445:
company laid out the first street plan for the city of
Buffalo. Ellicott recognized that the company lacked the resources to build and maintain roads, and so he lobbied the state legislature for the creation of Genesee County, which initially encompassed all of the Holland Purchase lands, so that it could assume control over local road construction. After succeeding, Ellicott ensured that all of the county's officials would be favorable to the company. Most settlers believed that company and government services were still inadequate, and public campaigns were organized to levy a tax on nonresidents to support government improvements starting in the 1810s. The company lobbied for the construction of the
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down payment of one-quarter to one-third its value, but it soon became apparent to
Ellicott and the other agents that these prices were unaffordable to nearly all of the arriving settlers, some of whom were entirely cashless. In the sparsely populated region, eviction was also difficult to carry out once land had been settled on. As a result, conditional sales were made ad hoc by the agents, involving discounted prices, lower down payments, longer mortgages, or labor from the settlers on the company's behalf. Leniency earned the company goodwill with the settlers for many years.
20:
67:, so investors placed their funds in the hands of certain trustees who bought the land in central and western New York State. The syndicate hoped to sell the land rapidly at a great profit. Instead, for many years they were forced to make further investments in their purchase; surveying it, building roads, digging canals, to make it more attractive to settlers. They influenced state policy in New York to allow foreign ownership of the land, avoid new taxes, and promote the construction of the
346:
304:, Wilhelm Willink, Jr., Jan Willink and Jan Willink, Jr. About two years after the first transfers, the proprietors of the large tract reconveyed title to the original five, plus Wilhelm Willink, Jr., Jan Willink, Jr., Jan Gabriel van Staphorst, Roelof van Staphorst, Jr., Cornelius Vollenhoven, Hendrick Seye and Pieter Stadnitski. The members of the Holland Land Company never travelled to America.
206:, which Phelps and Gorham retained along with their other lands east of the Genesee. He was soon pressed by his own debts and sought another purchaser for the land. He kept one parcel of 500,000 acres (2,000 km) for himself in a tract 12 miles (19 km) wide and running the breadth of Western New York from Lake Ontario to the Pennsylvania, known as the
95:
436:
The company struggled to sell its
Pennsylvania lands, which were unsuitable for farming and today remain sparsely populated. The four houses similarly struggled to find buyers in the northern New York tracts, which were sold to Michael Hogan in 1806, and the Cazenovia Establishment, which was sold to
440:
After years of preparation, the first land sale in the
Holland tract was made in 1804. Tension between the company and the residents of Western New York began almost immediately due to the structure of the land sales. The Dutch investors had instructed for land to be sold for $ 2.75 per acre with a
384:
Ellicott was then the resident agent in charge of the
Holland Tract land sales in 1800. After Ellicott's resignation in 1821, the Holland Tract sales were overseen by Jacob S. Otto from 1821 to 1827, and David E. Evans from 1827 to 1837. David A. Ogden and his brother Thomas Ludlow Ogden were legal
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in 1816. The company donated 100,000 acres of land for the canal's right of way. In the 1830s, after years of petitions from
Western New Yorkers, the New York legislature passed a law taxing debts due to foreign landowners, targeted specifically at the company. The company responded by ending its
133:
In addition to land, the Dutch investors bought
American funds, including the South Carolina Funded Debt and the Massachusetts Deposit, and shares in the Pennsylvania Population Company. On the advice of Cazenove, they also obtained shares in canal companies in the years 1791–1792, including the
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The company worked on several investments to local infrastructure to make the land more profitable and attractive, including roads, irrigation systems, canals, and mills. Free tracts of land were set aside for the construction of private roads, inns, churches, and other structures. In 1802, the
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to the real owners. It was transferred to two sets of proprietors, and one of these sets soon divided into two, making three sets of owners altogether. Each set of proprietors owned their tract as "joint tenants" with right of survivorship, which means as proprietors died off, the surviving
457:
In 1839, the last land in
Western New York was sold off to local investors and settlers, and the Batavia office was closed. Land sales in Pennsylvania were concluded in 1849, and in 1856, the Philadelphia headquarters closed. The company was formally dissolved in 1858.
481:, Thomas Ludlow Ogden, and Benjamin W. Rogers. In 1826, the syndicate negotiated a treaty to purchase several reservation lands, including the Caneadea Reservation, Canawagus Reservation, Big Tree Reservation, Squawky Hill Reservation, and portions of the Gardean,
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and 120,000 acres (490 km) in central New York, organized under the
Cazenovia Establishment, on behalf of the four houses. In 1792, Cazenove arranged for the purchase of 1,500,000 acres (6,100 km) in northwestern Pennsylvania on behalf of the six houses.
210:. The right for the remaining four parcels, comprising the westernmost 3,250,000 acres (13,200 km) was then purchased between December 1792 and July 1793 from Morris by the Dutch investors comprising the syndicate, through Cazenove and trustee Herman LeRoy.
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and
Cattaraugus Reservations, and possessed clear title to them. He attempted to sell the lands to the United States government for $ 300,000, and funds were appropriated for the purchase in that year's Indian Appropriations bill. This measure was supported by
202:, and at the time was the richest man in America. His purchase from Massachusetts was for some 3,750,000 acres (15,200 km), divided into five parcels, which contained all lands west of the Genesee River except for the 185,000 acres (750 km) of the
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lenient policies to increase profits. It also began selling its land deeds to local investors, who enforced collections and evictions even more strictly. Events came to a head in 1836 when the Mayville and Batavia offices were both attacked by mobs.
111:
Dutch interest in American investments began during the American Revolution. In 1789, four Dutch firms, Pieter Stadnitski and Son, Nicolaas and Jacob Van Staphorst, P. & C. Van Eeghen, and Ten Cate & Vollenhoven, joined together and hired
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was signed Sept. 15, 1797. The native Indians were to receive $ 100,000 (about $ 1.8 million today) for their rights to about 3.75 million acres (15,000 km), and they reserved about 200,000 acres (809 km) for themselves.
256:, Farmer's Brother and about 50 others. Red Jacket and Cornplanter spoke strongly against selling the land. They held out for reservations, lands which the Indians would keep for their own use. After much discussion, the
240:. Representatives of the Holland Land Company, Robert Morris's son Thomas, the Senecas, and a commissioner for the United States named Jeremiah Wadsworth gathered at Big Tree in August, 1797 and negotiations began.
1350:
courtesy of FamilySearch.org. In 1984, the company archives in Amsterdam were microfilmed. Those 202 rolls of film have since been digitized. To view them, you will be prompted to register for a free FamilySearch
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as their purchasing agent to engage in land speculation. Cazenove's office, and later the company headquarters, were based in Philadelphia. The four houses soon expanded to six when they were joined by
75:
faction in the state government to achieve these goals. The company finished selling its New York lands in 1839 and its Pennsylvania lands in 1849, and the company was liquidated in 1858.
329:, and 130 men. Over the next three years they surveyed the Holland Tract at a total cost of US $ 70,921.69½ (about $ 1,273,241 in today's dollars). While surveying the boundaries of the
485:, Cattaraugus, and Buffalo Creek Reservations, for $ 48,216. The treaty was never ratified by the Senate, and in 1896 the Seneca Nation unsuccessfully attempted to recover the land in
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for the remaining Seneca reservation lands from the Holland Land Company in 1810, and transferred the right to a new syndicate called the Ogden Land Company in 1821, led by
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who had made his career in Amsterdam where he married Elizabeth May, a sister-in-law of one of the syndicate members, Isaac ten Cate. Other agents with Dutch roots included
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purchased the pre-emption rights for the remaining Seneca reservation lands from the Holland Land Company in 1810 and established another unincorporated syndicate, the
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Before Morris could give the Holland Land Company title to this land, it was still necessary to extinguish the Indians' title to it. This was achieved at the 1797
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333:, Porter bent the northwest corner of the reservation so that the Holland Land Company would own the land around the mouth of the creek where the village of
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381:. Vanderkemp succeeded Busti as Agent General after his death in 1824 and served until the liquidation of the Holland Land Companies assets in the 1840s.
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then purchased the pre-emption right from Massachusetts, but failed to extinguish the Indian title to this tract and defaulted on their purchase in 1790.
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In 1895, the sole surviving trustee of the Ogden Land Company, Charles Appleby, falsely claimed the company had extinguished the aboriginal title to the
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for all of the remaining Iroquois lands in New York, which was ratified but was also disputed as fraudulent. This land purchase was modified by the
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next purchased the pre-emption right from Massachusetts in 1791 for $ 333,333.34 (about $ 5.98 million today). Morris was a signatory of the
178:, the right to purchase the land from the Seneca, based on their colonial charters. In 1786, the two states negotiated an agreement in the
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in 1792, and established shares for the Holland Land Company in 1795. In 1791, Cazenove purchased 80,000 acres (320 km) north of the
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in 1857. In 1856, agents of the company were successfully sued by Seneca John Blacksmith for forcibly evicting him from his sawmill in
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proprietors took the deceased's share, and that share did not pass by will or inheritance, except in the case of the last survivor.
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Historical sketch of the Village of Gowanda, N.Y. in commemoration of the fiftieth anniversary of its incorporation, August 8, 1898
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The first transfer by the trustees was all of the Holland Purchase except 300,000 acres (1,200 km), which went to
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was hired as the chief surveyor for the company. Beginning in 1798, he formed a surveying team including his brother
405:. Busti also appointed local agents at other offices within different parts of the area. They located subagents in
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932:. Buffalo, NY: The Matthews-Northrup Company, Leonard, I.R., Reprinted 1998, Salem, MA: Higginson Book Company.
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attended as the leader of the Seneca, and proved to be an able negotiator. Chiefs and Sachems present included
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417:, Instanter (a small village of German settlers in McKean County, Pennsylvania), two districts in Eastern
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850:"The State's Men, the Salvation Seekers, and the Seneca: The Supplemental Treaty of Buffalo Creek, 1842"
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land for development and speculation. Their primary purchase was that of the western two-thirds of the
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560:. Gowanda, NY: Niagara Frontier Publishing Company, Inc./Gowanda Area Bi-Centennial Committee, Inc.
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were adjusted and a strip of Seneca lands along the Niagara River was acquired by the company.
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86:. The company purchased much of the Seneca lands in the 1820s and 1830s, often fraudulently.
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Advance Information on an American Land Speculation, by Peter Stadnitski, Amsterdam, 1792
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Amsterdam City Archives. Archief van de Holland Land Company. Inv. 333. Introduction.
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in the Senate but opposed in the House of Representatives and ultimately defeated.
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1043:"History with the HLOM: Meet the men behind the money of Holland Land Company"
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Joseph Ellicott and the Holland Land Company: The Opening of Western New York
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1295:", by Robert W. Silsby, Buffalo and Erie County Historical Society (now The
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Map of the Holland Purchase (source: Holland Land Company Map - circa. 1821)
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at NYHeritage.org, courtesy of the State University of New York at Fredonia
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Visiting the Holland Land Office Museum in Batavia by Donovan A. Shilling
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357:(Paolo Busti) succeeded Cazenove as General Agent. Busti was a native of
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was the portion of the Phelps and Gorham Purchase that lay west of the
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The Early History of Gowanda and The Beautiful Land of the Cattaraugus
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and government roads on the company lands. They supported Governor
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Unincorporated syndicate of thirteen Dutch investors from Amsterdam
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to improve land values further, and Ellicott was appointed to the
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that would allow Massachusetts to retain the pre-emption right.
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The Holland Land Company opened a main land office in 1801 in
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300:. The 300,000 acre (1,200 km) remainder was conveyed to
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Map of showing Phelps & Gorham's Purchase (including the
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In 1838, after Ogden's death, the company was party to the
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people at the time. During the colonial area, New York and
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In 1798, the New York Legislature, with the assistance of
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in 1792 and 1793, an area that afterward was known as the
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597:"The Preservation of the Holland Land Company Records"
833:Congressional Record Permanent Digital Collection
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349:The Holland Land Co. office in Batavia, New York
59:. Aliens were forbidden from owning land within
296:, Pieter van Eeghen, Hendrick Vollenhoven, and
102:) The Holland Purchase, and the Morris Reserve.
55:. Additional lands were purchased in northwest
1239:Publications of the Buffalo Historical Society
1235:"The History of the Buffalo Creek Reservation"
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1159:"The Holland Land Company in Western New York"
1084:Publications of the Buffalo Historical Society
1080:"The History of the Buffalo Creek Reservation"
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1001:Publications of the Buffalo Historical Society
997:"The History of the Buffalo Creek Reservation"
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944:"The Holland Land Company in Western New York"
905:Publications of the Buffalo Historical Society
901:"The History of the Buffalo Creek Reservation"
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798:Publications of the Buffalo Historical Society
794:"The History of the Buffalo Creek Reservation"
791:
787:
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709:"The Holland Land Company in Western New York"
643:. Syracuse University Press. pp. 17–20.
1293:The Holland Land Company in Western New York
1028:The Life and Correspondence of James McHenry
971:A Narrative of the Life of Mrs. Mary Jemison
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146:, Western Canal and the Connecticut Canal.
1401:Dutch-American culture in New York (state)
1386:1846 disestablishments in New York (state)
1391:American companies disestablished in 1846
1376:Pre-statehood history of New York (state)
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1322:Holland Land Company: Selected Resources
1307:Holland Land Company and Joseph Ellicott
1031:(Cleveland: Burrows Brothers Co., 1907).
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827:"Indian Appropriation Bill (H.R. 8479)"
397:, which later became the county seat of
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1301:Adventures in Western New York History,
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1166:Adventures in Western New York History
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1025:Bernard C. Steiner and James McHenry,
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951:Adventures in Western New York History
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716:Adventures in Western New York History
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831:27 (1895) pp. 3186-3190. (Text from:
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1209:Seneca Nation of Indians v. Christy
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848:Hauptman, Laurence (January 1997).
488:Seneca Nation of Indians v. Christy
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1233:Houghton, M.S., Frederick (1920).
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1078:Houghton, M.S., Frederick (1920).
995:Houghton, M.S., Frederick (1920).
899:Houghton, M.S., Frederick (1920).
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1309:: A bibliography courtesy of the
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35:of thirteen Dutch investors from
1041:Duffy, Ryan (December 5, 2020).
974:. University of Oklahoma Press.
595:Safran, Franciska (April 1988).
401:. A second office was opened in
63:, except by special acts of the
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968:Seaver, James E. (2015-01-26).
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835:); Accessed: December 24, 2022.
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264:In 1802, the boundaries of the
502:Fourth Treaty of Buffalo Creek
494:Second Treaty of Buffalo Creek
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1371:Early American land companies
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498:Third Treaty of Buffalo Creek
465:was named after the company.
373:, and Mr. Busti's assistants
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140:James River and Kanawha Canal
1396:Aboriginal title in New York
1348:Holland Land Company Records
1339:Beschrijving van het archief
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166:to the land belonged to the
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779:Chazanoff, pp. 168-169, 175
637:Chazanoff, William (1970).
298:Rutger Jan Schimmelpenninck
196:Declaration of Independence
123:Rutger Jan Schimmelpenninck
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473:David Ogden purchased the
413:in 1818, Buffalo in 1826,
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65:New York State Legislature
49:Phelps and Gorham Purchase
1355:Holland Land Company Maps
437:John Lincklaen in 1818.
385:advisors to the company.
331:Buffalo Creek Reservation
1157:Silsby, Robert (1961).
942:Silsby, Robert (1961).
266:Cattaraugus Reservation
198:and a financier of the
154:The tract purchased in
1311:Buffalo History Museum
1297:Buffalo History Museum
767:Chazanoff, pp. 188-191
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294:Nicolaas van Staphorst
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31:was an unincorporated
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1265:Fellows v. Blacksmith
882:Elizabeth M. Nuxoll,
556:Kirby, C.D. (1976).
507:Fellows v. Blacksmith
379:John Jacob Vanderkemp
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1144:Chazanoff, pp. 56-61
1135:Chazanoff, pp. 51-53
829:Congressional Record
690:Chazanoff, pp. 68-70
676:Chazanoff, pp. 15-17
150:The Holland Purchase
29:Holland Land Company
1406:Cazenovia, New York
375:Harm Jan Huidekoper
254:Governor Blacksnake
238:Rochester, New York
200:American Revolution
39:, headquartered in
1332:2005-02-14 at the
469:Ogden Land Company
389:Company operations
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258:Treaty of Big Tree
228:, executed on the
226:Treaty of Big Tree
220:Treaty of Big Tree
214:Treaty of Big Tree
180:Treaty of Hartford
114:Theophile Cazenove
104:
84:Ogden Land Company
25:
1341:(description) in
1303:volume VIII, 1961
1126:Chazanoff, p. 100
981:978-0-8061-4891-5
475:pre-emption right
463:Holland, New York
395:Batavia, New York
371:Adam Gerard Mappa
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236:, south of
176:pre-emption
1365:Categories
526:References
520:David Hill
447:Erie Canal
355:Paul Busti
308:Land sales
278:Aaron Burr
246:Red Jacket
69:Erie Canal
1245:: 167–181
1184:"History"
1090:: 109–111
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483:Tonawanda
431:Barneveld
427:Cazenovia
423:Lancaster
419:Alleghany
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1351:account.
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