151:
123:. The objects of lightest tourism have mostly opposite features: entertainment orientation, commercial centralization, inauthenticity, commercial purposefulness, and higher level of tourism infrastructure. Professor William F. S. Miles stipulates that death and violent events – transmitted between generations through survivors and witnesses – are darker than other events. Miles also notes that the level of darkness of a tourist destination may partially depend on the family background of the prospective tourists.
20:
2128:
198:
2148:
2138:
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depend on government's sponsorship. Among the seven dark suppliers are also war sites and battlefields (Dark
Conflict Sites), places of remembrances (Dark Shrines), cemeteries of famous people (Dark Resting Places), prisons and courthouses (Dark Dungeons), exhibits associated with death and suffering (Dark Exhibitions), and finally, the tourist sites which emphasize entertainment (Dark Fun Factories).
316:
had focused on its economic aspect, with individual members calling for a generalized boycott of Poland's
Holocaust-related sites. In order to stop the infusion of tourism monies, prominent Rabbis advocated that Jews refrain from going to Poland even if they wished to participate only in the official
212:
Though many of the tourists have no direct experience of the
Holocaust, many Holocaust tours visit authentic Holocaust sites, such as cemeteries and crematoria. Two principal destinations of Holocaust tourism are Poland and Israel. The relationship between those two countries in Holocaust tourism was
131:
conceivably the darkest in terms of influence. The Dark Camps of
Genocide are sites where genocide and violence were actually perpetrated. All such sites belong to this category. Auschwitz was the largest of the Nazi death camps in World War II, and is at the top of this list. Holocaust sites usually
787:
Hunt and Kernan (1991) mention that those who have been the victims of distressing events are likely to cognitively restructure inputs, or outcomes, associated with specific activities surrounding the event itself. Therefore, the perceptions of victims in terms of antecedents and or consequences of
371:
Religious
Judaism. A community of over four thousands American orthodox and conservative Jews, whose main interest is Judaism and its spread throughout the world. The community is subdivided into groups based on geographic areas. The group has published over one million posts, and according to the
337:
Quest tourism, or the 'roots tourism', is a type of cultural and ethnographic tourism focused on Jewish heritage and their extermination as a historical tragedy. This term was first used by E. Lehrer. It is different from
Holocaust tourism because of its orientation to the tragic aspect of Jewish
321:
These types of posts indicate that many Jews are willing to sacrifice the benefits of touring historic sites in order to restore lost equity and potentially retaliate against entire nations and their citizens, sixty years after a particular event ... Further, these attempts were often found to be
311:
Anthropologist Jack
Kugelmass wrote that the American trips to Poland, sponsored by the Israeli Ministry of Education, promote death rather than life, because the Holocaust sites allow for a strong emotional appeal to a mythologised identity. By the same token, the propagandist messages imposed by
217:
The trip is orchestrated so as to minimize contact with modern Poland and instil a negative sense of place. The death camps serve as condensation symbols for the entire Jewish past. By identifying with the Shoa dead, the participants seek to reaffirm their own vulnerability ... as opposed to their
788:
particular events may not reflect reality. Consequently, retaliatory consumption practices that look to restore lost equity may indeed be misdirected, thereby punishing a harm doer that doesn't exist in physical reality, based on the accessibility of some factors and the discounting of others.
118:
The spectrum aids in identifying the intensity of both the framework of supply and the consumption. The darkest tourism is characterized by the following elements: education orientation, historic background, location authenticity in terms of relics (non-purposefulness), and limited tourism
411:
The tourist hotels of Krakow lie just one hour away from the world's most horrid place: Auschwitz. Close to 600,000 visitors come to the death camp every year. Among them are former prisoners, religious Jews and descendants of the dead. For everyone, it is a trip laced with
235:(MOTL) was established in 1988, which organizes Holocaust tours for teenagers. Annually, MOTL sends thousands of young people from more than fifty countries to Poland and Israel. Poland is one of the countries most visited by Holocaust tourists due to the number of
163:
Postmemory characterizes the experience of those who grow up dominated by narratives that preceded their birth, whose own belated stories are evacuated by the stories of the previous generation shaped by traumatic events that can be neither understood nor
363:
There are three communities on the internet in which Jewish-related concerns and news are disseminated, particularly regarding
Holocaust tourism in Germany and across Central Europe. As described by J. S. Podoshen and J. M. Hunt they are:
312:
the organizers upon students participating in the Shoah voyages are nationalistic rather than universalistic, and inevitably, impact on their empathy toward the
Palestinians as well. The criticism of the Shoah group missions by the
188:
quest as "a way to step into the flow of family, community, and history from which one feels displaced". Many Jewish tours are made to establish a connection of survivors and second generation with an unknown place and or identity.
168:
Postmemory is an interrelation between survivors, and post-Holocaust generations of Jews, to save and transmit the
Holocaust experience. The first studies regarding the second generation began to appear in the 1970s. For example,
158:
Holocaust tourism sites are related to 'postmemory' as well as cultural identity, with postmemory being an important element in the motivations of Holocaust tourists. Marianne Hirsch defines it in the following way.
126:
Stone distinguishes seven dark suppliers, which create the dark tourism product and experience. The model of seven dark suppliers demonstrate dark tourism as multi-faceted phenomenon, with the extermination camp at
298:
People tend to forget that the important thing about Polish Jews is not that they waited 900 years for the Germans to come and kill them, but that they actually did something for those 900 years.
180:
Some survivors' children's identities are dependent on their parents' Holocaust experience. The Jewish visits to Holocaust sites are often efforts to explore the origins of their identity.
46:
and concentration camps turned into state museums. It belongs to a category of the so-called 'roots tourism' usually across parts of Central Europe, or, more generally, the Western-style
368:
Jewish Current Events. A primarily North American and Israeli forum with thousands of postings concerning world events, as well as Jewish-related news from global Jewish periodicals.
455:
Isaac, Rami Khalil; Çakmak, Erdinç (2013). "Understanding visitor's motivation at sites of death and disaster: the case of former transit camp Westerbork, the Netherlands".
69:
from 1933 to 1945. The term can also be applied to mean the estimated five to seven million non-Jewish victims who were murdered by the Nazis in the same time period.
744:
246:
Death and labor camps were built in Central Europe by the German occupational authorities in the late 1930s and early 1940s, many of them in Poland, of which
218:
privileged position as Jews in American society, while pledging to resist assimilation. The trips inevitably end in Israel, mythicized as 'the Jewish future.'
1858:
61:
meaning a completely burnt offering to God. It has come to symbolize the systematic extermination of approximately six million European Jews by
375:
Israeli News and Opinion. A site made up of Jews living in and near Israel, which discusses news from popular Israeli and Jewish press sources.
394:
322:
undertaken by people who were not directly involved in the inequitable event, but who experienced the effects of victimization indirectly.
2005:
2108:
2076:
1908:
892:
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927:
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634:
525:
857:
A. Jankowska, S. Müller-Pohl, E. Street. "A Kosher Shrimp? The New Museum in the Context of Holocaust Tourism in Poland."
935:
213:
best illustrated by the anthropologist Jack Kugelmass who employed a 'performance approach' to the Shoa group missions.
1592:
517:
430:
1039:
728:
549:
626:
Above the Death Pits, Beneath the Flag: Youth Voyages to Poland and the Performance of the Israeli National Identity
493:
1930:
852:
A dark tourism spectrum: Towards a typology of death and macabre related tourist sites, attractions and exhibition.
677:
550:
A dark tourism spectrum: Towards a typology of death and macabre related tourist sites, attractions and exhibition.
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was the first and largest. In the period between 1941 and 1944 other death camps were established by the Reich in
2113:
1893:
989:
Gnoth, J., & Matteucci, X. (2014), "A phenomenological view of the behavioural tourism research literature."
24:
290:
Holocaust tourism, despite its short existence, has come under criticism. Polish journalist and Jewish activist
1868:
1492:
1397:
590:
271:
681:
1954:
1878:
968:
T.P. Thurnell-Read, "Engaging Auschwitz: an analysis of young travellers' experiences of Holocaust Tourism."
2051:
2025:
2046:
206:
2103:
1918:
1873:
1261:
768:
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Heritage. Quest tourists have specific motivations and may be characterized by the following features:
275:
912:
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1303:
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663:
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240:
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2091:
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1131:
511:
66:
982:
Werdler, K. (2013), "Dark tourism and place identity: managing and interpreting dark places."
553:(PDF file, direct download 252 KB), Vol. 54, No. 2, 2006, pp. 148, 151 (5-8/17 in PDF). From:
372:
community's archive, the Holocaust in relation to tourism is one of the most discussed topics.
239:
in Poland. Prior to World War II, Poland had the largest Jewish community in Europe, of which
2177:
2061:
1959:
1256:
1032:
794:
902:
897:
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1969:
1935:
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8:
1964:
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232:
2010:
1815:
1707:
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1251:
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128:
77:
The term 'dark tourism' was first coined in 1996. According to P. R. Stone, there is a
1984:
1840:
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1318:
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554:
521:
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Recreating Postmemory? Children of Holocaust Survivors and the Journey to Auschwitz.
476:
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in World War II, including visits to sites of Jewish martyrology such as former
19:
2098:
2015:
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1702:
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1529:
1447:
1377:
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1268:
1224:
1084:
120:
960:
Children of the Holocaust: conversations with sons and daughters of survivors.
932:
745:
A Kosher Shrimp? The New Museum in the Context of Holocaust Tourism in Poland.
583:
Children of the Holocaust: Conversations With Sons and Daughters of Survivors.
2166:
1903:
1762:
1737:
1687:
1597:
1544:
1507:
1387:
1365:
1360:
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1323:
1202:
1158:
1104:
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Children of the Holocaust: Conversations with Sons and Daughters of Survivors
170:
39:
209:, the country had become a popular destination for Jewish heritage travels.
1717:
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47:
2030:
2020:
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consists of interviews with survivors' children from all over the world.
1979:
1945:
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1682:
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1617:
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1333:
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1119:
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236:
197:
996:
Potts, T. J. (2012), "Dark tourism'and the 'kitschification'of 9/11."
279:
1727:
1657:
1627:
1612:
1602:
774:. Methodology (3). Tourism Management 32/2011. 1335 (4-5/11 in PDF).
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their goal is to reveal the story and overcome the communal ideology.
267:
247:
54:
1888:
1787:
1667:
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1487:
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513:
The Origins of Nazi Genocide: From Euthanasia to the Final Solution
263:
255:
991:
International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research
1622:
1048:
1012:
Heritage that hurts: Tourists in the memoryscapes of september 11
922:
35:
965:
J. Benstock, Film documentary "The Holocaust Tourism". UK, 2005.
766:
57:, first used in the late 1950s, was derived from the Greek word
38:
to destinations connected with the extermination of Jews during
1732:
1722:
1534:
1497:
1412:
769:"Equity restoration, the Holocaust and tourism of sacred sites"
259:
81:, which differentiates between the shades of the dark tourism:
873:
Equity restoration, the Holocaust and tourism of sacred sites.
1974:
1913:
1519:
1502:
840:
Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2013; pp. 91–122.
557:. University of Central Lancashire. Retrieved 12 August 2015.
395:"Holocaust Tourism: Visiting Auschwitz, the Factory of Death"
907:
821:
Jewish Poland Revisited: Heritage Tourism in Unquiet Places
604:
Jewish Poland Revisited: Heritage Tourism in Unquiet Places
1017:
431:"Holocaust memories and 'roots tourism' in Eastern Europe"
345:
they travel individually or with close friends and family;
1514:
721:
Rethinking Poles and Jews: Troubled Past, Brighter Future
16:
Tourism around destinations associated with The Holocaust
342:
they are, as a rule, descendants of Holocaust survivors;
953:
Konin: One Man's Quest for a Vanished Jewish Community.
743:
Aleksandra Jankowska, Simone Müller-Pohl, Ella Street,
23:
Main track of Auschwitz-Birkenau. Permanent exhibit at
767:
Jeffrey S. Podoshen; James M. Hunt (15 January 2011).
606:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2013, p. 101.
1289:
MICE (Meetings, Incentives, Conferences, Exhibitions)
917:
880:
Auschwitz: Museum Interpretation and Darker Tourism.
838:
The Quest: Scratching the Heart // Poland Revisited.
569:
Family Frames: Photography, Narrative and Postmemory
1914:World Federation of Travel Journalists and Writers
1859:American Hotel & Lodging Educational Institute
972:, 2009. V.1. No.1; pp. 26–52. ISSN 1757-031X.
913:Auschwitz Birkenau and Memorial Museum Guided Tour
676:
135:
2164:
823:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2013.
622:
154:March of the living from Auschwitz to Birkenau
1033:
424:
422:
420:
358:
928:History and meaning of the world "Holocaust"
618:
616:
614:
612:
332:
970:Journal of Tourism Consumption and Practice
543:
541:
539:
537:
509:
454:
2006:Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on tourism
1040:
1026:
847:Monash University, 2008; pp. 145–162.
670:
575:
503:
417:
386:
282:(near the village of Chełmno nad Nerem).
2109:UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists
1909:Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report
1005:Prison: Cultural memory and dark tourism.
933:Vocabulary terms related to the Holocaust
866:New Jews: The end of the Jewish Diaspora.
609:
868:New York University, 2005; pp. 215.
854:Vol. 54, No. 2, 2006; pp. 145–160.
534:
196:
149:
72:
18:
977:Above the Death Pits, Beneath the Flag.
762:
760:
758:
756:
428:
393:Schwabe, Alexander (January 27, 2005).
392:
2165:
1854:American Hotel and Lodging Association
737:
706:
241:over three million (90%) were murdered
225:Above the Death Pits, Beneath the Flag
1899:South-East Asian Tourism Organisation
1021:
918:Orthodox Judaism - The Orthodox Union
572:. New York: CreateSpace, 2012, p. 22.
348:they are highly interested in travel;
2137:
875:Elsevier, 2011; pp. 1332– 1342.
753:
192:
2147:
448:
13:
1593:Destination marketing organization
945:
723:, Rowman & Littlefield, 2007,
629:. Berghahn Books. pp. 20–21.
555:Selected Works of Dr. Philip Stone
518:University of North Carolina Press
483:
14:
2194:
2077:Convention and exhibition centers
886:
429:Qureshi, Yasmin (July 27, 2011).
270:(near the village of Treblinka);
2146:
2136:
2127:
2126:
2072:Cities by international visitors
1931:World Travel and Tourism Council
285:
50:to sites of death and disaster.
2114:World Heritage Sites by country
1894:Pacific Asia Travel Association
814:
491:Terms Related to the Holocaust.
351:they possess strong postmemory;
278:(near the village of Sobibor);
25:Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum
1869:Caribbean Tourism Organization
1493:Hospitality management studies
1398:Visiting friends and relatives
882:USA, 2002; pp. 1175–1178.
596:
560:
136:Postmemory and Jewish identity
1:
1955:Akwaaba African Travel Market
1879:Historical Archive on Tourism
830:
2026:Tourism improvement district
1010:Sather-Wagstaff, J. (2011),
898:Poland Jewish Heritage Tours
469:10.1080/13683500.2013.776021
7:
1047:
1014:(Vol. 4). Left Coast Press.
984:Journal of Heritage Tourism
510:Friedlander, Henry (1995).
327:J. S. Podoshen, J. M. Hunt
305:Living in the Land of Ashes
10:
2199:
1919:World Tourism Organization
1874:European Travel Commission
871:J.S. Podoshen, J.M. Hunt.
686:. McFarland. p. 217.
500:Retrieved August 11, 2015.
489:Holocaust museum Houston,
359:Virtual Jewish communities
139:
2122:
2039:
1993:
1944:
1839:
1801:
1575:
1433:
1055:
457:Current Issues in Tourism
333:Quest tourism alternative
2001:Heritage commodification
1849:American Bus Association
986:, (ahead-of-print), 1–3.
923:Israeli News and Opinion
623:Jackie Feldman (2010) .
516:. Chapel Hill, NC:
379:
314:Israeli News and Opinion
274:(south-east of Lublin);
207:Communist rule in Poland
717:Annamaria Orla-Bukowska
201:Holocaust map of Poland
1924:World Tourism rankings
1864:BEST Education Network
1003:Wilson, J. Z. (2008),
955:Vintage, 1996; 572 pp.
802:Cite journal requires
776:OA access article feed
581:Helen Epstein (2008),
330:
309:
229:
202:
166:
155:
28:
1960:Arabian Travel Market
979:Britain, 2008; 95 pp.
962:Putnam, 1979; 348 pp.
893:Jewish Heritage Tours
319:
317:March of the Living.
296:
215:
205:After the end of the
200:
161:
153:
79:dark tourism spectrum
73:Dark tourism spectrum
22:
1970:Festival del Viaggio
1936:World Travel Monitor
1588:Convention (meeting)
1435:Hospitality industry
864:C. Aviv, D. Shneer.
146:Witnesses in Uniform
67:occupied territories
2047:Adjectival tourisms
1965:Cruise of the Kings
1884:Life Beyond Tourism
1663:Roadside attraction
733:Google Print, p. 5.
233:March of the Living
2104:Passenger airlines
2011:Impacts of tourism
1841:Trade associations
1816:Outdoor literature
1708:Tourist attraction
1653:Perpetual traveler
938:2017-07-01 at the
859:Humanity in Action
748:Humanity in Action
683:Poland's Holocaust
678:Tadeusz Piotrowski
566:Hirsch, Marianne.
496:2017-07-01 at the
401:. Hamburg, Germany
303:Konstanty Gebert,
203:
156:
129:Auschwitz-Birkenau
29:
2160:
2159:
1985:World Tourism Day
1803:Travel literature
1768:Travel technology
1693:Tourism geography
1453:Convention center
1443:Bed and breakfast
1304:Recreational drug
1000:, 12(3), 232–249.
693:978-0-7864-2913-4
636:978-0-85745-387-7
602:Lehrer, Erica T.
527:978-0-8078-4675-9
193:In Central Europe
114:
113:
32:Holocaust tourism
2190:
2183:Types of tourism
2150:
2149:
2140:
2139:
2130:
2129:
1826:Travel magazines
1821:Tourism journals
1753:Travel insurance
1698:Tourism minister
1678:Tour bus service
1042:
1035:
1028:
1019:
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903:Quest for family
824:
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713:Robert D. Cherry
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328:
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292:Konstanty Gebert
266:(in Brzezinka);
227:
142:Heritage tourism
86:
85:
44:Nazi death camps
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2035:
1989:
1940:
1835:
1797:
1758:Travel medicine
1748:Travel document
1743:Travel behavior
1713:Tourist gateway
1638:Journey planner
1571:
1463:Destination spa
1429:
1100:Bicycle touring
1051:
1046:
998:Tourist Studies
948:
946:Further reading
940:Wayback Machine
908:Jewish currents
889:
861:, Poland, 2008.
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520:. p. 191.
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498:Wayback Machine
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252:occupied Poland
231:In Israel, the
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186:Jewish identity
184:considers this
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2016:Leakage effect
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1793:Visitor center
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1783:Travel website
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1778:Travel warning
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1530:Referral chain
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887:External links
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836:Erica Lehrer.
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951:T. Richmond,
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843:E. Jilovsky.
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286:Critical view
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173:'s 1979 book
172:
171:Helen Epstein
165:
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49:
45:
41:
40:the Holocaust
37:
33:
26:
21:
2178:Dark tourism
2082:Cruise lines
2057:Bibliography
1718:Tourist trap
1643:Package tour
1608:Factory tour
1583:College tour
1262:Volunteering
1210:Experiential
1180:
1011:
1004:
997:
990:
983:
976:
969:
959:
958:H. Epstein,
952:
879:
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844:
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820:
816:
795:cite journal
786:
779:. Retrieved
739:
720:
708:
697:. Retrieved
682:
672:
640:. Retrieved
625:
603:
598:
585:Paw Prints,
577:
567:
562:
548:
547:P.R. Stone.
512:
505:
485:
460:
456:
450:
438:. Retrieved
434:
410:
403:. Retrieved
398:
388:
362:
336:
320:
313:
310:
304:
297:
289:
245:
230:
224:
223:J. Feldman,
216:
211:
204:
182:Erica Lehrer
179:
174:
167:
162:
157:
125:
117:
78:
76:
63:Nazi Germany
58:
52:
48:dark tourism
31:
30:
2152:WikiProject
2052:Attractions
2031:Tourist tax
2021:Overtourism
1946:Trade fairs
1773:Travel visa
1576:Terminology
1478:Guest ranch
1473:Guest house
1458:Cruise ship
1383:Sustainable
1164:Pop-culture
1090:Backpacking
1080:Alternative
1075:Agritourism
1007:Peter Lang.
975:J.Feldman,
660:|work=
463:(2): 1–16.
399:Der Spiegel
237:death camps
59:holokauston
2167:Categories
1980:ITB Berlin
1948:and events
1831:Wikivoyage
1811:Guide book
1683:Tour guide
1673:Staycation
1618:Grand Tour
1567:Restaurant
1468:Front desk
1334:Pilgrimage
1252:Industrial
1247:Geotourism
1198:Ecotourism
1120:Enotourism
1095:Beachgoing
1065:Accessible
831:References
699:2015-08-14
591:1439512388
435:Mondoweiss
254:including
164:recreated.
140:See also:
1728:Transport
1658:Road trip
1628:Honeymoon
1613:Gift shop
1603:Excursion
1319:Christian
1314:Religious
1299:Orphanage
1230:Genealogy
1181:Holocaust
1147:Bookstore
1070:Adventure
878:W.Miles.
781:11 August
662:ignored (
652:cite book
642:12 August
440:11 August
405:11 August
268:Treblinka
248:Auschwitz
110:lightest
55:Holocaust
53:The term
2132:Category
1889:Musement
1788:Vacation
1668:Souvenir
1648:Passport
1488:Homestay
1483:Heuhotel
1408:Wildlife
1403:Wellness
1294:Nautical
1240:Identity
1235:Heritage
1193:Domestic
1176:Disaster
1142:Literary
1127:Cultural
1115:Culinary
1110:Business
936:Archived
680:(2006).
494:Archived
477:55027449
325:—
301:—
264:Birkenau
256:Majdanek
221:—
107:lighter
2142:Commons
2092:Largest
2067:Casinos
1623:Holiday
1550:Seaside
1525:Pension
1508:Manager
1393:Virtual
1351:Sensory
1346:Science
1284:Medical
1274:Justice
1220:Fashion
1215:Extreme
1152:Tolkien
1049:Tourism
750:, 2015.
294:noted:
280:Chełmno
276:Sobibór
90:darkest
36:tourism
2099:Motels
2087:Hotels
1994:Issues
1733:Travel
1723:Touron
1545:Island
1535:Resort
1498:Hostel
1413:Safari
1378:Sports
1329:Kosher
1269:Jungle
1225:Garden
1085:Atomic
727:
690:
633:
589:
524:
475:
272:Bełżec
260:Lublin
104:light
95:darker
2040:Lists
1975:FITUR
1540:Hotel
1520:Motel
1503:Hotel
1418:Scuba
1388:Urban
1371:Lunar
1366:Space
1361:Smart
1341:Rural
1324:Halal
1203:Shark
1159:Music
1105:Birth
1057:Types
772:(PDF)
473:S2CID
412:pain.
380:Notes
1560:Town
1425:Yoga
1356:Slum
1279:LGBT
1171:Dark
1137:Film
808:help
783:2015
725:ISBN
688:ISBN
664:help
644:2015
631:ISBN
587:ISBN
522:ISBN
442:2015
407:2015
258:(in
144:and
100:dark
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1515:Inn
1309:Red
1186:War
465:doi
262:);
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
