2376:
2742:, before the onset of modernity." Historian David Goodblatt writes that there is a "distinct possibility of finding premodern groups that meet the criteria for a nation (not just for ethnicity), with the Jews providing perhaps the clearest example". Agreeing with Smith, Goodblatt proposes dropping the qualifier "religious" in the definition of Jewish nationalism by Smith, noting that according to Smith himself, a religious component in national memories and culture is common even in the modern era. This view is echoed by political scientist
2970:'s "Lakeville studies". Among other topics explored in the studies was Sklare's notion of a "good Jew". The "good Jew" was essentially an idealized form of Jewish identity as expressed by the Lakeville respondents. Today, sociological measurements of Jewish identity have become the concern of the Jewish Federations who have sponsored numerous community studies across the U.S.; policy decisions (in areas such as funding, programming, etc.) have been shaped in part due to studies on Jewish identity.
2907:
3011:
3025:
2785:, for a very long time. Because his fellow nationals had lived there for many generations, he appears to have thought of Alexandria as his city. In an effort to explain the status of the Jews in words that Greek readers would understand, Philo depicted them as immigrants who laid the groundwork for "colonies" (
2881:, religious, or through ancestry. There are religious, cultural, and ancestral components to Jewish identity due to its fundamental non-proselytizing nature, as opposed to Christian or Muslim identity which are both "universal" religions in that they ascribe to the notion that their faith is meant to be
2814:
who flourished in the first half of the first century CE, reflect on Jewish identity in the diaspora during the late Second Temple period. At the time Philo lived, Jews had been present in the
Diaspora, particularly in Alexandria, for a very long time. Because his fellow nationals had lived there for
2769:
in the first century CE, Jews ceased to be a political entity and did not resemble a traditional nation-state for almost two millennia. Despite this, they maintained their national identity through collective memory, religion and sacred texts, even without land or political power, and remained a
2860:
that Jews paid to the Temple in
Jerusalem. It appears that the Romans chose to use Jewish religious behavior rather than Jewish ancestry to determine tax liability, and this Roman interference in Jewish tax-collection may have prompted this transformation in Jewish identity. The process was
2799:. According to Kasher, Alexandria in this circumstance could only be regarded as a homeland in the political sense because it was the site of the establishment of a Jewish "colony," structured as a distinct ethnic union with a recognized political and legal status (
2661:. There were significant overlaps between the religion, languages, customs, and other cultural aspects shared by ancient Jews; moreover, religion cannot be separated from other cultural aspects, especially in ancient times. The worship of the
2764:
argued that Jews are the "true proto-nation", that through the model of ancient Israel found in the Hebrew Bible, provided the world with the original concept of nationhood which later influenced
Christian nations. However, following
2825:). According to Kasher, Alexandria could only be regarded as a homeland in a political sense because it was the site of a Jewish "colony," structured as a distinct ethnic union with a recognized political and legal status (
2746:, who writes that "something strangely like modern nationalism is documented for many peoples in medieval times and in classical times as well," citing the ancient Jews as one of several "obvious examples", alongside the
2815:
many generations, Philo appears to have regarded
Alexandria as his city. To explain the status of the Jews in terms Greek readers would understand, Philo depicted them as immigrants who established "colonies" (Greek:
2999:, by contrast, frequently views Jews as members of the white race, an idea that is a precursor to the criticism of Zionism as a racist ideology, as well as the exclusion of Jews from goals of intersectionality.
3356:
Studies in
Contemporary Jewry : Volume XVII: Who Owns Judaism? Public Religion and Private Faith in America and Israel: Volume XVII: Who Owns Judaism? Public Religion and Private Faith in America and
3352:
3577:
2692:, which need not be physically occupied by the ethnic group in order for it to have symbolic attachment to the place of origin, as is the case for diaspora populations. In the Jewish case, this is the
2433:. Broadly defined, Jewish identity does not rely on whether one is recognized as Jewish by others or by external religious, legal, or sociological standards. Jewish identity does not need to imply
2995:, for example, is typically a branch of white supremacy: it traditionally conceives of Jews as a distinct race with intrinsic, undesirable qualities that must be exterminated from the population.
2606:
Shared memories of the past, including historical events and heroes. Jewish sacred books' accounts of historical events serve as a basic collection of those. Stories and figures narrated in the
2704:. For both the local Jews and those residing abroad, the land held symbolic value. It endures, despite the Land's borders frequently shifting and occasionally disappearing throughout time.
2738:
than perhaps anywhere else in the ancient world." He adds that this observation "must make us wary of pronouncing too readily against the possibility of the nation, and even a form of
3353:
The
Avraham Harman Institute of Contemporary Jewry The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Eli Lederhendler Stephen S. Wise Professor of American Jewish History and Institutions (2001).
2584:
that identifies and conveys the "essence" of its community. In antiquity, three proper names were used to refer to the Jewish ethnos, namely: "Hebrew", "Israel", and "Jews".
3378:
Jewish
Survival: The Identity Problem at the Close of the Twentieth Century; [... International Workshop at Bar-Ilan University on the 18th and 19th of March, 1997]
1034:
2681:, etc.) were major aspects of Jewishness at the period. Despite the fact that not all Jews spoke the same language, because many of the sacred writings were written in
2610:
and other writings were further ingrained in the collective Jewish identity by the community reading of these books in synagogues. That includes figures such as the
1612:
2781:
made comments that reflected the features of Jewish identity in the diaspora. At the time Philo lived, Jews had been present in the
Diaspora, particularly in
3829:
2471:
or Jews who follow other religions may have a Jewish identity. While the absolute majority of people with this identity are of Jewish ethnicity, people of a
1267:
962:
2978:
According to the social-psychologist Simon Herman, antisemitism plays a part in shaping Jewish identity. This view is echoed by religious leaders such as
1154:
2885:
throughout all of humanity, regardless of nationality. However, Jewish identity is firmly intertwined with Jewish ancestry dating back to the historical
2362:
3529:
Peoplehood Now, sponsored by the NADAV Foundation, editors: Shlomi Ravid, Shelley Kedar, Research: Ari
Engelberg, Elana Sztokman, Varda Rafaeli, p.11
2572:. Van Maaren utilizes the six attributes that co-ethnics share, as identified by Hutchinson and Smith, to show why ancient Jews may be considered an
126:
2865:, ethnic identity held little significance, and Jews were primarily valued for their religious heritage, seen as foundational to the development of
2461:
bases
Jewishness only on paternal lineage. These differences between the major Jewish movements are the source of the disagreement and debate about
1149:
1397:
3648:
2917:
2869:. This ideological framework further influenced perceptions of Jewish identity, emphasizing religious rather than ethnic or national aspects.
3784:
Sklare, Marshall, Joseph Greenblum, and Benjamin Bernard Ringer. The Lakeville Studies. Under the Dir. of Marshall Sklare. Basic books, 1967.
1651:
3492:: Although culture - and Judaism is a culture (or cultures) as well as religion - can be subdivided into different analytical categories..."
636:
599:
2845:, albeit one with a distinctive religious culture, gradually shifted to that of a religious community that also identified as a nation.
1575:
3681:
Tom Garvin, “Ethnic Markers, Modern Nationalisms, and the Nightmare of History,” in Kruger, ed., ¨ Ethnicity and Nationalism, p. 67.
1598:
2449:), all those born of a Jewish mother are considered Jewish, regardless of personal beliefs or level of observance of Jewish law.
948:
3963:
2437:. Accordingly, Jewish identity can be ethnic or cultural in nature. Jewish identity can involve ties to the Jewish community.
2355:
1525:
1460:
1342:
3623:. Ethnonationalism in comparative perspective (Reprint ed.). Reno Las Vegas: University of Nevada Press. pp. 48–50.
3666:
3628:
3597:
3485:
3457:
3428:
3407:
3386:
3365:
3343:
3278:
3244:
3216:
646:
3866:
2707:
A sense of solidary on the part of at least some sections of the ethnic population. The strength of this sentiment varies.
1084:
2886:
2631:
2450:
1352:
1169:
1159:
399:
3802:
Sheskin, Ira M. "Comparisons between local Jewish community studies and the 2000–01 National Jewish Population Survey."
1748:
1698:
1663:
1357:
1222:
1089:
3793:
Sklare, Marshall. "The Image of the Good Jew in Lakeville." Observing America’s Jews. Brandeis University Press, 1993.
3296:
3700:
3513:
2947:
2348:
1440:
1402:
1377:
1297:
1282:
1129:
1069:
1024:
1733:
1715:
1621:
1515:
1367:
1362:
1287:
1252:
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3826:
2889:, which was largely depopulated by the Roman Empire c. first century CE, leading to what is known as today as the
2375:
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2150:
1705:
1688:
1641:
1540:
1450:
1387:
1337:
1317:
1312:
1232:
1206:
1181:
1059:
1049:
1039:
1019:
1014:
3721:"'Colony' and 'metropolis' in Philo. Examples of Mimicry and Hybridity in Philo's writing back from the Empire?"
2966:
Jewish identity began to gain the attention of Jewish sociologists in the United States with the publication of
2734:, wrote that the Jews of the late Second Temple period provide "a closer approximation to the ideal type of the
2719:
joined the city in fighting the Jewish rebels because they had weaker sense of solidarity for the Jewish ethnos.
3135:
1724:
1710:
1678:
1658:
1626:
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1545:
1520:
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1490:
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1407:
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1307:
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1186:
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1134:
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999:
2145:
1683:
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1555:
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1535:
1530:
1510:
1495:
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1455:
1421:
1392:
1292:
1277:
1201:
1191:
1109:
1079:
1004:
990:
3968:
3938:
1753:
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1636:
1560:
1505:
1372:
1347:
1272:
1247:
1237:
1176:
1099:
1094:
1074:
1064:
1044:
1029:
922:
626:
390:
385:
3584:, The Cambridge History of Judaism, vol. 4, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 202–203,
3943:
3054:
2649:
One or more aspects of common culture, which are not necessitated to be specified, but typically include
1743:
1738:
1693:
1646:
1332:
1302:
1262:
1257:
1114:
420:
3948:
3933:
3873:
3186:
2849:
2838:
2766:
2712:
2472:
2217:
2062:
1770:
1164:
360:
350:
86:
3899:
3141:
3074:
2410:
2331:
2024:
1875:
1816:
707:
2543:
2034:
2014:
1124:
604:
145:
3817:
Herman, Simon N. Jewish identity: A social psychological perspective. Transaction Pub, (1989): 51.
2985:
who writes that modern Jewish communities and the modern Jewish identity are deeply influenced by
3958:
3953:
3888:
3520:: "Although Judaism is a culture - or rather has a culture - it is eminently more than a culture"
2992:
2501:
2175:
2165:
2130:
2009:
1999:
1782:
953:
895:
729:
408:
365:
80:
3270:
3850:
2996:
2639:
2294:
2029:
1943:
1009:
561:
180:
150:
3503:
3418:
3397:
3354:
3285:"That there is a Jewish nation can hardly be denied after the creation of the State of Israel"
3763:
3376:
3333:
3206:
3192:
2866:
2739:
2185:
2180:
2125:
1913:
828:
556:
543:
438:
155:
3720:
3475:
3447:
3234:
3039:
2929:
2635:
2256:
2208:
1948:
1806:
619:
484:
473:
431:
8:
3089:
2925:
2731:
2727:
2666:
2627:
2549:
2434:
2309:
2004:
682:
549:
452:
445:
375:
263:
138:
3804:
3755:
3554:
Van Maaren, John (23 May 2022), "The Ethnic Boundary Making Model: Preliminary Marks",
3320:
3263:
3146:
3079:
3044:
2961:
2862:
2701:
2611:
2160:
2110:
2057:
2052:
1966:
1836:
1104:
933:
692:
612:
466:
32:
3882:
3738:
3733:
3696:
3662:
3624:
3593:
3509:
3481:
3453:
3424:
3403:
3382:
3361:
3339:
3274:
3240:
3212:
3129:
3114:
3109:
3084:
3049:
2600:
2569:
2496:
2304:
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2226:
2043:
1603:
1242:
702:
573:
503:
380:
293:
160:
17:
3728:
3654:
3585:
3312:
2755:
2747:
2723:
2643:
2440:
2399:
2274:
2155:
2115:
2079:
1777:
1327:
838:
594:
498:
413:
303:
95:
3589:
3303:
Edgar Litt (1961). "Jewish Ethno-Religious Involvement and Political Liberalism".
3907:
3849:
Arnold, Sina. “From Occupation to Occupy.” Indiana University Press, Sept. 2022,
3833:
3161:
3104:
3094:
2967:
2890:
2853:
2837:
Jewish identity underwent a significant shift in the centuries that followed the
2761:
2682:
2509:
2458:
2236:
2195:
2190:
2170:
2092:
2086:
2019:
1971:
1811:
1792:
943:
672:
584:
567:
111:
3166:
3151:
3124:
3099:
3064:
3030:
2982:
2786:
2716:
2693:
2662:
2588:
2553:
2524:
2462:
2379:
2336:
2135:
1990:
1870:
1849:
1826:
1821:
1799:
1787:
1382:
863:
797:
762:
740:
677:
515:
493:
355:
334:
310:
76:
58:
3464:: "Judaism is a culture and a civilization which embraces the secular as well"
3449:
Jewish Secularity: The Search for Roots and the Challenges of Relevant Meaning
3420:
Jews, Gentiles and Ethnic Reconciliation: Paul's Jewish identity and Ephesians
2491:
Jewish identity can be described as consisting of three interconnected parts:
3927:
3916:
3903:
3742:
3658:
3399:
Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East: An Encyclopedia: An Encyclopedia
3223:"The Jews are a nation and were so before there was a Jewish state of Israel"
3119:
3016:
2284:
2279:
1485:
1412:
938:
787:
782:
777:
767:
745:
697:
459:
298:
203:
165:
116:
3251:"Jews are a people, a nation (in the original sense of the word), an ethnos"
3578:"The destruction of the Jerusalem Temple: its meaning and its consequences"
3156:
3059:
2986:
2770:
nation rather than just an ethnic group, eventually leading to the rise of
2607:
2573:
2557:
2505:
2480:
2314:
2140:
1981:
1976:
1934:
1887:
981:
848:
833:
792:
757:
370:
212:
3582:
The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 4: The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period
3911:
2857:
2468:
2299:
2241:
1906:
812:
807:
802:
772:
3324:
2882:
2811:
2782:
2743:
2623:
2457:
in general base Jewishness on having at least one Jewish parent, while
2387:
1957:
971:
900:
858:
687:
667:
226:
133:
53:
3505:
Divided Passions: Jewish Intellectuals and the Experience of Modernity
2685:, it also served as a symbol for Jews who did not speak the language.
2658:
2422:
2383:
2120:
2105:
1195:
1143:
905:
853:
843:
524:
520:
510:
425:
185:
3316:
873:
3775:
Galatians 6:11, Romans 16:22, Colossians 4:18, 2 Thessalonians 3:17
3693:
The Construction of Nationhood: Ethnicity, Religion and Nationalism
2878:
2817:
2791:
2708:
2689:
2654:
2650:
2581:
2476:
2454:
2426:
2289:
1899:
1831:
662:
170:
121:
3556:
The Boundaries of Jewishness in the Southern Levant 200 BCE–132 CE
2856:
was imposed on all Jews in the Roman Empire, replacing the annual
2726:, an historical sociologist considered one of the founders of the
2443:
bases Jewishness on matrilineal descent. According to Jewish law (
3069:
2771:
2678:
2674:
2596:
2516:
2444:
2430:
2265:
2231:
2100:
1894:
883:
878:
750:
641:
536:
532:
528:
277:
272:
249:
231:
106:
101:
91:
69:
44:
3445:
3335:
Religion and the Creation of Race and Ethnicity: An Introduction
3894:
2735:
2670:
2418:
2391:
1925:
1920:
1880:
1865:
976:
868:
288:
254:
240:
175:
2390:, showing traditional Jewish clothing and practice, including
3236:
The Jewish State: A Century Later, Updated With a New Preface
2979:
2807:
2778:
2751:
2697:
2619:
2615:
2592:
2395:
888:
317:
221:
190:
3902:, by Laurent Cohen (an article about the Jewish Identity of
3851:
https://iupress.org/9780253063137/from-occupation-to-occupy/
3288:
2861:
accelerated by the Christianization of the Roman Empire. In
3695:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 186–187.
2414:
40:
3653:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 11–12.
2591:. In the Jewish case, of descent from eponymous ancestor
2528:, celebration of traditions, secular and religious alike.
3188:
Spinoza, Liberalism, and the Question of Jewish Identity
2669:
and other cultic sites, and the following of particular
2520:, observance of spiritual and ritual tenets of Judaism.
3501:
3374:
3299:. Books.google.co.uk. Retrieved on 23 December 2010.
3006:
2599:
was used to expand definitions of Jewishness by the
1904:
1885:
308:
3875:
Jewish Identity: A Social Psychological Perspective
2973:
2841:in 70 CE. The initial conception of the Jews as an
3576:Goldenberg, Robert (2006), Katz, Steven T. (ed.),
3262:
2829:), with Jerusalem being the colony's mother-city.
2821:), with Jerusalem serving as their "mother-city" (
2795:), with Jerusalem serving as their "mother-city" (
2552:, the Jewish people were constantly identified by
3473:
3395:
3331:
3265:An Introduction to Judaism: A Textbook and Reader
2803:, with Jerusalem being the colony's mother-city.
2777:In his works from the late Second Temple period,
16:"Jewishness" redirects here. For other uses, see
3925:
3760:Understanding Second Temple and Rabbinic Judaism
2483:may still have a sense of Jewish self-identity.
3508:. Wayne State University Press. pp. 421–.
3495:
3439:
3360:. Oxford University Press, USA. pp. 101–.
3239:. University of California Press. pp. 3–.
3208:International Relations: A Concise Introduction
2872:
3416:
3423:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 102–.
3260:
2914:The examples and perspective in this section
2356:
3881:GOLDBERG, David Theo & KRAUSZ, Michael.
3452:. University Press of America. pp. 1–.
3204:
3198:
2896:
3446:David M. Gordis; Zachary I. Heller (2012).
600:History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire
3575:
3553:
3302:
3254:
3232:
2932:, or create a new section, as appropriate.
2595:; additionally, the putative descent from
2363:
2349:
3732:
3646:
2948:Learn how and when to remove this message
3867:Leadel.NET - Leading Jewish Inspiration.
3690:
3467:
3381:. Transaction Publishers. pp. 90–.
3269:. Westminster John Knox Press. pp.
3226:
2409:is the objective or subjective sense of
2398:, and head coverings. (1878 painting by
2374:
2537:
3926:
3869:What makes Jewish Identity on the web?
3718:
3650:Elements of Ancient Jewish Nationalism
2576:in modern terminology. Those include:
2473:mixed Jewish and non-Jewish background
3714:
3712:
3642:
3640:
3618:
3571:
3569:
3567:
3565:
3549:
3547:
3545:
3543:
3541:
3539:
3537:
3535:
2900:
2544:Second Temple period § Identity
13:
3709:
3637:
3562:
3532:
2413:as a Jew and as relating to being
14:
3980:
3860:
3719:Seland, Torrey (1 January 2010).
2832:
2774:and the establishment of Israel.
2500:, an ethnic identity composed of
391:Historical population comparisons
3900:Three Intellectuals and a People
3734:10.4000/etudesplatoniciennes.621
3297:Ethnic minorities in English law
3023:
3009:
2974:Antisemitism and Jewish identity
2905:
1035:Democratic Republic of the Congo
949:Historical population by country
3843:
3827:Love, Hate, and Jewish Identity
3820:
3811:
3796:
3787:
3778:
3769:
3749:
3684:
3675:
3612:
3523:
3480:. A&C Black. pp. 1–.
3180:
3136:On Venus, Have We Got a Rabbi!
1:
3964:Judaism-related controversies
3590:10.1017/chol9780521772488.009
3502:Paul R. Mendes-Flohr (1991).
3173:
2486:
2417:. It encompasses elements of
606:Christianity and Judaism
3477:Themes and Issues in Judaism
3375:Ernest Krausz; Gitta Tulea.
2873:A cultural/ancestral concept
2810:, a Jewish philosopher from
7:
3338:. NYU Press. pp. 85–.
3211:. NYU Press. pp. 19–.
3055:Ethnic identity development
3002:
2928:, discuss the issue on the
2560:, and Jewish authors as an
1905:
1886:
1613:Latin America and Caribbean
309:
23:Perceiving oneself as a Jew
10:
3985:
3808:25, no. 1 (2005): 158-192.
3619:Smith, Anthony D. (1993).
3474:Seth Daniel Kunin (2000).
3396:John A. Shoup III (2011).
3332:Craig R. Prentiss (2003).
2959:
2541:
2532:
2218:Jewish political movements
1915:Conversion to Judaism
15:
3691:Hastings, Adrian (1997).
3647:Goodblatt, David (2006).
3402:. ABC-CLIO. p. 133.
3142:Passing (racial identity)
3075:Identity (social science)
2897:In contemporary sociology
2839:destruction of the Temple
621:Hinduism and Judaism
3659:10.1017/cbo9780511499067
2848:In the aftermath of the
2603:and contested by others.
447:Temple in Jerusalem
140:Bar and bat mitzvah
3889:Temple University Press
3558:, De Gruyter, p. 5
3417:Tet-Lim N. Yee (2005).
2993:Right-wing antisemitism
2877:Jewish identity can be
2767:Jerusalem's destruction
2728:interdisciplinary field
2715:broke out, the Jews of
2628:covenant at Mount Sinai
2622:, and events including
409:Twelve Tribes of Israel
3261:Jacob Neusner (1991).
3152:Secular Jewish culture
2997:Left-wing antisemitism
2850:First Jewish–Roman War
2713:First Jewish-Roman War
2711:reports that when the
2642:persecutions, and the
2403:
3836:, by Jonathan Sacks.
3832:14 April 2012 at the
3764:KTAV Publishing House
3725:Études platoniciennes
3205:M. Nicholson (2002).
3193:Yale University Press
2740:religious nationalism
2564:, one of the several
2469:Jews who are atheists
2378:
1155:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
1150:Republic of the Congo
544:Second Temple Judaism
415:Kingdom of Judah
386:Modern historiography
3878:. Transaction, 1977.
3040:Basic Laws of Israel
2926:improve this section
2916:may not represent a
2636:Babylonian captivity
2630:, the heyday of the
2538:Second Temple period
2502:several subdivisions
2257:World Agudath Israel
1398:United Arab Emirates
485:Second Temple period
475:Babylonian captivity
3969:Collective identity
3939:National identities
3920:, 5 November 2009.
3233:Alan Dowty (1998).
3090:Jewish assimilation
2858:half-shekel tribute
2779:Philo of Alexandria
2732:nationalism studies
2550:classical antiquity
2451:Progressive Judaism
2435:religious orthodoxy
550:Hellenistic Judaism
128:Land of Israel
87:Principles of faith
3944:Religious identity
3805:Contemporary Jewry
3756:Lawrence Schiffman
3147:Politics of Israel
3080:Identity formation
3045:Cultural diversity
2962:Sociology of Jewry
2863:Christian theology
2688:A connection to a
2679:Sabbath observance
2665:, the work of the
2582:common proper name
2411:perceiving oneself
2404:
2111:Jewish Koine Greek
1653:Dominican Republic
934:Judaism by country
613:Jews and Christmas
468:Assyrian captivity
3949:Jewish secularism
3934:Identity politics
3872:HERMAN, Simon N.
3668:978-0-521-86202-8
3630:978-0-87417-204-1
3621:National Identity
3599:978-0-521-77248-8
3487:978-0-304-33758-3
3459:978-0-7618-5793-8
3430:978-1-139-44411-8
3409:978-1-59884-363-7
3388:978-1-4128-2689-1
3367:978-0-19-534896-5
3345:978-0-8147-6700-9
3280:978-0-664-25348-6
3246:978-0-520-92706-3
3218:978-0-8147-5822-9
3130:National identity
3115:Jewish population
3110:Jewish peoplehood
3085:Identity politics
3050:Cultural identity
2958:
2957:
2950:
2887:Kingdom of Israel
2667:cult at Jerusalem
2570:Greco-Roman world
2497:Jewish peoplehood
2373:
2372:
2322:
2321:
2070:
2069:
1817:Reconstructionist
1761:
1760:
913:
912:
720:
719:
557:Jewish–Roman wars
505:Hasmonean dynasty
421:Kingdom of Israel
325:
324:
18:Jewish peoplehood
3976:
3854:
3847:
3841:
3840:, November 1997.
3824:
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3499:
3493:
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3471:
3465:
3463:
3443:
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3413:
3392:
3371:
3349:
3328:
3292:
3286:
3284:
3268:
3258:
3252:
3250:
3230:
3224:
3222:
3202:
3196:
3184:
3033:
3028:
3027:
3026:
3019:
3014:
3013:
3012:
2953:
2946:
2942:
2939:
2933:
2909:
2908:
2901:
2867:the new covenant
2806:The writings of
2748:classical Greeks
2724:Anthony D. Smith
2644:Maccabean revolt
2455:Haymanot Judaism
2441:Orthodox Judaism
2400:Maurice Gottlieb
2365:
2358:
2351:
2214:
2213:
2095:
1916:
1910:
1891:
1855:
1854:
1802:
1749:New Zealand
1701:
1664:El Salvador
1654:
1586:Northern America
1578:
1172:
928:
927:
839:Crimean Karaites
735:
734:
713:
711:
632:
630:
622:
616:
607:
595:Rabbinic Judaism
576:
570:
564:
552:
540:
506:
499:Maccabean Revolt
476:
469:
463:
455:
448:
442:
434:
416:
340:
339:
314:
209:
208:
141:
129:
28:
27:
3984:
3983:
3979:
3978:
3977:
3975:
3974:
3973:
3924:
3923:
3908:Gershom Scholem
3884:Jewish Identity
3863:
3858:
3857:
3848:
3844:
3834:Wayback Machine
3825:
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3247:
3231:
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3203:
3199:
3185:
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3176:
3171:
3162:Social identity
3105:Jewish diaspora
3095:Jewish adjacent
3029:
3024:
3022:
3015:
3010:
3008:
3005:
2976:
2968:Marshall Sklare
2964:
2954:
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2937:
2934:
2923:
2910:
2906:
2899:
2891:Jewish Diaspora
2875:
2854:Fiscus Judaicus
2835:
2762:Adrian Hastings
2632:united monarchy
2589:common ancestry
2546:
2540:
2535:
2517:Jewish religion
2489:
2481:Jewish ancestry
2459:Karaite Judaism
2407:Jewish identity
2382:praying in the
2369:
2324:
2323:
2211:
2201:
2200:
2191:Judeo-Malayalam
2171:Judaeo-Georgian
2091:
2082:
2072:
2071:
1972:Yiddish theatre
1914:
1852:
1842:
1841:
1800:
1773:
1763:
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1699:
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1576:
1170:
954:Genetic studies
925:
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914:
732:
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709:
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628:
627:
620:
610:
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587:and Middle Ages
585:Rabbinic period
572:
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3097:
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3065:Group identity
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3031:Judaism portal
3020:
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2920:of the subject
2918:worldwide view
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2568:living in the
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1007:
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986:
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963:Land of Israel
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3917:Eretz Acheret
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3901:
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3799:
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3766:, 2003. p. 3.
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3305:Social Forces
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3167:Who is a Jew?
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3120:Law of Return
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3017:Israel portal
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2222:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2204:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2176:Judeo-Aramaic
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2166:Judeo-Italian
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2146:GhardaĂŻa Sign
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2094:
2090:
2089:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2081:
2076:
2075:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2050:
2049:
2048:
2045:
2042:
2041:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1996:
1995:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1963:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1955:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1941:
1940:
1939:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1912:
1909:
1908:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
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1889:
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1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
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1857:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1845:
1838:
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1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1798:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1780:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1772:
1771:Denominations
1767:
1766:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1731:
1730:
1729:
1726:
1723:
1722:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
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1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1650:
1648:
1645:
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1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1618:
1617:
1614:
1611:
1610:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1599:United States
1597:
1595:
1592:
1591:
1590:
1589:
1585:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1428:
1427:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1419:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
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1259:
1256:
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1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
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1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
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1221:
1220:
1219:
1218:
1214:
1213:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1085:Guinea-Bissau
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
997:
996:
995:
992:
989:
988:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
969:
968:
967:
964:
961:
960:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
939:Lists of Jews
937:
935:
932:
931:
930:
929:
924:
919:
918:
907:
904:
902:
899:
897:
894:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
866:
865:
862:
860:
857:
855:
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
826:
825:
824:
820:
819:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
752:
749:
747:
744:
743:
742:
739:
738:
737:
736:
731:
726:
725:
714:
706:
704:
701:
699:
698:The Holocaust
696:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
674:
671:
669:
666:
664:
661:
660:
659:
658:
654:
653:
648:
645:
643:
640:
638:
635:
633:
625:
623:
618:
614:
608:
603:
601:
598:
596:
593:
592:
591:
590:
586:
583:
582:
575:
569:
563:
558:
555:
551:
545:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
517:
514:
512:
509:
507:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
491:
490:
489:
486:
483:
482:
477:
472:
470:
465:
461:
457:
454:
449:
444:
440:
436:
433:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
412:
410:
407:
406:
405:
404:
401:
398:
397:
392:
389:
387:
384:
382:
379:
377:
374:
372:
369:
367:
364:
362:
359:
357:
354:
352:
349:
348:
347:
346:
342:
341:
336:
331:
330:
319:
316:
313:
312:
307:
305:
302:
300:
299:Mishneh Torah
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
286:
285:
284:
279:
276:
274:
271:
270:
269:
268:
265:
262:
261:
256:
253:
251:
248:
247:
246:
245:
242:
239:
238:
233:
230:
228:
225:
223:
220:
219:
218:
217:
214:
211:
210:
205:
200:
199:
192:
189:
187:
184:
182:
179:
177:
174:
172:
169:
167:
164:
162:
159:
157:
154:
152:
149:
147:
144:
142:
137:
135:
132:
130:
125:
123:
120:
118:
115:
113:
110:
108:
105:
103:
100:
97:
93:
90:
88:
85:
82:
78:
75:
74:
71:
66:
65:
60:
59:Who is a Jew?
57:
55:
52:
51:
50:
49:
46:
42:
39:
38:
34:
30:
29:
26:
19:
3915:
3883:
3874:
3845:
3838:First Things
3837:
3822:
3813:
3803:
3798:
3789:
3780:
3771:
3759:
3751:
3727:(7): 11–33.
3724:
3692:
3686:
3677:
3649:
3620:
3614:
3603:, retrieved
3581:
3555:
3525:
3504:
3497:
3476:
3469:
3448:
3441:
3419:
3398:
3377:
3355:
3334:
3308:
3304:
3290:
3264:
3256:
3235:
3228:
3207:
3200:
3187:
3182:
3157:Self-concept
3134:
3060:Ethnogenesis
2991:
2987:antisemitism
2977:
2965:
2944:
2935:
2915:
2876:
2847:
2842:
2836:
2826:
2822:
2816:
2805:
2800:
2796:
2790:
2776:
2760:
2722:
2675:dietary laws
2608:Hebrew Bible
2593:Jacob/Israel
2574:ethnic group
2565:
2561:
2547:
2523:
2515:
2495:
2490:
2467:
2463:who is a Jew
2445:
2439:
2406:
2405:
2315:Post-Zionism
2186:Judeo-Berber
2181:Judeo-Arabic
2141:Judeo-Gascon
1888:Pidyon haben
1807:Conservative
1353:Saudi Arabia
1171:South Africa
1160:Sierra Leone
982:Israeli Jews
896:Mosaic Arabs
849:Kaifeng Jews
710:Arab–Israeli
683:Emancipation
562:Great Revolt
371:Anti-Judaism
366:Antisemitism
361:Name "Judea"
156:Baal teshuva
25:
3912:Simone Weil
3895:Half-jewish
2797:metropolis)
2717:Scythopolis
2310:Revisionist
2300:Neo-Zionism
1907:Zeved habat
1700:Puerto Rico
1526:Netherlands
1358:South Korea
1343:Philippines
1223:Afghanistan
1090:Ivory Coast
864:Crypto-Jews
829:Bnei Anusim
808:Bene Israel
773:Beta Israel
730:Communities
637:Middle Ages
376:Persecution
151:Bereavement
3928:Categories
3174:References
2960:See also:
2823:metropolis
2812:Alexandria
2801:politeuma)
2783:Alexandria
2744:Tom Garvin
2702:Palaestina
2640:Antiochene
2624:the Exodus
2612:Patriarchs
2601:Hasmoneans
2587:A myth of
2542:See also:
2487:Components
2419:nationhood
2388:Yom Kippur
2295:Maximalism
2247:Secularism
2227:Autonomism
2044:Literature
1837:Humanistic
1441:Azerbaijan
1403:Uzbekistan
1378:Tajikistan
1298:Kyrgyzstan
1283:Kazakhstan
1130:Mozambique
1105:Madagascar
1025:Cape Verde
977:New Yishuv
972:Old Yishuv
923:Population
901:Subbotniks
859:Samaritans
798:Romanyotim
741:Ashkenazim
688:Old Yishuv
668:Sabbateans
655:Modern era
647:Golden Age
574:Bar Kokhba
294:Beit Yosef
161:Philosophy
3743:2275-1785
2938:July 2023
2930:talk page
2827:politeuma
2423:ethnicity
2384:synagogue
2305:Religious
2161:Zarphatic
2151:Bukharian
2121:Judeo-Tat
2106:Yeshivish
2080:Languages
2035:Sephardic
2025:Israelite
2015:Ethiopian
2005:Ashkenazi
1944:Religious
1734:Australia
1716:Venezuela
1622:Argentina
1604:Greenland
1516:Lithuania
1368:Sri Lanka
1363:Singapore
1288:Kurdistan
1253:Indonesia
1243:Hong Kong
1196:Abayudaya
1120:Mauritius
854:Igbo Jews
844:Krymchaks
763:Sephardim
631:relations
525:Sadducees
521:Pharisees
511:Sanhedrin
426:Jerusalem
186:Synagogue
54:Etymology
3830:Archived
3605:31 March
3003:See also
2924:You may
2879:cultural
2818:apoikiai
2792:apoikiai
2754:and the
2709:Josephus
2690:homeland
2655:language
2651:religion
2510:Diaspora
2477:gentiles
2427:religion
2332:Category
2290:Kahanism
2237:Feminism
2209:Politics
2093:Biblical
2063:American
2010:Bukharan
2000:American
1900:Shidduch
1876:Clothing
1832:Haymanot
1778:Orthodox
1706:Suriname
1689:Paraguay
1642:Colombia
1541:Portugal
1451:Bulgaria
1388:Thailand
1338:Pakistan
1318:Mongolia
1313:Malaysia
1233:Cambodia
1207:Zimbabwe
1182:Tanzania
1060:Eswatini
1050:Ethiopia
1040:Djibouti
1020:Cameroon
1015:Botswana
944:Diaspora
906:Noahides
879:Marranos
803:Cochinim
788:Bukharim
778:Gruzinim
768:Teimanim
758:Mizrahim
746:Galician
712:conflict
673:Hasidism
663:Haskalah
568:Diaspora
439:timeline
351:Timeline
264:Rabbinic
171:Kabbalah
146:Marriage
122:Tzedakah
112:Holidays
70:Religion
33:a series
31:Part of
3891:, 1993.
3325:2573430
3195:, 1997.
3070:Halakha
2772:Zionism
2659:customs
2597:Abraham
2533:History
2508:in the
2506:evolved
2446:halakha
2431:culture
2275:General
2266:Zionism
2242:Leftism
2232:Bundism
2156:Knaanic
2116:Yevanic
2101:Yiddish
2058:Yiddish
2053:Israeli
2030:Mizrahi
2020:Israeli
1991:Cuisine
1967:Ancient
1949:Secular
1895:Kashrut
1871:Wedding
1858:Customs
1850:Culture
1827:Science
1822:Renewal
1812:Karaite
1793:Hasidic
1725:Oceania
1711:Uruguay
1679:Jamaica
1659:Ecuador
1627:Bolivia
1571:Ukraine
1546:Romania
1521:Moldova
1501:Hungary
1491:Germany
1486:Georgia
1476:Finland
1471:Estonia
1466:Denmark
1461:Czechia
1446:Belarus
1436:Austria
1431:Armenia
1408:Vietnam
1323:Myanmar
1308:Lebanon
1228:Bahrain
1187:Tunisia
1165:Somalia
1140:Nigeria
1135:Namibia
1125:Morocco
1055:Eritrea
1000:Algeria
884:Neofiti
793:Italkim
783:Juhurim
693:Zionism
642:Khazars
537:Sicarii
533:Zealots
529:Essenes
516:Schisms
381:Leaders
343:General
335:History
278:Tosefta
273:Midrash
250:Mishnah
232:Ketuvim
227:Nevi'im
176:Customs
107:Shabbat
102:Halakha
94: (
92:Mitzvot
79: (
45:Judaism
3741:
3699:
3665:
3627:
3596:
3512:
3484:
3456:
3427:
3406:
3385:
3364:
3357:Israel
3342:
3323:
3277:
3243:
3215:
2883:spread
2852:, the
2843:ethnos
2750:, the
2736:nation
2698:Judaea
2683:Hebrew
2657:, and
2638:, the
2634:, the
2626:, the
2562:ethnos
2429:, and
2415:Jewish
2394:, the
2392:tallit
2337:Portal
2196:Domari
2126:Shassi
2087:Hebrew
1982:Humour
1926:Hiloni
1921:Aliyah
1881:Niddah
1866:Minyan
1801:Reform
1788:Haredi
1783:Modern
1684:Mexico
1669:Guyana
1632:Brazil
1594:Canada
1566:Sweden
1556:Serbia
1551:Russia
1536:Poland
1531:Norway
1511:Latvia
1496:Greece
1481:France
1456:Cyprus
1422:Europe
1393:Turkey
1383:Taiwan
1293:Kuwait
1278:Jordan
1268:Israel
1202:Zambia
1192:Uganda
1110:Malawi
1080:Guinea
1070:Gambia
1005:Angola
991:Africa
874:Dönmeh
869:Anusim
813:Berber
751:Litvak
703:Israel
609:
546:
460:Second
428:
289:Targum
255:Gemara
241:Talmud
213:Tanakh
166:Ethics
117:Prayer
3321:JSTOR
2980:Rabbi
2808:Philo
2787:Greek
2752:Gauls
2696:, or
2620:David
2616:Moses
2566:ethne
2558:Roman
2554:Greek
2504:that
2396:Torah
2285:Labor
2280:Green
1977:Dance
1935:Music
1754:Palau
1674:Haiti
1637:Chile
1561:Spain
1506:Italy
1413:Yemen
1373:Syria
1348:Qatar
1328:Nepal
1273:Japan
1248:India
1238:China
1177:Sudan
1100:Libya
1095:Kenya
1075:Ghana
1065:Gabon
1045:Egypt
1030:Benin
889:Xueta
834:Lemba
453:First
318:Zohar
222:Torah
204:Texts
191:Rabbi
181:Rites
81:names
3910:and
3739:ISSN
3697:ISBN
3663:ISBN
3625:ISBN
3607:2023
3594:ISBN
3510:ISBN
3482:ISBN
3454:ISBN
3425:ISBN
3404:ISBN
3383:ISBN
3362:ISBN
3340:ISBN
3275:ISBN
3241:ISBN
3213:ISBN
2618:and
2453:and
1744:Guam
1739:Fiji
1694:Peru
1647:Cuba
1333:Oman
1303:Laos
1263:Iraq
1258:Iran
1215:Asia
1144:Igbo
1115:Mali
134:Brit
43:and
41:Jews
3914:).
3887:.
3729:doi
3655:doi
3586:doi
3313:doi
3273:–.
3271:375
2730:of
2548:In
2479:of
2475:or
2465:.
2386:on
1958:Art
304:Tur
96:613
3930::
3906:,
3762:.
3758:,
3737:.
3723:.
3711:^
3661:.
3639:^
3592:,
3580:,
3564:^
3534:^
3319:.
3309:39
3307:.
3191:.
2989:.
2893:.
2789::
2758:.
2677:,
2653:,
2614:,
2580:A
2556:,
2425:,
2421:,
571:,
565:,
535:,
531:,
527:,
523:,
35:on
3853:.
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3671:.
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3249:.
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2951:)
2945:(
2940:)
2936:(
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2646:.
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2402:)
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2357:t
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1198:)
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577:)
560:(
553:)
548:(
539:)
519:(
462:)
451:(
441:)
430:(
98:)
83:)
20:.
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