270:, anchored off Mangareva Island on 28 October, ostensibly on a scientific voyage. When local beachcomber-trader Jacques Guilloux went aboard and notice certain peculiarities such as iron grilles on the hatches and concealed daggers on the Captain and supercargo, he told Father Laval that he thought the ship was a slaver, and Laval advised the Queen. When the captain and two others paid a visit to the Queen, she had them arrested. Fearing repercussions from the French authorities in Tahiti, Laval had them released and ordered them to leave the Gambiers. Captain Martinez advised Laval that he intended to file a formal complaint against Guillous, Laval, and the Queen with the French authorities in Peru. Nonetheless, the exodus of young men on transient ships further reduced the population.
316:, the penultimate Prince Regent of Mangareva, asks the French government to end the protectorate, (which, due to a change in policy, had never received formal approval by the French government). The government attributed the request to the influence of Laval, who was viewed as "isolated from the world for thirty-six years and carried away by exaggerated religious ideas". French officials sought his removal. Following the visit of the Commander-Motte Rouge in February 1871 and upon the intervention of Admiral Lapelin, in March 1871, in order to appease Paris and "still this storm", Bishop Jaussen transferred Laval to
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of
Mangareva's pre-Christian culture reveal a classically trained observer affectionately at work." Laval is recognized as a noted ethnologist for his work in recording the Mangarevan customs and practices. However, at the same time he was documenting their culture the missionaries were drastically changing it. The Picpus priests not only introduced a new religion, but European crops, and trained the people in new trades such as carpentry, masonry, and weaving.
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fine of 160,000 francs on the Regent Maria-Eutokia
Toaputeitou, for having ruined Pignon by expropriating and demolishing the hut. The governor then installed the anti-clerical Caillet and twenty soldiers in the Gambiers to collect the fine. Garrett describes the conflict between Laval and the French troops as "a duel between barracks behavior and conventual customs". Governor Roncière told Laval, "Your population is too religious; your people are stupid."
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with disastrous results for the islands' environment and economy. The folklore of the islands records a slide into civil war and even cannibalism as trade links with the outside world broke down, and archaeological studies have confirmed this tragic story. When Laval and Caret arrived the population of the
Gambiers was estimated at 800 to 1,000. Karl Rensch says they counted 2,124 souls.
486:, which wrecked off Akamaru on the evening of 18 April 1859. The people of the island managed to rescue the crew, passengers, much of their effects, and attempted to right the vessel. Laval offered them the hospitality of the rectory and the sacramental wine for their fatigue. They returned to Tahiti aboard the Queen's schooner
283:, the Mangarevans monitored more closely the operations in their lagoon. Increased contact with the outside brought exposure to infectious disease. The islands began to be slowly depopulated by pulmonary illnesses, smallpox, and dysentery. An 1871 census by a French army doctor listed the population as 936.
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reporting that Laval had taken the matter to the
Supreme Court of the State of the Protectorate of the Society Islands. The court found Jacolliot guilty of defamation, and ordered him to pay 15,000 francs in damages. It ordered the suppression of those portions of the pamphlet deemed defamatory, and
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Laval lived in the
Gambier Islands for almost forty years and compiled a detailed account of the indigenous peoples, including a grammar of the Mangarevan language, written between 1844 and 1846. He also recorded a local process for determining the solstice. "His grammar, dictionary, and description
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Laval did not have the diplomacy of Bishop
Florentin-Étienne Jaussen. Fr. Caret found him too "impatient" in their tour of Tahiti in 1836. Fr. Liausu regretted he seemed too severe. Laval was both paternalistic and very strict towards his flock, but equally zealous to protect them from exploitation,
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Pignon, who was heavily in debt in Tahiti, began to have difficulties with his landlord in
Mangareva. The Mangareva Joint Council authorized the landlord to evict Pignon, and after re-locating his goods, demolish his hut. Pignon complained to M. Roncière, Governor in Tahiti since 1864, who imposed a
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The
Gambiers were fairly isolated. Captain Arnaud Mauruc advised the Apostolic Prefect of Southern Oceania, Chrysostome Liausu, that ships only sailed there every five or seven years for pearl fishing as the area had no other commercial value. Liausu remained in Valparaiso to maintain communications
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that the priests of the
Gambiers held a monopoly of the nacre trade and forced the local people to work for them. However, Jean Paul Chopard, in his rebuttal, produced statements from five respected traders who had worked the area for twenty-five years, declaring that they had never observed any of
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From the 10th to the 15th centuries, the
Gambiers hosted a population of several thousand people and traded with other island groups including the Marquesas, the Society Islands and Pitcairn Islands. However, excessive logging by the islanders resulted in almost complete deforestation on Mangareva,
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Laval returned to the Gambier Islands, in July 1876, for one last time during a jubilee. His visit was the occasion of a great demonstration of esteem and gratitude. His last years were rather lonely, isolated by increasing deafness. "I can no longer preach, hear confessions anymore, nor enjoy the
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A conflict arose between a French businessman, Jean Pignon, and the Mangareva local court. Pignon, a former sailor, moved to Mangareva to trade in nacre. His nephew, Jean Dupuy, joined him in 1858. Dupuy refused to sign the recognition of local laws, and was subsequently convicted of adultery and
304:, Apostolic Vicar of Tahiti offered to pay the fine on condition that the soldiers be withdrawn. Jaussen negotiated the amount with Roncière, who agreed to accept 4,300 francs, which "curiously corresponded exactly to the amount that Pignon owed creditors Daniel Guilloux and Augustin Rapamoa.
436:, in defense of the former Governor Count de la Ronciere, who had been accused of abuse of his authority. The pamphlet "La verité sur Tahiti" (The Truth about Tahiti), accused Laval, among other things, of being a poisoner and a murderer. It also apparently made various accusations against
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to get reparation. Shortly before the Admiral's arrival, Madame Moerenhout was murdered during a robbery, which the French believed was instigated by the British. Once his mission had been completed, Admiral DupetitThouars sailed towards the Marquesas Islands, which he annexed in 1842.
136:, helped them learn the Mangareva language. Maputeoa himself was converted and baptized in August 1836, perhaps under a suspicion that his uncle may have been planning to usurp the throne. Maputeoa took the name "Gregory" in honor of the Pope at that time. The mission thrived. The
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Traders were also attracted to the islands in search of mother of pearl. By 1838 they are complaining that with the presence of the missionaries, they are no longer able to exchange useless items for pearls. As the missionaries made the people aware of the value of their
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Caret and Laval then returned to the Gambiers. Caret returned to France in 1837 in search of additional resources; Bishop Rouchouze left for Europe in 1841. On his return in 1843, Rouchouze, 7 priests, seven lay brothers and 10 religious perished when their ship, the
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further ordered that the judgement be printed in the official journal of the Protectorate in French, English, and Tahitian, as well as, in three newspapers of the French colonies, three journals of Paris, and four gazettes of provinces of Laval's choosing.
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140:, (sacred places) were destroyed and shrines erected in the sites. The largely unclothed people were given clothing and cloth. On Caret's return from Europe in December 1838 2,157 items of clothing donated by the ladies of France were distributed.
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during the period 1865–1869. He believed that the account in the Gospels is a myth based on the mythology of ancient India. His writings on the "Indian roots of western occultism" make reference to an otherwise unknown Sanskrit text he called
209:. Also expelled was a civilian French carpenter, named Vincent, who had accompanied the priests from Gambiers. These expulsions are the origin of the French intervention in Polynesia. As a result, in 1838 France sent Admiral
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both economic and physical, on the part of the traders and sailors who came to frequent the area. A company could lose its contract for pearl-shell if a captain sailed off with a woman without first marrying her.
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that Laval refused to allow shipwrecked Chilean sailors to land, thus forcing them to spend another twenty days at sea in a boat to get to Tahiti. According to Chopard's account, this was Captain W. Clark's
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The dispute became an excuse to enhance French power in the archipelago and limit the influence of Laval and the mission. Peace was restored when, at the suggestion of Admiral Rigault de Genouilly, Bishop
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As early as 1842 Laval protested French occupation of the Marquesas. As Queen Maria Eutokia's chief advisor, he fought to preserve Mangarevan autonomy against colonists. In early 1870,
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in February 1836. They found a place to stay in a house on the property of the American consul M. Moerenhout, a Belgian by birth, whom the British considered to be in the pay of King
77:. He was professed in the Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary (Picpus) December 30, 1825, under the name of Brother Honore and was ordained priest in Rouen in 1831.
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Lay brothers Costes and Soulie trained the local people in the building trades. They gained experience in the construction of chapels and houses. Together they built
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147:, which had been based in Tahiti for thirty years, had established schools in the Gambiers, but subsequently withdrew from the Gambiers in early 1835. Bishop
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was lost at sea near the Falklands. Cyprien Liausu became superior of the mission of Our Lady of Peace in the Gambiers, where he remained until 1855.
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that the Mangarevans wanted a French warship to come and remove Laval, but Chopard presented a document signed by fifteen residents to the contrary.
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Jacolliot was a French barrister, colonial judge, prolific author and lecturer with an interest in occultism, who lived for several years in
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severely criticizing Laval and his fellow priests working in the Gambiers and Tahiti. The story was picked up by other papers, including the
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According to John Garrett, "Laval incarnated the role of guardian, loved by many of the faithful, loathed by his irate opponents."
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between the scattered missions and the Congregation in France. He died there in September 1839, having contracted typhus.
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Father Honoré Laval died on 1 November 1880, and his body rests in the cemetery of the Catholic mission in Papeete.
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of France. Although the priests were received courteously at court, they were expelled by the Protestant queen
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783:. Bernice P. Bishop Museum Bulletin. Vol. 157. Honolulu: Bernice P. Bishop Museum Press. p. 13.
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that anonymous sources had informed him that Laval had poisoned, (among others), the young King
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Easter Island Studies: Contributions to the History of Rapanui in memory of William T. Mulloy
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Rencsh, Karl. "Early European Influence on the languages of Polynesia: The Gambier Islands",
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In August 1834 Caret and Laval arrived on Akamaru and found shelter with a French fisherman.
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Caret and Laval hoped to expand their work to Tahiti, where they arrived in the
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Louis-Jacques Laval was born 6 January 6, 1807, in the small hamlet of Joimpy,
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theft. Sentenced to fifteen months, he served two and returned to Valparaiso.
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Maude, H. E. (1981). Slavers in Paradise. Fiji: Institute of Pacific Studies
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Mémoires pour servir à l'histoire de Mangareva, ère chrétienne, 1834-1871
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Wiltgen, Ralph M., "The Picpus Missionaries Reach the Gambier Islands",
320:, Tahiti and named him his pro-vicar, later making him Vice Provincial.
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254:. Slave ships began to appear starting in 1862. In a practice known as
186:. Ten years later, skilled Mangareva workers constructed the beacon at
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113:, arriving on 13 May. Taking passage on Captain Sweetwood's ship, the
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French Polynesia(Tahiti center left, with Gambiers to the southeast)
908:, Berkeley, California, University of California Press, p. 635 2009
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The Founding of the Roman Catholic Church in Oceania, 1825 to 1850
178:. In 1856 Soulie and sixty workers travelled to Tahiti to work on
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published a letter referencing a story in the Parisian newspaper
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seeking workers to fill the extreme labour shortage in Peru. The
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Among the accusations levelled by Jacolliot against Laval were:
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832:"Father Honore Laval and His Fellow-Laborers in the Pacific",
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Mangareva : l'histoire ancienne d'un peuple polynésien
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on advice of British missionary (and soon to be consul)
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To Live Among the Stars: Christian Origins in Oceania
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Language Contact and Change in the Austronesian World
925:, Chico, California, Moon Publications, p. 193, 1989
428:, which on 10 May 1870 ran a story under the title
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Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary
868:Les Iles Gambier et la brochure de M. L. Jacolliot
836:, Volume XXVII, Issue 3692, 31 December 1872, p. 3
649:Hodeé, Paul. "Catholic Influence in the Islands",
382:Laval's life was fictionalized in the 1948 novel
163:set up a hospital in a former temple at Rikitea.
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815:Fischer, Steven Roger. "The Naming of Rapanui",
688:Scott, L., "French Aggressions in the Pacific",
566:Lal, Brij V. and Fortune, Kate. "Honoré Laval",
328:Around the 1870s, Laval collobrated with Father
250:became regent on behalf of her ten-year-old son
991:Roman Catholic missionaries in French Polynesia
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34:; 5/6 February 1808 – 1 November 1880) was a
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870:, Brest,France: J.B. Lefournier Ainé, 1871
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595:, Wipf and Stock Publishers, 2010
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410:Essai de grammaire Mangarevienne
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443:On 31 December 1872, the
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145:London Missionary Society
1001:People from Eure-et-Loir
430:Theocracy in the Pacific
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149:Étienne Jérôme Rouchouze
906:Encyclopedia of Islands
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384:The Witch of Manga Reva
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780:Ethnology of Mangareva
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324:Final years and death
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952:at Wikimedia Commons
866:Chopard, Jean Paul.
510:Agrouchada-Parikchai
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180:Notre Dame Cathedral
847:Messenger of Tahiti
248:Queen Maria Eutokia
237:Political conflicts
231:Tuamotu Archipelago
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51:religious institute
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796:Ancient Astronomy
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422:Pall Mall Gazette
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966:1807 births
849:18 May 1872
522:Freemasonry
445:Independent
416:Controversy
190:in Tahiti.
188:Point Venus
960:Categories
932:0918373336
915:0520256492
532:References
514:Upanishads
132:'s uncle,
111:Valparaíso
450:Le Figaro
355:Character
260:Polynesia
225:In 1848,
203:Pōmare IV
777:(1938).
473:phthisis
469:Gregorio
377:Rapa Nui
115:Peruvian
107:Sylphide
673:27 July
484:Gleaner
342:Belgium
318:Papeete
266:out of
184:Papeete
53:of the
41:of the
930:
913:
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761:
726:
625:
600:
575:
501:Tahiti
367:Legacy
138:maraes
101:, and
36:French
30:(born
505:India
394:Works
281:nacre
134:Matua
49:), a
928:ISBN
911:ISBN
801:ISBN
759:ISBN
724:ISBN
675:2015
623:ISBN
598:ISBN
573:ISBN
503:and
268:Lima
155:and
143:The
65:Life
886:at
386:by
182:in
73:in
962::
854:^
824:^
734:^
709:^
666:.
633:^
608:^
583:^
558:^
540:^
528:.
516:,
440:.
390:.
344:.
340:,
97:,
61:.
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677:.
490:.
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