66:
352:) were biblical in format and unusual in content. Things such as sexual intercourse, alcohol consumption, tobacco usage, and certain foods were prohibited. It was also prohibited for followers to be angry, to eat food cooked in a saucepan, to have more or less than two testicles, to eat with people not anointed with oils, and to kill snakes. Oftentimes, soldiers would receive odd instructions, like reciting
335:
Her main reason for violent war efforts was to 'purify the aggrieved
Northern Acholi people'. Lakwena was repeatedly cited as telling Alice to cleanse tribes of their sins, and to eradicate "bad people", both within her ranks and outside of them. The men that fought for her were fully convinced they
327:
Alice claimed to become possessed by spirits in either
January or May 1985. According to reports, she grew numb and disappeared into the bush, where she claims she spent 40 days and 40 nights living off of the wilderness. She also claimed to be possessed by several ghosts, including a North Korean,
284:
Lakwena launched an offensive in
Southern Uganda in August 1987, as her numbers grew stronger and stronger. Lakwena was known to recruit disillusioned professional soldiers from the UDPA, and coerce young men from local villages to join her by killing their family members. After fighting a fairly
356:-like phrases on the front lines before proceeding into battle, and sprinkling themselves with water before drinking after a battle. After being recruited as a follower, Alice would cleanse a person of their past sins, by placing her hands on their head. This signified her role as a spiritual
292:
After
Lakwena's arrest and detention in Kenya, several former rebels again took up arms and formed what was known as 'Lakwena Part Two'. 'Lakwena Part Two' was less of a unified rebel movement, and more broadly encompassed different rebel groups that operated under a
332:, and Medina. Her 'chief spirit' was the one that communicated God's word directly to her. The 'chief spirit' was an Italian man who had died by drowning in the Nile at the age of 95; he was called 'Lakwena' which means 'the messenger' in the Acholi language.
372:
that they came into contact with would immediately turn into water. Alice also created charms and potions with snake-bone and beeswax that followers were told would turn into swarms of animals and insects when thrown at enemy troops.
380:. This bureaucratic organization worked to create a softer image of the brutal practices of the HSM. Alice and Lakwena also gave an interview in October 1987 to try to clear the air about their motives and goals in fighting.
363:
In terms of weaponry, Alice
Lakwena convinced her soldier followers that she gave them special weaponry that was enhanced by spiritual powers. For example, she told soldiers that rocks she gave them would turn into
344:
and restore Acholi purity and supremacy. This goal slowly began to become more universal as time progressed, with Alice modifying her goals for Acholi purity to aim more for total
African and global purity.
265:
yielded a more contentious relationship. After an independent UPDA attack on Gulu on 20 April 1987, UPDA soldiers grew fearful of the Holy Spirit
Battalion, leading to many defecting and joining Lakwena.
324:, the Swahili word for a normal medium. Alice followed Catholicism, but it is widely unknown if she converted because her spirits instructed her to, or if she converted before becoming 'possessed'.
377:
249:
In 1986, Holy Spirit
Movement founder Alice Lakwena (at the age of 27) and her supporters were given weapons by former UNLA officers. She thus began commanding her own troops, which she called the
37:, was purportedly directed to form the HSM by Lakwena, one of her spirits, in August 1986. The movement grew to adopt a military wing and waged a major but short-lived rebellion as part of the
171:
580:
349:
274:
262:
250:
376:
The media (western and local) played a role in reporting about Alice's Holy Spirit
Movement. This caused her to create a branch of the movement called the
146:
90:
85:
80:
197:
278:
635:
297:. These mediums never engaged in physical combat, but were instead more influential in strategizing and creating the belief system of their armies.
277:. While Kony and his Holy Spirit Army was not affiliated with Lakwena and her Holy Spirit Battalion, the former was joined by Lakwena's father,
959:
312:
Alice was a spiritual medium and healer in her town of Gulu, which was a common role for women to hold. However, Alice claimed to be a
766:
336:
were fighting for God and proper judgement, not against an enemy. As such, she convinced her followers to take up arms against the
190:
694:
884:
704:
55:
954:
239:
183:
665:
949:
231:
218:) was the military wing, but there was no real separation of functions and the titles were used interchangeably.
100:
121:
38:
964:
368:
when thrown, and if they drank water that had been blessed, then they would be immune to gunfire, as any
273:, held a Holy Spirit Army of his own, consisting of over 5,000 men, including defectors from the UPDA's
722:"Amnesty and international law: the case of the Lord\'s resistance army insurgents in Northern Uganda"
65:
161:
46:
337:
136:
95:
903:
261:
districts of Uganda. The Holy Spirit
Battalion and the UPDA held a steady alliance until the
210:
Technically, the Holy Spirit Movement was the political wing of Alice's organization and the
105:
357:
439:
8:
455:
832:
616:
608:
880:
824:
743:
700:
620:
600:
500:
459:
306:
816:
733:
647:
592:
490:
451:
166:
126:
341:
258:
234:(UNLA), several soldiers left to create a separatist guerilla movement headed by
850:
805:"Review of Alice Lakwena and the Holy Spirits: War in Northern Uganda 1986-1997"
413:
651:
131:
305:
Alice Lakwena felt she was connected to the spiritual world, and could become
943:
828:
747:
604:
504:
463:
294:
243:
34:
30:
738:
721:
495:
478:
440:"Kony's Message: A New Koine?The Lord's Resistance Army in Northern Uganda"
397:
270:
235:
227:
151:
42:
612:
836:
804:
289:
border, and were arrested as illegal immigrants, on 26 December 1987.
479:"Uganda and the Lord's Resistance Army: the new order no one ordered"
285:
successful campaign in Uganda, Lakwena and 118 followers crossed the
156:
596:
820:
246:
supremacy over regions historically belonging to the ethnic group.
365:
317:
581:"Understanding Alice: Uganda's Holy Spirit Movement in context"
369:
353:
329:
29:) was a Ugandan Christian rebel group centered around founder
286:
253:, one of four rebel groups seeking to gain control over the
254:
269:
Independently in April 1987, another 'spiritual medium',
809:
The International Journal of African Historical Studies
390:
696:Spirit Possession, Modernity & Power in Africa
941:
348:Rules for Alice's Holy Spirit Battalion (called
437:
636:"The Fates of Rebels: Insurgencies in Uganda"
191:
767:"Alice Lakwena and the Holy Spirit movement"
438:DOOM, R.; VLASSENROOT, K. (1 January 1999).
802:
198:
184:
737:
494:
476:
877:Lord's Resistance Army: Myth and Reality
928:"Alice in Uganda's Bloody Wonderland".
692:
378:Department of Information and Publicity
942:
904:"Alice Lakwena's Holy Spirit Movement"
726:African Journal on Conflict Resolution
719:
898:
896:
874:
870:
868:
798:
796:
794:
792:
790:
788:
761:
759:
757:
578:
574:
572:
570:
568:
566:
564:
562:
560:
558:
556:
554:
552:
550:
548:
546:
544:
542:
540:
538:
536:
534:
688:
686:
532:
530:
528:
526:
524:
522:
520:
518:
516:
514:
456:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a008002
851:"Uganda's mystic rebel leader dies"
634:Day, Christopher R. (1 July 2011).
633:
13:
893:
865:
785:
754:
14:
976:
960:Christian new religious movements
683:
511:
316:, which is the Swahili word for '
64:
16:Ugandan militant religious group
921:
843:
720:Apuuli, K P (18 October 2007).
666:"The horror in Northern Uganda"
240:Uganda People's Democratic Army
232:Uganda National Liberation Army
879:. London, England: Zed Books.
713:
658:
627:
470:
431:
406:
350:Holy Spirit Safety Precautions
338:National Resistance Army (NRA)
1:
477:Van Acker, F. (1 July 2004).
402:. The US Library of Congress.
383:
7:
803:Hutchinson, Sharon (2000).
699:. Univ of Wisconsin Press.
10:
981:
652:10.5129/001041511796301623
300:
226:Following the collapse of
221:
122:War in Uganda (1986–1994)
579:Allen, Tim (July 1991).
212:Holy Spirit Mobile Force
739:10.4314/ajcr.v5i2.39391
693:Behrend, Heike (1999).
399:Uganda: A Country Study
242:. This army fought for
41:. It may have inspired
955:Lord's Resistance Army
950:Rebel groups in Uganda
263:Battle of Corner Kilak
162:Lord's Resistance Army
47:Lord's Resistance Army
39:insurgency (1986–1994)
251:Holy Spirit Battalion
640:Comparative Politics
496:10.1093/afraf/adh044
307:possessed by spirits
142:Holy Spirit Movement
31:Alice Lakwena (Auma)
23:Holy Spirit Movement
875:Allen, Tim (2010).
137:Christmas massacres
33:. Alice, an ethnic
965:Religion in Uganda
932:. 24 October 1987.
908:globalsecurity.org
418:Invisible Children
886:978-1-84813-903-9
853:. 18 January 2007
706:978-0-299-16634-2
208:
207:
147:ICC investigation
101:Garamba offensive
56:Lord's Resistance
972:
934:
933:
925:
919:
918:
916:
914:
900:
891:
890:
872:
863:
862:
860:
858:
847:
841:
840:
800:
783:
782:
780:
778:
771:The East African
763:
752:
751:
741:
717:
711:
710:
690:
681:
680:
678:
676:
662:
656:
655:
631:
625:
624:
576:
509:
508:
498:
489:(412): 335–357.
474:
468:
467:
435:
429:
428:
426:
424:
410:
404:
403:
394:
295:spiritual medium
279:Severino Lukwoya
200:
193:
186:
167:Makombo massacre
127:Aboke abductions
114:Related articles
106:Haute-Kotto raid
73:Conflict history
68:
52:
51:
980:
979:
975:
974:
973:
971:
970:
969:
940:
939:
938:
937:
927:
926:
922:
912:
910:
902:
901:
894:
887:
873:
866:
856:
854:
849:
848:
844:
801:
786:
776:
774:
765:
764:
755:
718:
714:
707:
691:
684:
674:
672:
664:
663:
659:
632:
628:
597:10.2307/1160031
577:
512:
483:African Affairs
475:
471:
444:African Affairs
436:
432:
422:
420:
412:
411:
407:
396:
395:
391:
386:
342:Yoweri Museveni
303:
275:Black Battalion
224:
204:
58:Army insurgency
57:
17:
12:
11:
5:
978:
968:
967:
962:
957:
952:
936:
935:
920:
892:
885:
864:
842:
821:10.2307/220674
815:(2): 399–400.
784:
753:
712:
705:
682:
657:
646:(4): 439–458.
626:
591:(3): 370–399.
510:
469:
430:
405:
388:
387:
385:
382:
302:
299:
223:
220:
206:
205:
203:
202:
195:
188:
180:
177:
176:
175:
174:
169:
164:
159:
154:
149:
144:
139:
134:
132:Atiak massacre
129:
124:
116:
115:
111:
110:
109:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
75:
74:
70:
69:
61:
60:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
977:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
947:
945:
931:
930:The Economist
924:
909:
905:
899:
897:
888:
882:
878:
871:
869:
852:
846:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
799:
797:
795:
793:
791:
789:
773:. 6 July 2020
772:
768:
762:
760:
758:
749:
745:
740:
735:
731:
727:
723:
716:
708:
702:
698:
697:
689:
687:
671:
670:mtholyoke.edu
667:
661:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
630:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
575:
573:
571:
569:
567:
565:
563:
561:
559:
557:
555:
553:
551:
549:
547:
545:
543:
541:
539:
537:
535:
533:
531:
529:
527:
525:
523:
521:
519:
517:
515:
506:
502:
497:
492:
488:
484:
480:
473:
465:
461:
457:
453:
450:(390): 5–36.
449:
445:
441:
434:
419:
415:
414:"The Warlord"
409:
401:
400:
393:
389:
381:
379:
374:
371:
367:
361:
359:
355:
351:
346:
343:
339:
333:
331:
325:
323:
320:' instead of
319:
315:
310:
308:
298:
296:
290:
288:
282:
280:
276:
272:
267:
264:
260:
256:
252:
247:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
219:
217:
213:
201:
196:
194:
189:
187:
182:
181:
179:
178:
173:
170:
168:
165:
163:
160:
158:
155:
153:
150:
148:
145:
143:
140:
138:
135:
133:
130:
128:
125:
123:
120:
119:
118:
117:
113:
112:
107:
104:
102:
99:
97:
94:
92:
89:
87:
84:
82:
79:
78:
77:
76:
72:
71:
67:
63:
62:
59:
54:
53:
50:
48:
45:to begin his
44:
40:
36:
32:
28:
24:
19:
929:
923:
911:. Retrieved
907:
876:
855:. Retrieved
845:
812:
808:
775:. Retrieved
770:
729:
725:
715:
695:
673:. Retrieved
669:
660:
643:
639:
629:
588:
584:
486:
482:
472:
447:
443:
433:
421:. Retrieved
417:
408:
398:
392:
375:
362:
347:
334:
326:
321:
313:
311:
304:
291:
283:
268:
248:
225:
215:
211:
209:
172:U.S. LRA Act
141:
26:
22:
20:
18:
271:Joseph Kony
236:Odong Latek
228:Tito Okello
152:Joseph Kony
43:Joseph Kony
944:Categories
913:3 December
857:3 December
777:3 December
675:3 December
423:3 December
384:References
360:of sorts.
96:Juba talks
829:0361-7882
748:1562-6997
621:145668917
605:1750-0184
505:0001-9909
464:0001-9909
157:KONY 2012
91:2002–2005
86:1994–2002
81:1987–1994
366:grenades
613:1160031
370:bullets
318:prophet
301:Beliefs
883:
837:220674
835:
827:
746:
703:
619:
611:
603:
585:Africa
503:
462:
354:mantra
340:under
330:Miriam
322:ajwaka
287:Kenyan
259:Kitgum
244:Acholi
238:, the
222:Growth
35:Acholi
833:JSTOR
732:(2).
617:S2CID
609:JSTOR
358:elder
915:2020
881:ISBN
859:2020
825:ISSN
779:2020
744:ISSN
701:ISBN
677:2020
601:ISSN
501:ISSN
460:ISSN
425:2020
314:nebi
257:and
255:Gulu
216:HSMF
21:The
817:doi
734:doi
648:doi
593:doi
491:doi
487:103
452:doi
230:'s
27:HSM
946::
906:.
895:^
867:^
831:.
823:.
813:33
811:.
807:.
787:^
769:.
756:^
742:.
728:.
724:.
685:^
668:.
644:43
642:.
638:.
615:.
607:.
599:.
589:61
587:.
583:.
513:^
499:.
485:.
481:.
458:.
448:98
446:.
442:.
416:.
309:.
281:.
917:.
889:.
861:.
839:.
819::
781:.
750:.
736::
730:5
709:.
679:.
654:.
650::
623:.
595::
507:.
493::
466:.
454::
427:.
214:(
199:e
192:t
185:v
49:.
25:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
