Hookup culture - Knowledge

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the sexual behaviors of men and women in a completely different manner. For men, sex is characterized as "central to male identity," and research suggests men tend to "prefer nonrelational sex." In contrast, women are viewed as "sexual objects" and are normally "sexually passive compared to men." Society typically admires or glorifies men who frequently engage in casual sex, but women are scrutinized or admonished for the same behaviors. For that reason, a woman's sexual script has more focus on finding some type of commitment or relationship. Additionally, women pursue relationships to "protect their reputation" in college, but men have more sexual freedom without the fear of reproach. Women risk being called "sluts" or being accused of "getting around too much" since society has historically identified that as inappropriate behavior for women. Men are not held to the same standards, particularly in high school and college. Men who engage in regular sexual activity are seen as successful individuals who are "players." In fact, men are rarely reprimanded for their sexual behavior unless they are practicing abstinence in which case their peers might say that they cannot "get any."

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emotional affects being involved in sexual intercourse hookups had on them. They came up with results that showed that penetrative sex hookups made people with greater feelings of depression and loneliness have a decrease in those symptoms and feelings. People who expressed fewer symptoms of loneliness and depression had an increase in those feelings after a penetrative sex hookup. It makes people feel depressed but also uncomfortable. For example, a study by Reiber and Garcia in 2010 show that many people who engage in sexual hookups feel uncomfortable. They also comcluded that 78% of people in a hookup overestimate how comfortable their partner is doing certain things during their sexual engagement. Random hookups also have shown to cause feelings of pressure and performance anxiety in a study by Paul, et al.

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being wanted by a cute guy is what they want and hookups are how girls think that they can get that attention. However, many boys and girls reported that they do hookup with random people to find someone with whom they could possibly start something serious. That being said, not all young adults are hooking up with each other to fit the college norm and gain sexual pleasure, but some truly want to find someone with whom they have a serious connection. There was a study by University of Louisville researchers Owen and Fincham, who asked 500 undergraduate students that have been involved in hookup culture how they felt about commitment. About 45% of men and 65% of women said they wanted their hookups to possibly end up in a serious relationship.

683:(STIs), and/or unintended pregnancy." Despite the known potential effects, many college students are either unaware or unbothered by those sexual risks. According to a survey focused on how students perceive the risk of contracting sexual diseases, only half of a group of 71 students reported having concerns about STI contraction while they engaged in sexual intercourse. Further analysis of the survey determined that many students claimed to trust their sexual partners and communities too much and that they were misinformed about sexual risks in general. Research suggests frequent drug or alcohol use can also lead to lower perceptions of those health risks. 515:

number of casual sex partners and will engage in more casual sex as opposed to women. It also seems that hooking up has replaced much of the dating scene on many U.S. college campuses, though men and women's definition of hookups varied. Studies show that most students (most recent data suggest between 60% and 80%) do have some sort of casual sex experience. Of those students who have hooked up, between 30% and 50% report that their hookups included sexual intercourse. In the U.S., women outnumber men in college enrollment by 4 to 3, leading some researchers to argue that the gender imbalance fosters a culture of hooking up because men, as the minority and

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experiencing casual sexual encounters, but it is also a means for beginning relationships. Students often feel that hookups are the only option and that their peers do not date, which becomes a self-fulfilling prophecy as fewer students date because they believe their classmates do not believe in dating. Freitas' study has found that students on these campuses generally feel that the decision about whether or not to be in a relationship is out of their control and that "hookup culture dictated for them that there would be no dating and that they simply had to endure this reality."

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click away from cyberanalysis of how that individual displays themselves physically, sexually, psychologically, emotionally, and mentally on the internet. Bogle states that the knowing of others' personal lives is not just a purpose to gossip, but a way to observe, analyze, and be impacted by other's sexual actions, solely for the purpose of their own actions. A peer culture is one in which norms surface because individuals begin to conduct themselves in the same manner as their peers, which creates the typical and common style of acquitting oneself.

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sexual intimacy. College is a highly public environment, and any kind of sexual activity or public display of affection at parties or on campus is exposed to others. The viewers of that activity process, interpret, and form assumptions about what was observed. Those types of sexual activity or public displays of affection could be as meaningless as two individuals romantically speaking to each other in a high-capacity location on campus or could be as extreme as two individuals walking into a bedroom together at a party.

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with their perception of how their peers feel, rather than their own comfort level. Pluralistic ignorance is supported by the results that women felt moderate discomfort with intercourse during a hookup, but 32% still reported participating, and all women rated their peers' comfort higher than their own. The study found that men were more comfortable with all sexual behaviors discussed than women were. Researchers argue that both lead to negative consequences like sexual assault, especially for women.

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made uncomfortable by "close emotional relationships, but will desperately try to seek out reassurance from another person") might be more reluctant to use condoms during sexual intercourse because they believe that will make them feel more wanted by their partner. Meanwhile, a gay man with an anxious-avoidant attachment style (an individual who does not like to get close to others) will most likely try to remain disconnected from his partner for fear of becoming too close or intimate.

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needing to worry about the normal "barriers" of saving face by talking to someone online. Additional research has analyzed hookup patterns to see how mobile app developers have catered to their potential users. For example, the creators of Grindr capitalized on the increased sexual desires among gay men to base its app on locational awareness. That paved the way for apps in which users can find connections and meet up with people, who are often right around the corner.

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the exchanges rarely highlight the "emotions that occur from sexual experiences." The conversations seldom present information about motives for engaging in sex aside from reproduction and rarely acknowledge the positive emotions associated with that type of activity like physical pleasure. The imbalance of information regarding sexual behavior and activity has also contributed to the sexual scripts that are seen in hookup culture today.

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this analysis is that women whose intimate premarital relationships are limited to their husbands—either premarital sex alone or premarital cohabitation—do not experience an increased risk of divorce. It is only women who have more than one intimate pre-marital relationship who have an elevated risk of marital disruption. This effect is strongest for women who have multiple premarital coresidental unions.

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24 hours after meeting and those that took place only one time are the most likely to be regretted. Men were more likely to be sorry for having used another person, and women regretted the experience because they felt they had been used. While women usually felt worse after a hookup than men do, 39% of men expressed extreme regret, shame, and frustration with themselves about their hookup experiences.

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hookup culture on campuses in the United States. Their studies have focused on how the growing hookup culture has shaped the trajectory of dating and forming relationships, and they have also aimed to gain a better understanding of the difference in sexual scripts between men and women. They have also used this data to help further explain what specific actions and behaviors constitute a hookup.

907:. Studies have found that about 35% of sexual behavior on cable television is with people "who are not in established committed relationships." In television, sexual monogamy differs by gender, which suggests men stray away from commitment, and women desire it. That further suggesting that masculinity is equal to sex and possibly leads male viewers to be more accepting of hookup culture. 597:. This view is echoed by Armstrong, Hamilton and England, who state that college students have not abandoned dating. Some students claim that hookups fit their busy personal and professional schedules better than traditional dating does and is thus liberating. Freitas counters that living in the hookup culture is not at all liberating if what students want is to actually go on dates. 357:, claimed by many to be a sexually liberating act. On the other hand, hookup culture is thought to be oppressive and monolithic, with intimacy only occurring within a specific context. Jennifer Aubrey and Siobhan Smith have found that between genders there are minimal differences when it comes to behavior and frequency in hookups; on the other hand, women still face a harder 1422:"Hooking up" was a term known in the year 2000 to almost every American child over the age of nine, but to only a relatively small percentage of their parents, who, even if they heard it, thought it was being used in the old sense of "meeting" someone. Among the children, hooking up was always a sexual experience, but the nature and extent of what they did could vary widely. 1148:

intercourse and how frequently or infrequently individuals take steps to prevent them. By interviewing individuals who engage in hookups, scholars have been able to better address health risk perceptions or the lack thereof. Researchers have also applied their findings to study the potential psychological effects of hookups, including feelings of depression or regret.

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not to participate in hookups and how they are "affected by the dominant hookup culture that surrounds them." Finally, a third avenue for future research could include an analytical view of individuals who use apps like Grindr or Tinder with hopes of finding connections or developing relationships, rather than using them for the more common use of casual hookups.

455:, have been created to follow a similar script for heterosexual individuals. Nevertheless, because casual hookups and anonymous sexual encounters have been classified as more prominent in homosexuals, apps like Tinder and Bumble still maintain a broader focus on more long-term goals like dating or relationships, especially when compared to apps like Grindr. 1184:

casual sex too. One of the reasons for that disconnect is the misrepresentation of sexual activity among certain age groups in media. In television, teens are most commonly shown to be sexually active, and it is rare to see any kind of sexual activity portrayed for individuals aged 65 or older. Further research shows, however, that that is opposite of the

706:. Most students report with not concerning themselves with or being concerned about the health risks that come with hookups, however, especially if their partner was a member of their own community, such as a student on the same college campus. Garcia notes that there can be much pressure when it comes to hooking up, which can contribute to discomfort, 782:. Frietas stated that in her study, the relationships between drinking and the party scene and between alcohol and hookup culture were "impossible to miss." Hookups "almost always" occur when at least one participant is drunk, according to Kimmel. On average, men have five drinks when they hook up and women three. Students who reported using 424:

within the gay community. Biologically speaking, sexual behavior is closely connected to someone's birth sex. Under that assumption, women are considered a "limiting factor in sexual encounters." Gay men do not have to question the sexual desires of other men like they would if a woman was involved in the scenario.

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Most research regarding hookup culture has been reliant on conducting interviews and surveys with sexually active individuals, particularly those at a high school or college level. Each investigator's set of questions, however, has served a different purpose in the overall analysis of hookup culture.

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Mediated sexual scripts portray two different narratives for men and women. The male script portrays sex as uncomplicated, fun, and expected. The female sexual script emphasizes the need for caution and expectation of criticism. When viewed, the mediated scripts encode into personal sexual script and

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argues that media representations of sexuality may influence teen sexual behavior, a view that is supported by a number of studies. Some studies suggest that teens who watch movies with more sexual content tend to become sexually active at an earlier age and to engage in riskier sexual behaviors. The

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Life course studies indicate that as people grow older and subjectively identify as adult, they are less likely to engage in casual sexual behavior. However, social scientists recognize that there is little scientific research on older people's sex lives and so no definitive conclusions may be drawn.

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directly correlates with the level of risky behavior. In one study, 33% of those who had hooked up indicated that it was "unintentional" and likely from the influence of alcohol or other drugs. In a survey of first-year students, women said that 64% of their hookups came after drinking alcohol. Those

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Some studies have found that students, both men and women, overwhelmingly regret their hookups. In one, 77% of students regretted their hookups, and in another, 78% of women and 72% of men who had uncommitted vaginal, anal, and/or oral sex regretted the experience. Intercourse that occurred less than

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Engaging in hook-ups can have negative effects on a person's mental health as well, including feelings of anxiety or discomfort. One study suggests that nearly 35% of surveyed students described feeling regretful or disappointed after a hookup. Experts have used qualitative analyses to gauge both the

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The peer culture has evolved and escalated with access to rapid communication such as texting on cell phones and multiple social media applications. Most of those social media applications are identity profiles, public thought disposals, and virtual photo albums of oneself in which others' are just a

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Oftentimes, men and women seem to not be on the "same page." According to Bogle, many males believed that females often invested themselves or had an ulterior motive for pursuing a hookup like situation. For instance, when a male student was asked if he felt that women looked for different components

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Freitas has opined that a "hookup is a sexual act that thwarts meaning, purpose, and relationship." However, most students do want to be in a romantic relationship. One study has found that 63% of college-aged men and 83% of college-aged women would prefer a traditional romantic relationship at their

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The trend toward marrying later may be what is fueling the hookup scene on college campuses. At colleges, hookups are common between students at parties, in dormitories and fraternity houses, at surrounding bars and clubs, and at popular student vacation destinations. For example, a study of Canadian

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However, most students overestimate the number of hookups in which their peers engage. Only 20% of students regularly hook up. Roughly one half will occasionally hook up, and one-third of students do not hook up at all. The median number of college hookups reported by graduating seniors is seven, and

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Studies have shown that most high school girls are more interested in a relationship than high school boys, who are interested mostly in sex. Young women tend to be honest about their sexual encounters and experiences, and young men tend to lie more often about theirs. Another study shows that once a

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Males are more likely than females to have several hookup partners at the same time and to hook up with someone they are not dating. For both genders, hookups are more likely to be with an ex-boyfriend, an ex-girlfriend, or a friend than an acquaintance. The majority of teens (68%) who hook up with a

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leads people to behave in alignment with beliefs that they attribute to their group although they are usually false, regardless of the individual's beliefs. Research done on a college campus found that men and women overestimate their same-gendered peers' comfort towards hookups and act in accordance

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Women who cohabit prior to marriage or who have premarital sex have an increased likelihood of marital disruption. Considering the joint effects of premarital cohabitation and premarital sex, as well as histories of pre-marital relationships, extends previous research. The most salient finding from

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Hookups have replaced casual sex and even dating on many college campuses over the years, but as is so often the case when sex is discussed, it's not altogether clear what everybody is talking about when they say "hookup." One new study at a large university suggests that most young people are doing

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Research conducted on hook-up culture has also been applied to scientific studies about sexually-transmitted infections. Knowing more information about a man's or a woman's behavior during casual sex has increased the understanding of how STIs are contracted, whether it is through oral sex or sexual

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and William Simon originally developed the concept and suggested these scripts serve as "guides for behavior." The scripts can help individuals determine what is and is not appropriate based on surrounding cultural influences. In the United States, the script includes "kissing, then sexual touching,

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between men and women may be due to the motivations behind men's and women's hook ups. The sexual marketplace makes it seem that women hold all of the power, but most women report engaging in casual sex to satisfy their partners and increase the possibility of it turning into a long-term, monogamous

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There have also been a number of studies that have studied the mental aspects of casual hookups. A study done by psychologist Seth Schwartz has shown results that people who had many random hookups had more psychological issues. For instance, students in college that had stated they were involved in

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Additionally, society's early negative perspectives on homosexuality along with a lack of "regulation" in gay relationships may explain the higher rate of casual sex encounters among gay men. Certain perceptions of gay men like prejudice and homophobia adversely affected the overall mental health of

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Both men and women participate in hookups, but Bogle notes that males and females often choose casual sex for different reasons. Researchers suggest men and women have distinct sexual scripts, ways in which cultural influences can affect an individual's sexual behaviors. Furthermore, society judges

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Garcia and others have noted that the "past decade has witnessed an explosion in interest in the topic of hookups, both scientifically and in the popular media. Research on hookups is not seated within a singular disciplinary sphere; it sits at the crossroads of theoretical and empirical ideas drawn

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Kathleen Bogle has stated that the growing acceptance of casual sex in the 1960s could also be attributed to a sharp rise in female student enrollment at colleges and universities. The number of women attending college in the United States in 1972 was three times larger than the number in 1960. With

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On another note, scholars suggest the reality of emotional risks associated with hooking up can be linked to a lack of conversation or discussion about them. When discussing sex with adolescents, both parents and sex education programs tend to focus on the health risks, like STIs and pregnancy, but

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Experts have suggested several areas for future research, including additional studies about how members of the LGBTQ community are impacted and have been affected by hookup culture. Researcher Kathleen Bogle highlights another area of study; she says a new focus should be on individuals who choose

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Hookups seem to offer a chance to break away from normative dating patterns. Research on friends with benefits relationships contradicts this perception. Some women seek to flip the gender scripts and behave as a powerful man might with casual relationships. They suppress their emotions and in turn

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identified different attachment styles and suggested that they can influence someone's relational and sexual behavior. In one analysis, these attachment styles were applied to explain how homosexual men behave sexually. For example, gay men with an anxious-ambivalent attachment style (an individual

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has "emerged as a primary influence on young people's, especially men's, attitudes towards sex and their own sexuality." Heldman and Wade believe that the increase of access to pornography via the internet is what "spurred" hookup culture, in part by challenging the idea that "good sex" takes place

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Hookup culture on college campuses is intertwined with a broader society. On the other hand, some sociologists have argued that hookup culture is a characteristic of the American college environment and does not reflect broader American youth culture, just as many college graduates stop engaging in

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Other studies found that many college students do not regret their hookup experiences. Wade interviewed many women and men who were enthusiastic about their hookup experiences. Vrangalova and Ong's study documented that students who had a stable personality orientation towards casual sex reported a

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According to Bogle, the campuses her studies were done at had a common trend of college students being strongly interested in every other student's private life. That awareness of all the happenings in other students' lives made the college scene an open door in looking at others' relationships and

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Another study was based on a survey of over 18,000 college students from ages 18–25. This survey asked questions like how many sexual partners they have had since graduating high school, how many sexual partners per year, and how many times per week they have sex. It was reported that a little over

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grew substantially in the 1960s, with supporters arguing that a woman should have complete control over her own body. Supporters of the feminist movement also argued that women should be able to "pursue" men in the same way men traditionally approached women, and made efforts to change the negative

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Many ideas and beliefs about the growing hookup culture suggest that the act of engaging in uncommitted sex is found primarily among teenagers or college students. Teenagers and college students may be sexually active, but it is important to understand that other age and social groups take part in

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Another avenue of research has studied the influences of dating websites and mobile dating apps on hookup culture. Scholar Carey Noland suggests the advent of finding hookups or dates through the Internet has made talking about sex easier because of the possibility to "skip the small talk" and not

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Scholars have expressed the difficulty of defining a "hookup" since it has different meanings, based on cultural norms and personal preferences. Researchers like Kathleen Bogle and Donna Freitas have interviewed males and females, both separately and together, to gain a better understanding of the

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fears of hookup culture have been termed a "moral panic." Until recently, those who studied the rise of hookup culture generally assumed that it was driven by men and that women were reluctant participants, who were more interested in romance than casual sexual encounters. However, evidence exists

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Some research shows that hookup regret is gendered, with women tending to regret hooking up much more than men do. According to one study of 832 college students, 26% of women and 50% of men reported positive emotional reactions following a hookup, and 49% of women and 26% of men reported negative

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More than half of college relationships begin with a hookup, Bogle's research has found. Freitas' study shows that when a relationship is born of a hookup, it is usually after months of engaging in a series of sexual encounters. Relationships that begin as a hookup, or as a "friends with benefits"

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and others as a "cultural revolution" that had its beginnings in the 1920s. Historians D'Emilio and Freedman put the beginning of casual sex, including college hookups, further back in history, to the early 1800s, and explain the phenomenon as shaped by historical and cultural forces. Lisa Wade, a

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The literature on the relationship between pre-marital intercourse and divorce is limited. Kahn and London (1991) found a relatively strong positive relationship between the two. They suggested, as is the case for premarital cohabitation, that the relationship may be due to either selectivity on

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Regret from hooking up may be linked to negative emotional outcomes, especially in women. According to an article by Steven E. Rhoads, Laura Webber, et al., "the more partners women have in the course of their lives, the more likely they are to be depressed, to cry almost every day, and to report

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says, " discuss a long-term monogamous relationship as their desired end goal." While more than half of students of both genders say they would like a hookup to develop into a romantic relationship, only 6.5% (4.4% of men and 8.2% of women) expect that one will. 51% of women, and 42% of men, have

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About half of all hookups among adolescents were a one-time affair, and this is the same for both genders. Only 6% of teens have had sex with someone they just met, and those encounters are a one-time affair 75% of the time. Over all, 25% of those who had a sexual experience with a dating partner

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are the most likely to engage in casual or uncommitted sex on a regular basis. Studies conclude that gay men participated in more frequent casual sex than individuals "across all genders, sexes, and sexual orientations comparison groups." Overall, hookup culture is understood to be most prominent

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challenges society's perceptions of the male sexual script. Through conversations and interviews with men on college campuses, she states that they expressed a need to "fit in" with other males to be successful. Men claim to hook up more because of peer expectations, rather than to meet their own

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found that women who have more than one premarital sexual relationship have a higher likelihood in the long run of disruptions if ever married, with this effect being the "strongest for women who have multiple premarital coresidential unions". Kahn and London (1991) found that premarital sex and

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There are many ideas as to why people think young adults are involved in hookup culture, such as that they feel like they have to do it to fit in. Some girls also reported that the main reason that they are involved with random hookups is because they think that is what boys want. The feeling of

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to find hookup partners. One study noted that gay men's increased use of mobile hookup apps has eroded gay public life, especially for those gay men who are on the urban margins in terms of social class and generation. Hookup apps designed for heterosexuals emerged after the gay-oriented Grindr;

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Freitas believes the lessons imparted by hookup culture have "set back" students who often have little experience dating, and few skills in asking a romantic partner out as a result. There has been such a decline in dating culture on college campuses that most students have had more hookups than

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Sociologist Wade discusses several scholars who disagree that contemporary college students desire long-term monogamous relationships. She cites Elizabeth Armstrong and Laura Hamilton, Hanna Rosin, and Kate Taylor who posit that hookup culture is good for women as it frees them to focus on their

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Hooking up generally refers to having sex; however, many others indicated that when they say hooking up they are referring to something less than intercourse. In a hookup culture, young people often have little experience with dating and developing romantic relationships. Hooking up is means for

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compared to the students who did not engage in a casual hookup in the past thirty days. There was then a study of about 400 young adults that felt lonely and depressed and adults who had less feeling of loneliness and depression who were involved in sexual intercourse. They then researched what

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Studies have generally shown that greater alcohol use is associated with more sexual activity over the course of a hookup. The students who reported consuming the least amount of alcohol were also the least likely to hookup. At the other end of the spectrum, the greatest alcohol consumption was

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Today, according to one study, more than 90% of American college students say their campus is characterized by a hookup culture, and students believe that about 85% of their classmates have hooked up. There have been several studies conducted that found men emerging into adulthood have a higher

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Support for sexual freedom became increasingly popular as new ideas and beliefs evolved about the positive and negative aspects of engaging in sexual intercourse. It became more widely accepted that having sex was not necessarily always intended for reproduction, but rather had more emphasis on

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There is also a difference between men and women when it comes to the reason to partake in casual sex. Men hook up to increase sexual experiences and to gain their manhood, but women tend to hook up with the hopes of it becoming a long-term relationship and to satisfy their partner. In a study

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suggests "media influence people indirectly." Researchers suggest that how media portray sexual activity of different age groups is disproportionate to reality. Someone who consumes a variety of media will demonstrate such influences when they are confronted with hookups or uncommitted sexual

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College students base their sexual ideas and sexual actions within a peer culture, where students who are peers are comparing and differing sexual situations in one's own life among one another to create a foundation for the current hookup culture. Kathleen Bogle describes the peer culture at

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Some North American surveys published in the mid-2000s have shown that upwards of 60% or 70% of sexually active teens reported having had uncommitted sex within the last year. That is more common among males than females. Among sexually experienced adolescents, 28% of males and 16% of females

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Historical research documents that white male college students have a long history of engaging in hookup sex. Journals and letters from the 1800s demonstrate that wealthy young white male college students hooked up with prostitutes, with poor women, and with enslaved African American women.

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Students who reported to Freitas that they were profoundly upset about hooking up stated the encounters made them feel, among other things, used, miserable, disgusted, and duped. To avoid becoming a victim, experts believe "that the first step is to acknowledge the dangers inherent in the

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and negative feelings. In a study of 169 sexually-experienced men and women surveyed in singles' bars, when presented with the statement, "I feel guilty or would feel guilty about having sexual intercourse with someone I had just met," 32 percent of men and 72 percent of women agreed.

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The stereotypes and different sexual scripts of males and females in hookups have also been influenced greatly by different media like movies, television, and pornography. In the media, women are frequently depicted as "sexual objects" and men portrayed as "there to objectify them."

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person has sex for their first time, it becomes less of an issue to future relationships or hookups. The study showed that girls in high school do not care as much as boys do about having sex in a relationship. On the contrary, girls will have sex with their partner to match them.

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the average college student acquires two new sexual partners during their college career. Half of all hookups are repeats, and 25% of students will graduate from college a virgin. African American female students are less likely to engage in hookup sex than white female students.

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The majority of academic research about hookup culture focuses on the psychological, biological, and societal influences on an individual's inclination to engage in uncommitted sex, but some scholars have examined theories of communication and how they relate to hook-up culture.

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associated with penetrative sex and less alcohol consumption with non-penetrative hookups. Of those who took part in a hookup that included vaginal, anal, or oral sex, 35% were very intoxicated, 27% were mildly intoxicated, 27% were sober, and 9% were extremely intoxicated.

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desires. Men also say they cannot express disapproval for hookup culture the same way that women can without facing criticism from their peers. To summarize, women face several risks by participating in hook-up culture, but Freitas says "men risk gaining a reputation by

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About a third of the students who reported engaging in vaginal, anal, or oral sex during a hookup reported being very intoxicated, and another third reported being mildly intoxicated. Alcohol may act as a cue regarding sexual availability, as a disinhibitor, and as a

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once existed on college campuses alongside more traditional forms of dating, hooking up is now "the alpha and omega of young adult romance." Wade, on the other hand, says that college students are merely engaging in a different form of courtship that often results in

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to an era of hookup culture. Technological advancements, such as the automobile and movie theaters, brought young couples out of their parents' homes, and out from their watchful eyes, giving them more freedom and more opportunity to engage in casual sexual activity.

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reactions following a hookup. According to one study, there are at least four explanations for why women may regret hookups more than men. They may have different attitudes towards relationships, hooking up, and sex; there may be differences in sexual initiation and

502:" and adds that they are facing an intimacy crisis that could haunt them in future relationships. "When teenagers fool around before they're ready or have a very casual attitude toward sex, they proceed toward adulthood with a lack of understanding about intimacy." 1386:

it, although not everyone agrees what "it" is. Researchers at the University of Montana found so many different definitions among the students they studied that they had to come up with a precise definition to be sure everybody was talking about the same thing.

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conducted by Danielle M. Currier, she explores how the phrase "hooking up" conveys different meanings depending on whether a man or woman uses it when describing their sexual encounters; furthermore, Currier notes that men use "hooking up" to emphasize their

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has impacted hook-up culture by lowering the prevalence of casual sex. Difficulties in defining the term can lead to different perceptions of its prevalence. Hookup culture is vaguely defined due to a variety of perspectives taken on this subject relating to

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free-and-easy hookup approach to dating and sex." In one qualitative study, only 2% felt desirable or wanted after a hookup. More than a third, on the other hand, felt regretful or disappointed, and others reported feeling nervous or uncomfortable as well.

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idea is that the media may serve as a "super peer" for youth, who then seek to develop a sexual identity that is in line with popular portrayals. On the other side, conservatives opposed to hookup culture have sparked controversy and come under criticism.

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is to "describe the behaviors that humans use to relate to one another." Attachment theory suggests people develop an attachment style during childhood and then carry it into adulthood, where it can have impacts on the relationships they form. Researcher

273:." The review shows that hookups are becoming increasingly normative among young adults and adolescents in North America and have taken root throughout the Western world, which represents a notable shift in how casual sex is perceived and accepted. 254:, while it has not disappeared, has decreased as the frequency of hookups have increased. By the mid-1990s, Freitas found that hookups were an accepted form of interactions among sexually active adults, especially those located on college campuses. 1716:

Hahn, Hunter A.; You, Dokyoung S.; Sferra, Michale; Hubbard, Meagan; Thamotharan, Sneha; Fields, Sherecce A. (2018). "Is it Too Soon to Meet? Examining Differences in Geosocial Networking App Use and Sexual Risk Behavior of Emerging Adults".

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Most people choose to take part in hookups to experience physical intimacy and sexual pleasure, but that type of behavior can result in a variety of negative outcomes, too. The impacts can range from "emotional and psychological injury,

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situation, report lower levels of satisfaction. Garcia says that hookup culture can lead to a lower incidence of dating among youth, but as people get a bit older they outgrow their desire for hookups and settle into traditional dating.

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Casual sexual scripts have emerged as a subset of traditional sexual scripts. The traditional dating script follows a formal pattern and heteronormative gender roles. The casual script is perceived as less formal and lacks clarity.

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One study has found that the strongest predictor of hookup behavior was previous experience hooking up. Those who have engaged in hookups that involve penetrative sex are 600% more likely to hookup again during the same semester.

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59% of college students have sex once per week. A little over 31% reported to having at least one sexual partner per year, and about 50% said that they have had more than two sexual partners since the age of 18. Perceptions of "

855:

Hookup culture also exists outside of the college environment. Location-based geosocial networking smartphone applications, also known as hookup apps or dating apps, are increasingly being used to locate potential hookups.

320:

According to Kathleen Bogle, the phrase 'hooking up' is "a slang term" deemed unofficial and unpredictable due to the extended variation of its meaning. Many other slang terms for hooking up were and are still used such as

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and ultimately culminates in sexual intercourse (i.e., the 'bases')." The sexual scripts also help define gender roles and explain the actions that both males and females take in hookups and uncommitted sexual encounters.

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Bar-on, Miriam E.; Broughton, Daniel D.; Buttross, Susan; Corrigan, Suzanne; Gedissman, Alberto; González de Rivas, M. Rosario; Rich, Michael; Shifrin, Donald L. (January 2001). "Sexuality, Contraception, and the Media".

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Van Gelder, M. M. H. J.; Reefhuis, J.; Herron, A. M.; Williams, M. L.; Roeleveld, N. (2011). "Reproductive Health Characteristics of Marijuana and Cocaine Users: Results from the 2002 National Survey of Family Growth".

576:" and how this stereotype seems to be the typical male who only pursues women to have sexual relations. Many female college students explained how the "frat boy" perfectly embodies the persona of a sex driven male. 4687:

Kim, Janna L.; Lynn Sorsoli, C.; Collins, Katherine; Zylbergold, Bonnie A.; Schooler, Deborah; Tolman, Deborah L. (2007). "From sex to sexuality: Exposing the heterosexual script on primetime network television".

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a greater number of females on campuses compared to males, women had to adjust to the sexual scripts outlined by men, which are based more on engaging in uncommitted sex rather than on developing relationships.

236:, and other forms of contraception. Before the 1960s, unmarried women were usually denied access to birth control since it was traditional for men and women to refrain from having sex until after marriage. 1099:

influence behavior. The results of a study looking at first-year college students supported that claim. Male students were likely to endorse or take part in hookup culture if they had viewed such scripts.

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at an earlier age. As a result, Garcia and other scholars argue that young adults are able to reproduce physiologically but are not psychologically or socially ready to 'settle down' and begin a family.

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have also hooked up with someone they were not dating. Additionally, 40% of those who had hooked up with someone they were not dating had also hooked up with a dating partner in the previous 12 months.

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According to a review by Garcia, this is "an unprecedented time in the history of human sexuality." People are marrying and beginning families at ages later than previous generations while becoming

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type and the level of regret that a student might have after uncommitted sex. Many reported having feelings of embarrassment, emotional issues, and an overall lack of respect from their peers.

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for sex, pleasure, a feeling of being loved, an emotional feeling of being adhered to, the thought of the potential of the hookup developing into something less casual, and many more reasons.

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also engaged in hookup sex during the 1800s, meeting in spaces that were transient in nature, such as wharves and boarding houses. Since the 1920s, there has been a transition from an age of

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Aubrey, Jennifer Stevens; Smith, Siobhan E. (2016). "The Impact of Exposure to Sexually Oriented Media on the Endorsement of Hookup Culture: A Panel Study of First-Year College Students".

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universities as the "sexual arena." College students on campuses create and explore their own sexual beings in life by referencing others' intimacy, which tends to be presented publicly.

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Some worry that if society disconnects intimate sexual behavior and emotional connection, teens who hookup will have trouble forming stable intimate relationships later in life.

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McKenna, Katelyn (2008). "MySpace or Your Place: Relationship Initiation and Development of the Wired and Wireless World". In Sprecher, Susan; Wenzel, Amy; Harvey, John (eds.).

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divorce are positively correlated. According to a 2014 report, couples that began as hook-ups tended to have lower marital quality than couples who had not begun as a hook up.

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of the literature suggests, is one of the factors driving the increase in hookups, a "popular cultural change that has infiltrated the lives of emerging adults throughout the

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Chan, Lik Sam (2017). "The Role of Gay Identity Confusion and Outness in Sex-Seeking on Mobile Dating Apps Among Men Who Have Sex With Men: A Conditional Process Analysis".

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Aubrey, J.S.; Smith, S.E. (2016). "The Impact of Exposure to Sexually Oriented Media on the Endorsement of Hookup Culture: A Panel Study of First-Year College Students".

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within hookups; and there may be differences in perceived inequality in orgasms during hookups. Other studies, such as Vrangalova and Ong, found no gender difference.

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feel a lack of power and control. Reverting to characteristics of traditional sexual scripts, women may find themselves further entrenched in unwanted gender roles.

650:. Once in college, for most students, the parental aspect is diminished, which leaves them feeling a high degree of freedom to truly explore and expand their whole 152:, to fulfillment of emotional needs, to using it as a means of finding a long-term romantic partner. Reaction by media to hookup culture has been often considered 2440:

Olmstead, Spencer B.; Conrad, Kathryn A.; Anders, Kristin M. (2018). "First Semester College Students' Definitions of and Expectations for Engaging in Hookups".

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Fisher, M. L.; Worth, K.; Garcia, J. R.; Meredith, T. (2012). "Feelings of Regret Following Uncommitted Sexual Encounters in Canadian University Students".

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Downing-Matibag, Teresa; Geisinger, Brandi (September 2009). "Hooking Up and Sexual Risk Taking Among College Students: A Health Belief Model Perspective".

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has opined that pornography is "a cultural force that is shaping the sexual attitudes of an entire generation" and a "major form of sex ed today for boys."

4658: 193: 3524:

Paul, Elizabeth; Hayes, Kristen (2002). "The casualties of "casual" sex: A qualitative exploration of the phenomenology of college students' hook-ups".

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current stage in life to casual sex. Additionally, 95% of women and 77% of men say they prefer dating to hooking up. "Without exception," sex counselor

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More recent technology, such as dating websites and mobile apps, have also contributed to the current hookup tendencies observed in gay men. Apps like

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According to Shannon T. Boodram, "hooking up is nothing more than settling; it is the microwaveable burrito of sex." Hooking up is engaged in for the

329:." Other terms for repeated acts of hooking up include, "casual sex" or "recreational sex," or defined as a relationship with "no strings attached." 3066: 5212:

preexisting characteristics or altered perceptions of marriage and alternatives to marriage that occur as the result of engaging in premarital sex.

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Cable television is filled with reality shows that depict an image of partying and glorified hookups, one of the most well known shows being MTV's

3000: 3960:

Paul, E. L.; Hayes, K. A. (2002). "The Casualties of 'Casual' Sex: A Qualitative Exploration of the Phenomenology of College Students' Hookups".

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Hookup Culture in Gay Men: an Application of Minority Stress Model, Just World Belief, and Attachment Style on Interpersonal Relationship Choices

738:, Mark Regnerus and Jeremy Uecker report that having more sexual partners is associated with "poorer emotional states in women, but not in men." 4924:

Starks, Tyrel; Parsons, Jeffrey (2014). "Adult attachment among partnered gay men: Patterns and associations with sexual relationship quality".

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A recent trend called "dry dating" is gaining popularity to replace "liquid courage", which involves going on dates without consuming alcohol.

32: 4844: 1373: 2820:

Grello, C. M.; Welsh, D. P.; Harper, M. S.; Dickson, J. W. (2003). "Dating and sexual relationship trajectories and adolescent functioning".

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Some studies have made a connection between hookup culture and substance use. Most students said that their hookups occurred after drinking

310:. It is hard to make sense of hookup culture without understanding why it exists in society and why individuals participate in the culture. 3962: 945:

relationship in which men use casual sex to increase their sexual experience and explore themselves before they are tied down by marriage.

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starts in middle school for both genders around the age of eleven to fourteen years old. In general, puberty is a time that sexuality and

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Mobile applications have become very popular in regards to online dating, but have also served as a way for people to engage in hook-ups.

549:, but hookups are less likely among both genders when they have high self-esteem. Most predictors among males and females rarely differ. 5236: 3660:

Cambell, A (2008). "The morning after the night before: Affective reactions to one-night stands among mated and unmated women and men".

2545:"The Impact of Exposure to Sexually Oriented Media on the Endorsement of Hookup Culture: A Panel Study of First-Year College Students". 556:

college men have met an anonymous sexual partner in a public place such as a park, bookstore, or restroom. Other venues such as public

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Currier, Danielle M. (2013). "Strategic Ambiguity: Protecting Emphasized Femininity and Hegemonic Masculinity in the Hookup Culture".

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results were similar to another study, which found that 61% of all undergraduates reported drinking alcohol before their last hookup.

1435:"Manning: Hooking up: The relationship contexts of "nonrelationship" sex | 2006 | Michigan Population Studies Center (PSC)" 3881:

Herold, Edward S.; Mewhinney, Dawn-arie K. (1993). "Gender differences in casual sex and AIDS prevention: A survey of dating bars".

1283: 361:, because their social status decreases with increased sexual partners, but men's social status increases with more sexual partners 4257: 890: 762: 337:

The definition of hooking up can vary depending on the person or on the age group. It can range from acts that involve kissing,

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Howard, Rhea; Perilloux, Carin (2016). "Is mating psychology most closely tied to biological sex or preferred partner's sex?".

4817: 847:, have said that "the hookup culture can extend for years" beyond college, "well into their thirties and even their forties." 519:, hold more power in the sexual marketplace and use it to pursue their preference of casual sex over long-term relationships. 5341: 5320: 5191:

Teachman, Jay (2003). "Premarital Sex, Premarital Cohabitation, and the Risk of Subsequent Marital Dissolution Among Women".

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Teachman, Jay (2003). "Premarital Sex, Premarital Cohabitation, and the Risk of Subsequent Marital Dissolution Among Women".

2347: 4740: 3282: 3030: 2890: 2785:

Manning, W. S.; Giordano, P. C.; Longmore, M. A. (2006). "Hooking up: The relationship contexts of "nonrelationship" sex".

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As the cost of personal computers dropped and online access has increased, Heldman and Wade, along with others, argue that

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first dates. On some campuses, dating is so rare that many students do not have the skills to know how to ask someone out.

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Murray, Sarah; Sapnar Ankerson, Megan (2016). "Lez takes time: designing lesbian contact in geosocial networking apps".

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The End of Sex: How Hookup Culture is Leaving a Generation Unhappy, Sexually Unfulfilled, and Confused About Intimacy

3857: 3438: 3382: 2263: 2197: 2061: 1975: 1931: 1868: 1350: 140:

Most research on hookups has been focused on U.S. college students, but hookups are not limited to college campuses.

66: 4590: 3781: 5028:

Fahs, B; Munger, A (2015). "Friends with benefits? Gendered performances in women's casual sexual relationships".

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Vrangalova, Zhana; Ong, Anthony D. (2014). "Who Benefits From Casual Sex? The Moderating Role of Sociosexuality".

2370: 2281:"The Longitudinal Relationships among Injunctive Norms and Hooking Up Attitudes and Behaviors in College Students" 699: 3451: 1180:

Several scholars have critiqued how outside influences have shaped or contributed to hookup culture as a whole.

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studies and on their professional development for careers instead of seeking a long-term partner or marriage.

3142:"'Hookups': Characteristics and Correlates of College Students' Spontaneous and Anonymous Sexual Experiences" 560:, Internet cruising networks, and bathhouses are popular for gay men, but not for lesbians or heterosexuals. 188:

sociologist, documents that 19th-century white fraternity men often had what would be called hookup sex with

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Race, Kane (2015). "Speculative pragmatism and intimate arrangements: online hook-up devices in gay life".

2079:"Hookups: Characteristics and Correlates of College Students' Spontaneous and Anonymous Sexual Experiences" 1624: 795: 498:

asserts that "casual teen attitudes toward sex—particularly oral sex—reflect their confusion about what is

5226:"Before "I Do" What Do Premarital Experiences Have to Do with Marital Quality Among Today's Young Adults?" 3348: 1335:"Beer Goggles, Catching Feelings, and the Walk of Shame: The Myths and Realities of the Hookup Experience" 4060: 4006: 3094: 1342: 4002:"Predictors and Consequences of Sexual "Hookups" Among College Students: A Short-Term Prospective Study" 614:

in a hookup; his response was that most females generally did not lean towards a "one and done" thing.

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is also an indicator: men with high self-esteem and women with low self-esteem are more likely to have

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However, both men and women let societal pressure influence their sexual behavior on college campuses.

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Hetsroni, Amir (2008). "Overrepresented Topics, Underrepresented Topics, and the Cultivation Effect".

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Victor C. Strasburger, MD (2005). "Adolescents, Sex, and the Media: Ooooo, Baby, Baby – a Q & A".

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casual sex had higher levels of depression and anxiety and lower levels of self-esteem, happiness and

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hookups when they leave college by preferring dating or other sexual arrangements. Others, including

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gay men, and they were often forced to explore their sexual needs and desires in a discreet fashion.

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Bogle, Kathleen A. (January 2008). Hooking Up: Sex, Dating, and Relationships on Campus. NYU Press.

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physical pleasure. This new outlook was influenced by several factors, including the eradication of

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This peer culture is not reserved to college students, but it may start to develop around the time

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Bogle, K. A. (2007). "The Shift from Dating to Hooking Up in College: What Scholars Have Missed".

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Owen, J.; Fincham, F. D. (2011). "Young Adults' Emotional Reactions After Hooking Up Encounters".

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Casual Sex During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Risks, Recommendations and Spaces for Design Intervention

1659: 806:. It also is the "liquid courage," which allows them to make a sexual advance in the first place. 3934: 3146: 5391: 4618: 1985: 379: 102: 4056:"Predictors of Hooking Up Sexual Behavior and Emotional Reactions Among U.S. College Students" 3564:"Predictors of hooking up sexual behavior and emotional reactions among U.S. college students" 2337: 1969: 1334: 790:

in the past year were also more likely than their peers to have hooked up during that period.

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tried discussing the possibility of beginning a romantic relationship with a hookup partner.

407: 314: 161: 122: 2868: 1405: 1079: 911: 810: 703: 691: 239: 181: 110: 8: 5381: 3850:

Premarital sex in America : how young Americans meet, mate, and think about marrying

1240: 707: 129:. The term has been widely used in the U.S. since at least 2000. It has also been called 44: 3562:

Lewis, Melissa; Granato, Hollie; Blayney, Jessica; Lostutter, Ty; Kilmer, Jason (2011).

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Garcia, Justin R.; Reiber, Chris; Massey, Sean G.; Merriwether, Ann M. (February 2013).

40: 5286: 5125: 5081: 4998: 4973: 4949: 4903: 4757: 4713: 4459: 4434: 4415: 4373: 4331: 4206: 4158: 4082: 4055: 4028: 4001: 3979: 3753: 3685: 3639: 3588: 3563: 3541: 3501: 3119: 2802: 2750: 2702: 2612: 2500: 2465: 2417: 2313: 2280: 2136: 1734: 1646: 1108: 941: 803: 779: 723: 568:

showed that 61% of men and 34% of women had sex within a day of meeting their partner.

346: 94: 5358: 5352: 5337: 5331: 5316: 5297: 5276: 5206: 5173: 5129: 5085: 5003: 4953: 4941: 4907: 4705: 4663: 4571: 4513: 4464: 4419: 4377: 4323: 4198: 4150: 4087: 4033: 3983: 3898: 3863: 3853: 3757: 3677: 3643: 3631: 3593: 3545: 3493: 3434: 3111: 3005: 2898: 2806: 2742: 2706: 2604: 2504: 2469: 2457: 2421: 2343: 2318: 2300: 2259: 2193: 2162: 2126: 2057: 1927: 1864: 1738: 1701:

There's an awful lot wrong with moral panic stories about "hookup culture" on campus

1651: 1346: 1061: 933: 651: 266: 209: 4791:"Most women don't enjoy hookup culture—so why do we force ourselves to participate?" 4717: 4485:, Michael Kimmel and the Stony Brook Sexualities Group, ed. Oxford University Press. 4335: 4210: 4162: 3689: 3505: 2754: 2616: 1810: 5272: 5202: 5169: 5117: 5073: 5037: 4993: 4985: 4933: 4895: 4761: 4749: 4697: 4563: 4505: 4454: 4446: 4407: 4365: 4315: 4190: 4142: 4077: 4069: 4054:

Lewis, M. A.; Granato, H.; Blayney, J. A.; Lostutter, T. W.; Kilmer, J. R. (2011).

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Eshbaugh, E. M.; Gute, G. (2008). "Hookups and sexual regret among college women".

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A poster that represents a warning against the risks posed by alcohol consumption,

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Premarital Sex in America: How Young Americans Meet, Mate, and Think About Marrying

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Davis, Mark; Flowers, Paul; Lorimer, Karen; Oakland, Jane; Frankis, Jamie (2016).

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attitudes usually associated with women that decided to have sex before marriage.

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regarding sexually explicit content in media, and also a growing accessibility to

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engage in hookups for a variety of reasons, which may range from instant physical

4554: 4277:"Trend for sober dating sees an increase as singles seek love during Dry January" 4194: 2738: 2296: 1685:"Who Will Save College Students From The Scourge of Doomed Campus Relationships?" 746: 695: 676: 655: 516: 499: 468:

to either someone they have just met or to a friend who is not a dating partner.

371: 354: 307: 258: 145: 106: 90: 4351:"Location, safety and (non) strangers in gay men's narratives on 'hook-up' apps" 443:

and Zoe have advanced the sexual scripts for homosexual women. Other apps, like

349:. The term "hooking up," meaning an instance of casual sex, differs from hookup 4450: 3349:"Unbuckling in the Bible Belt: Conservative Sexual Norms Lower Age at Marriage" 3287: 2698: 2589: 1615:

Garcia, Justin R.; Reiber, Chris; Massey, Sean G.; Merriwether, Ann M. (2012).

1410: 1227: 1066: 860:(MSM) commonly use mobile dating apps designed for the gay male market such as 844: 643: 623: 217: 197: 126: 5121: 4989: 4937: 4899: 4753: 4701: 4073: 4019: 3894: 3673: 3579: 3160: 3141: 3107: 2861: 2095: 2078: 1730: 1078:

How cultural norms affects someone's sexual habits and behavior is defined as

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DeLamater, John. (2015). "Sexual expression in later life," pp. 175-197 in

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Laid : Young People's Experiences with Sex in an Easy-Access Culture

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have further advanced the sexual scripts of homosexual men. Apps such as

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becomes a main focus for individuals to formulate this aspect of their

602: 530: 375: 326: 278: 177: 86: 4974:"Casual Sexual Scripts on the Screen: A Quantitative Content Analysis" 2573:"Hooking up: Gender Differences, Evolution, and Pluralistic Ignorance" 4812: 4810: 3367: 3061: 2279:

Napper, Lucy E.; Kenney, Shannon R.; LaBrie, Joseph W. (2016-10-20).

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and sexuality, and youth subcultures are particularly susceptible to

465: 286: 225: 201: 4146: 1337:. In Kirkpatrick, Dan Charles; Duck, Steve; Foley, Megan K. (eds.). 4659:"Caitlin Flanagan on Young Women, Hookup Culture and Relationships" 2371:"The difference between casual sex and hooking up - Chatelaine.com" 1511:"Mating Intelligence with Drs. Glenn Geher and Scott Barry Kaufman" 1284:"What Everyone's Getting Wrong About the Ivy League Hookup Culture" 690:

Garcia's review has found that hookups can result in emotional and

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Ainsworth, Mary (1978). "The Bowlby-Ainsworth attachment theory".

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Armstrong, Elizabeth A.; Hamilton, Laura; England, Paula (2010).

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For some adolescents, sex and relationships have been decoupled.

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which allowed for sex to become uncoupled from relationships and

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heightened sense of well-being after experiencing casual sex.

3057:"Study: Students Not 'Hooking Up' as Much as You Might Think" 2253: 1808: 1614: 726:

within hookups; there may be differences in the frequency of

250:

Some scholars, including Garcia and Freitas, have found that

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deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a

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The Journal of Social, Evolutionary, and Cultural Psychology

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and, in particular, United States college culture. The term

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Paul, Elizabeth L.; McManus, Brian; Hayes, Allison (2000).

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or an excuse for their behavior, poor sexual performance,

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and other related activity, without necessarily including

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According to a 2004 peer-reviewed study published in the

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Paul, Elizabeth; McManus, Brian; Hayes, Allison (2000).

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Total number of sexual partners among U.S. young adults

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even offers a course on how to plan and execute a date.

4971: 4875:. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications. pp. 29–80. 4839: 4837: 4258:"The Secret to Great Dating This Winter? Cut The Booze" 2784: 4735: 4638: 4435:"Subjective adult identity and casual sexual behavior" 3696: 3431:

Paying for the Party: How College Maintains Inequality

3411: 3325: 3301: 3247: 3223: 3211: 2258:. Malden, MA: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 91–102. 2103: 1133: 4775:

Don Aucoin (July 27, 2010). "The shaping of things".

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Prochner, I. and Z. Chen, T. Kang, and H. Lu (2021).

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Hooking Up: Sex, Dating, and Relationships on Campus

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Intimate Matters: A History of Sexuality in America.

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has an ambiguous definition because it can indicate

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Overview of casual sex encounters without commitment

5235:. University of Virginia. p. 9. Archived from 3852:. Uecker, Jeremy. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2192:. Berkeley, California: Seal Press. pp. 1–58. 1307: 1305: 1303: 5285: 3780: 3429:Armstrong, Elizabeth, and Laura Hamilton. (2015). 2965: 2339:Gender, Sexuality, and Intimacy: A Contexts Reader 2278: 1924:American Hookup: The New Culture of Sex on Campus. 1252: 734:relatively low satisfaction with their lives." In 3399: 3024: 3022: 1188:sexual activity reported among those age groups. 1151: 164:have modernized hookup culture, especially among 5373: 4736:"Hook-Up Culture: Setting a New Research Agenda" 3798:"Explaining Gender Differences in Hookup Regret" 3770: 3139: 2945: 2943: 2915: 2335: 2076: 1300: 564:college students who planned to hookup while on 194:however, the latter is generally defined as rape 5059: 5057: 5055: 5053: 5051: 4734:Heldman, Caroline; Wade, Lisa (July 10, 2010). 4483:Sexualities: Identities, Behaviors, and Society 3880: 3847: 2684: 1396: 1394: 821: 192:, poor women, and the women they had enslaved ( 5223: 4135:Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health 3019: 2841:"Nearly 3 in 10 young teens 'sexually active'" 2566: 2564: 2562: 2560: 1859:D'Emilio, John, and Estelle Freedman. (2012). 472:friend or an ex will hook up with them again. 4967: 4965: 4963: 4923: 4845:"How Casual Sex Can Affect Our Mental Health" 4612: 4610: 3735: 2940: 2256:College sex : philosophers with benefits 419:Stereotypes suggest most people believe that 378:by being strategically ambiguous to downplay 374:, but women use the phrase to preserve their 29:The examples and perspective in this article 5048: 4545: 4240:"Dry dating: The rise of sober love and sex" 3999: 3963:Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 3738:Social Psychological and Personality Science 3613: 3526:Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 3346: 3283:"Sex on Campus: She Can Play That Game, Too" 3031:"Sex on Campus: She Can Play That Game, Too" 3001:"Hookup culture: College kids can handle it" 2838: 2570: 2141:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1391: 1275: 1166: 5063: 4733: 4729: 4727: 3930:"What It's Really Like to Have Sex at Penn" 3655: 3653: 3609: 3607: 3135: 3133: 3091: 2557: 2399: 1534: 1532: 1530: 1374:"Want to have a hookup? What does it mean?" 922: 5027: 4960: 4774: 4607: 4125: 3995: 3993: 3659: 2780: 2778: 2776: 2774: 2772: 2770: 2768: 2766: 2764: 2720: 2718: 2716: 2158:"College Hookup Culture: Myth or Reality?" 1610: 1608: 1606: 1604: 1602: 1600: 1598: 1596: 1594: 1328: 1326: 1324: 1322: 1320: 1281: 1142: 277:from a diverse range of fields, including 4997: 4885: 4588: 4488: 4458: 4174: 4172: 4081: 4027: 3959: 3587: 3523: 3381:Whelan, Christine B. (November 9, 2009). 3342: 3340: 3276: 3274: 3159: 2656: 2598: 2588: 2312: 2094: 1645: 1592: 1590: 1588: 1586: 1584: 1582: 1580: 1578: 1576: 1574: 1556: 67:Learn how and when to remove this message 5224:Rhoades, Galena; Stanley, Scott (2014). 5190: 5157: 5107: 4972:Timmermans, E; Van den Bulck, J (2018). 4724: 4275:Thompson, Sarah Jane (10 January 2019). 4274: 4049: 4047: 3650: 3604: 3130: 2254:Bruce, Michael; Stewart, Robert (2010). 2156:Stuart, Laura Anne (February 21, 2011). 2131:. Imagination Lancaster. pp. 48–51. 2124: 1682: 1527: 1474: 1472: 1470: 1468: 1466: 1464: 1462: 1460: 1365: 852:that young women are propelling it too. 833: 761: 5310: 5142: 5103: 5101: 5099: 5097: 5095: 5023: 5021: 5019: 5017: 4919: 4917: 4866: 4864: 4768: 4682: 4680: 4400:Critical Studies in Media Communication 4104: 3990: 3955: 3953: 3951: 3915: 3796:Jeremy E. Uecker; Brandon C. Martinez. 3702: 3417: 3331: 3319: 3307: 3253: 3229: 3087: 3085: 3083: 3054: 3048: 2994: 2992: 2990: 2988: 2986: 2984: 2982: 2980: 2924:"The Teenage Face of Sex Grows Younger" 2921: 2761: 2713: 2482: 2187: 2112: 1961: 1959: 1863:Chicago, IL: Chicago University Press. 1804: 1802: 1800: 1798: 1796: 1794: 1792: 1790: 1788: 1786: 1784: 1782: 1780: 1778: 1776: 1774: 1772: 1770: 1768: 1504: 1502: 1317: 1269: 1073: 1042: 915:in a monogamous relationship. Feminist 891:Media and American adolescent sexuality 745:also states that hookups can result in 5374: 5329: 4644: 4582: 4293: 4226: 4169: 4119: 3927: 3771:Natalie Kitroeff (November 11, 2013). 3731: 3557: 3555: 3380: 3374: 3337: 3280: 3271: 3265: 3241: 3028: 2949: 2888: 2832: 2813: 2687:Personality and Individual Differences 2680: 2678: 2676: 2674: 2672: 2670: 2668: 2644: 2640: 2638: 2636: 2634: 2632: 2630: 2628: 2626: 2540: 2538: 2536: 2534: 2435: 2433: 2431: 2395: 2393: 2391: 2249: 2247: 2245: 2243: 2241: 2239: 2237: 2235: 2233: 2231: 2229: 2183: 2181: 2179: 2155: 2149: 2072: 2070: 2052: 2050: 2048: 2046: 2044: 2042: 2040: 2038: 2036: 2034: 2032: 2030: 2028: 2026: 2024: 2022: 2020: 2018: 2016: 2014: 1957: 1955: 1953: 1951: 1949: 1947: 1945: 1943: 1941: 1939: 1918: 1916: 1914: 1912: 1910: 1908: 1906: 1904: 1902: 1900: 1898: 1896: 1855: 1853: 1766: 1764: 1762: 1760: 1758: 1756: 1754: 1752: 1750: 1748: 1571: 1478: 5283: 5262: 4650: 4616: 4589:Humphries, Linda (October 24, 2012). 4432: 4393: 4391: 4389: 4387: 4044: 4000:Fielder, R. L.; Carey, M. P. (2010). 3921: 3773:"In Hookups, Inequality Still Reigns" 3729: 3727: 3725: 3723: 3721: 3719: 3717: 3715: 3713: 3711: 3519: 3517: 3515: 3471: 3469: 3467: 3465: 3449: 3405: 3347:Garcia, J. R.; Kruger, D. J. (2010). 3217: 3181: 2651:(BS thesis). University of Portland. 2532: 2530: 2528: 2526: 2524: 2522: 2520: 2518: 2516: 2514: 2336:Stein, Arlene; O'Brien, Jodi (2017). 2227: 2225: 2223: 2221: 2219: 2217: 2215: 2213: 2211: 2209: 2012: 2010: 2008: 2006: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1998: 1996: 1994: 1981: 1965: 1894: 1892: 1890: 1888: 1886: 1884: 1882: 1880: 1878: 1876: 1851: 1849: 1847: 1845: 1843: 1841: 1839: 1837: 1835: 1833: 1711: 1709: 1676: 1508: 1457: 1311: 1102: 265:These developmental shifts, Garcia's 5092: 5014: 4914: 4870: 4861: 4741:Sexuality Research and Social Policy 4677: 4656: 4305: 3948: 3080: 2998: 2977: 2854: 2724: 1541:"Is Hooking Up Bad For Young Women?" 1499: 1332: 1282:Dockterman, Eliana (July 23, 2013). 1051: 757: 220:to become more socially acceptable. 212:of the 1960s brought a loosening of 15: 5350: 5145:Handbook of Relationship Initiation 4818:"The Shocking Truth About Hook-Ups" 3824:"The Emotional Costs of Hooking Up" 3552: 3055:Skelton, Alissa (October 5, 2011). 2971: 2665: 2623: 2428: 2388: 2176: 2067: 1936: 1745: 1683:Yglesias, Matthew (July 16, 2013). 1481:"Young Adults and a Hookup Culture" 1371: 1134:Influences of dating sites and apps 809:Studies suggest that the degree of 353:. A hookup is an act that involves 332: 156:. The introduction of cell phones, 85:is one that accepts and encourages 13: 4619:"Media 'Influence' Adolescent Sex" 4384: 3708: 3512: 3462: 2511: 2342:. SAGE Publications. p. 158. 2206: 1991: 1873: 1830: 1706: 743:American Psychological Association 588:Kimmel believes that while sexual 579: 105:. It is generally associated with 14: 5403: 4888:The Behavioral and Brain Sciences 3928:Pardes, Arielle (July 15, 2013). 3828:The Chronicle of Higher Education 1617:"Sexual Hookup Culture: A Review" 1400: 5277:10.1111/j.1751-9020.2007.00031.x 5217: 5207:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2003.00444.x 5184: 5174:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2003.00444.x 5151: 5136: 5066:Mass Communication & Society 4879: 4783: 4439:Advances in Life Course Research 3616:The Journal of Social Psychology 3450:Rosin, Hannah (September 2012). 2571:Reiber, C; Garcia, J.R. (2010). 1220: 1206: 829: 483: 414: 301:." However, research shows that 20: 4591:"Sexy Movies Increase Teen Sex" 4475: 4426: 4342: 4299: 4268: 4250: 4232: 4182:Culture, Health & Sexuality 3874: 3841: 3816: 3789: 3764: 3443: 3423: 3187: 2891:"Freaks, Geeks, and Economists" 2882: 2476: 2363: 2329: 2272: 2118: 1372:Dye, Lee (September 21, 2011). 700:sexually transmitted infections 681:sexually transmitted infections 629: 385: 176:The rise of hookups, a form of 5194:Journal of Marriage and Family 5161:Journal of Marriage and Family 5110:Communication Research Reports 4657:Horn, Heather (May 17, 2010). 3383:"Defining the Hook-Up Culture" 3281:Taylor, Kate (July 12, 2013). 2952:"Teens define sex in new ways" 2822:Adolescent & Family Health 2787:Journal of Adolescent Research 2547:Mass Communication and Society 2442:Journal of Adolescent Research 2402:Mass Communication and Society 1427: 1159:Journal of Marriage and Family 1152:Effect on future relationships 1125:Research to explain a "hookup" 897:American Academy of Pediatrics 458: 1: 5233:The National Marriage Project 5147:. New York: Psychology Press. 5078:10.1080/15205436.2015.1070875 4617:Jones, Sam (March 22, 2006). 4568:10.1016/j.admecli.2005.02.009 4412:10.1080/15295036.2015.1133921 4320:10.1080/00918369.2016.1196990 3029:Taylor, Kate (14 July 2013). 2950:Jayson, Sharon (2005-10-19). 2414:10.1080/15205436.2015.1070875 1246: 4195:10.1080/13691058.2011.619579 3433:. Harvard University Press. 2922:Jarrell, Anne (2000-04-02). 2889:Lowrey, Annie (2010-11-15). 2739:10.1080/13691058.2014.930181 2297:10.1080/00224499.2014.952809 2188:Boodram, Shannon T. (2009). 1625:Review of General Psychology 1509:McKay, Brett (May 2, 2013). 1479:Kerner, Ian (May 16, 2013). 7: 5284:Bogle, Kathleen A. (2008). 4978:Archives of Sexual Behavior 4926:Archives of Sexual Behavior 4061:Archives of Sexual Behavior 4007:Archives of Sexual Behavior 3568:Archives of Sexual Behavior 3478:Qualitative Health Research 3095:Archives of Sexual Behavior 2999:Wade, Lisa (May 30, 2013). 1343:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates 1333:Paul, Elizabeth L. (2006). 1199: 1175: 1115: 43:, discuss the issue on the 10: 5408: 5256: 4534:. University of Washington 4451:10.1016/j.alcr.2015.07.001 2699:10.1016/j.paid.2016.05.009 2590:10.1177/147470491000800307 888: 505: 171: 5315:. New York: Basic Books. 5294:New York University Press 5122:10.1080/08824090802237642 4990:10.1007/s10508-018-1147-1 4938:10.1007/s10508-013-0224-8 4900:10.1017/S0140525X00075828 4754:10.1007/s13178-010-0024-z 4702:10.1080/00224490701263660 4433:Lyons, Heidi Ann (2015). 4074:10.1007/s10508-011-9817-2 4020:10.1007/s10508-008-9448-4 3895:10.1080/00224499309551676 3674:10.1007/s12110-008-9036-2 3580:10.1007/s10508-011-9817-2 3161:10.1080/00224490009552023 3108:10.1007/s10508-010-9652-x 2096:10.1080/00224490009552023 1731:10.1007/s12119-017-9449-3 1167:Areas for future research 858:Men who have sex with men 5330:Kimmel, Michael (2008). 4873:Rethinking Relationships 4370:10.1177/1363460716629334 4308:Journal of Homosexuality 3976:10.1177/0265407502195006 3848:Regnerus, Mark. (2011). 3750:10.1177/1948550614537308 3628:10.3200/SOCP.148.1.77-90 3538:10.1177/0265407502195006 3490:10.1177/1049732309344206 2799:10.1177/0743558406291692 2645:Lufkin, Kyle M. (2017). 2497:10.1177/0891243213493960 2454:10.1177/0743558417698571 1811:"Sexual Hook-up Culture" 940:The continuation of the 923:Extra effects and causes 884: 669: 658:in this "sexual arena." 595:monogamous relationships 547:multiple sexual partners 180:, has been described by 121:or any form of physical 5311:Freitas, Donna (2013). 4690:Journal of Sex Research 3883:Journal of Sex Research 3147:Journal of Sex Research 2577:Evolutionary Psychology 2285:Journal of Sex Research 2083:Journal of Sex Research 1719:Sexuality & Culture 1558:10.1525/ctx.2010.9.3.22 1143:Understanding the risks 5030:Personal Relationships 4510:10.1542/peds.107.1.191 2727:Health & Sexuality 942:sexual double standard 839: 811:alcoholic intoxication 775: 464:reported losing their 182:evolutionary biologist 103:committed relationship 89:encounters, including 5387:Sexuality and society 5351:Sax, Leonard (2005). 2839:Katie Couric (2005). 1816:Monitor on Psychology 1439:www.psc.isr.umich.edu 837: 800:premature ejaculation 765: 654:, strongly including 552:One third of gay and 408:Pluralistic ignorance 403:being a part of it." 323:friends with benefits 315:instant gratification 226:1930s censorship laws 5336:. New York: Harper. 4871:Duck, Steve (2011). 3804:on November 11, 2020 2869:Guttmacher Institute 2862:"www.guttmacher.org" 2485:Gender & Society 1922:Wade, Lisa. (2017). 1345:. pp. 141–160. 1080:sexual script theory 1074:Sexual script theory 1043:Communication theory 912:internet pornography 704:unintended pregnancy 692:psychological injury 380:their sexual desires 111:adolescent sexuality 49:create a new article 41:improve this article 2658:10.15760/honors.382 1339:Relating Difficulty 1241:Seduction community 1056:The premise behind 950: 804:sexual dysfunctions 708:performance anxiety 131:nonrelationship sex 5354:Why Gender Matters 5042:10.1111/pere.12073 4264:. 7 November 2022. 3777:The New York Times 3452:"Boys on the side" 3035:The New York Times 1109:cultivation theory 1103:Cultivation theory 948: 840: 822:"Dry dating" trend 776: 347:sexual intercourse 158:mobile hookup apps 135:sex without dating 95:emotional intimacy 5343:978-0-06-083134-9 5322:978-0-465-00215-3 5265:Sociology Compass 4664:The Atlantic Wire 3006:Los Angeles Times 2349:978-1-50635-230-5 2163:Express Milwaukee 1062:attachment theory 1052:Attachment theory 1040: 1039: 934:life satisfaction 772:venereal diseases 758:Drugs and alcohol 652:personal identity 267:systematic review 210:sexual revolution 77: 76: 69: 51:, as appropriate. 5399: 5368: 5347: 5326: 5307: 5291: 5280: 5251: 5250: 5248: 5247: 5241: 5230: 5221: 5215: 5214: 5188: 5182: 5181: 5155: 5149: 5148: 5140: 5134: 5133: 5105: 5090: 5089: 5061: 5046: 5045: 5025: 5012: 5011: 5001: 4984:(5): 1481–1496. 4969: 4958: 4957: 4921: 4912: 4911: 4883: 4877: 4876: 4868: 4859: 4858: 4856: 4855: 4849:Psychology Today 4841: 4832: 4831: 4829: 4828: 4822:Psychology Today 4814: 4805: 4804: 4802: 4801: 4787: 4781: 4780: 4777:The Boston Globe 4772: 4766: 4765: 4731: 4722: 4721: 4684: 4675: 4674: 4672: 4671: 4654: 4648: 4642: 4636: 4635: 4633: 4632: 4614: 4605: 4604: 4602: 4601: 4586: 4580: 4579: 4549: 4543: 4542: 4540: 4539: 4532:"Media Literacy" 4528: 4522: 4521: 4492: 4486: 4479: 4473: 4472: 4462: 4430: 4424: 4423: 4395: 4382: 4381: 4355: 4346: 4340: 4339: 4303: 4297: 4291: 4285: 4284: 4272: 4266: 4265: 4254: 4248: 4247: 4236: 4230: 4224: 4215: 4214: 4176: 4167: 4166: 4129: 4123: 4117: 4108: 4102: 4096: 4095: 4085: 4068:(5): 1219–1229. 4051: 4042: 4041: 4031: 4014:(5): 1105–1119. 3997: 3988: 3987: 3957: 3946: 3945: 3943: 3942: 3925: 3919: 3913: 3907: 3906: 3878: 3872: 3871: 3845: 3839: 3838: 3836: 3835: 3820: 3814: 3813: 3811: 3809: 3800:. Archived from 3793: 3787: 3786: 3784: 3779:. Archived from 3768: 3762: 3761: 3733: 3706: 3700: 3694: 3693: 3657: 3648: 3647: 3611: 3602: 3601: 3591: 3574:(5): 1219–1229. 3559: 3550: 3549: 3521: 3510: 3509: 3484:(9): 1196–1209. 3473: 3460: 3459: 3447: 3441: 3427: 3421: 3415: 3409: 3403: 3397: 3396: 3394: 3393: 3378: 3372: 3371: 3368:10.1037/h0099288 3353: 3344: 3335: 3329: 3323: 3317: 3311: 3305: 3299: 3298: 3296: 3295: 3278: 3269: 3263: 3257: 3251: 3245: 3239: 3233: 3227: 3221: 3220:, p. 85-88. 3215: 3209: 3208: 3206: 3205: 3191: 3185: 3179: 3166: 3165: 3163: 3137: 3128: 3127: 3089: 3078: 3077: 3075: 3074: 3069:on June 10, 2013 3065:. 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Archived from 1649: 1638:10.1037/a0027911 1621: 1612: 1569: 1568: 1566: 1565: 1560: 1536: 1525: 1524: 1522: 1521: 1515:Art of Manliness 1506: 1497: 1496: 1494: 1493: 1476: 1455: 1454: 1452: 1450: 1445:on July 22, 2022 1441:. 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W. Norton. 1872: 1829: 1744: 1705: 1675: 1632:(2): 161–176. 1570: 1526: 1498: 1456: 1426: 1411:New York Times 1390: 1364: 1351: 1341:. Mahwah, NJ: 1316: 1299: 1274: 1250: 1248: 1245: 1244: 1243: 1238: 1232: 1231: 1228:Society portal 1217: 1201: 1198: 1177: 1174: 1168: 1165: 1153: 1150: 1144: 1141: 1135: 1132: 1126: 1123: 1117: 1114: 1104: 1101: 1082:. Researchers 1075: 1072: 1067:Mary Ainsworth 1053: 1050: 1044: 1041: 1038: 1037: 1034: 1031: 1027: 1026: 1023: 1020: 1016: 1015: 1012: 1009: 1005: 1004: 1001: 998: 994: 993: 990: 987: 983: 982: 979: 976: 972: 971: 968: 965: 961: 960: 957: 954: 924: 921: 886: 883: 845:Michael Kimmel 831: 828: 823: 820: 759: 756: 710:, and stress. 671: 668: 644:self-awareness 631: 628: 624:Boston College 581: 578: 558:cruising areas 507: 504: 485: 482: 460: 457: 416: 413: 387: 384: 334: 331: 198:Homosexual men 173: 170: 83:Hookup culture 78: 75: 74: 35:of the subject 33:worldwide view 28: 26: 19: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5404: 5393: 5392:Youth culture 5390: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5380: 5379: 5377: 5366: 5364:9780385510738 5360: 5357:. Doubleday. 5356: 5355: 5349: 5345: 5339: 5335: 5334: 5328: 5324: 5318: 5314: 5309: 5305: 5299: 5295: 5290: 5289: 5282: 5278: 5274: 5270: 5266: 5261: 5260: 5242:on 2023-06-03 5238: 5234: 5227: 5220: 5213: 5208: 5204: 5200: 5196: 5195: 5187: 5180: 5175: 5171: 5167: 5163: 5162: 5154: 5146: 5139: 5131: 5127: 5123: 5119: 5115: 5111: 5104: 5102: 5100: 5098: 5096: 5087: 5083: 5079: 5075: 5072:(1): 74–101. 5071: 5067: 5060: 5058: 5056: 5054: 5052: 5043: 5039: 5035: 5031: 5024: 5022: 5020: 5018: 5009: 5005: 5000: 4995: 4991: 4987: 4983: 4979: 4975: 4968: 4966: 4964: 4955: 4951: 4947: 4943: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4920: 4918: 4909: 4905: 4901: 4897: 4893: 4889: 4882: 4874: 4867: 4865: 4850: 4846: 4840: 4838: 4823: 4819: 4813: 4811: 4796: 4792: 4786: 4778: 4771: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4742: 4737: 4730: 4728: 4719: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4703: 4699: 4695: 4691: 4683: 4681: 4666: 4665: 4660: 4653: 4646: 4641: 4626: 4625: 4620: 4613: 4611: 4596: 4592: 4585: 4577: 4573: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4556: 4548: 4533: 4527: 4519: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4491: 4484: 4478: 4470: 4466: 4461: 4456: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4429: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4394: 4392: 4390: 4388: 4379: 4375: 4371: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4352: 4345: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4302: 4295: 4290: 4282: 4278: 4271: 4263: 4259: 4253: 4245: 4241: 4235: 4228: 4223: 4221: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4183: 4175: 4173: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4128: 4121: 4116: 4114: 4107:, p. 41. 4106: 4101: 4093: 4089: 4084: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4062: 4057: 4050: 4048: 4039: 4035: 4030: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4008: 4003: 3996: 3994: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3964: 3956: 3954: 3952: 3937: 3936: 3931: 3924: 3918:, p. 48. 3917: 3912: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3877: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3859:9780199743285 3855: 3851: 3844: 3829: 3825: 3819: 3803: 3799: 3792: 3783: 3778: 3774: 3767: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3732: 3730: 3728: 3726: 3724: 3722: 3720: 3718: 3716: 3714: 3712: 3704: 3699: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3656: 3654: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3610: 3608: 3599: 3595: 3590: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3558: 3556: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3520: 3518: 3516: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3472: 3470: 3468: 3466: 3457: 3453: 3446: 3440: 3439:9780674088023 3436: 3432: 3426: 3419: 3414: 3407: 3402: 3388: 3384: 3377: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3350: 3343: 3341: 3333: 3328: 3322:, p. 29. 3321: 3316: 3309: 3304: 3290: 3289: 3284: 3277: 3275: 3267: 3262: 3255: 3250: 3243: 3238: 3231: 3226: 3219: 3214: 3200: 3196: 3190: 3183: 3178: 3176: 3174: 3172: 3162: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3148: 3143: 3136: 3134: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3096: 3088: 3086: 3084: 3068: 3064: 3063: 3058: 3051: 3036: 3032: 3025: 3023: 3008: 3007: 3002: 2995: 2993: 2991: 2989: 2987: 2985: 2983: 2981: 2973: 2968: 2953: 2946: 2944: 2929: 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2224: 2222: 2220: 2218: 2216: 2214: 2212: 2210: 2201: 2199:9781580053242 2195: 2191: 2184: 2182: 2180: 2165: 2164: 2159: 2152: 2144: 2138: 2130: 2129: 2121: 2114: 2109: 2107: 2097: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2073: 2071: 2063: 2062:9780814789919 2059: 2053: 2051: 2049: 2047: 2045: 2043: 2041: 2039: 2037: 2035: 2033: 2031: 2029: 2027: 2025: 2023: 2021: 2019: 2017: 2015: 2013: 2011: 2009: 2007: 2005: 2003: 2001: 1999: 1997: 1995: 1987: 1983: 1978: 1971: 1967: 1962: 1960: 1958: 1956: 1954: 1952: 1950: 1948: 1946: 1944: 1942: 1940: 1933: 1932:9780393355536 1929: 1925: 1919: 1917: 1915: 1913: 1911: 1909: 1907: 1905: 1903: 1901: 1899: 1897: 1895: 1893: 1891: 1889: 1887: 1885: 1883: 1881: 1879: 1877: 1870: 1869:9780226923819 1866: 1862: 1856: 1854: 1852: 1850: 1848: 1846: 1844: 1842: 1840: 1838: 1836: 1834: 1818: 1817: 1812: 1805: 1803: 1801: 1799: 1797: 1795: 1793: 1791: 1789: 1787: 1785: 1783: 1781: 1779: 1777: 1775: 1773: 1771: 1769: 1767: 1765: 1763: 1761: 1759: 1757: 1755: 1753: 1751: 1749: 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New York: 5287: 5268: 5264: 5244:. Retrieved 5237:the original 5232: 5219: 5210: 5198: 5192: 5186: 5177: 5165: 5159: 5153: 5144: 5138: 5113: 5109: 5069: 5065: 5033: 5029: 4981: 4977: 4929: 4925: 4891: 4887: 4881: 4872: 4852:. Retrieved 4848: 4825:. Retrieved 4821: 4798:. Retrieved 4794: 4785: 4776: 4770: 4745: 4739: 4693: 4689: 4668:. Retrieved 4662: 4652: 4640: 4629:. Retrieved 4624:The Guardian 4622: 4598:. Retrieved 4594: 4584: 4559: 4553: 4547: 4536:. Retrieved 4526: 4501: 4497: 4490: 4482: 4477: 4442: 4438: 4428: 4406:(1): 53–69. 4403: 4399: 4361: 4357: 4344: 4311: 4307: 4301: 4289: 4281:Daily Record 4280: 4270: 4261: 4252: 4243: 4234: 4189:(1): 45–57. 4186: 4180: 4138: 4134: 4127: 4105:Freitas 2013 4100: 4065: 4059: 4011: 4005: 3967: 3961: 3939:. Retrieved 3935:Cosmopolitan 3933: 3923: 3916:Freitas 2013 3911: 3889:(1): 36–42. 3886: 3882: 3876: 3849: 3843: 3832:. Retrieved 3830:. 2010-06-20 3827: 3818: 3806:. Retrieved 3802:the original 3791: 3782:the original 3776: 3766: 3741: 3737: 3703:Freitas 2013 3698: 3665: 3662:Human Nature 3661: 3622:(1): 77–89. 3619: 3615: 3571: 3567: 3529: 3525: 3481: 3477: 3456:The Atlantic 3455: 3445: 3430: 3425: 3418:Freitas 2013 3413: 3401: 3390:. Retrieved 3386: 3376: 3359: 3355: 3332:Freitas 2013 3327: 3320:Freitas 2013 3315: 3308:Freitas 2013 3303: 3292:. Retrieved 3286: 3261: 3254:Freitas 2013 3249: 3237: 3230:Freitas 2013 3225: 3213: 3202:. Retrieved 3199:Live Science 3198: 3189: 3154:(1): 76–88. 3151: 3145: 3099: 3093: 3071:. Retrieved 3067:the original 3060: 3050: 3038:. Retrieved 3034: 3010:. Retrieved 3004: 2967: 2956:. Retrieved 2931:. Retrieved 2927: 2917: 2906:. Retrieved 2894: 2884: 2873:. Retrieved 2856: 2845:. Retrieved 2834: 2825: 2821: 2815: 2790: 2786: 2730: 2726: 2690: 2686: 2661:. Paper 387. 2647: 2580: 2576: 2550: 2546: 2488: 2484: 2478: 2445: 2441: 2405: 2401: 2379:. Retrieved 2377:. 2013-03-27 2374: 2365: 2355:November 21, 2353:. 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Retrieved 1287: 1277: 1270:Freitas 2013 1236:Going steady 1194: 1190: 1185: 1182: 1179: 1170: 1157: 1155: 1146: 1137: 1128: 1119: 1106: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1077: 1055: 1046: 939: 930: 926: 909: 905:Jersey Shore 902: 894: 879: 854: 841: 825: 816: 808: 802:, and other 792: 777: 752: 740: 735: 732: 720: 716: 712: 689: 685: 673: 664: 660: 637: 633: 630:Peer culture 620: 616: 612: 608: 599: 587: 583: 570: 566:spring break 562: 551: 535:gender roles 529: 525: 521: 513: 509: 493: 490: 487: 478: 474: 470: 462: 430: 426: 418: 405: 400: 393: 389: 386:Gender roles 362: 350: 336: 319: 312: 283:anthropology 275: 264: 256: 249: 245: 238: 222: 207: 175: 139: 134: 130: 114: 82: 81: 63: 54: 30: 4645:Kimmel 2008 4358:Sexualities 4294:Kimmel 2008 4262:HuffPost UK 4244:www.bbc.com 4227:Kimmel 2008 4120:Kimmel 2008 3387:Busted Halo 3266:Kimmel 2008 3242:Kimmel 2008 3184:, p. . 2954:. USA Today 2871:. June 2013 1984:, pp. 1968:, pp. 1725:(1): 1–21. 1112:scenarios. 1084:John Gagnon 1058:John Bowlby 849:Baby boomer 768:promiscuity 590:promiscuity 543:Self-esteem 533:can affect 494:Journalist 459:Adolescents 394:Researcher 368:masculinity 190:prostitutes 154:moral panic 142:Adolescents 57:August 2022 5382:Casual sex 5376:Categories 5246:2022-11-17 4854:2016-10-20 4827:2016-10-20 4800:2016-10-20 4670:2013-07-22 4631:2013-08-03 4600:2012-11-18 4538:2012-03-07 4498:Pediatrics 3941:2013-07-22 3834:2016-03-03 3406:Bogle 2008 3392:2013-06-04 3294:2013-07-22 3218:Bogle 2008 3204:2016-10-21 3182:Bogle 2008 3073:2013-07-22 3012:2013-06-04 2958:2013-07-22 2933:2007-12-08 2908:2016-10-21 2875:2013-08-14 2847:2007-01-21 2843:. NBC News 2828:: 103–112. 2381:2016-10-20 2375:Chatelaine 2169:2013-07-22 1982:Bogle 2008 1966:Bogle 2008 1823:2013-06-04 1696:2013-07-29 1669:2013-06-25 1564:2013-07-22 1520:2013-06-22 1492:2013-07-22 1417:2013-07-29 1402:Wolfe, Tom 1380:2013-07-29 1376:. 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