't start broadcasting until after the

2640:"community antennas" were constructed, and cable was run from them to individual homes. The origins of cable broadcasting are even older as radio programming was distributed by cable in some European cities as far back as 1924. 2468:(FCC) allowed stations to broadcast advertisements beginning in July 1941, but required public service programming commitments as a requirement for a license. By contrast, the United Kingdom chose a different route, imposing a 300:

Dr. Low gave a demonstration for the first time in public, with a new apparatus that he has invented, for seeing, he claims by electricity, by which it is possible for persons using a telephone to see each other at the same

179:

on August 24, 1900. Perskyi's paper reviewed the existing electromechanical technologies, mentioning the work of Nipkow and others. However, it was not until 1907 that developments in amplification tube technology, by

1520:, launched in October 1953 (at the time, all private stations were expected to affiliate with the CBC, a condition that was relaxed in 1960–61 when CTV, Canada's second national English-language network, was formed). 9894: 1495:(CBC) adopted the American NTSC 525-line B/W 60 field per second system as its broadcast standard. It began television broadcasting in Canada in September 1952. The first broadcast was on September 6, 1952, from its 1205:. Digital TV can support more than one program in the same channel bandwidth. It is an innovative service that represents the first significant evolution in television technology since color television in the 1950s. 881:'s towers. It alternated for a short time with Baird's mechanical system in adjoining studios, but it was more reliable and visibly superior. This was the world's first regular high-definition television service. 1154:

Although all-electronic color was introduced in the U.S. in 1953, high prices and the scarcity of color programming greatly slowed its acceptance in the marketplace. The first national color broadcast (the 1954

468:

Both sets were capable of reproducing reasonably accurate, monochromatic moving images. Along with the pictures, the sets also received synchronized sound. The system transmitted images over two paths: first, a

245:

gave the first demonstration of his television system at the Institute of Automobile Engineers in London. He called his system 'Televista'. The events were widely reported worldwide and were generally entitled

214:

modulated the light and a series of variously angled mirrors attached to the edge of a rotating disc scanned the modulated beam onto the display screen. A separate circuit regulated synchronization. The 8×8

3931:

W6XAO later moved to VHF Channel 1 before World War II, and to Channel 2 in the post-war television realignment. It was commercially licensed in 1947 as KTSL and is the direct ancestor of current station

717:

The problem of low sensitivity to light resulting in low electrical output from transmitting or "camera" tubes would be solved with the introduction of charge-storage technology by the Hungarian engineer

8847: 7114: 2359:'s New York City station W2XAB began broadcasting their first regular seven-day-a-week television schedule on July 21, 1931, with a 60-line electromechanical system. The first broadcast included Mayor 159:. This was a spinning disk with a spiral pattern of holes in it, so each hole scanned a line of the image. Although he never built a working model of the system, variations of Nipkow's spinning-disk " 6281: 3162:, a direct broadcasting company using medium power satellite. The relatively strong transmissions allowed the use of smaller (90 cm) dishes. Its popularity declined with the 1994 launch of the 273:

distances. The patent states that this connection could be either wired or wireless. The cost of the apparatus is considerable because the conductive sections of the roller are made of platinum..."

5641: 1082:

also experimented with hybrid field-sequential colour TV (known as telectroescopía at first). His efforts began in 1931 and led to a Mexican patent for the "trichromatic field sequential system"

1075:

halted the manufacture of television and radio equipment for civilian use from April 22, 1942, to August 20, 1945, limiting any opportunity to introduce color television to the general public.

2060:

The transmissions in 625-line format started in Moscow on November 4, 1948. Regular broadcasting began on June 16, 1949. Details for this standard were formalized in 1955 specification called

902:. The super-Emitron was between ten and fifteen times more sensitive than the original Emitron and iconoscope tubes and, in some cases, this ratio was considerably greater. It was used for an 4071: 7533: 5967: 5940: 5913: 5704: 5298: 2227:. It was popularly known as "WGY Television" after its sister radio station. Later in 1928, General Electric started a second facility, this one in New York City, which had the call letters 785:

for Farnsworth's 1927 image dissector was written so broadly that it would exclude any other electronic imaging device. Thus RCA, on the basis of Zworykin's 1923 patent application, filed a

286:

An inventor, Dr. A. M. Low, has discovered a means of transmitting visual images by wire. If all goes well with this invention, we shall soon be able, it seems, to see people at a distance.

9474:, that produced a red postage-stamp size image, enlarged to twice that size by a magnifying glass. The Televisor sold in 1930–1933 is considered the Television History: The First 75 Years. 2418:

week of June, and resuming in August) and Los Angeles. NBC officially began regularly scheduled television broadcasts in New York on April 30, 1939, with a broadcast of the opening of the

1001:, also experimented with color television as early as 1907. The first color television project is claimed by him, and was patented in Germany on March 31, 1908, patent No. 197183, then in 219:

resolution in this proof-of-concept demonstration was just sufficient to clearly transmit individual letters of the alphabet. An updated image was transmitted "several times" each second.

3922:, which first went on the air on July 1, 1941 as one of the first two commercially licensed television stations in the country (the other being the National Broadcasting Company's WNBC). 2386:

By 1935, low-definition electromechanical television broadcasting had ceased in the United States except for a handful of stations run by public universities that continued to 1939. The

1162:

Early color sets were either floor-standing console models or tabletop versions nearly as bulky and heavy, so in practice they remained firmly anchored in one place. The introduction of

3116:

signal unencrypted in order for affiliates to not lose viewers who could not see their advertising. Most of the two million satellite dish users in the United States still used C-band.

1781:

in August 1936. Twenty-eight public television rooms were opened for anybody who did not own a television set. The Germans had a 441-line system on the air in February 1937, and during

7325: 1201:

Digital television (DTV) is the transmission of audio and video by digitally processed and multiplexed signal, in contrast to the totally analog and channel separated signals used by

6062: 3100:

seeing dishes as something positive since some people would never have cable service, and the industry was starting to recover as a result. Scrambling also led to the development of

2774:

proposed a worldwide communications system that would function by means of three satellites equally spaced apart in earth orbit. This was published in the October 1945 issue of the

8032: 7359: 2568:(NTSC) developed a color television system based on RCA technology that was compatible with existing black and white receivers, and commercial color broadcasts reappeared in 1953. 1827:

system, which was used in Eastern European countries. With the reunification of Germany, it was decided to switch to the PAL color system. The system was changed in December 1990.

1388:

refers to the receiving television content over internet instead of traditional systems (terrestrial, cable and satellite) (although internet itself is received by these methods).

1208:

Digital TV's roots have been tied very closely to the availability of inexpensive, high-performance computers. It wasn't until the 1990s that digital TV became a real possibility.

487:

beam illuminated these subjects. The scanner that produced the beam had a 50-aperture disk. The disc revolved at a rate of 18 frames per second, capturing one frame about every 56

3129: 1630:

created the Compagnie Générale de Télévision (CGT). In December 1932, Barthélemy carried out an experimental program in black and white (definition: 60 lines) one hour per week, "

1170:

set in the spring of 1966 made watching color television a more flexible and convenient proposition. In 1972, sales of color sets finally surpassed sales of black-and-white sets.

5616: 1591:. Regular color transmissions eventually started in 1973, with television studios using PAL equipment and the output signal only being transcoded to SECAM at transmitter sites. 2261:

broadcasts on August 14, 1928, using 48-line images. Working with only one transmitter, the station alternated radio broadcasts with silent television images of the station's

2057:. In 1944, while the war was still raging, a new standard, offering 625 lines of vertical resolution was prepared. This format was ultimately accepted as a national standard. 1693:. The broadcasts were transmitted from the Cognacq-Jay studios. In October 1945, after repairs, the transmitter of the Eiffel Tower was back in service. On November 20, 1948, 143:. This schematic shows the circular paths traced by the holes, which may also be square for greater precision. The area of the disk outlined in black shows the region scanned. 927:

between Zworykin and Farnsworth, because Dieckmann and Hell had priority in Germany for the invention of the image dissector, having submitted a patent application for their

98:

demonstrated a working laboratory version in 1851. The first practical facsimile system, working on telegraph lines, was developed and put into service by the Italian priest

3893: 2313: 310:, that predominantly reproduced shadows. With subsequent technological advances, many such ideas could be made viable decades later, but at the time they were impractical. 61:

standards, providing additional operating features and conserving radio spectrum bandwidth for more profitable uses. Television programming can also be distributed over the

7136: 3365:

A television set, also called a television receiver, television, TV set, TV, or telly, is a device that combines a tuner, display, and speakers for the purpose of viewing

1878:

Television broadcasting in Japan started on May 13, 1939, making the country one of the first in the world with an experimental television service. The broadcasts were in

3177:

and audio channels, and allowed small dishes to be used. This greatly reduced the popularity of TVRO systems. In the mid-1990s, channels began moving their broadcasts to

2434:. The coverage area for reliable reception was a radius of 40 to 50 miles (80 km) from the Empire State Building, an area populated by more than 10,000,000 people. 2390:(FCC) saw television in the continual flux of development with no consistent technical standards, hence all such stations in the U.S. were granted only experimental and 8087: 2992: 399:

television broadcasts in 1936, though for action shots (as opposed to a seated presenter) the mechanical system did not scan the televised scene directly. Instead, a

2853:

stations each equipped with a parabolic antenna 39 feet (12 m) in diameter. The first commercial North American satellite to carry television transmissions was

2805:

ocean on July 23, 1962. The signals were received and broadcast in North American and European countries and watched by over 100 million. Launched in 1962, the

1100:

was similar to Baird's concept, but used small pyramids with the phosphors deposited on their outside faces, instead of Baird's 3D patterning on a flat surface. The

751:

demonstrated a TV system with a 40-line resolution that employed a CRT display at Hamamatsu Industrial High School in Japan. Takayanagi did not apply for a patent.

1017:

to alternate their illumination. Baird also made the world's first color broadcast on February 4, 1938, sending a mechanically scanned 120-line image from Baird's

683:. These experiments were conducted before March 1914, when Minchin died. They were later repeated in 1937 by two different teams, H. Miller and J. W. Strange from 3147:, the first satellite to provide medium power satellite coverage to Western Europe. This was one of the first medium-powered satellites, transmitting signals in K 2155:

in north London. It therefore claims to be the birthplace of TV broadcasting as we know it today. It was a dual-system service, alternating between Marconi-EMI's

3898: 2039:

The Soviet Union began offering 30-line electromechanical test broadcasts in Moscow on October 31, 1931, and a commercially manufactured television set in 1932.

1441: 9350:

Mirabito, M.,& Morgenstern, B. (2004). Satellites: Operations and Applications. The New Communication Technologies (fifth edition). Burlington: Focal Press.

8861: 2969:, and in the United States cost more than $ 5,000, sometimes as much as $ 10,000. Programming sent from ground stations was relayed from eighteen satellites in 2739:

type satellites, and required the use of large dishes. Consequently, these systems were nicknamed "big dish" systems, and were more expensive and less popular.

5399: 2401:

On June 15, 1936, Don Lee Broadcasting began a one-month-long demonstration of high definition (240+ line) television in Los Angeles on W6XAO (later KTSL, now

9137: 2643:

Early cable television was analog, but since the 2000s all cable operators have switched to, or are in the process of switching to, digital cable television.

1326:

between computers and television sets and set-top boxes. Besides the traditional functions of television sets and set-top boxes provided through traditional

869:

applied in 1932 for a patent for a new device they dubbed "the Emitron", which formed the heart of the cameras they designed for the BBC. In November 1936, a

8053: 6464: 3151:

band and allowing reception with small dishes (90 cm). The launch of Astra beat the winner of the UK's state Direct Broadcast Satellite licence holder,

3069: 1664: 9364: 2483:

The first official, paid advertising to appear on American commercial television occurred on the afternoon of July 1, 1941, over New York station WNBT (now

2394:

licenses, hampering television's economic development. Just as importantly, Philo Farnsworth's August 1934 demonstration of an all-electronic system at the

11527: 9163: 8223: 7429: 6272: 2325:

evening event to publicize a weekday programming schedule offering films and live entertainers during the four-hour daily broadcasts. Appearing were boxer

1689:

television standard. During the years of occupation, Barthélemy reached 1015 and even 1042 lines. On October 1, 1944, television service resumed after the

238:

or "CRT") in the receiver. Moving images were not possible because, in the scanner, "the sensitivity was not enough and the selenium cell was very laggy".

7405: 5311:. European Patent Office, Patent No. GB313456. Convention date UK application: 1928-06-11, declared void and published: 1930-11-11, retrieved: 2013-04-25. 2525:

By 1947, when there were 40 million radios in the U.S., there were about 44,000 television sets (with probably 30,000 in the New York area). Regular

2235:. The two stations were experimental in nature and had no regular programming, as receivers were operated by engineers within the company. The image of a 5645: 10102: 7706: 2094:

was introduced in 1981. Before 1989 there was the only channel, the state broadcasting company TRT, and it broadcast in several times of the dateline.

7382: 3453:

Britain, there were 15,000 television households in 1947, 1.4 million in 1952, and 15.1 million by 1968. By the late 1960s and early 1970s,

1096:

Similar concepts were common through the 1940s and 1950s, differing primarily in the way they re-combined the colors generated by the three guns. The

3988:

The first telefax machine to be used in practical operation was invented by an Italian priest and professor of physics, Giovanni Caselli (1815–1891).

1901:

In 1979, NHK first developed a consumer high-definition television with a 5:3 display aspect ratio. The system, known as Hi-Vision or MUSE after its

1898:

region, this first full-fledged TV broadcast experimentation lasted only a few months. Regular television broadcasts would eventually start in 1953.

10050: 6383: 4068: 948: 8168: 7530: 7457: 4709: 3139:

but it initially used low power communication satellites and it required dish sizes of over 1.7 m (5 ft 7 in). On December 11, 1988

2350: 1757:

Electromechanical broadcasts began in Germany in 1929, but were without sound until 1934. Network electronic service started on March 22, 1935, on

9236: 9028: 7185: 6873: 1615:

The first experiments in television broadcasting began in France in the 1930s, although the French did not immediately employ the new technology.

8296: 8083: 7078: 5510: 260: 7290: 5341: 2144:. On August 22, 1932, BBC launched its own regular service using Baird's 30-line electromechanical system, continuing until September 11, 1935. 1104:

used three layers of phosphor on top of each other and increased the power of the beam to reach the upper layers when drawing those colors. The

6916: 4582: 1882:

with 25 frames/second and 4.5 MHz video bandwidth. The first television tests were conducted as early as 1926 using a combined mechanical

1036:, amplifiers, glow-tubes and color filters, with a series of mirrors to superimpose the red, green and blue images into one full color image. 7914: 4602: 4115: 3795: 3742: 3578:

in the 1970s allowed for more channels and encouraged companies to target programming toward specific audiences. It also enabled the rise of

3007:. Between 1981 and 1985, TVRO systems' sales rates increased as prices fell. Advances in receiver technology and the use of Gallium Arsenide 2892:

1, was launched on October 26, 1976. It used a 714 MHz UHF downlink frequency so that the transmissions could be received with existing

2287:, and by September was making four television broadcasts weekly. It is considered to be the direct predecessor of current television station 659:(or "Braun" tube) as both a transmitting and receiving device. He expanded on his vision in a speech given in London in 1911 and reported in 9319: 6607: 5475: 12235: 12207: 12202: 11227: 4738: 3816: 2242:

The first regularly scheduled television service in the United States began on July 2, 1928, fifteen months before the United Kingdom. The

7474: 2944:, a non-profit public broadcasting service, began to distribute its television programming by satellite in 1978. On October 18, 1979, the 8626: 8029: 7356: 5670: 4422: 8887: 6989: 6481: 2239:

doll rotating on a turntable was broadcast for 2 hours every day for several years as new technology was being tested by the engineers.

198:

The first demonstration of instantaneous transmission of images was by Georges Rignoux and A. Fournier in Paris in 1909. A matrix of 64

10161: 9562: 8238: 8112: 7992: 6405: 6245: 2310:. The 60-line transmissions consisted of pictures, signs, and views of persons and objects. Experimental broadcasts continued to 1931. 9085: 8807: 8688: 8500: 7030: 6890: 723:("photoelectrons") within the tube throughout each scanning cycle. The device was first described in a patent application he filed in 13215: 9581: 8077:

Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB); Implementation of Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) modulation in DVB satellite transmission systems

7881: 7621: 6214: 3072:

SBCA was founded on December 2, 1986, as the result of a merger between SPACE and the Direct Broadcast Satellite Association (DBSA).

2988: 230:

created a system that used a mechanical mirror-drum scanner to transmit, in Zworykin's words, "very crude images" over wires to the "

9638: 5879: 3203:

had been reducing the popularity of TVRO systems since the early 1990s. Signals from DBS satellites (operating in the more recent K

2948:(FCC) began allowing people to have home satellite earth stations without a federal government license. The front cover of the 1979 521:

had been developing a mirror drum-based television, starting with 16-line resolution in 1925, then 32 lines and eventually 64 using

10932: 10856: 10800: 10759: 5149: 3861: 2519: 1921: 383:

established France's first television company, Télévision-Baird-Natan. In 1931, he made the first outdoor remote broadcast, of the

9505: 9429: 7798: 6120: 5170: 3515:

The first live coast-to-coast commercial television broadcast in the U.S. took place on November 18, 1951, during the premiere of

12319: 11189: 10188: 10016: 6812: 6089: 5731: 5438: 3401:. Modern flat panel TVs are typically capable of high-definition display (720p, 1080p or 2160p) and can also play content from a 3032: 1733:

systems used negative video). Nonetheless, SECAM was partly developed for reasons of national pride. Henri de France's personal

850:

Philo Farnsworth gave the world's first public demonstration of an all-electronic television system, using a live camera, at the

631:

became the foundation of 20th century television. A cathode ray tube was successfully demonstrated as a displaying device by the

12229: 10387: 8201: 7593: 6589: 4144: 1902: 1659:, and a financing agreement for the resuming of the service is signed by German Ministry of Post and Radiodiffusion Nationale ( 1580: 1552:

were produced in 1948. In the same year the first test television transmission was performed. Regular television broadcasts in

1220: 6951: 6529:

Western technology and Soviet economic development: 1945 to 1965, by Antony C. Sutton, Business & Economics - 1973, p. 330

5321: 4129: 4101: 3448:

halted manufacture in April 1942, production resuming in August 1945. Television usage in the western world skyrocketed after

2409:

increased the definition to 343 interlaced lines and the frame rate to 30 per second. On July 7, 1936, RCA and its subsidiary

437:

display at Hamamatsu Industrial High School in Japan. This prototype is still on display at the Takayanagi Memorial Museum at

49:

Television broadcasts can be distributed over the air by VHF and UHF radio signals from terrestrial transmitting stations, by

12224: 12214: 12194: 11996: 11000: 9970: 9916: 9842: 9814: 9302: 8178: 8076: 7577: 6771: 6617: 6130: 6038: 6004: 5889: 5855: 5818: 5784: 5484: 4693: 4389: 4232: 2743: 2713: 2405:) with a 300-line image from motion picture film. By October, W6XAO was making daily television broadcasts of films. By 1934 9524: 7343: 6569: 6188: 4019: 3563:

Reportedly, the first continuous live broadcast of a "breaking" news story in the world was conducted by the CBC during the

2046:

In Moscow, experimental transmissions of electronic television took place on March 9, 1937, using equipment manufactured by

10846: 10782: 9619: 8551: 5457: 4171: 3871: 3052:

to their service for $ 12.95 per month, a price equal to or higher than what cable subscribers were paying, and required a

2953:

Earth Stations (SPACE), an organisation that represented consumers and satellite TV system owners was established in 1980.

2565: 780:

Meanwhile, Vladimir Zworykin was also experimenting with the cathode ray tube to create and show images. While working for

11361: 8455: 6157: 1579:

Preparations for color transmissions in the PAL color system started in the second half of the 1960s. However, due to the

1127:. In the United States, after considerable research, the National Television Systems Committee approved an all-electronic 12286: 12219: 12065: 10143: 10108:

Archive of American Television (information and links to videotaped oral history interviews with TV legends and pioneers)

9788: 9058:

Stecklow, Steve (October 25, 1984). "Research Needed in Buying Dish: High Cost Is Important Consideration for Consumer".

7505: 6550: 3781: 2441:

television engineering standards on May 2, 1941, calling for 525 lines of vertical resolution, 30 frames per second with

1396:(WebTV) is a term used for programs created by a wide variety of companies and individuals for broadcast on Internet TV. 969:

In 1978, James P. Mitchell described, prototyped and demonstrated what was perhaps the earliest monochromatic flat panel

9486: 9467: 8577: 7315:

Crane, R. J. (1979). The Politics of International Standards: France and the Color TV War, Ablex Publishing Corporation.

6665: 6433: 895: 268:

them..." as stated in the patent. Low said the main deficiency of the system was the selenium cells used for converting

11991: 9543: 9378: 9181: 8404: 8306: 8252: 7865: 5774: 5363: 3757: 2925: 2148: 2018: 7159: 3136: 12085: 9888: 9861: 9796: 9771: 9752: 9733: 8923: 8702: 8657: 7300: 6900: 6858: 6341: 5423: 5128: 4154: 3767: 2945: 2465: 2387: 1907: 1492: 1061: 988:

mentions in television literature of line and frame scanning, although he gave no practical details. Polish inventor

391:

television. Baird Television Limited's mechanical systems reached a peak of 240 lines of resolution at the company's

6869:

National Television System Committee (1951–1953), , 17 v. illus., diagrams., tables. 28 cm. LC Control No.:54021386

6633: 5396: 3251:

where viewers lose signal during a heavy downpour. C-band satellite television signals are less prone to rain fade.

2507: 2383:

spectrum, it broadcast a regular schedule of filmed images every day except Sundays and holidays for several years.

476:. Comparing the two transmission methods, viewers noted no difference in quality. Subjects of the telecast included 13058: 12952: 12629: 11870: 11418: 11220: 10707: 9600: 6457: 6028: 4443: 3805: 3493: 2473: 1984:

in 1952. Those three were not only the first television stations in the country, but also the flagship stations of

9448: 8061: 7092: 5994: 5808: 2067:

Starting in 1951, broadcasting in the 625-line standard was introduced in other major cities of the Soviet Union.

1067:

CBS began experimental color field tests using film as early as August 28, 1940, and live cameras by November 12.

12434: 11981: 11158: 10922: 10851: 10349: 7947: 7259: 5030:

Miller, H.; Strange, J. W. (May 2, 1938). "The electrical reproduction of images by the photoconductive effect".

4926: 4823: 4771: 4723: 4475: 4338: 3629: 3351:

is a term used for programs created by a wide variety of companies and individuals for broadcast on Internet TV.

2191: 642: 410:

Company's success with their mechanical system in the 1930s enabled them to take their operations to the US when

8669: 7433: 3068:

in April 1986. One by one, all commercial channels followed HBO's lead and began scrambling their channels. The

1777:

were televised, using both all-electronic iconoscope-based cameras and intermediate film cameras, to Berlin and

1503:. The premiere broadcast was bilingual, spoken in English and French. Two days later, on September 8, 1952, the 1177:

black-and-white sets had been pushed into niche markets, notably low-power uses, small portable sets, or use as

13220: 13205: 11976: 10673: 10609: 10533: 8538: 7401: 3247:

materials have also had an effect. However, one consequence of the higher frequencies used for DBS services is

3152: 2921: 2573: 2034: 1584: 3624: 2701:. Satellite television provides a wide range of channels and services, especially to geographic areas without 1997: 1989: 1310:

Advent of digital television allowed innovations like smart TVs. A smart television, sometimes referred to as

1079: 899: 12855: 12757: 12001: 10970: 10886: 10573: 10497: 10421: 3117: 2747: 2682: 2561: 2542: 2419: 1874:

First television test broadcast transmitted by the NHK Broadcasting Technology Research Institute in May 1939

1604: 1556:

area started on May 1, 1953. Television service expanded in the following years as new studios were built in

1476: 1403:

Major TV manufacturers have announced production of smart TVs only, for middle-end and high-end TVs in 2015.

1238: 1196: 1116: 1040: 1005:, on April 1, 1908, patent No. 7219, in France (patent No. 390326) and in Russia in 1910 (patent No. 17912). 908: 797:

In 1933 RCA introduced an improved camera tube that relied on Tihanyi's charge storage principle. Dubbed the

172: 90:

systems pioneered methods of mechanically scanning graphics in the early 19th century. The Scottish inventor

73:

used commercially but has not received wide consumer acceptance owing to the limitations of display methods.

10792: 10774: 10076: 9877:

Television, technology, and competition: HDTV and digital TV in the United States, Western Europe, and Japan

9455:, Television History: The First 75 Years. The French model shown does not appear to have entered production. 3958: 3292: 3223:

at the receiver than analog modulation methods. Each satellite also can carry up to 32 transponders in the K

2746:

signals were earlier analog signals and later digital signals, both of which require a compatible receiver.

2616: 2279:, on the air sporadically since January 13, 1928, was able to broadcast reflected-light, 48-line images via 1283: 810: 13210: 12276: 12037: 11934: 11477: 11272: 11244: 11153: 10990: 10904: 7378: 7211: 3841: 3777: 3476:. Flat-panel television, especially LCD, has become the dominant form of television since the early 2010s. 3472:

In The Early 2010s, CRT display technology was largely supplanted worldwide by flat-panel displays such as

3347:(IPTV) is one of the emerging Internet television technology standards for use by television broadcasters. 3344: 3270: 3212: 2576:

broadcasts, which offer pristine image quality over very large areas, and offered an alternate to CATV for

1392:(IPTV) is one of the emerging Internet television technology standards for use by television broadcasters. 1389: 1261: 10578: 8652:

Public Service Broadcasting in the Age of Globalization, Editors: Indrajit Banerjee, Kalinga Seneviratne.

3124:

were considering scrambling, though CBS was reluctant due to the number of people unable to receive local

762:

camera tube transmitted its first image, a simple straight line, at his laboratory at 202 Green Street in

12973: 12312: 12266: 11773: 11213: 10181: 8726: 8378: 8359: 7677: 6391: 4646: 3866: 3541: 2893: 1895: 600:, in his three famous experiments was able to deflect cathode rays, a fundamental function of the modern 464: 449: 148: 7454: 4612: 3432:

in 1884) with a spiral of apertures first mass-produced television set, selling about a thousand units.

2829:

and nicknamed "Early Bird", was launched into geosynchronous orbit on April 6, 1965. The first national

2135:

The first British television broadcast was made by Baird Television's electromechanical system over the

12527: 12125: 12047: 11986: 11693: 10917: 10861: 10690: 10626: 10568: 10563: 10558: 10553: 10548: 10543: 10507: 10492: 10482: 10229: 9229: 9173: 9036: 8947: 6870: 3883: 3564: 3557: 3192: 3057: 2917: 2866: 2751: 2717: 2595: 2533:

on a three-station network linking New York with the Capital District and Philadelphia in 1944; on the

2414: 1879: 1647: 1156: 1108:

used a set of focusing wires to select the colored phosphors arranged in vertical stripes on the tube.

870: 10103:

A Visit to Our Studios: a television program exploring the studios at Johns Hopkins University in 1951

4672:

Lehrer, Norman, H. (1985). "The Challenge of the Cathode-Ray Tube". In Tannas, Lawrence E. Jr. (ed.).

1587:

period, the broadcaster was ultimately forced to adopt the SECAM color system used by the rest of the

1181:

screens in lower-cost consumer equipment. By the late 1980s, even these areas switched to color sets.

371:

In 1927, Baird transmitted a signal over 438 miles (705 km) of telephone line between London and

13015: 12983: 12947: 12700: 12413: 12398: 11897: 11858: 11703: 11603: 11532: 11465: 11292: 11132: 11021: 10666: 10661: 10651: 10477: 8963: 8333: 5845: 5589: 3851: 3373:

form, television sets became a popular consumer product after World War II in electronic form, using

3311:

Internet television (Internet TV), (online television) or IPTV (Internet Protocol Television) is the

2534: 1572:. By 1961 more than a million citizens owned a television set. The second channel of the state-owned 1323: 844: 840: 577: 91: 7506:"Participation of A.Raspletin in developing and realization of black-and-white television standards" 5464:. Patent No. 2022450, U.S. Patent Office. Filed 1923-12-29, issued 1935-11-26. Retrieved 2010-05-10. 4632: 4586: 3012:

monthly fees. The large dishes were a subject of much consternation, as many people considered them

2908:

industry as communication satellites were being used to distribute television programming to remote

2021:). This condition would not be relaxed for good until 1993, when Imevision was privatized to become 13025: 12256: 11498: 11433: 11386: 11346: 11041: 10472: 10060: 9095: 6920: 5445:. Patent No. 1691324, U.S. Patent Office. Filed 1925-07-13, issued 1928-11-13. Retrieved 2009-07-28 3810: 3771: 3587: 3076: 2909: 2564:

that was suspended four months later for technical and economic reasons. The television industry's

2243: 1766: 433:

demonstrated a television system with a 40-line resolution that employed a Nipkow disk scanner and

12684: 9989:"In 1926, TV Was Mechanical: John Logie Baird's television was based around a spinning metal disk" 2295:, a one-act play broadcast on September 11, 1928, was the world's first live drama on television. 2215:, tracing its roots to an experimental station founded on January 13, 1928, broadcasting from the 1622:-Natan. On April 14, 1931, there took place the first transmission with a thirty-line standard by 13078: 12649: 12542: 12403: 12095: 12080: 11924: 11875: 11798: 11698: 11376: 11262: 11257: 9925: 9334: 9211: 8433:(Press release). Springfield Virginia: U.S. Joint Publications Research Service. 1970. p. 60 3888: 3821: 3747: 3736: 3654: 3579: 3537: 3444:

Germany, before World War II. About 7,000–8,000 electronic sets were made in the U.S. before the

2982: 2933: 2815: 2811:

satellite was the first satellite to transmit television signals from the US to Japan. The first

2783: 2736: 2728: 2674: 2247: 1713:; NTSC was considered undesirable in Europe because of its tint problem, requiring an additional 1573: 460: 418: 57:. Many countries have moved away from the original analog radio transmission methods and now use 10841: 7651: 7056: 6972:

1125 divided by 3, and then multiplied by 5, due to the 5:3 aspect ratio, assuming square pixels

2940:

became the first person to receive C-band satellite signals with his home-built system in 1976.

12383: 12305: 12017: 11803: 11618: 11563: 11558: 11371: 11336: 11163: 10517: 10174: 7478: 3732: 3686: 3004: 2702: 2677:. The signals are received via an outdoor parabolic reflector antenna usually referred to as a 2666: 1472: 1464: 1435: 392: 251: 87: 10134:"Happy 70th Birthday, TV Commercial broadcasts bow on July 1, 1941; Variety calls it 'corney'" 7740: 7720: 7567: 6730: 5667: 4757: 4604:

Ueber ein Verfahren zur Demonstration und zum Studium des zeitlichen Verlaufs variabler Ströme

4436: 4194: 1993: 1939:

range was launched in April 1984, with the HDC-100 camera, HDV-100 video recorder and HDS-100

1694: 1642:, Minister of Posts, inaugurated the first broadcast in 180 lines from the transmitter of the 1528: 13048: 13000: 12679: 12609: 12588: 12328: 11919: 11723: 11688: 11608: 11588: 11398: 11319: 11148: 10995: 10985: 10975: 10833: 10538: 9318:

Bell-Jones, Robin; Berbner, Jochen; Chai, Jianfeng; Farstad, Thomas; Pham, Minh (June 2001).

9169: 8817: 6982: 6488: 4677: 4381: 3831: 3583: 3509: 3416: 3370: 3163: 3048: 3044: 3021: 2492: 2431: 2427: 2376: 2276: 1682:

and BBC engineers, who photographed the station identification image direct from the screen.

1014: 781: 696: 535: 503: 477: 203: 82: 11252: 9764:

The Greatest Stories Never Told: 100 tales from history to astonish, bewilder, & stupefy

9559: 8120: 7988: 7007: 6941:

Kruger, L. G. (2001). Digital Television: An Overview. Hauppauge, New York: Nova Publishers.

6416: 5065:

Iams, H.; Rose, A. (August 1937). "Television Pickup Tubes with Cathode-Ray Beam Scanning".

4455: 2716:(DBSTV), also known as "direct to home" (DTH). In DBSTV systems, signals are relayed from a 918:

Ad for the beginning of experimental television broadcasting in New York City by RCA in 1939

53:

signals from Earth orbiting satellites, or by wired transmission to individual consumers by

13073: 13005: 12957: 12942: 12912: 12875: 12654: 12619: 12614: 11833: 11793: 11763: 11520: 11455: 11277: 11183: 11143: 10866: 10512: 10436: 9165:

Trademark Counterfeiting, Product Piracy, and the Billion Dollar Threat to the U.S. Economy

8985: 8790:

Stein, Joe (January 24, 1989). "Whatta dish : Home satellite reception a TV turn-on".

8512: 8244: 5039: 5002: 4942: 4839: 4787: 4306: 3716: 3671: 3634: 3575: 3445: 3312: 2727:

wavelength and are completely digital. Satellite TV systems formerly used systems known as

2686: 2652: 2446: 2302:

began daily experimental television broadcasts in New York City in March 1929 over station

1985: 1890:

system, later switching to an all-electronic system in 1935 using a domestically developed

1774: 1623: 1460: 1335: 1257: 1112: 1072: 903: 773: 605: 473: 231: 10149: 9578: 7878: 7625: 6222: 2124: 1618:

In November 1929, Bernard Natan established France's first television company, Télévision-

1173:

Color broadcasting in Europe was also not standardized on the PAL format until the 1960s.

8: 12978: 12674: 12522: 12507: 12487: 11843: 11783: 11542: 11504: 11302: 11287: 11138: 10729: 10086: 9635: 9294: 8145: 7682: 4460: 3711: 3603: 3553: 3260: 2970: 2881: 2842: 2442: 2054: 1928: 1847:) at the premises of the Theatre of Turin. Subsequently, the EAIR established offices in 1690: 1385: 1048: 1033: 955: 835: 830: 814: 786: 719: 637: 484: 438: 7652:"Television recording – The origins and earliest surviving live TV broadcast recordings" 6596:. Previous color television demonstrations in the UK and US had been via closed circuit. 5146: 5043: 5006: 4946: 4843: 4791: 4310: 635:

Professor Max Dieckmann in 1906, his experimental results were published by the journal

498:(then W2XCW) was started as the world's first television station. It broadcast from the 13184: 13124: 13093: 12840: 12819: 12792: 12787: 12669: 12532: 12492: 12449: 12070: 12027: 11958: 11828: 11758: 11733: 11668: 11515: 11236: 10965: 10592: 10138: 9502: 9426: 8694: 8631: 7795: 6097: 5739: 5435: 5082: 4960: 4857: 4805: 4703: 4620: 3856: 3846: 3701: 3676: 3530: 3228: 3216: 3185: 3178: 3128:. The piracy on satellite television networks in the US led to the introduction of the 3065: 2834: 2830: 2779: 2526: 2469: 2395: 2212: 2005:

jointly aired with NBC in the United States, where it aired as the premiere episode of

1911: 1480: 1456: 1190: 1018: 963: 878: 851: 803: 790: 748: 430: 164: 95: 58: 10371: 10013: 6809: 2204:) schedule for first week of commercial TV programming in the United States, July 1941 1417:

Stereoscopic 3D television was demonstrated for the first time on August 10, 1928, by

668: 13134: 13129: 13068: 12922: 12907: 12664: 12367: 12347: 12110: 12032: 11946: 11929: 11892: 11738: 11568: 11537: 11403: 11297: 11031: 10980: 10462: 10220: 10055: 9966: 9912: 9884: 9857: 9838: 9810: 9792: 9767: 9748: 9729: 9374: 9298: 9177: 8919: 8852: 8758: 8731: 8698: 8653: 8534: 8302: 8248: 8217: 8174: 7861: 7725: 7573: 7296: 7072: 6896: 6854: 6613: 6337: 6126: 6034: 6000: 5885: 5851: 5814: 5780: 5480: 5419: 5124: 5051: 4689: 4385: 4374: 4228: 4150: 3761: 3390: 3215:

of modern satellites) and therefore require much smaller dishes than C-band, and the

3125: 2553: 2330: 2141: 1595: 1331: 1202: 1029: 822: 571: 345: 227: 109: 11778: 9616: 7756:"WRNY to Start Daily Television Broadcasts; Radio Audience Will See Studio Artist", 6586: 5736:

Patent No. 2,077,422 (filed in Great Britain 1932, filed in USA 1933, patented 1937)

5086: 1089:

As early as 1940 Baird had started work on a fully electronic system he called the "

914: 13149: 13010: 12850: 12802: 12767: 12497: 12482: 12477: 12115: 12075: 12055: 12022: 11951: 11909: 11823: 11678: 11663: 11638: 11613: 11573: 11423: 11282: 11267: 11178: 10643: 10601: 8983:

Dawidziak, Mark (December 30, 1984). "Satellite TV Dishes Getting Good Reception".

8942: 5074: 5047: 5010: 4964: 4950: 4861: 4847: 4809: 4795: 4753: 4681: 4334: 4314: 3836: 3644: 3608: 3571: 3466: 3454: 3436: 3398: 3374: 3340: 3079:

based encryption on its audio signal. VideoCipher II was defeated, and there was a

2905: 2771: 2706: 2698: 2589: 2557: 2488: 2272: 2216: 2160: 2152: 2099: 2091: 1948: 1718: 1667:(Paris Télévision) was transmitted from rue Cognac-Jay. These regular broadcasts (5 1619: 1599: 1517: 1418: 1302: 1212: 1163: 1128: 1083: 1022: 1009: 998: 982: 874: 755: 704: 674: 656: 651: 601: 558: 522: 499: 434: 388: 328: 317: 313: 235: 105: 99: 54: 35: 9003: 8961:

Reibstein, Larry (September 27, 1981). "Watching TV Via Satellite Is Their Dish".

8276:"The 1945 Proposal by Arthur C. Clarke for Geostationary Satellite Communications" 6768: 2182:

The first live broadcast from the European continent was made on August 27, 1950.

518: 21: 12917: 12835: 12814: 12797: 12777: 12598: 12593: 12439: 12408: 12362: 12357: 11743: 11598: 11366: 11341: 11329: 11173: 11005: 10039: 10020: 9960: 9906: 9871: 9782: 9642: 9623: 9604: 9585: 9566: 9547: 9528: 9521: 9509: 9490: 9483: 9471: 9452: 9433: 9090: 8792: 8763: 8477: 8430: 8036: 7885: 7802: 7537: 7461: 7409: 7386: 7363: 6877: 6816: 6795:, June 3, 1942, p. 4. "WPB Cancels 210 Controls; Radios, Trucks in Full Output," 6775: 6681:

Peter C. Goldmark, assignor to Columbia Broadcasting System, "Color Television",

6669: 6593: 6573: 6566: 6554: 5674: 5461: 5454: 5442: 5403: 5367: 5308: 5278: 5153: 5120: 5114: 4609:

On a process for the display and study of the course in time of variable currents

4263: 4207: 4075: 4023: 3826: 3696: 3649: 3639: 3526: 3485: 3240: 3220: 2913: 2767: 2372: 2364: 2258: 2220: 2007: 1968: 1944: 1706: 1679: 1638:

in Paris. The broadcast had a range of 100 km (62 mi). On November 10,

1627: 1342: 1339: 1120: 939:

produced and commercialized the image iconoscope and multicon from 1952 to 1958.

890: 866: 759: 739: 711: 655:

in which he described how "distant electric vision" could be achieved by using a

612:. Braun was the first to conceive the use of a CRT as a display device. It was a 586: 554: 456: 292: 192: 117: 10061:

Who Invented Television – Reconciling The Historical Origins of Electronic Video

8607: 8555: 8533:

Long Distance Television Reception (TV-DX) For the Enthusiast, Roger W. Bunney,

8408: 6504:

M. Le Blanc, "Etude sur la transmission électrique des impressions lumineuses",

4685: 4177: 13098: 13083: 13063: 13020: 12988: 12752: 12583: 12502: 12444: 12393: 11941: 11813: 11788: 11748: 11718: 11593: 11428: 11381: 11356: 11314: 11128: 11123: 11026: 10954: 10942: 10737: 10441: 10133: 10127: 8897: 8237:

Campbell, Richard; Martin, Christopher R.; Fabos, Bettina (February 23, 2011).

6165: 6122:

Design methodology and relationships with science, Número 71 de NATO ASI series

5620: 5247: 5078: 3751: 3549: 3360: 3348: 3232: 2885: 2841:

in October 1967, and was based on the principle of using the highly elliptical

2812: 2775: 2763: 2690: 2678: 2391: 2254: 2164: 1940: 1549: 1541: 1537: 1393: 1124: 1002: 989: 959: 480: 125: 8848:"Old satellite dish restrictions under fire New laws urged for smaller models" 7509: 6829: 6682: 6547: 5226: 5202: 4889: 4405: 1870: 1862:

The first official television broadcast began on January 3, 1954, by the RAI.

1663:'s radio). On May 7, 1943, at 3:00 evening broadcasts. The first broadcast of 259:

began shortly after these demonstrations in London and Low became involved in

94:

introduced the facsimile machine between 1843 and 1846. The English physicist

13199: 13179: 13174: 13114: 12897: 12762: 12715: 12624: 12562: 12537: 12456: 12388: 12090: 11863: 11853: 11768: 11658: 11653: 11643: 11628: 11450: 11309: 10950: 10815: 10717: 10712: 10367: 10327: 10323: 10319: 10315: 10311: 10307: 10303: 10299: 10295: 10255: 10237: 10034: 9938: 9464: 9330: 9060: 9035:. Satellite Broadcasting and Communications Association. 2014. Archived from 8857: 8812: 8585: 7951: 7237: 6662: 6440: 4116:"L'antenato del tubo catodico è stato inventato da un sardo: Augusto Bissiri" 3706: 3691: 3613: 3505: 3497: 3386: 3244: 3028: 2949: 2929: 2807: 2794: 2732: 2477: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2326: 2236: 2001: 1835:

In Italy, the first experimental tests on television broadcasts were made in

1769:, or cameras using the Nipkow Disk. Transmissions using cameras based on the 1639: 1412: 1178: 923:

of the super-Emitron and image iconoscope in Europe were not affected by the

763: 700: 646: 604:(CRT). The earliest version of the CRT was invented by the German physicist 593: 376: 349: 276:

In 1914, the demonstrations certainly garnered a lot of media interest, with

256: 242: 181: 9540: 9116:

Wolf, Ron (January 20, 1985). "Direct-Broadcast TV Is Still Not Turned On".

8018:

Perspectives on Radio and Television: Telecommunication in the United States

7944: 5360: 4523: 2379:'s station W6XAO in Los Angeles went on the air in December 1931. Using the 2151:

the world's first public regular high-definition service from the Victorian

403:

was shot, rapidly developed, and then scanned while the film was still wet.

13154: 13144: 13139: 13119: 13032: 12807: 12782: 12720: 12705: 12603: 12567: 12557: 12517: 11968: 11808: 11753: 11683: 11648: 11583: 11482: 11472: 11324: 10446: 10413: 10267: 8918:

Ku-Band Satellite TV: Theory, Installation and Repair. Frank Baylin et al.

8892: 6458:"IEEE Johnstown – Analog to Digital Television Transition Trivia Challenge" 5810:

Media technology and society. A history: from the telegraph to the Internet

4545: 4130:"Transmission of pictures. Author: Augusto Bissiri. Patented: May 14, 1929" 3800: 3681: 3618: 3489: 3449: 3412:

RCA 630-TS, the first mass-produced television set, which sold in 1946–1947

3170: 3101: 3080: 2928:) were among the first to use satellite television to deliver programming. 2904:

In the United States, the satellite television industry developed from the

2838: 2759: 2577: 2458: 2360: 2108: 1931:(VTR) in April 1981 at an international meeting of television engineers in 1816: 1782: 1714: 1660: 1643: 1588: 1468: 1346: 1327: 1147: 855: 620: 613: 514: 442: 411: 320:

in 1925 with his televisor equipment and dummies "James" and "Stooky Bill"

307: 223: 10166: 10107: 7267: 769: 12902: 12552: 12168: 11818: 11728: 11713: 11673: 11633: 11492: 10502: 9930: 9264: 8736: 8673: 7531:

Hawley, Chris, "Peggy O'Neil sang her way from the Hydraulics to stardom"

5179:

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)

4438:

High Above: The untold story of Astra, Europe's leading satellite company

3429: 3425: 3208: 3207:

band) are higher in both frequency and power (due to improvements in the

3053: 3040: 2755: 2694: 2284: 2196: 1883: 1373: 1167: 970: 692: 680: 488: 469: 422: 400: 384: 332: 269: 185: 152: 140: 121: 39: 12297: 9597: 6791:, March 8, 1942, p. 1. "Radio Production Curbs Cover All Combinations," 6119:

de Vries, M. J.; de Vries, Marc; Cross, Nigel; Grant, Donald P. (1993).

3598:

Important people in the development and contributions of TV technology.

3408: 3280: 3091: 2604: 2257:'s New York City radio station began a regular, if limited, schedule of 2116: 1271: 34:

of the original image. Development of television was interrupted by the

13088: 13053: 12993: 12865: 12845: 12644: 12634: 12512: 12461: 12173: 11880: 11578: 11487: 11443: 11413: 11391: 10960: 10894: 10805: 10764: 9965:. Garland Reference Library of Social Science. Garland Publishing Inc. 9445: 8768: 7430:""Can you see me clearly?" Public TV image reception experiment (1939)" 7260:"Early Electronic Television: R.A.F. Reception of German TV from Paris" 4225:

The World of Mr Selfridge: The Official Companion to the Hit ITV Series

4091:

Veronica Gelakoska, "Pig 'n Whistle", Arcadia Publishing, 2010, page 24

3666: 3521: 3440: 3394: 3366: 3316: 3182: 3140: 2958: 2937: 2826: 2368: 2079: 2062:

GOST 7845-55, basic parameters for black-and-white television broadcast

1959:

The first testing television station in Mexico signed on in 1935. When

1910:-9ch commenced on November 25, 1994, which featured commercial and NHK 1891: 1887: 1770: 1738: 1737:

and ambition may have been a contributing factor; PAL was developed by

1656: 1561: 1350: 1105: 1090: 1056: 924: 798: 733: 340: 336: 160: 43: 30: 9401: 7624:. Transdiffusion Broadcasting System. October 31, 2005. Archived from 7326:"Bloomsbury Collections – History of Technology – Volume Twenty, 1998" 3488:

broadcast in the U.S. took place on September 4, 1951, when President

3191:

In addition to encryption, the widespread availability, in the US, of

3083:

for descrambler devices, which were initially sold as "test" devices.

2991:

and Europe. On April 26, 1982, the first satellite channel in the UK,

2070:

Color television broadcast started in 1967, using SECAM color system.

1811:

When color was introduced, West Germany (1967) chose a variant of the

1349:

access. These TVs come pre-loaded with an operating system, including

12870: 12772: 12725: 12429: 12158: 11623: 11438: 11205: 11168: 10747: 10287: 10247: 9988: 9370: 7978:"Imagery For Profit" R. W. Stewart, The New York Times, July 6, 1941. 6538:

The History of Television, 1880-1941, by Albert Abramson, 1987, p. 27

5015: 4955: 4930: 4852: 4800: 4319: 4294: 4053: 3248: 3196: 3159: 2670: 2317: 2280: 2262: 2022: 1964: 1936: 1839:

since 1934. The city already hosted the Center for Management of the

1758: 1726: 1475:

was the only way television could be widely distributed, and because

1452: 1366: 1216: 1097: 661: 597: 354: 278: 211: 129: 50: 5285:, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization ( 4991: 4827: 4775: 4485:. Vol. 20, no. 22. London. June 1, 1927. pp. 680–686. 3324:

technology, typically by major traditional television broadcasters.

2884:. The first in a series of Soviet geostationary satellites to carry 1569: 12710: 12639: 12342: 12153: 12143: 12060: 11885: 11708: 11046: 11036: 10927: 10912: 10487: 10426: 10359: 8275: 4427:, NHK (Japan Broadcasting Corporation), 2002, retrieved 2009-05-23. 3878: 3660: 3328: 3320: 3266: 3144: 3061: 2962: 2877: 2850: 2819: 2802: 2515: 2156: 2014: 1859:

to Germany by the German troops. Lately, it was returned to Italy.

1762: 1734: 1730: 1722: 1686: 1545: 1496: 1306:

An early Smart TV from 2012 running the discontinued Orsay platform

1251: 1142: 1101: 993: 624: 546: 539: 507: 407: 264: 199: 113: 62: 6830:"Patent US2296019 - Chromoscopic adapter for television equipment" 6750:, Aug. 30, 1940, p. 21. "CBS Demonstrates Full Color Television," 6030:

Behind the tube: a history of broadcasting technology and business

3397:

television incorporating liquid-crystal displays largely replaced

3158:

In the US in the early 1990s, four large cable companies launched

2398:

in Philadelphia pointed out the direction of television's future.

1785:

brought it to France, where they broadcast from the Eiffel Tower.

582: 380: 12148: 12133: 11351: 10876: 10823: 10339: 10070: 10025: 8298:

Wireless technologies and the national information infrastructure

5996:

The inventor of stereo: the life and works of Alan Dower Blumlein

5847:

The inventor of stereo: the life and works of Alan Dower Blumlein

4591:

The first known transmitted TV image on the territory of Slovenia

4268:. Department of Commerce and Labor, Bureau of Manufactures. 1914. 3933: 3919: 3501: 3200: 3166: 3109: 3013: 2798: 2721: 2402: 2176: 2120: 2112: 2104: 1960: 1932: 1778: 1557: 1532:

The first mass-produced Czechoslovak TV-set Tesla 4001A (1953–57)

1513: 1504: 1400:

routines, according to a user's demand, and process their needs.

1362: 1319: 1064:(FCC) on August 29, 1940, and shown to the press on September 4. 936: 724: 632: 372: 171:

in a paper read to the International Electricity Congress at the

10081: 9656:"iG Economia - Notícias sobre a Bolsa, Finanças e Investimentos" 9230:

Cable Television Consumer Protection and Competition Act of 1992

7500: 7498: 7496: 5968:"Improvements in or relating to television transmitting systems" 5941:"Improvements in or relating to television transmitting systems" 5171:"Hungary – Kálmán Tihanyi's 1926 Patent Application 'Radioskop'" 3130:

Cable Television Consumer Protection and Competition Act of 1992

353:

each spot on the image. As each lens in the disk passed by, one

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Mechanically scanned color television was also demonstrated by

826: 207: 156: 10335: 10092: 9826:

The Future of Television. New York and London: Harper Brothers

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Videocipher II used analog scrambling on its video signal and

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The world's first commercial communications satellite, called

472:

link from Washington to New York City, then a radio link from

135: 12659: 12163: 12100: 11408: 10700: 10631: 10431: 10343: 10277: 10271: 10197: 10117: 10045: 7493: 7186:"CES 2015: New Samsung Smart TVs Will Be Powered by Tizen OS" 4102:"Augusto Bissiri 'is credited as the inventor of television'" 3894:

Timeline of the introduction of color television in countries

2966: 2889: 2862: 2321: 2303: 2228: 2087: 1852: 1836: 1824: 1801: 1702: 1358: 1354: 616: 531: 216: 176: 10155:

The Boy Genius and the Mogul: The Untold Story of Television

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The Boy Genius and the Mogul: The Untold Story of Television

5322:"Milestones:Development of Electronic Television, 1924-1941" 3552:

completed the longest television network in the world, from

2472:

fee on owners of television reception equipment to fund the

1992:, who had signed on XEW-TV, entered into a partnership with 877:

and transmitted from a specially built mast atop one of the

12105: 11118: 10871: 10754: 10695: 10683: 10678: 10656: 10619: 10614: 10259: 9784:

Television: An International History of the Formative Years

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Stecklow, Steve (July 7, 1984). "America's Favorite Dish".

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Patent No. GB 446,664 (filed September 1934, patented 1936)

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refers to the TV set that has an inbuilt operating system.

3332: 3236: 2996: 2731:. These systems received analog signals transmitted in the 2484: 2438: 2307: 2288: 2232: 2208: 2201: 1981: 1973: 1924: 1917: 1848: 1840: 1812: 1797: 1565: 1508: 1500: 1377: 1136: 1111:

One of the great technical challenges of introducing color

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The World's First High Definition Colour Television System

6118: 2987:

By 1980, satellite television was well established in the

2845:

satellite for rebroadcasting and delivering of television

1796:

In West Germany, the British occupation forces as well as

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Khaplil, Vidya R.; Bhalachandra, Anjali R. (April 2008).

8627:"Taylor Howard, 70, Pioneer In Satellite TV for the Home" 8146:"Installing Consumer-Owned Antennas and Satellite Dishes" 6917:"HDTV Set Top Boxes and Digital TV Broadcast Information" 6384:"On the beginning of broadcast in 625 lines 60 years ago" 4546:"Peck Television Corporation Console Receiver and Camera" 4058:. Congrès international d'électricité (in French). Paris. 3516: 3402: 3382: 3378: 3121: 3105: 3036: 3008: 3000: 2941: 2899: 2538: 2530: 2410: 2406: 2380: 2356: 2299: 2136: 2086:, was launched in 1952. The first national television is 2047: 1844: 1820: 1805: 1224: 1132: 1068: 1052: 886: 862: 729: 688: 684: 396: 331:

envisaged a complete television system that employed the

191:

The first demonstration of transmission of images was by

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The Story of Television, The Life of Philo T. Farnsworth

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Media and Culture: An Introduction to Mass Communication

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3435:

The first commercially made electronic televisions with

1598:, it was decided to switch to the PAL standard. The new 907:

neither Farnsworth nor RCA could do the same before the

553:

The advancement of all-electronic television (including

9366:

Advances in Recent Trends in Communication and Networks

3899:

Timeline of the introduction of television in countries

2999:), was launched. Its signals were transmitted from the 2973:

located 22,300 miles (35,900 km) above the Earth.

2017:(formed by the 1973 merger of Telesistema Mexicano and 1442:

Timeline of the introduction of television in countries

10122: 8456:"История создания советского спутникового телевещания" 5272:"Kálmán Tihanyi's 1926 Patent Application 'Radioskop'" 2500:

the second hand swept around the dial for one minute.

2159:

standard and Baird's improved 240-line standard, from

1894:

system. In spite of that, because of the beginning of

1150:, sometimes used when no program material is available 9680:"Truman to Be Televised In First National Hook-Up", 7678:"Human Faces Sent By Radio 3000 Miles Across The Sea" 7547: 7455:

Kenjiro Takayanagi: The Father of Japanese Television

6548:

A. Rokhlin, Tak rozhdalos' dal'novidenie (in Russian)

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Patent No. GB 442,666 (filed May 1934, patented 1936)

5709:

Patent No. GB 406,353 (filed May 1932, patented 1934)

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Kenjiro Takayanagi: The Father of Japanese Television

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Museums focused on or exhibiting television history.

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Satellite Broadcasting and Communications Association

2685:(LNB). A satellite receiver then decodes the desired 2552:

By 1949, the networks stretched from New York to the

1721:

for 819-line French broadcast signals (only the UK's

1479:

was limited, i.e., there were only a small number of

1463:

by their governments to broadcast only over assigned

1330:, these devices can also provide Internet TV, online 128:

devices, both still and in motion, and ultimately to

116:

in 1873. This led, among other technologies, towards

9931:

Vision by radio, radio photographs, radio photograms

9402:"Rain fade: satellite TV signal and adverse weather" 6787:"Making of Radios and Phonographs to End April 22," 6731:

New Television System Transmits Images in Full Color

1211:

In the mid-1980s Japanese consumer electronics firm

1139:

standard represented a major technical achievement.

992:

patented a color television system in 1897, using a

10056:

Technology Review – Who Really Invented Television?

9362: 8236: 7934:, Drama-Screen-Radio section, Aug. 21, 1938, p. 10. 7905:, Drama-Screen-Radio section, April 24, 1938, p.10. 7282: 6316: 6314: 6215:"TV Camera Tubes, German "Super Iconoscope" (1936)" 6063:"Lichtelektrische Bildzerlegerröehre für Fernseher" 4209:

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1318:, is a television set with integrated Internet and 426:Wireless) on June 30, 1925 (filed March 13, 1922). 10046:Journal of European Television History and Culture 10035:description of what mechanical TV viewing was like 9265:"ASTRA 1A Satellite details 1988-109B NORAD 19688" 9235:(1460, STATUTE-106-Pg1460.pdf). October 8, 1992. 8888:"SATELLITE DISHES SURVIVE GREAT SCRAMBLE OF 1980S" 5509: 4373: 4030: 3086: 873:service employing the Emitron began at studios in 9706:"Coast to Coast Television" (CBS advertisement), 8450: 8448: 8301:. DIANE Publishing. September 1995. p. 138. 8074: 6999: 6810:Television: The Technology That Changed Our Lives 6754:, Sept. 5, 1940, p. 1. 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Archived from 5534: 5372:The Virtual Museum of the City of San Francisco 5067:Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers 4907: 4739:"The problem of television, a partial solution" 4569:Early Television: A Bibliographic Guide to 1940 3512:system to broadcast stations in local markets. 3327:Internet television is not to be confused with 3024:their signal and develop subscription systems. 2476:(BBC), which had public service as part of its 2269:, the world's first magazine about the medium. 1976:in Mexico City, signed on the air, followed by 1483:available, government regulation was the norm. 1459:, sometimes called "channels", as stations are 1119:, potentially three times that of the existing 847:from Berlin to public places all over Germany. 649:, published a letter in the scientific journal 9157: 9155: 8445: 8166: 8012: 8010: 7031:"Future of television is online and on-demand" 6769:RCA-NBC Color Firsts in Television (commented) 6657: 6655: 5871: 5806: 5772: 5142: 5140: 5058: 5023: 3469:were regularly broadcasting in color by 1969. 1123:standards, and not use an excessive amount of 710:These early electronic camera tubes (like the 12313: 11221: 10182: 9135: 8727:"Tiny Satellite Dishes Sprout in Rural Areas" 8204:. 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Washington, D.C.: National Capitol Press. 9908:The Worldwide History of Telecommunications 9152: 9079: 9077: 9075: 9073: 9071: 8998: 8996: 8881: 8879: 8841: 8839: 8837: 8835: 8750: 8554:. Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from 8007: 7827:"Six Visual Stations on the New York Air", 7157: 7077:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 6652: 6151: 6149: 5914:"Improvements in or relating to television" 5911: 5356: 5354: 5137: 4919: 4887: 4776:"Distant Electric Vision (first paragraph)" 3135:Satellite television had also developed in 3056:to be purchased for $ 395. This led to the 1021:studios to a projection screen at London's 843:, culminating in the live broadcast of the 707:, and became a commercial product in 1922. 12320: 12306: 12272: 11228: 11214: 11077: 11075: 10189: 10175: 10113:Canadian Broadcasting Corporation Archives 9394: 9284: 9282: 9131: 9129: 9127: 8954: 8690:The Guide to United States Popular Culture 8680: 8618: 8054:"Nielsen: Broadcast Reliance Grew in 2012" 7858:Television: The Life Story of a Technology 7847: 7028: 6406:"M.I. Krivocheev – an engineer's engineer" 5986: 5939:Blumlein, Alan Dower; McGee, James Dwyer. 5668:New Television System Uses 'Magnetic Lens' 5397:The Philo T. and Elma G. Farnsworth Papers 4583:"Radio-Television Slovenia (RTV Slovenia)" 4367: 4365: 4354:"Radio Shows Far Away Objects in Motion". 4169: 4052:Perskyi, Constantin (August 18–25, 1900). 3743:Central Illinois' On-Line Broadcast Museum 3525:, which showed a split-screen view of the 2766:requiring a subscription. In 1945 British 1823:. 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That year, 13198: 11235: 11069:Also used in China's DVB-S/S2 network. 9823: 9353: 9344: 9083: 8971: 8845: 8783: 8686: 8646: 8600: 8376: 7840:"Radio Talkies Put On Program Basis", 7424: 7422: 7318: 7238:"How Stereoscopic Television is Shown" 6888: 6353:"Go-Ahead Signal Due for Television", 6287:from the original on September 3, 2006 6243: 6186: 6087: 6026: 6020: 4671: 4507: 3918:CBS considers it to be an ancestor of 3659:Siegmund and David Loewe, founders of 3593: 3254: 2900:Beginning of the satellite TV industry 2375:. The service ended in February 1933. 2028: 1903:Multiple sub-Nyquist sampling encoding 1773:began on January 15, 1936. The Berlin 1685:In 1944, René Barthélemy developed an 1581:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 1217:equipment to record at such resolution 534:in 1935, and the 180-line system that 250:. 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December 18, 2014 7115:"espacenet – Original document" 6995:from the original on March 22, 2003. 6746:"Color Television Success in Test," 6703:"Color Television Success in Test", 6634:"The history of colour TV in the UK" 6609:John Logie Baird: Television Pioneer 6244:Gittel, Joachim (October 11, 2008). 6187:Gittel, Joachim (October 11, 2008). 5730:Tedham, William F.; McGee, James D. 5703:Tedham, William F.; McGee, James D. 5479:, Broadway Books, 2002, p. 243–244. 5301:Improvements in television apparatus 5248:"Vladimir Kosma Zworykin, 1889–1982" 4143:Gelakoska, Veronica (October 2010). 4055:Télévision au moyen de l'électricité 3872:List of years in American television 3457:had come into wide use. In Britain, 3275: 2872:In the Soviet Union, the Moskva (or 2599: 2566:National Television System Committee 2098:'s first private television channel 1804:band. In 1963 a second broadcaster ( 1372:Smart TV is not to be confused with 1266: 538:started in 1935 at station VE9AK in 10153:interview with Daniel Stashower on 9837:. New York: W. W. Norton & Co. 9789:Institution of Electrical Engineers 9242:from the original on April 20, 2014 8885: 8860:: The Baltimore Sun. Archived from 8846:Brooks, Andree (October 10, 1993). 8584:. Astronautix. 2007. Archived from 7432:. NHK. May 13, 1939. Archived from 7419: 7391:Deutsches Rundfunkarchiv Babelsberg 6439:. February 21, 2007. 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October 24, 2010 6871:Library of Congress Online Catalog 6470:from the original on June 5, 2011. 5993:Alexander, Robert Charles (2000). 5881:The life and times of A D Blumlein 5844:Alexander, Robert Charles (2000). 5609: 4678:Van Nostrand Reinhold Company Inc. 4146:Pig 'N Whistle, Veronica Gelakoska 4069:"Sending Photographs by Telegraph" 3758:Museum of Broadcast Communications 3369:. Introduced in the late 1920s in 3354: 3047:. Other channels uses less secure 2896:rather than microwave technology. 2019:Television Independiente de Mexico 1927:capable video camera, monitor and 1215:developed HDTV technology and the 14: 13232: 10007: 9854:Tube: the Invention of Television 9084:Takiff, Jonathan (May 22, 1987). 8202:"The Arthur C. Clarke Foundation" 7006:Steve Kovach (December 8, 2010). 6983:"The history and politics of DTV" 6895:. Psychology Press. p. 290. 6638:National Science and Media Museum 6587:Crystal Palace Television Studios 6576:, US patent, filed in UK in 1928. 6567:Television Apparatus and the Like 6158:"Multicon – A new TV camera tube" 6069:. Deutsches Reich Reichspatentamt 5965: 5850:. Focal Press. pp. 217–219. 5342:Postman, Neil, "Philo Farnsworth" 4989: 3768:National Science and Media Museum 2946:Federal Communications Commission 2833:of television satellites, called 2822:, was launched on July 26, 1963. 2466:Federal Communications Commission 2388:Federal Communications Commission 2130: 1711:Compagnie Française de Télévision 1523: 1493:Canadian Broadcasting Corporation 1062:Federal Communications Commission 608:in 1897 and is also known as the 13216:Experimental television stations 13059:Concentration of media ownership 12953:Television content rating system 12281: 12271: 12262: 12261: 12250: 11871:Free-space optical communication 9700: 9687: 9674: 9648: 9629: 9610: 9591: 9572: 9553: 9534: 9515: 9496: 9477: 9458: 9439: 9420: 8800: 8570: 8549: 8469: 8423: 8397: 8370: 8289: 8268: 8230: 8194: 8160: 8119:. April 25, 2008. Archived from 8046: 8023: 7981: 7972: 7961: 7937: 7924: 7908: 7895: 7871: 7834: 7821: 7808: 7789: 7776: 7763: 7750: 7733: 7713: 7698: 7670: 7586: 7559: 7524: 7467: 7448: 7395: 7372: 7350: 7336: 7309: 7252: 7230: 7204: 7178: 7151: 7129: 7107: 7085: 7048: 7022: 6975: 6966: 6944: 6935: 6909: 6882: 6843: 6822: 6802: 6781: 6761: 6740: 6723: 6710: 6697: 6688: 6675: 6626: 6599: 6579: 6559: 6532: 6523: 6511: 6498: 6474: 6450: 6426: 6398: 6360: 6347: 4931:"Electric Television (abstract)" 4878:(London), Nov. 15, 1911, p. 24b. 4265:Daily Consular and Trade Reports 3925: 3912: 3806:Geographical usage of television 3494:Japanese Peace Treaty Conference 3393:. At the beginning of the 2010s 3279: 2762:, while many other channels are 2603: 2474:British Broadcasting Corporation 2413:demonstrated in New York City a 2211:claims to be the world's oldest 2185: 1705:began in 1956, by a team led by 1406: 1270: 12435:Director of network programming 9766:. A&E Television Networks. 9717: 9427:Early British Television: Baird 9291:Communication Technology Update 8670:"The "Glory Days" of Satellite" 7158:Dieter Bohn (January 6, 2015). 7029:Carmi Levy (October 15, 2010). 6819:", Early Television Foundation. 6334:The Boy Who Invented Television 5660: 5604:Zworykin: Pioneer of Television 5596: 5582: 5522: 5467: 5416:Zworykin, Pioneer of Television 5408: 5390: 5385:Zworykin, Pioneer of Television 5377: 5314: 5240: 5163: 5106: 5101:Zworykin, Pioneer of Television 5093: 4868: 4737:Max Dieckmann (July 24, 1909). 4716: 4665: 4639: 4594: 4575: 4560: 4538: 4516: 4501: 4489: 4468: 4448: 4444:Springer Science+Business Media 4430: 4398: 4347: 4327: 4287: 4272: 4256: 4241: 4216: 4199: 4184: 4163: 4136: 4122: 4108: 3630:Alan Archibald Campbell-Swinton 3087:Late 1980s and 1990s to present 2192:Television in the United States 2167:Service continues to this day. 1322:features, and is an example of 973:targeted at replacing the CRT. 703:) and Harry Weiner Weinhart of 699:(who gave his name to the term 687:, and H. Iams and A. Rose from 643:Alan Archibald Campbell-Swinton 453:had 2500 total pixels (50x50). 10209: 10051:Television history — inventors 10040:History of European Television 9617:Annual Television Sales in USA 8886:Nye, Doug (January 14, 1990). 8697:: Popular Press. p. 706. 8377:Darcey, RJ (August 16, 2013). 7477:. May 28, 2007. Archived from 6606:Burns, R. W. (June 30, 2000). 6246:"FAR-Röhren der Firma Heimann" 6061:Dieckmann, Max; Hell, Rudolf. 5289:), 2005, retrieved 2009-01-29. 4746:Scientific American Supplement 4337:(1933). "Television in 1932". 4279:Tiltman, Ronald Frank (1927). 4094: 4085: 4045: 4012: 4003:The telegraph was the hot new 3992: 3977: 3950: 3235:(MCPC) or carried separately ( 3219:methods now used require less 3173:satellite television systems. 3153:British Satellite Broadcasting 2922:Christian Broadcasting Network 2849:to a network of twenty ground 2574:digital terrestrial television 2035:Television in the Soviet Union 1920:first demonstrated a wideband 1576:started broadcasting in 1970. 889:team under the supervision of 1: 12758:Broadcasting of sports events 10574:Field-sequential color system 10082:Erics Vintage Television Sets 7901:"Telecasts Here and Abroad", 7773:, September 30, 1928, p. 155. 6415:. Spring 1993. Archived from 4992:"Prof. G. M. Minchin, F.R.S." 4571:. p. 192. article 1,898. 3943: 3540:held yearly from 1956 by the 3428:(patented by German engineer 3104:events. On November 1, 1988, 3039:began using the now-obsolete 2683:low-noise block downconverter 2657: 2562:field-sequential color system 2549:effect until April 14, 1952. 2518:, 1958. In the collection of 1943:all working in the 1125-line 1605:dissolution of Czechoslovakia 1239:Digital television transition 1197:Digital television transition 1041:Field-sequential color system 789:suit against Farnsworth. The 506:. It was popularly known as " 210:. In the receiver, a type of 163:" became exceedingly common. 12257:Telecommunication portal 12038:Telecommunications equipment 11154:Reverse Standards Conversion 10066:Photos of early TV receivers 9905:Huurdeman, Anton A. (2003). 9856:. Washington: Counterpoint. 9809:. Marshall Cavendish. 2007. 9697:, September 4, 1951, p. B13. 8173:. Kluwer Law International. 8086:. pp. 1–7. TR 101 198. 7721:"What Television Offers You" 6390:(in Russian). Archived from 6033:. Focal Press. p. 172. 5999:. Focal Press. p. 216. 4674:Flat-Panel Displays and CRTS 4585:. Culture.si. Archived from 4512:. London: IEEE. p. 184. 3842:History of telecommunication 3778:National Museum of Australia 3345:Internet Protocol television 3271:Internet Protocol television 2693:. Receivers can be external 2231:and which today is known as 2179:satellite on July 23, 1962. 1996:who had signed on XHTV, and 1725:was similar; widely adopted 1390:Internet Protocol television 1262:Internet Protocol television 1086:being filed in August 1940. 1047:In 1939, Hungarian engineer 679:simultaneously scanned by a 7: 12974:Broadcast reference monitor 11774:Alexander Stepanovich Popov 10073:(extensive online presence) 10014:NAB: How It All Got Started 9560:Communicating Systems, Inc. 7930:"Telecasts to Be Resumed", 7884:September 13, 2008, at the 7656:Early Electronic Television 6366:"An Auspicious Beginning", 5152:September 24, 2015, at the 4874:"Distant Electric Vision", 4686:10.1007/978-94-011-7062-8_6 4464:. November 1990. p. 5. 4358:. June 14, 1925. p. 1. 4295:"Current Topics and Events" 3867:List of years in television 3788: 3625:Guillermo González Camarena 3542:European Broadcasting Union 2314:General Broadcasting System 2275:'s experimental station in 1998:Guillermo González Camarena 1990:Emilio Azcárraga Vidaurreta 1896:World War II in the Pacific 1446: 1115:was the desire to conserve 1080:Guillermo González Camarena 958:described the principle of 557:and other camera tubes and 465:Bell Telephone Laboratories 450:Bell Telephone Laboratories 387:. In 1932, he demonstrated 327:In 1923, Scottish inventor 149:Paul Julius Gottlieb Nipkow 10: 13237: 12528:Television program creator 11478:Telecommunications history 9950:Meyrowitz, Joshua (1985). 9710:, September 4, 1951, p. 9. 9684:, September 4, 1951, p. 2. 9603:November 23, 2016, at the 9432:December 21, 2007, at the 9174:Greenwood Publishing Group 8948:Knight-Ridder News Service 8759:"Stealing Free TV, Part 2" 8035:December 17, 2014, at the 7989:"WNBT/Bulova test pattern" 7805:, Early Television Museum. 7569:Encyclopedia of Television 7536:February 12, 2009, at the 7362:November 16, 2016, at the 7240:. Baird Television website 6889:Butler, Jeremy G. (2006). 6815:December 23, 2014, at the 6156:Smith, Harry (July 1953). 6027:Inglis, Andrew F. (1990). 5813:. Routledge. p. 105. 5529:Shiers & Shiers (1997) 5147:Kálmán Tihanyi (1897–1947) 5079:10.1109/JRPROC.1937.228423 5052:10.1088/0959-5309/50/3/307 4990:G, R. A. (April 2, 1914). 4914:Shiers & Shiers (1997) 4508:McLean, Donald F. (2000). 4040:Shiers & Shiers (1997) 3884:Prewar television stations 3813:, c. 1949–1960 in the U.S. 3582:channels, such as HBO and 3565:Springhill mining disaster 3558:Victoria, British Columbia 3426:mechanically spinning disk 3358: 3264: 3258: 2980: 2918:Turner Broadcasting System 2867:Direct Broadcast Satellite 2752:high-definition television 2718:direct broadcast satellite 2650: 2596:Cable television by region 2593: 2587: 2420:1939 New York World's Fair 2189: 2149:the BBC began transmitting 2090:and was launched in 1964. 2032: 1815:color system, modified by 1752: 1439: 1433: 1410: 1255: 1249: 1223:analog format proposed by 1194: 1188: 1157:Tournament of Roses Parade 980: 909:1939 New York World's Fair 575: 569: 206:, served as an electronic 151:proposed and patented the 80: 13167: 13041: 13016:Professional video camera 12984:Digital on-screen graphic 12966: 12948:List of television awards 12935: 12890: 12743: 12693: 12608:Character generator (CG) 12576: 12470: 12422: 12414:Transmission control room 12399:Network operations center 12376: 12335: 12245: 12187: 12124: 12086:Public Switched Telephone 12046: 12010: 11967: 11908: 11898:telecommunication circuit 11859:Fiber-optic communication 11842: 11604:Francis Blake (telephone) 11551: 11399:Optical telecommunication 11243: 11114: 11103: 11055: 11014: 10941: 10903: 10885: 10832: 10814: 10791: 10773: 10728: 10642: 10600: 10591: 10526: 10455: 10412: 10396: 10380: 10358: 10286: 10246: 10228: 10219: 10215: 10204: 10162:History of TV Infographic 9824:Dunlap, Orrin E. (1942). 9743:Abramson, Albert (2003). 9724:Abramson, Albert (1987). 9693:"Television Highlights", 9662:(in Brazilian Portuguese) 9289:Grant, August E. (2010). 9118:The Philadelphia Inquirer 8964:The Philadelphia Inquirer 8757:Keating, Stephen (1999). 7831:, July 19, 1931, p. XX13. 7760:, August 13, 1928, p. 13. 7747:, September 1929, p. 472. 7658:. Early Television Museum 7408:January 29, 2005, at the 7379:"Fernsehen aus Adlershof" 7330:bloomsburycollections.com 7139:. Worldwide.espacenet.com 7117:. Worldwide.espacenet.com 6774:February 4, 2015, at the 6707:, August 30, 1940, p. 21. 6694:Current Broadcasting 1940 6370:, August 3, 1941, p. X10. 6125:. Springer. p. 222. 5673:December 4, 2022, at the 5441:January 31, 2014, at the 5307:December 4, 2022, at the 5277:October 25, 2012, at the 4828:"Distant Electric Vision" 4601:Braun, Ferdinand (1897). 4548:. Early Television Museum 4305:(2, 892): 504–508. 1925. 3852:History of videotelephony 3529:in New York City and the 3480:Technological innovations 2977:TVRO/C-band satellite era 2910:cable television headends 2894:UHF television technology 2778:magazine and won him the 2665:is a system of supplying 2535:DuMont Television Network 2223:, under the call letters 2123:and the cable TV service 2073: 1954: 1610: 1548:) the first experimental 1486: 1324:technological convergence 845:1936 Summer Olympic Games 841:Fernsehsender Paul Nipkow 578:Professional video camera 16:Development of television 13026:Lighting control console 11997:Orbital angular-momentum 11434:Satellite communications 11273:Communications satellite 9945:. New York: McGraw Hill. 9833:Everson, George (1949). 9807:Inventors and Inventions 9489:January 1, 2017, at the 9333:: INSEAD. Archived from 9096:Knight-Ridder Newspapers 8113:"Frequency letter bands" 7879:Where Is Television Now? 7844:, April 27, 1931, p. 26. 7818:, March 22, 1929, p. 30. 7786:, August 22, 1928, p. 1. 7741:The Latest in Television 7566:Newcomb, Horace (2014). 7402:"50 years of Eurovision" 7295:. U of Minnesota Press. 6799:, August 21, 1945, p. 1. 6737:, December 1940, p. 120. 6332:Schatzkin, Paul (2002), 6274:electronic tube handbook 5681:, Dec. 1934, p. 838–839. 4372:Glinsky, Albert (2000). 4227:. Simon & Schuster. 4223:Maloney, Alison (2014). 3905: 3811:Golden Age of Television 3772:Bradford, West Yorkshire 3265:Not to be confused with 3077:Data Encryption Standard 2993:Satellite Television Ltd 2675:communication satellites 2353:, and a host of others. 2244:Federal Radio Commission 1951:and a 5:3 aspect ratio. 1865: 1830: 1767:intermediate film system 1473:terrestrial broadcasting 1256:Not to be confused with 865:engineering team led by 743:Philo Farnsworth in 1924 619:, a modification of the 25:Family watching TV, 1958 13079:Influence of mass media 12650:Unit production manager 12404:Production control room 11876:Molecular communication 11699:Gardiner Greene Hubbard 11528:Undersea telegraph line 11263:Cable protection system 10198:Broadcast video formats 10071:Early television museum 10019:March 10, 2014, at the 9943:Television Broadcasting 9708:The Wall Street Journal 9641:August 7, 2011, at the 9622:March 27, 2016, at the 9584:April 17, 2008, at the 9565:April 13, 2008, at the 9465:Pre-1935 Baird Sets: UK 9451:March 16, 2008, at the 9212:San Francisco Chronicle 7464:. Retrieved 2012-11-01. 7368:Loughborough University 6876:March 18, 2011, at the 6758:, Nov. 13, 1940, p. 26. 6720:, Sept. 5, 1940, p. 18. 6553:April 24, 2013, at the 6357:, April 25, 1941, p. 7. 5807:Winston, Brian (1998). 5773:Winston, Brian (1986). 5402:April 22, 2008, at the 5374:, retrieved 2009-07-15. 4927:Campbell-Swinton, A. A. 4824:Campbell-Swinton, A. A. 4772:Campbell-Swinton, A. A. 4510:Restoring Baird's Image 4281:Television for the Home 3959:"History of Television" 3889:Television Hall of Fame 3822:History of broadcasting 3748:Early Television Museum 3737:New York City, New York 3655:Charles Francis Jenkins 3580:subscription television 3538:Eurovision Song Contest 3385:, as well as for early 3181:transmission using the 3005:Orbital Test Satellites 2983:Television receive-only 2816:communication satellite 2784:Stuart Ballantine Medal 2729:television receive-only 2495:. The announcement for 1626:. On December 6, 1931, 1574:Czechoslovak Television 1353:or a derivative of it, 419:Charles Francis Jenkins 261:sensitive military work 12384:Central apparatus room 12018:Communication protocol 11804:Charles Sumner Tainter 11619:Walter Houser Brattain 11564:Edwin Howard Armstrong 11372:Information revolution 11164:Television transmitter 9522:1936 French Television 9470:April 3, 2008, at the 8170:Copyright Infringement 7892:, August 1938, p. 178. 7385:June 29, 2006, at the 6685:, filed Sept. 7, 1940. 6592:June 30, 2017, at the 5776:Misunderstanding media 5366:June 22, 2011, at the 4724:"Karl Ferdinand Braun" 4589:on September 12, 2017. 4340:BBC Annual Report 1933 4252:. Casemate Publishers. 4206:Bloom, Ursula (1958). 4074:July 26, 2018, at the 3733:Paley Center for Media 3687:Ulises Armand Sanabria 3417:Mechanical televisions 3413: 3096: 3045:encrypt their channels 2703:terrestrial television 2667:television programming 2522: 2205: 1912:television programming 1875: 1765:transmission of film, 1533: 1436:Terrestrial television 1430:Terrestrial television 1307: 1151: 919: 818: 777: 754:On September 7, 1927, 747:On December 25, 1926, 744: 589: 429:On December 25, 1926, 417:An American inventor, 395:studios, and later on 324: 303: 288: 252:Harry Gordon Selfridge 144: 88:Facsimile transmission 46:, and entertainment. 26: 13221:History of technology 13206:History of television 13001:Multiple-camera setup 12731:Visual effects artist 12680:Broadcast engineering 12353:History of television 12329:Television production 11992:Polarization-division 11724:Narinder Singh Kapany 11689:Erna Schneider Hoover 11609:Jagadish Chandra Bose 11589:Alexander Graham Bell 11320:online video platform 11149:MPEG transport stream 10976:MPEG-1 Audio Layer II 10539:Mechanical television 10447:Zweikanalton (A2/IGR) 9781:Burns, R. W. (1998). 9546:May 29, 2008, at the 9508:May 29, 2008, at the 9170:Westport, Connecticut 8818:Kansas City, Missouri 8064:on December 18, 2014. 7943:Robert L. Pickering, 7856:Alexander B. Magoun, 7801:May 29, 2009, at the 7796:The Queen's Messenger 7729:: 823. November 1928. 7460:June 4, 2002, at the 7289:Burton Paulu (1961). 7010:. Businessinsider.com 7008:"What Is A Smart TV?" 6683:U.S. Patent 2,480,571 6668:May 11, 2017, at the 6572:May 18, 2013, at the 6506:La Lumière Electrique 6446:on February 21, 2007. 6422:on December 30, 2004. 6088:Farnsworth, Philo T. 5878:Burns, R. W. (2000). 5590:"Manfred von Ardenne" 5460:May 18, 2013, at the 5250:. Bairdtelevision.com 5113:J.B Williams (2017). 4615:on December 17, 2014. 4526:. Earlytelevision.org 4406:U.S. patent 1,544,156 4250:The Dawn of the Drone 4248:Mills, Steve (2019). 3965:. New York University 3832:History of journalism 3510:microwave radio relay 3500:was transmitted over 3439:were manufactured by 3411: 3094: 3060:on HBO's transponder 3049:television encryption 3027:In October 1984, the 2981:Further information: 2837:, was created by the 2797:were relayed via the 2673:signals relayed from 2510: 2493:Philadelphia Phillies 2432:Madison Square Garden 2428:Empire State Building 2293:The Queen's Messenger 2277:Schenectady, New York 2199: 2147:On November 2, 1936, 1873: 1531: 1305: 1146:Color bars used in a 1145: 1055:, which contained an 917: 871:405-line broadcasting 813: 782:Westinghouse Electric 772: 742: 585: 566:Electronic television 536:Peck Television Corp. 504:Schenectady, New York 478:Secretary of Commerce 448:In 1927, a team from 316: 298: 284: 282:reporting on 30 May: 138: 83:Mechanical television 77:Mechanical television 24: 13074:Freedom of the press 13006:Outside broadcasting 12958:Television criticism 12943:Audience measurement 12913:Political commentary 12876:Late-night talk show 12655:Production assistant 12620:Graphics coordinator 12615:Studio floor manager 11834:Vladimir K. Zworykin 11794:Almon Brown Strowger 11764:Charles Grafton Page 11419:Prepaid mobile phone 11347:Electrical telegraph 11184:Widescreen signaling 11159:Standards conversion 11144:Moving image formats 10132:Littleton, Cynthia. 9762:Beyer, Rick (2003). 9527:May 1, 2008, at the 9295:Taylor & Francis 9267:. N2YO. July 9, 2014 9039:on February 19, 2014 8986:Akron Beacon-Journal 8687:Browne, Ray (2001). 8588:on November 12, 2013 8245:Macmillan Publishers 7860:. Greenwood, p. 65. 6413:EBU Technical Review 5966:McGee, James Dwyer. 5884:. IET. p. 181. 4929:(October 23, 1926). 4653:. Advameg, Inc. 2007 4456:"TV's Japanese Dad?" 4173:La vision à distance 4026:on January 15, 2016. 3717:Vladimir K. Zworykin 3672:Paul Gottlieb Nipkow 3635:Karl Ferdinand Braun 3576:satellite television 3504:'s transcontinental 3446:War Production Board 3313:digital distribution 3095:DBS satellite dishes 2882:geostationary orbits 2687:television programme 2663:Satellite television 2653:Satellite television 2647:Satellite television 2529:broadcasts began on 2447:frequency modulation 2377:Don Lee Broadcasting 1986:Telesistema Mexicano 1775:Summer Olympic Games 1741:, a German company. 1336:over-the-top content 1258:Streaming television 1131:system developed by 1113:broadcast television 1073:War Production Board 1060:demonstrated to the 904:outside broadcasting 627:-coated screen. The 606:Karl Ferdinand Braun 474:Whippany, New Jersey 339:images in motion at 167:had coined the word 13211:Television pioneers 12979:Character generator 12675:Television director 12508:Production designer 12394:Master control room 11784:Johann Philipp Reis 11543:Wireless revolution 11505:The Telephone Cases 11362:Hydraulic telegraph 11139:Display motion blur 10144:WebCitation archive 10042:– online exhibition 10026:Bairdtelevision.com 9695:The Washington Post 8820:. December 21, 1980 8411:on January 16, 2010 7950:April 15, 2013, at 7707:"Popular Mechanics" 7683:Evening Independent 7628:on January 25, 2006 7544:, January 15, 2009. 7512:on November 3, 2016 7270:on October 12, 2011 7264:earlytelevision.org 6954:. December 23, 2008 6793:Wall Street Journal 6752:Wall Street Journal 6090:"Television System" 5648:on January 21, 2019 5473:Stashower, Daniel, 5283:Memory of the World 5175:Memory of the World 5044:1938PPS....50..374M 5007:1914Natur..93..115R 4947:1926Natur.118..590S 4844:1908Natur..78..151S 4792:1908Natur..78..151S 4651:Medical Discoveries 4461:Popular Photography 4311:1925Natur.115..504. 3604:Manfred von Ardenne 3594:Television pioneers 3570:The development of 3554:Sydney, Nova Scotia 3484:The first national 3261:Internet television 3255:Internet television 3229:digital subchannels 2971:geostationary orbit 2801:satellite over the 2443:interlaced scanning 2055:Great Patriotic War 2029:Soviet Union (USSR) 1967:signed on in 1949, 1929:video tape recorder 1843:(lately renamed as 1695:François Mitterrand 1691:liberation of Paris 1665:Fernsehsender Paris 1457:television stations 1386:Internet television 1049:Peter Carl Goldmark 1034:photoelectric cells 836:flying-spot scanner 831:Manfred von Ardenne 815:Manfred von Ardenne 787:patent interference 645:, fellow of the UK 638:Scientific American 485:flying-spot scanner 439:Shizuoka University 13185:Television studies 13125:Communications law 13094:Media manipulation 12841:Limited-run series 12820:Television special 12793:Reality television 12788:Police crime drama 12685:Technical director 12670:Technical director 12543:Production manager 12533:Executive producer 12493:Assistant director 12450:Sports commentator 11982:Frequency-division 11959:Telephone exchange 11829:Charles Wheatstone 11759:Jun-ichi Nishizawa 11734:Innocenzo Manzetti 11669:Reginald Fessenden 11404:Optical telegraphy 11237:Telecommunications 11190:Analogue TV Topics 10089:(including the TV) 9682:The New York Times 9598:American TV Prices 9503:1934–35 Telefunken 9029:"Industry History" 8695:Madison, Wisconsin 8632:The New York Times 8612:space.skyrocket.de 7932:The New York Times 7903:The New York Times 7842:The New York Times 7829:The New York Times 7816:The New York Times 7784:The New York Times 7771:The New York Times 7758:The New York Times 7650:Shagawat, Robert. 7598:www.cs.cornell.edu 7436:on January 1, 2013 6797:The New York Times 6789:The New York Times 6756:The New York Times 6748:The New York Times 6718:The New York Times 6705:The New York Times 6661:Baird Television: 6585:Baird Television: 6565:John Logie Baird, 6368:The New York Times 6355:The New York Times 6252:. Jogis Röhrenbude 6250:photographic album 6219:photographic album 6195:. Jogis Röhrenbude 6193:photographic album 5732:"Cathode Ray Tube" 5555:, pp. 137–141 5516:The New York Times 5414:Abramson, Albert, 5383:Abramson, Albert, 5299:Tihanyi, Koloman, 5099:Abramson, Albert, 4680:pp. 138–176. 4647:"Cathode Ray Tube" 4356:The New York Times 4080:The New York Times 4020:"Giovanni Caselli" 3857:History of YouTube 3847:History of theatre 3724:Television museums 3702:Kenjiro Takayanagi 3677:Constantin Perskyi 3533:in San Francisco. 3531:Golden Gate Bridge 3414: 3391:videogame consoles 3291:. You can help by 3217:digital modulation 3186:conditional access 3179:digital television 3126:network affiliates 3097: 3066:John R. MacDougall 2926:The Family Channel 2780:Franklin Institute 2615:. You can help by 2527:network television 2523: 2470:television license 2396:Franklin Institute 2213:television station 2206: 2078:The first Turkish 1876: 1583:and the following 1534: 1467:in the television 1328:broadcasting media 1308: 1282:. You can help by 1191:Digital television 1185:Digital television 1152: 1008:Scottish inventor 964:flat panel display 920: 879:Victorian building 852:Franklin Institute 825:in August 1931 in 819: 791:U.S. Patent Office 778: 749:Kenjiro Takayanagi 745: 590: 513:Meanwhile, in the 431:Kenjiro Takayanagi 325: 248:Seeing By Wireless 165:Constantin Perskyi 145: 102:from 1856 onward. 96:Frederick Bakewell 59:digital television 27: 13193: 13192: 13163: 13162: 13135:Fairness Doctrine 13130:Entertainment law 13069:Freedom of speech 12931: 12930: 12923:Weather forecasts 12908:News broadcasting 12886: 12885: 12739: 12738: 12665:Stunt coordinator 12368:Television studio 12348:Broadcast network 12295: 12294: 12033:Store and forward 12028:Data transmission 11942:Network switching 11893:Transmission line 11739:Guglielmo Marconi 11704:Internet pioneers 11569:Mohamed M. Atalla 11538:Whistled language 11203: 11202: 11199: 11198: 11099: 11098: 11095: 11094: 11091: 11090: 10981:MPEG Multichannel 10587: 10586: 9972:978-0-8240-7782-2 9952:No Sense of Place 9918:978-0-471-20505-0 9844:978-0-405-06042-7 9816:978-0-7614-7763-1 9340:on July 24, 2014. 9304:978-0-240-81475-9 9293:(10th ed.). 8853:The Baltimore Sun 8771:: The Denver Post 8732:Los Angeles Times 8676:on March 3, 2014. 8340:. History Channel 8180:978-90-247-3002-5 8117:Microwaves101.com 7890:Popular Mechanics 7745:Popular Mechanics 7726:Popular Mechanics 7579:978-1-135-19472-7 7481:on April 30, 2008 7192:. January 3, 2015 6849:Albert Abramson, 6619:978-0-85296-797-3 6394:on March 4, 2016. 6280:. Philips. 1958. 6168:on March 18, 2010 6162:newspaper article 6132:978-0-7923-2191-0 6040:978-0-240-80043-1 6006:978-0-240-51628-8 5891:978-0-85296-773-7 5857:978-0-240-51628-8 5820:978-0-415-14230-4 5786:978-0-674-57663-6 5679:Popular Mechanics 5602:Albert Abramson, 5485:978-0-7679-0759-0 5001:(2318): 115–116. 4888:Bairdtelevision. 4826:(June 18, 1908). 4774:(June 18, 1908). 4695:978-94-011-7062-8 4391:978-0-252-02582-2 4234:978-1-4711-3885-0 4180:on March 3, 2016. 4042:, pp. 13, 22 3774:, United Kingdom) 3762:Chicago, Illinois 3586:in the U.S., and 3492:'s speech at the 3437:cathode ray tubes 3399:cathode ray tubes 3375:cathode ray tubes 3309: 3308: 3213:energy efficiency 3195:services such as 3155:, to the market. 2857:'s geostationary 2689:for viewing on a 2633: 2632: 2554:Mississippi River 2464:In the U.S., the 2331:Gertrude Lawrence 2142:Buffalo, New York 1596:Velvet Revolution 1332:interactive media 1316:hybrid television 1300: 1299: 1203:analog television 1078:Mexican inventor 1030:Bell Laboratories 823:Berlin Radio Show 774:Vladimir Zworykin 695:was developed by 672:. In a letter to 641:in 1909. In 1908 572:Video camera tube 559:cathode ray tubes 346:Royal Institution 228:Vladimir Zworykin 110:photoconductivity 42:for advertising, 13228: 13150:Media regulation 13105: 13104: 13011:Production truck 12888: 12887: 12851:Procedural drama 12826: 12825: 12803:Documentary film 12768:Event television 12498:Location manager 12483:Costume designer 12478:Casting director 12468: 12467: 12322: 12315: 12308: 12299: 12298: 12285: 12284: 12275: 12274: 12265: 12264: 12255: 12254: 12253: 12126:Notable networks 12116:Wireless network 12056:Cellular network 12048:Types of network 12023:Computer network 11910:Network topology 11824:Thomas A. Watson 11679:Oliver Heaviside 11664:Philo Farnsworth 11639:Daniel Davis Jr. 11614:Charles Bourseul 11574:John Logie Baird 11283:Data compression 11278:Computer network 11230: 11223: 11216: 11207: 11206: 11179:Video processing 11109:Technical issues 11105: 11104: 11082: 11079: 11070: 11067: 10598: 10597: 10330:(Color systems: 10258:(Color systems: 10226: 10225: 10217: 10216: 10206: 10205: 10191: 10184: 10177: 10168: 10167: 10157:, July 21, 2002. 10142:, July 1, 2011. 10003: 10001: 9999: 9976: 9955: 9946: 9922: 9901: 9900:on May 15, 2012. 9899: 9893:. Archived from 9882: 9872:Hart, Jeffrey A. 9867: 9848: 9829: 9820: 9802: 9777: 9758: 9739: 9711: 9704: 9698: 9691: 9685: 9678: 9672: 9671: 9669: 9667: 9660:Brasil Econômico 9652: 9646: 9633: 9627: 9614: 9608: 9595: 9589: 9576: 9570: 9557: 9551: 9538: 9532: 9519: 9513: 9500: 9494: 9481: 9475: 9462: 9456: 9443: 9437: 9424: 9418: 9417: 9415: 9413: 9398: 9392: 9391: 9389: 9387: 9360: 9351: 9348: 9342: 9341: 9339: 9324: 9315: 9309: 9308: 9286: 9277: 9276: 9274: 9272: 9261: 9252: 9251: 9249: 9247: 9241: 9234: 9226: 9217: 9216: 9206: 9195: 9194: 9192: 9190: 9159: 9150: 9149: 9147: 9145: 9133: 9122: 9121: 9113: 9107: 9106: 9104: 9102: 9081: 9066: 9065: 9055: 9049: 9048: 9046: 9044: 9025: 9016: 9015: 9013: 9011: 9000: 8991: 8990: 8980: 8969: 8968: 8958: 8952: 8951: 8943:The Miami Herald 8937: 8926: 8916: 8910: 8909: 8907: 8905: 8883: 8874: 8873: 8871: 8869: 8864:on July 14, 2014 8843: 8830: 8829: 8827: 8825: 8804: 8798: 8797: 8787: 8781: 8780: 8778: 8776: 8754: 8748: 8747: 8745: 8743: 8722: 8716: 8715: 8713: 8711: 8684: 8678: 8677: 8672:. Archived from 8666: 8660: 8650: 8644: 8643: 8641: 8639: 8622: 8616: 8615: 8608:"Ekran (11F647)" 8604: 8598: 8597: 8595: 8593: 8574: 8568: 8567: 8565: 8563: 8558:on June 17, 2008 8547: 8541: 8531: 8525: 8524: 8522: 8520: 8515:on April 6, 2013 8511:. Archived from 8496: 8490: 8489: 8487: 8485: 8480:. CBC English TV 8473: 8467: 8466: 8464: 8462: 8452: 8443: 8442: 8440: 8438: 8427: 8421: 8420: 8418: 8416: 8407:. Archived from 8401: 8395: 8394: 8392: 8390: 8374: 8368: 8367: 8356: 8350: 8349: 8347: 8345: 8329: 8320: 8319: 8317: 8315: 8293: 8287: 8286: 8284: 8282: 8272: 8266: 8265: 8263: 8261: 8234: 8228: 8227: 8221: 8213: 8211: 8209: 8198: 8192: 8191: 8189: 8187: 8164: 8158: 8157: 8155: 8153: 8142: 8133: 8132: 8130: 8128: 8123:on July 14, 2014 8109: 8103: 8102: 8100: 8098: 8092: 8081: 8072: 8066: 8065: 8050: 8044: 8027: 8021: 8014: 8005: 8004: 8002: 8000: 7985: 7979: 7976: 7970: 7965: 7959: 7941: 7935: 7928: 7922: 7921:, June 13, 1938. 7912: 7906: 7899: 7893: 7875: 7869: 7854: 7845: 7838: 7832: 7825: 7819: 7812: 7806: 7793: 7787: 7780: 7774: 7767: 7761: 7754: 7748: 7737: 7731: 7730: 7717: 7711: 7710: 7702: 7696: 7695: 7693: 7691: 7674: 7668: 7667: 7665: 7663: 7647: 7638: 7637: 7635: 7633: 7618: 7609: 7608: 7606: 7604: 7590: 7584: 7583: 7563: 7557: 7551: 7545: 7528: 7522: 7521: 7519: 7517: 7508:. Archived from 7502: 7491: 7490: 7488: 7486: 7471: 7465: 7452: 7446: 7445: 7443: 7441: 7426: 7417: 7416:, January, 2004. 7399: 7393: 7376: 7370: 7354: 7348: 7347: 7340: 7334: 7333: 7322: 7316: 7313: 7307: 7306: 7286: 7280: 7279: 7277: 7275: 7266:. Archived from 7256: 7250: 7249: 7247: 7245: 7234: 7228: 7227: 7225: 7223: 7208: 7202: 7201: 7199: 7197: 7182: 7176: 7175: 7173: 7171: 7155: 7149: 7148: 7146: 7144: 7133: 7127: 7126: 7124: 7122: 7111: 7105: 7104: 7102: 7100: 7089: 7083: 7082: 7076: 7068: 7066: 7064: 7052: 7046: 7045: 7043: 7041: 7026: 7020: 7019: 7017: 7015: 7003: 6997: 6996: 6994: 6987: 6979: 6973: 6970: 6964: 6963: 6961: 6959: 6948: 6942: 6939: 6933: 6932: 6930: 6928: 6919:. Archived from 6913: 6907: 6906: 6886: 6880: 6867: 6861: 6847: 6841: 6840: 6838: 6836: 6826: 6820: 6806: 6800: 6785: 6779: 6765: 6759: 6744: 6738: 6727: 6721: 6714: 6708: 6701: 6695: 6692: 6686: 6679: 6673: 6659: 6650: 6649: 6647: 6645: 6640:. March 17, 2022 6630: 6624: 6623: 6603: 6597: 6583: 6577: 6563: 6557: 6545: 6539: 6536: 6530: 6527: 6521: 6515: 6509: 6502: 6496: 6495: 6494:on July 2, 2007. 6493: 6487:. Archived from 6486: 6478: 6472: 6471: 6469: 6462: 6454: 6448: 6447: 6445: 6438: 6430: 6424: 6423: 6421: 6410: 6402: 6396: 6395: 6380: 6371: 6364: 6358: 6351: 6345: 6330: 6324: 6318: 6309: 6303: 6297: 6296: 6294: 6292: 6286: 6279: 6268: 6262: 6261: 6259: 6257: 6241: 6235: 6234: 6232: 6230: 6225:on June 17, 2011 6211: 6205: 6204: 6202: 6200: 6184: 6178: 6177: 6175: 6173: 6153: 6144: 6143: 6141: 6139: 6116: 6110: 6109: 6107: 6105: 6085: 6079: 6078: 6076: 6074: 6058: 6052: 6051: 6049: 6047: 6024: 6018: 6017: 6015: 6013: 5990: 5984: 5983: 5981: 5979: 5963: 5957: 5956: 5954: 5952: 5936: 5930: 5929: 5927: 5925: 5909: 5903: 5902: 5900: 5898: 5875: 5869: 5868: 5866: 5864: 5841: 5832: 5831: 5829: 5827: 5804: 5798: 5797: 5795: 5793: 5770: 5764: 5758: 5752: 5751: 5749: 5747: 5727: 5721: 5720: 5718: 5716: 5700: 5694: 5688: 5682: 5664: 5658: 5657: 5655: 5653: 5638: 5632: 5631: 5629: 5627: 5613: 5607: 5600: 5594: 5593: 5586: 5580: 5574: 5568: 5562: 5556: 5550: 5544: 5538: 5532: 5526: 5520: 5519: 5513: 5505: 5499: 5494: 5488: 5471: 5465: 5452: 5446: 5433: 5427: 5412: 5406: 5394: 5388: 5381: 5375: 5358: 5349: 5339: 5333: 5332: 5330: 5328: 5318: 5312: 5296: 5290: 5269: 5260: 5259: 5257: 5255: 5244: 5238: 5237: 5235: 5233: 5223: 5214: 5213: 5211: 5209: 5199: 5190: 5189: 5187: 5185: 5167: 5161: 5144: 5135: 5134: 5110: 5104: 5097: 5091: 5090: 5073:(8): 1048–1070. 5062: 5056: 5055: 5027: 5021: 5020: 5018: 5016:10.1038/093115a0 4987: 4981: 4975: 4969: 4968: 4958: 4956:10.1038/118590a0 4923: 4917: 4911: 4905: 4904: 4902: 4900: 4885: 4879: 4872: 4866: 4865: 4855: 4853:10.1038/078151a0 4820: 4814: 4813: 4803: 4801:10.1038/078151a0 4768: 4762: 4761: 4743: 4734: 4728: 4727: 4720: 4714: 4713: 4707: 4699: 4669: 4663: 4662: 4660: 4658: 4643: 4637: 4636: 4630: 4626: 4624: 4616: 4598: 4592: 4590: 4579: 4573: 4572: 4567:Codelli, Anton. 4564: 4558: 4557: 4555: 4553: 4542: 4536: 4535: 4533: 4531: 4520: 4514: 4513: 4505: 4499: 4493: 4487: 4486: 4480: 4472: 4466: 4465: 4452: 4446: 4434: 4428: 4420: 4409: 4408: 4402: 4396: 4395: 4379: 4369: 4360: 4359: 4351: 4345: 4344: 4331: 4325: 4324: 4322: 4320:10.1038/115504a0 4291: 4285: 4284: 4276: 4270: 4269: 4260: 4254: 4253: 4245: 4239: 4238: 4220: 4214: 4213: 4203: 4197: 4188: 4182: 4181: 4167: 4161: 4160: 4140: 4134: 4133: 4126: 4120: 4119: 4112: 4106: 4105: 4098: 4092: 4089: 4083: 4066: 4060: 4059: 4049: 4043: 4037: 4028: 4027: 4022:. Archived from 4016: 4010: 3996: 3990: 3984:Huurdeman (2003) 3981: 3975: 3974: 3972: 3970: 3954: 3937: 3929: 3923: 3916: 3837:History of radio 3764:, United States) 3754:, United States) 3739:, United States) 3645:Philo Farnsworth 3621:(PAL television) 3609:John Logie Baird 3572:cable television 3455:color television 3341:Smart television 3319:content via the 3304: 3301: 3283: 3276: 2906:cable television 2772:Arthur C. Clarke 2707:cable television 2699:television tuner 2697:, or a built-in 2628: 2625: 2607: 2600: 2590:Cable television 2584:Cable television 2558:color television 2537:in 1946, and on 2489:Brooklyn Dodgers 2437:The FCC adopted 2345:, WHN announcer 2273:General Electric 2217:General Electric 2161:Alexandra Palace 2153:Alexandra Palace 2092:Color television 1994:Rómulo O'Farrill 1949:interlaced video 1719:video modulation 1676: 1675: 1671: 1632:Paris Télévision 1518:Sudbury, Ontario 1419:John Logie Baird 1295: 1292: 1274: 1267: 1246:Smart television 1213:Sony Corporation 1129:Compatible color 1084:color television 1023:Dominion Theatre 1010:John Logie Baird 999:Hovannes Adamian 983:Color television 977:Color television 875:Alexandra Palace 756:Philo Farnsworth 705:Western Electric 681:cathode ray beam 657:cathode ray tube 602:cathode-ray tube 555:image dissectors 500:General Electric 389:ultra-short wave 367: 366: 362: 329:John Logie Baird 236:cathode-ray tube 226:and his student 161:image rasterizer 106:Willoughby Smith 100:Giovanni Caselli 55:cable television 36:Second World War 13236: 13235: 13231: 13230: 13229: 13227: 13226: 13225: 13196: 13195: 13194: 13189: 13159: 13103: 13037: 12962: 12927: 12918:Traffic reports 12882: 12836:Animated series 12824: 12815:Television show 12798:Television film 12778:Live television 12745: 12735: 12694:Post-production 12689: 12599:Cinematographer 12594:Camera operator 12572: 12466: 12418: 12409:Stage (theatre) 12372: 12363:Television show 12358:Television crew 12331: 12326: 12296: 12291: 12251: 12249: 12241: 12183: 12120: 12042: 12006: 11963: 11912: 11904: 11845: 11838: 11744:Robert Metcalfe 11599:Tim Berners-Lee 11547: 11367:Information Age 11239: 11234: 11204: 11195: 11174:Video on demand 11119:14:9 compromise 11110: 11087: 11086: 11085: 11080: 11073: 11068: 11061: 11051: 11010: 11006:MPEG-H 3D Audio 10937: 10899: 10881: 10828: 10810: 10787: 10769: 10724: 10638: 10583: 10522: 10451: 10408: 10392: 10376: 10354: 10282: 10242: 10211: 10200: 10195: 10021:Wayback Machine 10010: 9997: 9995: 9983: 9981:Further reading 9973: 9919: 9897: 9891: 9880: 9864: 9845: 9817: 9805: 9799: 9774: 9755: 9736: 9720: 9715: 9714: 9705: 9701: 9692: 9688: 9679: 9675: 9665: 9663: 9654: 9653: 9649: 9643:Wayback Machine 9634: 9630: 9624:Wayback Machine 9615: 9611: 9605:Wayback Machine 9596: 9592: 9586:Wayback Machine 9577: 9573: 9567:Wayback Machine 9558: 9554: 9548:Wayback Machine 9539: 9535: 9529:Wayback Machine 9520: 9516: 9510:Wayback Machine 9501: 9497: 9491:Wayback Machine 9482: 9478: 9472:Wayback Machine 9463: 9459: 9453:Wayback Machine 9444: 9440: 9434:Wayback Machine 9425: 9421: 9411: 9409: 9400: 9399: 9395: 9385: 9383: 9381: 9361: 9354: 9349: 9345: 9337: 9322: 9316: 9312: 9305: 9287: 9280: 9270: 9268: 9263: 9262: 9255: 9245: 9243: 9239: 9232: 9228: 9227: 9220: 9208: 9207: 9198: 9188: 9186: 9184: 9176:. p. 147. 9160: 9153: 9143: 9141: 9134: 9125: 9114: 9110: 9100: 9098: 9091:Chicago Tribune 9082: 9069: 9056: 9052: 9042: 9040: 9027: 9026: 9019: 9009: 9007: 9002: 9001: 8994: 8981: 8972: 8959: 8955: 8938: 8929: 8917: 8913: 8903: 8901: 8884: 8877: 8867: 8865: 8844: 8833: 8823: 8821: 8806: 8805: 8801: 8793:Evening Tribune 8788: 8784: 8774: 8772: 8764:The Denver Post 8755: 8751: 8741: 8739: 8723: 8719: 8709: 8707: 8705: 8685: 8681: 8668: 8667: 8663: 8651: 8647: 8637: 8635: 8623: 8619: 8606: 8605: 8601: 8591: 8589: 8582:Astronautix.com 8576: 8575: 8571: 8561: 8559: 8548: 8544: 8532: 8528: 8518: 8516: 8497: 8493: 8483: 8481: 8474: 8470: 8460: 8458: 8454: 8453: 8446: 8436: 8434: 8429: 8428: 8424: 8414: 8412: 8403: 8402: 8398: 8388: 8386: 8375: 8371: 8358: 8357: 8353: 8343: 8341: 8330: 8323: 8313: 8311: 8309: 8295: 8294: 8290: 8280: 8278: 8274: 8273: 8269: 8259: 8257: 8255: 8247:. p. 152. 8235: 8231: 8215: 8214: 8207: 8205: 8200: 8199: 8195: 8185: 8183: 8181: 8165: 8161: 8151: 8149: 8144: 8143: 8136: 8126: 8124: 8111: 8110: 8106: 8096: 8094: 8090: 8079: 8073: 8069: 8052: 8051: 8047: 8037:Wayback Machine 8028: 8024: 8020:Routledge, 1998 8015: 8008: 7998: 7996: 7987: 7986: 7982: 7977: 7973: 7966: 7962: 7942: 7938: 7929: 7925: 7913: 7909: 7900: 7896: 7886:Wayback Machine 7876: 7872: 7855: 7848: 7839: 7835: 7826: 7822: 7813: 7809: 7803:Wayback Machine 7794: 7790: 7781: 7777: 7768: 7764: 7755: 7751: 7738: 7734: 7719: 7718: 7714: 7703: 7699: 7689: 7687: 7676: 7675: 7671: 7661: 7659: 7648: 7641: 7631: 7629: 7620: 7619: 7612: 7602: 7600: 7592: 7591: 7587: 7580: 7564: 7560: 7552: 7548: 7538:Wayback Machine 7529: 7525: 7515: 7513: 7504: 7503: 7494: 7484: 7482: 7473: 7472: 7468: 7462:Wayback Machine 7453: 7449: 7439: 7437: 7428: 7427: 7420: 7410:Wayback Machine 7400: 7396: 7387:Wayback Machine 7377: 7373: 7364:Wayback Machine 7357:"TV in the GDR" 7355: 7351: 7342: 7341: 7337: 7324: 7323: 7319: 7314: 7310: 7303: 7287: 7283: 7273: 7271: 7258: 7257: 7253: 7243: 7241: 7236: 7235: 7231: 7221: 7219: 7210: 7209: 7205: 7195: 7193: 7184: 7183: 7179: 7169: 7167: 7156: 7152: 7142: 7140: 7135: 7134: 7130: 7120: 7118: 7113: 7112: 7108: 7098: 7096: 7091: 7090: 7086: 7070: 7069: 7062: 7060: 7053: 7049: 7039: 7037: 7027: 7023: 7013: 7011: 7004: 7000: 6992: 6985: 6981: 6980: 6976: 6971: 6967: 6957: 6955: 6950: 6949: 6945: 6940: 6936: 6926: 6924: 6923:on May 22, 2016 6915: 6914: 6910: 6903: 6887: 6883: 6878:Wayback Machine 6868: 6864: 6848: 6844: 6834: 6832: 6828: 6827: 6823: 6817:Wayback Machine 6807: 6803: 6786: 6782: 6776:Wayback Machine 6766: 6762: 6745: 6741: 6735:Popular Science 6728: 6724: 6715: 6711: 6702: 6698: 6693: 6689: 6680: 6676: 6670:Wayback Machine 6660: 6653: 6643: 6641: 6632: 6631: 6627: 6620: 6604: 6600: 6594:Wayback Machine 6584: 6580: 6574:Wayback Machine 6564: 6560: 6555:Wayback Machine 6546: 6542: 6537: 6533: 6528: 6524: 6516: 6512: 6503: 6499: 6491: 6484: 6480: 6479: 6475: 6467: 6460: 6456: 6455: 6451: 6443: 6436: 6432: 6431: 6427: 6419: 6408: 6404: 6403: 6399: 6382: 6381: 6374: 6365: 6361: 6352: 6348: 6331: 6327: 6321:Abramson (1987) 6319: 6312: 6304: 6300: 6290: 6288: 6284: 6277: 6270: 6269: 6265: 6255: 6253: 6242: 6238: 6228: 6226: 6213: 6212: 6208: 6198: 6196: 6189:"Spezialröhren" 6185: 6181: 6171: 6169: 6154: 6147: 6137: 6135: 6133: 6117: 6113: 6103: 6101: 6100:on May 23, 2013 6086: 6082: 6072: 6070: 6059: 6055: 6045: 6043: 6041: 6025: 6021: 6011: 6009: 6007: 5991: 5987: 5977: 5975: 5964: 5960: 5950: 5948: 5937: 5933: 5923: 5921: 5910: 5906: 5896: 5894: 5892: 5876: 5872: 5862: 5860: 5858: 5842: 5835: 5825: 5823: 5821: 5805: 5801: 5791: 5789: 5787: 5771: 5767: 5759: 5755: 5745: 5743: 5742:on May 23, 2013 5728: 5724: 5714: 5712: 5701: 5697: 5689: 5685: 5675:Wayback Machine 5665: 5661: 5651: 5649: 5640: 5639: 5635: 5625: 5623: 5615: 5614: 5610: 5601: 5597: 5588: 5587: 5583: 5575: 5571: 5563: 5559: 5551: 5547: 5541:Abramson (1987) 5539: 5535: 5527: 5523: 5506: 5502: 5495: 5491: 5472: 5468: 5462:Wayback Machine 5453: 5449: 5443:Wayback Machine 5434: 5430: 5413: 5409: 5404:Wayback Machine 5395: 5391: 5382: 5378: 5368:Wayback Machine 5359: 5352: 5340: 5336: 5326: 5324: 5320: 5319: 5315: 5309:Wayback Machine 5297: 5293: 5279:Wayback Machine 5270: 5263: 5253: 5251: 5246: 5245: 5241: 5231: 5229: 5225: 5224: 5217: 5207: 5205: 5201: 5200: 5193: 5183: 5181: 5169: 5168: 5164: 5154:Wayback Machine 5145: 5138: 5131: 5121:Springer Nature 5111: 5107: 5098: 5094: 5063: 5059: 5028: 5024: 4988: 4984: 4976: 4972: 4924: 4920: 4912: 4908: 4898: 4896: 4886: 4882: 4873: 4869: 4821: 4817: 4769: 4765: 4741: 4735: 4731: 4722: 4721: 4717: 4701: 4700: 4696: 4670: 4666: 4656: 4654: 4645: 4644: 4640: 4628: 4627: 4618: 4617: 4599: 4595: 4581: 4580: 4576: 4565: 4561: 4551: 4549: 4544: 4543: 4539: 4529: 4527: 4522: 4521: 4517: 4506: 4502: 4496:Abramson (1987) 4494: 4490: 4478: 4474: 4473: 4469: 4454: 4453: 4449: 4435: 4431: 4421: 4412: 4404: 4403: 4399: 4392: 4370: 4363: 4353: 4352: 4348: 4332: 4328: 4293: 4292: 4288: 4277: 4273: 4262: 4261: 4257: 4246: 4242: 4235: 4221: 4217: 4204: 4200: 4189: 4185: 4168: 4164: 4157: 4141: 4137: 4128: 4127: 4123: 4114: 4113: 4109: 4100: 4099: 4095: 4090: 4086: 4076:Wayback Machine 4067: 4063: 4050: 4046: 4038: 4031: 4018: 4017: 4013: 3997: 3993: 3982: 3978: 3968: 3966: 3955: 3951: 3946: 3941: 3940: 3930: 3926: 3917: 3913: 3908: 3903: 3827:History of film 3791: 3726: 3721: 3697:Isaac Shoenberg 3650:Boris Grabovsky 3640:Allen B. DuMont 3596: 3527:Brooklyn Bridge 3486:live television 3482: 3363: 3357: 3355:Television sets 3305: 3299: 3296: 3289:needs expansion 3274: 3263: 3257: 3241:noise reduction 3226: 3221:signal strength 3206: 3150: 3113: 3089: 2985: 2979: 2914:Home Box Office 2902: 2768:science fiction 2748:Digital signals 2725: 2660: 2655: 2649: 2629: 2623: 2620: 2613:needs expansion 2598: 2592: 2586: 2373:George Gershwin 2365:Boswell Sisters 2259:live television 2221:Schenectady, NY 2194: 2188: 2163:in London. The 2133: 2076: 2037: 2031: 2008:Wide Wide World 1969:Baja California 1957: 1945:component video 1886:and electronic 1868: 1833: 1755: 1707:Henri de France 1680:Royal Air Force 1673: 1669: 1668: 1628:Henri de France 1624:René Barthélemy 1613: 1550:television sets 1526: 1489: 1451:Programming is 1449: 1444: 1438: 1432: 1415: 1409: 1347:home networking 1343:streaming media 1296: 1290: 1287: 1280:needs expansion 1265: 1254: 1248: 1199: 1193: 1187: 1121:black-and-white 985: 979: 891:Isaac Shoenberg 867:Isaac Shoenberg 861:In Britain the 760:image dissector 712:image dissector 697:John B. Johnson 669:Röntgen Society 667:Journal of the 587:Ferdinand Braun 580: 574: 568: 457:Herbert E. Ives 364: 360: 359: 293:Daily Chronicle 290:On 29 May, the 193:Augusto Bissiri 118:telephotography 112:of the element 85: 79: 29:The concept of 17: 12: 11: 5: 13234: 13224: 13223: 13218: 13213: 13208: 13191: 13190: 13188: 13187: 13182: 13177: 13171: 13169: 13165: 13164: 13161: 13160: 13158: 13157: 13152: 13147: 13142: 13137: 13132: 13127: 13122: 13117: 13111: 13109: 13102: 13101: 13099:Public opinion 13096: 13091: 13086: 13084:Media activism 13081: 13076: 13071: 13066: 13064:Counterculture 13061: 13056: 13051: 13049:Agenda-setting 13045: 13043: 13039: 13038: 13036: 13035: 13030: 13029: 13028: 13021:Stage lighting 13018: 13013: 13008: 13003: 12998: 12997: 12996: 12989:Mixing console 12986: 12981: 12976: 12970: 12968: 12964: 12963: 12961: 12960: 12955: 12950: 12945: 12939: 12937: 12933: 12932: 12929: 12928: 12926: 12925: 12920: 12915: 12910: 12905: 12900: 12894: 12892: 12884: 12883: 12881: 12880: 12879: 12878: 12868: 12863: 12858: 12853: 12848: 12843: 12838: 12832: 12830: 12823: 12822: 12817: 12812: 12811: 12810: 12805: 12795: 12790: 12785: 12780: 12775: 12770: 12765: 12763:TV commercials 12760: 12755: 12753:Beauty pageant 12749: 12747: 12744:Types, formats 12741: 12740: 12737: 12736: 12734: 12733: 12728: 12723: 12718: 12713: 12708: 12703: 12697: 12695: 12691: 12690: 12688: 12687: 12682: 12677: 12672: 12667: 12662: 12657: 12652: 12647: 12642: 12637: 12632: 12627: 12622: 12617: 12612: 12606: 12601: 12596: 12591: 12586: 12584:Audio engineer 12580: 12578: 12574: 12573: 12571: 12570: 12565: 12560: 12555: 12550: 12545: 12540: 12535: 12530: 12525: 12520: 12515: 12510: 12505: 12503:Make-up artist 12500: 12495: 12490: 12485: 12480: 12474: 12472: 12471:Pre-production 12465: 12464: 12459: 12454: 12453: 12452: 12447: 12445:News presenter 12437: 12432: 12426: 12424: 12420: 12419: 12417: 12416: 12411: 12406: 12401: 12396: 12391: 12386: 12380: 12378: 12374: 12373: 12371: 12370: 12365: 12360: 12355: 12350: 12345: 12339: 12337: 12336:Main / general 12333: 12332: 12325: 12324: 12317: 12310: 12302: 12293: 12292: 12290: 12289: 12279: 12269: 12259: 12246: 12243: 12242: 12240: 12239: 12232: 12227: 12222: 12217: 12212: 12211: 12210: 12205: 12197: 12191: 12189: 12185: 12184: 12182: 12181: 12176: 12171: 12166: 12161: 12156: 12151: 12146: 12141: 12136: 12130: 12128: 12122: 12121: 12119: 12118: 12113: 12108: 12103: 12098: 12093: 12088: 12083: 12078: 12073: 12068: 12063: 12058: 12052: 12050: 12044: 12043: 12041: 12040: 12035: 12030: 12025: 12020: 12014: 12012: 12008: 12007: 12005: 12004: 11999: 11994: 11989: 11984: 11979: 11977:Space-division 11973: 11971: 11965: 11964: 11962: 11961: 11956: 11955: 11954: 11949: 11939: 11938: 11937: 11927: 11922: 11916: 11914: 11906: 11905: 11903: 11902: 11901: 11900: 11890: 11889: 11888: 11878: 11873: 11868: 11867: 11866: 11856: 11850: 11848: 11840: 11839: 11837: 11836: 11831: 11826: 11821: 11816: 11814:Camille Tissot 11811: 11806: 11801: 11796: 11791: 11789:Claude Shannon 11786: 11781: 11779:Tivadar Puskás 11776: 11771: 11766: 11761: 11756: 11751: 11749:Antonio Meucci 11746: 11741: 11736: 11731: 11726: 11721: 11719:Charles K. Kao 11716: 11711: 11706: 11701: 11696: 11694:Harold Hopkins 11691: 11686: 11681: 11676: 11671: 11666: 11661: 11656: 11651: 11646: 11641: 11636: 11631: 11626: 11621: 11616: 11611: 11606: 11601: 11596: 11594:Emile Berliner 11591: 11586: 11581: 11576: 11571: 11566: 11561: 11555: 11553: 11549: 11548: 11546: 11545: 11540: 11535: 11533:Videotelephony 11530: 11525: 11524: 11523: 11518: 11508: 11501: 11496: 11490: 11485: 11480: 11475: 11470: 11469: 11468: 11463: 11458: 11448: 11447: 11446: 11436: 11431: 11429:Radiotelephone 11426: 11421: 11416: 11411: 11406: 11401: 11396: 11395: 11394: 11384: 11379: 11374: 11369: 11364: 11359: 11354: 11349: 11344: 11339: 11334: 11333: 11332: 11327: 11322: 11317: 11315:Internet video 11307: 11306: 11305: 11300: 11295: 11290: 11280: 11275: 11270: 11265: 11260: 11255: 11249: 11247: 11241: 11240: 11233: 11232: 11225: 11218: 11210: 11201: 11200: 11197: 11196: 11194: 11193: 11186: 11181: 11176: 11171: 11166: 11161: 11156: 11151: 11146: 11141: 11136: 11129:Digital cinema 11126: 11124:Broadcast-safe 11121: 11115: 11112: 11111: 11101: 11100: 11097: 11096: 11093: 11092: 11089: 11088: 11084: 11083: 11071: 11058: 11057: 11056: 11053: 11052: 11050: 11049: 11044: 11039: 11034: 11029: 11027:Broadcast flag 11024: 11018: 11016: 11015:Hidden signals 11012: 11011: 11009: 11008: 11003: 10998: 10993: 10988: 10983: 10978: 10973: 10968: 10963: 10958: 10947: 10945: 10939: 10938: 10936: 10935: 10930: 10925: 10920: 10915: 10909: 10907: 10901: 10900: 10898: 10897: 10891: 10889: 10883: 10882: 10880: 10879: 10874: 10869: 10864: 10859: 10854: 10849: 10844: 10838: 10836: 10830: 10829: 10827: 10826: 10820: 10818: 10812: 10811: 10809: 10808: 10803: 10797: 10795: 10789: 10788: 10786: 10785: 10779: 10777: 10771: 10770: 10768: 10767: 10762: 10757: 10752: 10751: 10750: 10740: 10734: 10732: 10726: 10725: 10723: 10722: 10721: 10720: 10715: 10705: 10704: 10703: 10698: 10688: 10687: 10686: 10681: 10671: 10670: 10669: 10664: 10659: 10648: 10646: 10640: 10639: 10637: 10636: 10635: 10634: 10624: 10623: 10622: 10617: 10606: 10604: 10595: 10589: 10588: 10585: 10584: 10582: 10581: 10576: 10571: 10566: 10561: 10556: 10551: 10546: 10541: 10536: 10530: 10528: 10524: 10523: 10521: 10520: 10515: 10510: 10505: 10500: 10495: 10490: 10485: 10480: 10475: 10470: 10465: 10459: 10457: 10456:Hidden signals 10453: 10452: 10450: 10449: 10444: 10442:Sound-in-Syncs 10439: 10434: 10429: 10424: 10418: 10416: 10410: 10409: 10407: 10406: 10400: 10398: 10394: 10393: 10391: 10390: 10384: 10382: 10378: 10377: 10375: 10374: 10364: 10362: 10356: 10355: 10353: 10352: 10347: 10292: 10290: 10284: 10283: 10281: 10280: 10275: 10252: 10250: 10244: 10243: 10241: 10240: 10234: 10232: 10223: 10213: 10212: 10202: 10201: 10194: 10193: 10186: 10179: 10171: 10165: 10164: 10159: 10147: 10130: 10125: 10120: 10115: 10110: 10105: 10100: 10095: 10090: 10084: 10079: 10074: 10068: 10063: 10058: 10053: 10048: 10043: 10037: 10028: 10023: 10009: 10008:External links 10006: 10005: 10004: 9982: 9979: 9978: 9977: 9971: 9956: 9947: 9935: 9926:Jenkins, C. F. 9923: 9917: 9911:. Wiley-IEEE. 9902: 9889: 9868: 9862: 9849: 9843: 9830: 9821: 9815: 9803: 9797: 9778: 9772: 9759: 9753: 9740: 9734: 9719: 9716: 9713: 9712: 9699: 9686: 9673: 9647: 9628: 9609: 9590: 9571: 9552: 9533: 9514: 9495: 9476: 9457: 9438: 9419: 9406:Dish-cable.com 9393: 9380:978-1466651708 9379: 9352: 9343: 9327:INSEAD Journal 9310: 9303: 9297:. p. 87. 9278: 9253: 9218: 9196: 9183:978-1567202502 9182: 9151: 9123: 9120:. p. C01. 9108: 9067: 9050: 9017: 8992: 8989:. p. F-1. 8970: 8967:. p. E01. 8953: 8927: 8911: 8900:: Deseret News 8898:Salt Lake City 8875: 8831: 8799: 8796:. p. C-8. 8782: 8749: 8717: 8703: 8679: 8661: 8645: 8617: 8599: 8569: 8542: 8526: 8491: 8468: 8444: 8422: 8396: 8369: 8351: 8321: 8308:978-0160481802 8307: 8288: 8267: 8254:978-1457628313 8253: 8243:. London, UK: 8229: 8193: 8179: 8159: 8134: 8104: 8067: 8045: 8043:, 30 July 2013 8022: 8006: 7980: 7971: 7960: 7936: 7923: 7907: 7894: 7870: 7866:978-0313331282 7846: 7833: 7820: 7807: 7788: 7775: 7762: 7749: 7732: 7712: 7697: 7669: 7639: 7610: 7585: 7578: 7558: 7556:, p. 576. 7546: 7542:The Hydraulics 7523: 7492: 7466: 7447: 7418: 7394: 7371: 7349: 7335: 7317: 7308: 7301: 7281: 7251: 7229: 7203: 7177: 7150: 7128: 7106: 7084: 7059:. Mashable.com 7047: 7021: 6998: 6988:. p. 13. 6974: 6965: 6943: 6934: 6908: 6901: 6881: 6862: 6842: 6821: 6801: 6780: 6760: 6739: 6722: 6709: 6696: 6687: 6674: 6651: 6625: 6618: 6598: 6578: 6558: 6540: 6531: 6522: 6510: 6497: 6473: 6449: 6425: 6397: 6372: 6359: 6346: 6325: 6310: 6306:Everson (1949) 6298: 6263: 6236: 6206: 6179: 6145: 6131: 6111: 6080: 6053: 6039: 6019: 6005: 5985: 5958: 5931: 5904: 5890: 5870: 5856: 5833: 5819: 5799: 5785: 5765: 5753: 5722: 5695: 5683: 5659: 5633: 5621:Deutsche Welle 5608: 5595: 5581: 5577:Everson (1949) 5569: 5565:Everson (1949) 5557: 5553:Everson (1949) 5545: 5533: 5521: 5500: 5497:Everson (1949) 5489: 5466: 5447: 5428: 5407: 5389: 5376: 5350: 5334: 5313: 5291: 5261: 5239: 5215: 5191: 5162: 5136: 5129: 5123:. p. 29. 5105: 5092: 5057: 5038:(3): 374–384. 5022: 4982: 4970: 4918: 4906: 4880: 4867: 4815: 4763: 4729: 4715: 4694: 4664: 4638: 4593: 4574: 4559: 4537: 4515: 4500: 4488: 4467: 4447: 4429: 4410: 4397: 4390: 4361: 4346: 4326: 4286: 4271: 4255: 4240: 4233: 4215: 4198: 4183: 4162: 4155: 4135: 4121: 4107: 4093: 4084: 4061: 4044: 4029: 4011: 4001:, p. 100 3991: 3986:, p. 149 3976: 3948: 3947: 3945: 3942: 3939: 3938: 3924: 3910: 3909: 3907: 3904: 3902: 3901: 3896: 3891: 3886: 3881: 3876: 3875: 3874: 3864: 3859: 3854: 3849: 3844: 3839: 3834: 3829: 3824: 3819: 3814: 3808: 3803: 3798: 3792: 3790: 3787: 3786: 3785: 3775: 3765: 3755: 3752:Hilliard, Ohio 3745: 3740: 3725: 3722: 3720: 3719: 3714: 3712:Kálmán Tihanyi 3709: 3704: 3699: 3694: 3689: 3684: 3679: 3674: 3669: 3664: 3657: 3652: 3647: 3642: 3637: 3632: 3627: 3622: 3616: 3611: 3606: 3600: 3595: 3592: 3588:Sky Television 3481: 3478: 3424:tube behind a 3387:home computers 3361:Television set 3359:Main article: 3356: 3353: 3349:Web television 3307: 3306: 3286: 3284: 3259:Main article: 3256: 3253: 3224: 3204: 3148: 3111: 3088: 3085: 2978: 2975: 2901: 2898: 2886:Direct-To-Home 2813:geosynchronous 2776:Wireless World 2764:pay television 2735:spectrum from 2723: 2691:television set 2679:satellite dish 2659: 2656: 2651:Main article: 2648: 2645: 2631: 2630: 2610: 2608: 2588:Main article: 2585: 2582: 2392:non-commercial 2351:Forman Sisters 2255:Hugo Gernsback 2187: 2184: 2165:BBC Television 2132: 2131:United Kingdom 2129: 2075: 2072: 2033:Main article: 2030: 2027: 1956: 1953: 1941:video switcher 1867: 1864: 1832: 1829: 1754: 1751: 1612: 1609: 1542:Czech Republic 1538:Czechoslovakia 1525: 1524:Czechoslovakia 1522: 1488: 1485: 1448: 1445: 1434:Main article: 1431: 1428: 1411:Main article: 1408: 1405: 1394:Web television 1298: 1297: 1277: 1275: 1250:Main article: 1247: 1244: 1189:Main article: 1186: 1183: 1125:radio spectrum 1019:Crystal Palace 990:Jan Szczepanik 981:Main article: 978: 975: 960:plasma display 956:Kálmán Tihanyi 720:Kálmán Tihanyi 570:Main article: 567: 564: 481:Herbert Hoover 393:Crystal Palace 126:image scanning 92:Alexander Bain 81:Main article: 78: 75: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13233: 13222: 13219: 13217: 13214: 13212: 13209: 13207: 13204: 13203: 13201: 13186: 13183: 13181: 13180:Media studies 13178: 13176: 13175:Media culture 13173: 13172: 13170: 13166: 13156: 13153: 13151: 13148: 13146: 13143: 13141: 13138: 13136: 13133: 13131: 13128: 13126: 13123: 13121: 13118: 13116: 13115:Broadcast law 13113: 13112: 13110: 13106: 13100: 13097: 13095: 13092: 13090: 13087: 13085: 13082: 13080: 13077: 13075: 13072: 13070: 13067: 13065: 13062: 13060: 13057: 13055: 13052: 13050: 13047: 13046: 13044: 13040: 13034: 13031: 13027: 13024: 13023: 13022: 13019: 13017: 13014: 13012: 13009: 13007: 13004: 13002: 12999: 12995: 12992: 12991: 12990: 12987: 12985: 12982: 12980: 12977: 12975: 12972: 12971: 12969: 12965: 12959: 12956: 12954: 12951: 12949: 12946: 12944: 12941: 12940: 12938: 12934: 12924: 12921: 12919: 12916: 12914: 12911: 12909: 12906: 12904: 12901: 12899: 12898:Breaking news 12896: 12895: 12893: 12889: 12877: 12874: 12873: 12872: 12869: 12867: 12864: 12862: 12859: 12857: 12854: 12852: 12849: 12847: 12844: 12842: 12839: 12837: 12834: 12833: 12831: 12827: 12821: 12818: 12816: 12813: 12809: 12806: 12804: 12801: 12800: 12799: 12796: 12794: 12791: 12789: 12786: 12784: 12781: 12779: 12776: 12774: 12771: 12769: 12766: 12764: 12761: 12759: 12756: 12754: 12751: 12750: 12748: 12742: 12732: 12729: 12727: 12724: 12722: 12719: 12717: 12714: 12712: 12709: 12707: 12704: 12702: 12699: 12698: 12696: 12692: 12686: 12683: 12681: 12678: 12676: 12673: 12671: 12668: 12666: 12663: 12661: 12658: 12656: 12653: 12651: 12648: 12646: 12643: 12641: 12638: 12636: 12633: 12631: 12628: 12626: 12625:Stage manager 12623: 12621: 12618: 12616: 12613: 12611: 12607: 12605: 12602: 12600: 12597: 12595: 12592: 12590: 12589:Boom operator 12587: 12585: 12582: 12581: 12579: 12575: 12569: 12566: 12564: 12563:Script editor 12561: 12559: 12556: 12554: 12551: 12549: 12546: 12544: 12541: 12539: 12538:Line producer 12536: 12534: 12531: 12529: 12526: 12524: 12521: 12519: 12516: 12514: 12511: 12509: 12506: 12504: 12501: 12499: 12496: 12494: 12491: 12489: 12486: 12484: 12481: 12479: 12476: 12475: 12473: 12469: 12463: 12460: 12458: 12457:News director 12455: 12451: 12448: 12446: 12443: 12442: 12441: 12438: 12436: 12433: 12431: 12428: 12427: 12425: 12421: 12415: 12412: 12410: 12407: 12405: 12402: 12400: 12397: 12395: 12392: 12390: 12389:Changing room 12387: 12385: 12382: 12381: 12379: 12375: 12369: 12366: 12364: 12361: 12359: 12356: 12354: 12351: 12349: 12346: 12344: 12341: 12340: 12338: 12334: 12330: 12323: 12318: 12316: 12311: 12309: 12304: 12303: 12300: 12288: 12280: 12278: 12270: 12268: 12260: 12258: 12248: 12247: 12244: 12237: 12233: 12231: 12228: 12226: 12223: 12221: 12218: 12216: 12213: 12209: 12206: 12204: 12201: 12200: 12198: 12196: 12193: 12192: 12190: 12186: 12180: 12177: 12175: 12172: 12170: 12167: 12165: 12162: 12160: 12157: 12155: 12152: 12150: 12147: 12145: 12142: 12140: 12137: 12135: 12132: 12131: 12129: 12127: 12123: 12117: 12114: 12112: 12109: 12107: 12104: 12102: 12099: 12097: 12094: 12092: 12089: 12087: 12084: 12082: 12079: 12077: 12074: 12072: 12069: 12067: 12064: 12062: 12059: 12057: 12054: 12053: 12051: 12049: 12045: 12039: 12036: 12034: 12031: 12029: 12026: 12024: 12021: 12019: 12016: 12015: 12013: 12009: 12003: 12002:Code-division 12000: 11998: 11995: 11993: 11990: 11988: 11987:Time-division 11985: 11983: 11980: 11978: 11975: 11974: 11972: 11970: 11966: 11960: 11957: 11953: 11950: 11948: 11945: 11944: 11943: 11940: 11936: 11933: 11932: 11931: 11928: 11926: 11923: 11921: 11918: 11917: 11915: 11913:and switching 11911: 11907: 11899: 11896: 11895: 11894: 11891: 11887: 11884: 11883: 11882: 11879: 11877: 11874: 11872: 11869: 11865: 11864:optical fiber 11862: 11861: 11860: 11857: 11855: 11854:Coaxial cable 11852: 11851: 11849: 11847: 11841: 11835: 11832: 11830: 11827: 11825: 11822: 11820: 11817: 11815: 11812: 11810: 11807: 11805: 11802: 11800: 11797: 11795: 11792: 11790: 11787: 11785: 11782: 11780: 11777: 11775: 11772: 11770: 11769:Radia Perlman 11767: 11765: 11762: 11760: 11757: 11755: 11752: 11750: 11747: 11745: 11742: 11740: 11737: 11735: 11732: 11730: 11727: 11725: 11722: 11720: 11717: 11715: 11712: 11710: 11707: 11705: 11702: 11700: 11697: 11695: 11692: 11690: 11687: 11685: 11682: 11680: 11677: 11675: 11672: 11670: 11667: 11665: 11662: 11660: 11659:Lee de Forest 11657: 11655: 11654:Thomas Edison 11652: 11650: 11647: 11645: 11644:Donald Davies 11642: 11640: 11637: 11635: 11632: 11630: 11629:Claude Chappe 11627: 11625: 11622: 11620: 11617: 11615: 11612: 11610: 11607: 11605: 11602: 11600: 11597: 11595: 11592: 11590: 11587: 11585: 11582: 11580: 11577: 11575: 11572: 11570: 11567: 11565: 11562: 11560: 11557: 11556: 11554: 11550: 11544: 11541: 11539: 11536: 11534: 11531: 11529: 11526: 11522: 11519: 11517: 11514: 11513: 11512: 11509: 11507: 11506: 11502: 11500: 11497: 11494: 11491: 11489: 11486: 11484: 11481: 11479: 11476: 11474: 11473:Smoke signals 11471: 11467: 11464: 11462: 11459: 11457: 11454: 11453: 11452: 11451:Semiconductor 11449: 11445: 11442: 11441: 11440: 11437: 11435: 11432: 11430: 11427: 11425: 11422: 11420: 11417: 11415: 11412: 11410: 11407: 11405: 11402: 11400: 11397: 11393: 11390: 11389: 11388: 11385: 11383: 11380: 11378: 11375: 11373: 11370: 11368: 11365: 11363: 11360: 11358: 11355: 11353: 11350: 11348: 11345: 11343: 11340: 11338: 11335: 11331: 11328: 11326: 11323: 11321: 11318: 11316: 11313: 11312: 11311: 11310:Digital media 11308: 11304: 11301: 11299: 11296: 11294: 11291: 11289: 11286: 11285: 11284: 11281: 11279: 11276: 11274: 11271: 11269: 11266: 11264: 11261: 11259: 11256: 11254: 11251: 11250: 11248: 11246: 11242: 11238: 11231: 11226: 11224: 11219: 11217: 11212: 11211: 11208: 11191: 11187: 11185: 11182: 11180: 11177: 11175: 11172: 11170: 11167: 11165: 11162: 11160: 11157: 11155: 11152: 11150: 11147: 11145: 11142: 11140: 11137: 11134: 11130: 11127: 11125: 11122: 11120: 11117: 11116: 11113: 11106: 11102: 11078: 11076: 11066: 11064: 11059: 11054: 11048: 11045: 11043: 11040: 11038: 11035: 11033: 11030: 11028: 11025: 11023: 11020: 11019: 11017: 11013: 11007: 11004: 11002: 10999: 10997: 10994: 10992: 10989: 10987: 10984: 10982: 10979: 10977: 10974: 10972: 10969: 10967: 10964: 10962: 10959: 10956: 10952: 10949: 10948: 10946: 10944: 10940: 10934: 10931: 10929: 10926: 10924: 10921: 10919: 10916: 10914: 10911: 10910: 10908: 10906: 10902: 10896: 10893: 10892: 10890: 10888: 10884: 10878: 10875: 10873: 10870: 10868: 10865: 10863: 10860: 10858: 10855: 10853: 10850: 10848: 10845: 10843: 10840: 10839: 10837: 10835: 10831: 10825: 10822: 10821: 10819: 10817: 10816:MPEG-4 Visual 10813: 10807: 10804: 10802: 10799: 10798: 10796: 10794: 10790: 10784: 10781: 10780: 10778: 10776: 10772: 10766: 10763: 10761: 10758: 10756: 10753: 10749: 10746: 10745: 10744: 10741: 10739: 10736: 10735: 10733: 10731: 10727: 10719: 10716: 10714: 10711: 10710: 10709: 10706: 10702: 10699: 10697: 10694: 10693: 10692: 10689: 10685: 10682: 10680: 10677: 10676: 10675: 10672: 10668: 10665: 10663: 10660: 10658: 10655: 10654: 10653: 10650: 10649: 10647: 10645: 10641: 10633: 10630: 10629: 10628: 10625: 10621: 10618: 10616: 10613: 10612: 10611: 10608: 10607: 10605: 10603: 10599: 10596: 10594: 10590: 10580: 10577: 10575: 10572: 10570: 10567: 10565: 10562: 10560: 10557: 10555: 10552: 10550: 10547: 10545: 10542: 10540: 10537: 10535: 10532: 10531: 10529: 10525: 10519: 10516: 10514: 10511: 10509: 10506: 10504: 10501: 10499: 10496: 10494: 10491: 10489: 10486: 10484: 10481: 10479: 10476: 10474: 10471: 10469: 10466: 10464: 10461: 10460: 10458: 10454: 10448: 10445: 10443: 10440: 10438: 10435: 10433: 10430: 10428: 10425: 10423: 10420: 10419: 10417: 10415: 10411: 10405: 10402: 10401: 10399: 10395: 10389: 10386: 10385: 10383: 10379: 10373: 10369: 10366: 10365: 10363: 10361: 10357: 10351: 10348: 10345: 10341: 10337: 10333: 10329: 10325: 10321: 10317: 10313: 10309: 10305: 10301: 10297: 10294: 10293: 10291: 10289: 10285: 10279: 10276: 10273: 10269: 10265: 10261: 10257: 10254: 10253: 10251: 10249: 10245: 10239: 10236: 10235: 10233: 10231: 10227: 10224: 10222: 10218: 10214: 10207: 10203: 10199: 10192: 10187: 10185: 10180: 10178: 10173: 10172: 10169: 10163: 10160: 10158: 10156: 10152: 10148: 10145: 10141: 10140: 10135: 10131: 10129: 10126: 10124: 10121: 10119: 10116: 10114: 10111: 10109: 10106: 10104: 10101: 10099: 10096: 10094: 10091: 10088: 10085: 10083: 10080: 10078: 10075: 10072: 10069: 10067: 10064: 10062: 10059: 10057: 10054: 10052: 10049: 10047: 10044: 10041: 10038: 10036: 10032: 10029: 10027: 10024: 10022: 10018: 10015: 10012: 10011: 9998:September 18, 9994: 9993:IEEE Spectrum 9990: 9985: 9984: 9974: 9968: 9964: 9963: 9957: 9953: 9948: 9944: 9940: 9936: 9933: 9932: 9927: 9924: 9920: 9914: 9910: 9909: 9903: 9896: 9892: 9890:0-521-82624-1 9886: 9879: 9878: 9873: 9869: 9865: 9863:1-887178-17-1 9859: 9855: 9850: 9846: 9840: 9836: 9831: 9827: 9822: 9818: 9812: 9808: 9804: 9800: 9798:0-85296-914-7 9794: 9790: 9786: 9785: 9779: 9775: 9773:0-06-001401-6 9769: 9765: 9760: 9756: 9754:0-7864-1220-8 9750: 9746: 9741: 9737: 9735:0-89950-284-9 9731: 9727: 9722: 9721: 9709: 9703: 9696: 9690: 9683: 9677: 9661: 9657: 9651: 9644: 9640: 9637: 9632: 9625: 9621: 9618: 9613: 9606: 9602: 9599: 9594: 9587: 9583: 9580: 9575: 9568: 9564: 9561: 9556: 9549: 9545: 9542: 9541:1936 Baird T5 9537: 9530: 9526: 9523: 9518: 9511: 9507: 9504: 9499: 9492: 9488: 9485: 9480: 9473: 9469: 9466: 9461: 9454: 9450: 9447: 9442: 9435: 9431: 9428: 9423: 9407: 9403: 9397: 9382: 9376: 9372: 9368: 9367: 9359: 9357: 9347: 9336: 9332: 9331:Fontainebleau 9328: 9321: 9314: 9306: 9300: 9296: 9292: 9285: 9283: 9266: 9260: 9258: 9238: 9231: 9225: 9223: 9214: 9213: 9205: 9203: 9201: 9185: 9179: 9175: 9171: 9167: 9166: 9158: 9156: 9139: 9132: 9130: 9128: 9119: 9112: 9097: 9093: 9092: 9087: 9080: 9078: 9076: 9074: 9072: 9063: 9062: 9061:Wichita Eagle 9054: 9038: 9034: 9030: 9024: 9022: 9005: 8999: 8997: 8988: 8987: 8979: 8977: 8975: 8966: 8965: 8957: 8950:. p. 1C. 8949: 8945: 8944: 8936: 8934: 8932: 8925: 8924:9780917893148 8921: 8915: 8899: 8895: 8894: 8889: 8882: 8880: 8863: 8859: 8858:Baltimore, MD 8855: 8854: 8849: 8842: 8840: 8838: 8836: 8819: 8815: 8814: 8813:Reading Eagle 8809: 8803: 8795: 8794: 8786: 8770: 8766: 8765: 8760: 8753: 8738: 8734: 8733: 8728: 8721: 8706: 8704:9780879728212 8700: 8696: 8692: 8691: 8683: 8675: 8671: 8665: 8659: 8658:9789814136013 8655: 8649: 8634: 8633: 8628: 8621: 8613: 8609: 8603: 8587: 8583: 8579: 8573: 8557: 8553: 8546: 8540: 8536: 8530: 8514: 8510: 8506: 8502: 8495: 8479: 8472: 8457: 8451: 8449: 8432: 8426: 8410: 8406: 8400: 8384: 8380: 8373: 8365: 8361: 8355: 8339: 8335: 8328: 8326: 8310: 8304: 8300: 8299: 8292: 8277: 8271: 8256: 8250: 8246: 8242: 8241: 8233: 8225: 8219: 8203: 8197: 8186:September 18, 8182: 8176: 8172: 8171: 8163: 8147: 8141: 8139: 8122: 8118: 8114: 8108: 8089: 8085: 8078: 8071: 8063: 8059: 8055: 8049: 8042: 8038: 8034: 8031: 8026: 8019: 8013: 8011: 7994: 7990: 7984: 7975: 7969: 7964: 7957: 7953: 7952:archive.today 7949: 7946: 7940: 7933: 7927: 7920: 7916: 7915:"Early Birds" 7911: 7904: 7898: 7891: 7887: 7883: 7880: 7874: 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Routledge. 7571: 7570: 7562: 7555: 7550: 7543: 7539: 7535: 7532: 7527: 7511: 7507: 7501: 7499: 7497: 7480: 7476: 7470: 7463: 7459: 7456: 7451: 7435: 7431: 7425: 7423: 7415: 7411: 7407: 7403: 7398: 7392: 7388: 7384: 7380: 7375: 7369: 7365: 7361: 7358: 7353: 7345: 7339: 7331: 7327: 7321: 7312: 7304: 7302:9781452909554 7298: 7294: 7293: 7285: 7269: 7265: 7261: 7255: 7244:September 18, 7239: 7233: 7217: 7213: 7207: 7191: 7187: 7181: 7165: 7161: 7154: 7138: 7132: 7116: 7110: 7094: 7088: 7080: 7074: 7058: 7051: 7036: 7032: 7025: 7009: 7002: 6991: 6984: 6978: 6969: 6953: 6947: 6938: 6922: 6918: 6912: 6904: 6902:9781410614742 6898: 6894: 6893: 6885: 6879: 6875: 6872: 6866: 6860: 6859:0-7864-1220-8 6856: 6852: 6846: 6831: 6825: 6818: 6814: 6811: 6808:Bob Cooper, " 6805: 6798: 6794: 6790: 6784: 6777: 6773: 6770: 6764: 6757: 6753: 6749: 6743: 6736: 6732: 6726: 6719: 6713: 6706: 6700: 6691: 6684: 6678: 6671: 6667: 6664: 6658: 6656: 6639: 6635: 6629: 6621: 6615: 6611: 6610: 6602: 6595: 6591: 6588: 6582: 6575: 6571: 6568: 6562: 6556: 6552: 6549: 6544: 6535: 6526: 6519: 6514: 6507: 6501: 6490: 6483: 6477: 6466: 6459: 6453: 6442: 6435: 6429: 6418: 6414: 6407: 6401: 6393: 6389: 6385: 6379: 6377: 6369: 6363: 6356: 6350: 6343: 6342:1-928791-30-1 6339: 6335: 6329: 6323:, p. 254 6322: 6317: 6315: 6308:, p. 248 6307: 6302: 6283: 6276: 6275: 6267: 6251: 6247: 6240: 6224: 6220: 6216: 6210: 6194: 6190: 6183: 6167: 6163: 6159: 6152: 6150: 6134: 6128: 6124: 6123: 6115: 6099: 6095: 6091: 6084: 6068: 6064: 6057: 6042: 6036: 6032: 6031: 6023: 6008: 6002: 5998: 5997: 5989: 5973: 5969: 5962: 5946: 5942: 5935: 5919: 5915: 5908: 5893: 5887: 5883: 5882: 5874: 5859: 5853: 5849: 5848: 5840: 5838: 5822: 5816: 5812: 5811: 5803: 5788: 5782: 5778: 5777: 5769: 5763:, p. 576 5762: 5757: 5741: 5737: 5733: 5726: 5710: 5706: 5699: 5693:, p. 370 5692: 5687: 5680: 5676: 5672: 5669: 5663: 5647: 5643: 5637: 5622: 5618: 5612: 5605: 5599: 5591: 5585: 5579:, p. 141 5578: 5573: 5567:, p. 139 5566: 5561: 5554: 5549: 5543:, p. 148 5542: 5537: 5531:, p. xii 5530: 5525: 5517: 5512: 5504: 5498: 5493: 5486: 5482: 5478: 5477: 5470: 5463: 5459: 5456: 5451: 5444: 5440: 5437: 5432: 5425: 5424:0-252-02104-5 5421: 5417: 5411: 5405: 5401: 5398: 5393: 5386: 5380: 5373: 5369: 5365: 5362: 5357: 5355: 5347: 5343: 5338: 5323: 5317: 5310: 5306: 5303: 5302: 5295: 5288: 5284: 5280: 5276: 5273: 5268: 5266: 5249: 5243: 5228: 5222: 5220: 5204: 5198: 5196: 5180: 5176: 5172: 5166: 5159: 5155: 5151: 5148: 5143: 5141: 5132: 5130:9783319490885 5126: 5122: 5118: 5117: 5109: 5102: 5096: 5088: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5072: 5068: 5061: 5053: 5049: 5045: 5041: 5037: 5033: 5026: 5017: 5012: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4993: 4986: 4980:, p. 123 4979: 4974: 4966: 4962: 4957: 4952: 4948: 4944: 4941:(2973): 590. 4940: 4936: 4932: 4928: 4922: 4915: 4910: 4895: 4891: 4884: 4877: 4871: 4863: 4859: 4854: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4838:(2016): 151. 4837: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4819: 4811: 4807: 4802: 4797: 4793: 4789: 4786:(2016): 151. 4785: 4781: 4777: 4773: 4767: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4740: 4733: 4725: 4719: 4711: 4705: 4697: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4679: 4675: 4668: 4652: 4648: 4642: 4634: 4622: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4605: 4597: 4588: 4584: 4578: 4570: 4563: 4547: 4541: 4525: 4519: 4511: 4504: 4498:, p. 101 4497: 4492: 4484: 4477: 4471: 4463: 4462: 4457: 4451: 4445: 4441: 4439: 4433: 4426: 4425: 4419: 4417: 4415: 4407: 4401: 4393: 4387: 4383: 4378: 4377: 4368: 4366: 4357: 4350: 4342: 4341: 4336: 4330: 4321: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4290: 4283:. Hutchinson. 4282: 4275: 4267: 4266: 4259: 4251: 4244: 4236: 4230: 4226: 4219: 4211: 4210: 4202: 4196: 4192: 4187: 4179: 4175: 4174: 4166: 4158: 4156:9780738581415 4152: 4148: 4147: 4139: 4131: 4125: 4118:(in Italian). 4117: 4111: 4103: 4097: 4088: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4070: 4065: 4057: 4056: 4048: 4041: 4036: 4034: 4025: 4021: 4015: 4009: 4004: 4000: 3995: 3989: 3985: 3980: 3964: 3960: 3953: 3949: 3935: 3928: 3921: 3915: 3911: 3900: 3897: 3895: 3892: 3890: 3887: 3885: 3882: 3880: 3877: 3873: 3870: 3869: 3868: 3865: 3863: 3860: 3858: 3855: 3853: 3850: 3848: 3845: 3843: 3840: 3838: 3835: 3833: 3830: 3828: 3825: 3823: 3820: 3818: 3815: 3812: 3809: 3807: 3804: 3802: 3799: 3797: 3794: 3793: 3783: 3779: 3776: 3773: 3769: 3766: 3763: 3759: 3756: 3753: 3749: 3746: 3744: 3741: 3738: 3734: 3731: 3730: 3729: 3718: 3715: 3713: 3710: 3708: 3707:Leon Theremin 3705: 3703: 3700: 3698: 3695: 3693: 3692:David Sarnoff 3690: 3688: 3685: 3683: 3680: 3678: 3675: 3673: 3670: 3668: 3665: 3662: 3658: 3656: 3653: 3651: 3648: 3646: 3643: 3641: 3638: 3636: 3633: 3631: 3628: 3626: 3623: 3620: 3617: 3615: 3614:Alan Blumlein 3612: 3610: 3607: 3605: 3602: 3601: 3599: 3591: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3568: 3566: 3561: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3548:In 1958, the 3546: 3543: 3539: 3534: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3523: 3518: 3513: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3498:San Francisco 3495: 3491: 3487: 3477: 3475: 3470: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3451: 3447: 3442: 3438: 3433: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3418: 3410: 3406: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3362: 3352: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3325: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3303: 3300:December 2014 3294: 3290: 3287:This section 3285: 3282: 3278: 3277: 3272: 3268: 3262: 3252: 3250: 3246: 3245:semiconductor 3242: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3189: 3187: 3184: 3180: 3174: 3172: 3168: 3165: 3161: 3156: 3154: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3133: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3107: 3103: 3093: 3084: 3082: 3078: 3073: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3050: 3046: 3043:II system to 3042: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3029:U.S. Congress 3025: 3023: 3017: 3015: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2984: 2974: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2954: 2951: 2950:Neiman-Marcus 2947: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2930:Taylor Howard 2927: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2897: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2870: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2823: 2821: 2817: 2814: 2810: 2809: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2795:North America 2792: 2787: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2740: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2719: 2715: 2710: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2695:set-top boxes 2692: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2654: 2644: 2641: 2637: 2627: 2624:December 2014 2618: 2614: 2611:This section 2609: 2606: 2602: 2601: 2597: 2591: 2581: 2579: 2575: 2569: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2550: 2546: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2521: 2517: 2514: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2481: 2479: 2478:royal charter 2475: 2471: 2467: 2462: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2435: 2433: 2429: 2423: 2421: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2399: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2384: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2352: 2348: 2347:Nils Granlund 2344: 2343:Lionel Atwill 2340: 2339:Frances Upton 2336: 2335:Louis Calhern 2332: 2328: 2327:Primo Carnera 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2296: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2249: 2248:C. F. Jenkins 2245: 2240: 2238: 2237:Felix the Cat 2234: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2203: 2198: 2193: 2186:United States 2183: 2180: 2178: 2172: 2168: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2145: 2143: 2138: 2128: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2071: 2068: 2065: 2063: 2058: 2056: 2051: 2049: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2026: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2011: 2009: 2003: 2002:3D television 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1952: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1913: 1909: 1904: 1899: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1872: 1863: 1860: 1856: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1828: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1809: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1750: 1747: 1742: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1699: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1683: 1681: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1652: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1640:George Mandel 1635: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1616: 1608: 1606: 1601: 1597: 1592: 1590: 1586: 1585:normalization 1582: 1577: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1530: 1521: 1519: 1515: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1484: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1443: 1437: 1427: 1423: 1420: 1414: 1413:3D television 1407:3D television 1404: 1401: 1397: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1370: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1341: 1338:, as well as 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1304: 1294: 1291:December 2014 1285: 1281: 1278:This section 1276: 1273: 1269: 1268: 1263: 1259: 1253: 1243: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1209: 1206: 1204: 1198: 1192: 1182: 1180: 1179:video monitor 1174: 1171: 1169: 1165: 1160: 1158: 1149: 1144: 1140: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1109: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1094: 1092: 1087: 1085: 1081: 1076: 1074: 1070: 1065: 1063: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1045: 1042: 1037: 1035: 1031: 1026: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1011: 1006: 1004: 1000: 995: 991: 984: 974: 972: 967: 965: 961: 957: 952: 950: 944: 940: 938: 934: 930: 926: 916: 912: 910: 905: 901: 897: 896:super-Emitron 892: 888: 882: 880: 876: 872: 868: 864: 859: 857: 853: 848: 846: 842: 837: 832: 828: 824: 816: 812: 808: 805: 800: 795: 792: 788: 783: 775: 771: 767: 765: 764:San Francisco 761: 757: 752: 750: 741: 737: 735: 731: 726: 721: 715: 713: 708: 706: 702: 701:Johnson noise 698: 694: 690: 686: 682: 677: 676: 671: 670: 664: 663: 658: 654: 653: 648: 647:Royal Society 644: 640: 639: 634: 630: 626: 622: 618: 615: 611: 607: 603: 599: 596:, an English 595: 594:J. J. Thomson 588: 584: 579: 573: 563: 560: 556: 551: 548: 543: 541: 537: 533: 527: 524: 520: 519:Léon Theremin 516: 511: 510:Television". 509: 505: 501: 497: 492: 490: 486: 482: 479: 475: 471: 466: 462: 458: 454: 451: 446: 444: 440: 436: 432: 427: 424: 420: 415: 413: 409: 404: 402: 398: 394: 390: 386: 382: 378: 377:Bernard Natan 374: 369: 356: 351: 350:Theodore Case 347: 342: 338: 334: 330: 323: 319: 315: 311: 309: 302: 297: 295: 294: 287: 283: 281: 280: 274: 271: 266: 262: 258: 257:World War One 253: 249: 244: 243:Archibald Low 241:In May 1914, 239: 237: 233: 229: 225: 220: 218: 213: 209: 205: 201: 196: 194: 189: 187: 183: 182:Lee de Forest 178: 174: 170: 166: 162: 158: 154: 150: 142: 137: 133: 131: 127: 123: 119: 115: 111: 107: 103: 101: 97: 93: 89: 84: 74: 70: 66: 64: 60: 56: 52: 47: 45: 41: 37: 32: 23: 19: 13155:Pixelization 13145:Media reform 13140:Media policy 13120:Bleep censor 13033:Vision mixer 12808:Mockumentary 12783:Variety show 12706:Foley artist 12701:Sound editor 12604:Videographer 12568:Story editor 12558:Screenwriter 12518:Set designer 12352: 11969:Multiplexing 11844:Transmission 11809:Nikola Tesla 11799:Henry Sutton 11754:Samuel Morse 11684:Robert Hooke 11649:Amos Dolbear 11584:John Bardeen 11510: 11503: 11483:Telautograph 11387:Mobile phone 11342:Edholm's law 11325:social media 11258:Broadcasting 10730:MPEG-2 Video 10268:Clear-Vision 10154: 10150: 10137: 10033:including a 9996:. Retrieved 9992: 9961: 9951: 9942: 9929: 9907: 9895:the original 9876: 9853: 9834: 9825: 9806: 9783: 9763: 9744: 9725: 9718:Bibliography 9707: 9702: 9694: 9689: 9681: 9676: 9664:. Retrieved 9659: 9650: 9631: 9612: 9593: 9574: 9555: 9536: 9517: 9498: 9479: 9460: 9441: 9422: 9410:. Retrieved 9405: 9396: 9384:. Retrieved 9365: 9346: 9335:the original 9326: 9313: 9290: 9269:. Retrieved 9244:. Retrieved 9210: 9187:. Retrieved 9164: 9142:. Retrieved 9117: 9111: 9099:. Retrieved 9089: 9059: 9053: 9041:. Retrieved 9037:the original 9032: 9008:. Retrieved 8984: 8962: 8956: 8941: 8914: 8902:. Retrieved 8893:Deseret News 8891: 8866:. Retrieved 8862:the original 8851: 8822:. Retrieved 8811: 8802: 8791: 8785: 8773:. Retrieved 8762: 8752: 8740:. Retrieved 8730: 8720: 8708:. Retrieved 8689: 8682: 8674:the original 8664: 8648: 8636:. Retrieved 8630: 8620: 8611: 8602: 8590:. Retrieved 8586:the original 8581: 8572: 8560:. Retrieved 8556:the original 8550:Wade, Mark. 8545: 8529: 8517:. 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Retrieved 5646:the original 5636: 5624:. Retrieved 5611: 5603: 5598: 5584: 5572: 5560: 5548: 5536: 5524: 5518:. p. 1. 5515: 5503: 5492: 5474: 5469: 5450: 5431: 5415: 5410: 5392: 5384: 5379: 5371: 5345: 5337: 5327:December 11, 5325:. Retrieved 5316: 5300: 5294: 5282: 5252:. Retrieved 5242: 5232:December 11, 5230:. Retrieved 5208:December 11, 5206:. Retrieved 5184:February 22, 5182:. Retrieved 5174: 5165: 5158:IEC Techline 5157: 5115: 5108: 5100: 5095: 5070: 5066: 5060: 5035: 5031: 5025: 4998: 4994: 4985: 4978:Burns (1998) 4973: 4938: 4934: 4921: 4916:, p. 56 4909: 4897:. Retrieved 4893: 4883: 4875: 4870: 4835: 4831: 4818: 4783: 4779: 4766: 4749: 4745: 4732: 4718: 4676:. New York: 4673: 4667: 4655:. Retrieved 4650: 4641: 4613:the original 4608: 4603: 4596: 4587:the original 4577: 4568: 4562: 4552:February 18, 4550:. Retrieved 4540: 4528:. Retrieved 4518: 4509: 4503: 4491: 4482: 4470: 4459: 4450: 4437: 4432: 4423: 4400: 4375: 4355: 4349: 4339: 4335:Baird, J. 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Retrieved 3962: 3952: 3927: 3914: 3801:BBC Archives 3727: 3682:Boris Rosing 3619:Walter Bruch 3597: 3590:in the U.K. 3569: 3562: 3547: 3535: 3520: 3514: 3490:Harry Truman 3483: 3471: 3450:World War II 3434: 3415: 3364: 3326: 3310: 3297: 3293:adding to it 3288: 3209:solar panels 3190: 3175: 3171:Dish Network 3157: 3134: 3102:pay-per-view 3098: 3081:black market 3074: 3026: 3018: 2986: 2955: 2924:(CBN, later 2903: 2888:television, 2871: 2839:Soviet Union 2824: 2806: 2788: 2760:free-to-view 2750:may include 2741: 2711: 2662: 2661: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2621: 2617:adding to it 2612: 2578:cord cutters 2570: 2551: 2547: 2524: 2502: 2482: 2463: 2459:Philadelphia 2436: 2424: 2400: 2385: 2361:Jimmy Walker 2355: 2312: 2298:Radio giant 2297: 2292: 2271: 2266: 2253: 2241: 2224: 2207: 2200:WNBT (later 2181: 2173: 2169: 2146: 2134: 2077: 2069: 2066: 2061: 2059: 2052: 2045: 2041: 2038: 2006: 1980:in 1951 and 1958: 1947:format with 1916: 1900: 1877: 1861: 1857: 1834: 1817:Walter Bruch 1810: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783:World War II 1756: 1745: 1743: 1710: 1700: 1684: 1653: 1644:Eiffel Tower 1636: 1631: 1617: 1614: 1593: 1589:Eastern Bloc 1578: 1535: 1490: 1471:. At first, 1450: 1424: 1416: 1402: 1398: 1371: 1315: 1312:connected TV 1311: 1309: 1288: 1284:adding to it 1279: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1210: 1207: 1200: 1175: 1172: 1161: 1153: 1148:test pattern 1110: 1095: 1088: 1077: 1066: 1046: 1038: 1027: 1007: 986: 968: 962:, the first 953: 945: 941: 932: 928: 921: 883: 860: 856:Philadelphia 849: 820: 796: 779: 753: 746: 716: 709: 673: 666: 660: 650: 636: 628: 621:Crookes tube 614:cold-cathode 609: 591: 552: 544: 528: 515:Soviet Union 512: 502:facility in 493: 489:milliseconds 455: 447: 443:World War II 428: 416: 412:World War II 405: 370: 326: 321: 308:Boris Rosing 304: 299: 291: 289: 285: 277: 275: 247: 240: 224:Boris Rosing 221: 197: 190: 173:World's Fair 168: 146: 104: 86: 71: 67: 48: 28: 18: 12994:Microphones 12903:Debate show 12553:Head writer 12523:TV producer 12488:TV director 12169:NPL network 11881:Radio waves 11819:Alfred Vail 11729:Hedy Lamarr 11714:Dawon Kahng 11674:Elisha Gray 11634:Yogen Dalal 11559:Nasir Ahmed 11493:Teleprinter 11357:Heliographs 11188:Templates ( 10905:MPEG-H HEVC 10644:Progressive 9939:Lohr, Lenox 8737:Los Angeles 8484:January 25, 8338:History.com 7968:Lohr (1940) 7516:November 1, 7166:. Vox Media 7143:January 17, 7121:January 17, 7099:January 17, 7063:January 17, 7040:January 17, 7014:January 17, 6767:Ed Reitan, 6644:January 24, 6291:January 15, 6256:January 15, 6229:January 15, 6199:January 15, 6172:January 15, 6138:January 15, 6046:January 15, 6012:January 10, 5924:January 15, 5863:January 10, 5746:January 10, 4629:|work= 4149:. Arcadia. 3969:February 6, 3963:www.nyu.edu 3430:Paul Nipkow 3233:multiplexed 3054:descrambler 3041:VideoCipher 3031:passed the 2934:San Andreas 2920:(TBS), and 2756:free-to-air 2453:'s station 2285:Los Angeles 2246:authorized 2219:factory in 1884:Nipkow disk 1819:and called 1709:working at 1374:Internet TV 1168:Porta-Color 971:LED display 900:CPS Emitron 804:multipactor 693:hot cathode 523:interlacing 470:copper wire 423:Nipkow disk 401:17.5mm film 333:Nipkow disk 270:light waves 186:Arthur Korn 155:in 1884 in 153:Nipkow disk 141:Nipkow disk 122:phone lines 40:mass medium 13200:Categories 13108:Regulation 13089:Media bias 13054:Censorship 12866:Soap opera 12846:Miniseries 12746:and genres 12645:Dolly grip 12577:Production 12513:Researcher 12462:Showrunner 12215:Antarctica 12174:Toasternet 12096:Television 11579:Paul Baran 11511:Television 11495:(teletype) 11488:Telegraphy 11466:transistor 11444:Phryctoria 11414:Photophone 11392:Smartphone 11382:Mass media 11032:Captioning 10834:MPEG-4 AVC 10602:Interlaced 10527:Historical 10463:Captioning 10422:BTSC (MTS) 10397:1250 lines 10381:1125 lines 10210:Television 9484:Telefunken 8769:Denver, CO 8552:"Gorizont" 8539:0900162716 8461:January 3, 8379:"Syncom 2" 8314:August 15, 8260:August 15, 8082:(Report). 7603:October 9, 7554:Burns 1998 7190:Tech Times 4440:, page 220 4193:, p. 4005:technology 3944:References 3667:Earl Muntz 3522:See It Now 3441:Telefunken 3395:flat panel 3381:and later 3371:mechanical 3367:television 3317:television 3183:DigiCipher 3141:Luxembourg 2959:fibreglass 2938:California 2827:Intelsat I 2594:See also: 2369:Kate Smith 2320:radio and 2283:as far as 2267:Television 2190:See also: 2080:television 1892:iconoscope 1888:Braun tube 1771:iconoscope 1739:Telefunken 1657:Telefunken 1594:After the 1562:Bratislava 1536:In former 1440:See also: 1219:, and the 1195:See also: 1106:chromatron 1091:Telechrome 1057:Iconoscope 1015:commutator 951:standard. 925:patent war 799:Iconoscope 734:iconoscope 728:design of 629:Braun tube 610:Braun tube 576:See also: 461:Frank Gray 341:Selfridges 337:silhouette 296:reported: 204:commutator 169:television 130:TV cameras 44:propaganda 31:television 12967:Technical 12936:Valuation 12871:Talk show 12773:Game show 12726:Publicist 12430:Celebrity 12199:Americas 12188:Locations 12159:Internet2 11920:Bandwidth 11624:Vint Cerf 11521:streaming 11499:Telephone 11439:Semaphore 11330:streaming 11169:Test card 10842:ATSC A/72 10748:DVB 3D-TV 10360:819 lines 10288:625 lines 10248:525 lines 10230:405 lines 10151:Booknotes 9371:New Delhi 9101:April 10, 9006:. TinyPic 8360:"Relay 1" 7999:August 7, 7662:April 20, 7274:April 23, 7164:The Verge 5652:April 28, 5387:, p. 226. 5254:April 17, 4894:Biography 4876:The Times 4752:: 61–62. 4704:cite book 4657:April 27, 4631:ignored ( 4621:cite book 3249:rain fade 3197:PrimeStar 3160:PrimeStar 3143:launched 2995:. (later 2961:or solid 2786:in 1963. 2671:broadcast 2545:in 1948. 2329:, actors 2281:shortwave 2263:call sign 2082:channel, 2023:TV Azteca 1965:San Diego 1937:Sony HDVS 1880:441-lines 1759:180 lines 1648:455 lines 1540:(now the 1477:bandwidth 1453:broadcast 1367:SmartCast 1340:on-demand 1117:bandwidth 1098:Geer tube 954:In 1936, 662:The Times 598:physicist 592:In 1897, 547:Slovenian 494:In 1928, 355:scan line 279:The Times 222:In 1911, 212:Kerr cell 51:microwave 12716:Colorist 12711:Composer 12640:Key grip 12610:operator 12423:Profiles 12343:Audience 12267:Category 12154:Internet 12144:CYCLADES 12061:Ethernet 12011:Concepts 11935:terminal 11886:wireless 11709:Bob Kahn 11552:Pioneers 11377:Internet 11268:Cable TV 11081:Defunct. 11047:Teletext 10913:ATSC 3.0 10569:567-line 10564:455-line 10559:441-line 10554:375-line 10549:343-line 10544:180-line 10534:Pre-1940 10488:Teletext 10368:System E 10296:System B 10256:System M 10238:System A 10017:Archived 9941:(1940). 9928:(1925). 9874:(2004). 9666:June 23, 9639:Archived 9620:Archived 9601:Archived 9582:Archived 9563:Archived 9544:Archived 9525:Archived 9506:Archived 9487:Archived 9468:Archived 9449:Archived 9446:Pre-1935 9430:Archived 9412:July 16, 9386:July 16, 9271:July 12, 9237:Archived 9140:. 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Burke. 4072:Archived 4008:machine. 3879:Muntzing 3789:See also 3661:Loewe AG 3584:Showtime 3502:AT&T 3405:device. 3335:or with 3329:Smart TV 3321:Internet 3267:Smart TV 3188:system. 3145:Astra 1A 3062:Galaxy 1 3022:scramble 3014:eyesores 2963:aluminum 2878:Gorizont 2851:downlink 2820:Syncom 2 2803:Atlantic 2658:Overview 2516:Predicta 2415:343-line 2157:405-line 2117:Digitürk 2015:Televisa 1763:telecine 1735:charisma 1731:625-line 1723:405-line 1687:819-line 1546:Slovakia 1507:station 1499:station 1497:Montreal 1481:channels 1465:channels 1461:licensed 1447:Overview 1380:or with 1252:Smart TV 1102:penetron 994:selenium 966:system. 665:and the 625:phosphor 540:Montreal 408:Scophony 265:selenium 200:selenium 114:selenium 63:Internet 12287:Commons 12277:Outline 12230:Oceania 12149:FidoNet 12134:ARPANET 11947:circuit 11516:digital 11245:History 10928:ISDB-S3 10877:MobaHo! 10824:MobaHo! 10593:Digital 10340:PALplus 10139:Variety 9246:July 3, 9189:July 3, 9144:May 20, 9043:June 5, 8868:July 1, 8775:July 3, 8742:July 1, 8710:July 1, 8592:July 1, 8578:"Ekran" 8519:July 1, 8389:June 5, 8366:. NASA. 8344:June 5, 7632:May 28, 6612:. IET. 5040:Bibcode 5003:Bibcode 4965:4081053 4943:Bibcode 4899:May 10, 4862:3956737 4840:Bibcode 4810:3956737 4788:Bibcode 4524:"VE9AK" 4307:Bibcode 4132:. 2012. 4104:. 2012. 3934:KCBS-TV 3920:WCBS-TV 3663:in 1923 3231:can be 3201:DirecTV 3167:DirecTV 2916:(HBO), 2847:signals 2843:Molniya 2831:network 2808:Relay 1 2799:Telstar 2770:writer 2720:on the 2403:KCBS-TV 2177:Telstar 2125:Türksat 2121:D-Smart 2105:Kanal D 1961:KFMB-TV 1933:Algiers 1779:Hamburg 1753:Germany 1746:SECAM I 1715:control 1672:⁄ 1558:Ostrava 1505:Toronto 1363:Roku OS 1351:Android 1320:Web 2.0 1242:2010s. 1003:Britain 937:Philips 821:At the 817:in 1933 725:Hungary 623:with a 373:Glasgow 363:⁄ 322:(right) 234:tube" ( 13168:Theory 13042:Issues 12861:Sitcom 12856:Serial 12829:Series 12721:Editor 12630:gaffer 12548:Writer 12377:Places 12225:Europe 12195:Africa 12179:Usenet 12139:BITNET 12076:Mobile 11952:packet 11461:MOSFET 11456:device 11253:Beacon 11001:HE-AAC 10923:HD DMB 10468:CGMS-A 10404:HD-MAC 10264:NTSC-J 10221:Analog 9969: 9915: 9887: 9860: 9841: 9813: 9795: 9770: 9751: 9732: 9408:. 2010 9377: 9301: 9180: 9010:May 5, 8922: 8701: 8656: 8537: 8385:. 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