3334:
3348:
252:
29:
316:
2290:
284:, which would favor the Japanese archipelago, while in La Niña years the formation of tropical cyclones, along with the subtropical ridge position, shift west, which increases the threat to China. In the Atlantic basin, the subtropical ridge position tends to lie about 5 degrees farther south during El Niño years, which leads to a more southerly recurvature for tropical cyclones during those years.
162:. This air mass rises and then diverges, moving away from the equator in both northerly and southerly directions. As the air moves towards the mid-latitudes on both sides of the equator, it cools and sinks. This creates a ridge of high pressure near the 30th parallel in both hemispheres. At the surface level, the sinking air diverges again with some returning to the equator, creating the
89:
called the "dead horse" time, and it usually lasted a month or two. The seaman's ceremony was to celebrate having worked off the "dead horse" debt. As west-bound shipping from Europe usually reached the subtropics at about the time the "dead horse" was worked off, the latitude became associated with the ceremony.
108:
A third explanation, which simultaneously explains both the northern and southern horse latitudes and does not depend on the length of the voyage or the port of departure, is based on maritime terminology: a ship was said to be 'horsed' when, although there was insufficient wind for sail, the vessel
104:
transported horses by ship to their colonies in the West Indies and
Americas. Ships often became becalmed in mid-ocean in this latitude, thus severely prolonging the voyage; the resulting water shortages made it impossible for the crew to keep the horses alive, and they would throw the dead or dying
259:
The subtropical ridge starts migrating poleward in late spring reaching its zenith in early autumn before retreating equatorward during the late fall, winter, and early spring. The equatorward migration of the subtropical ridge during the cold season is due to increasing north-south temperature
88:
of a horse around the deck before throwing it overboard. Seamen were paid partly in advance before a long voyage, and they frequently spent their pay all at once, resulting in a period of time without income. If they got advances from the ship's paymaster, they would incur debt. This period was
271:
form on the side of the subtropical ridge closer to the equator, then move poleward past the ridge axis before recurving into the main belt of the
Westerlies. When the subtropical ridge shifts due to ENSO, so will the preferred tropical cyclone tracks. Areas west of Japan and Korea tend to
331:
extend into the United States. The subtropical ridge across North
America typically migrates far enough northward to begin monsoon conditions across the Desert Southwest from July to September. When the subtropical ridge is farther north than normal towards the
657:
343:
In summer, On the subtropical ridge's western edge (generally on the eastern coast of continents), the high-pressure cell pushes poleward a southerly flow (northerly in the southern hemisphere) of tropical air. In the United States, the subtropical ridge
340:. When the high pressure moves south, its circulation cuts off the moisture, and the hot, dry continental airmass returns from the northwest, and therefore the atmosphere dries out across the Desert Southwest, causing a break in the monsoon regime.
119:, October 1967). He argued the maritime use of 'horsed' described a ship that was being carried along by an ocean current or tide in the manner of a rider on horseback. The term had been in use since the end of the seventeenth century. Furthermore,
668:
944:
981:
2845:
367:
When surface winds become light, the subsidence produced directly under the subtropical ridge can lead to a buildup of particulates in urban areas under the ridge, leading to widespread
2840:
185:
allowing for a more northerly axis for the ridge, while El Niños show flatter, more southerly ridges. The change of the ridge position during ENSO cycles changes the tracks of
863:
356:. This flow pattern also occurs on the eastern coasts of continents in other subtropical climates such as South China, southern Japan, central-eastern South America
260:
differences between the poles and tropics. The latitudinal movement of the subtropical ridge is strongly correlated with the progression of the monsoon trough or
951:
771:
207:
The consistently warm, dry, and sunny conditions of the horse latitudes are the main cause for the existence of the world's major hot deserts, such as the
739:
2800:
127:, an island off the coast of Brazil, mentions it had been visited frequently by ships "occasioned by the currents having horsed them to the westward".
177:
The subtropical ridge moves poleward during the summer, reaching its highest latitude in early autumn, before moving back during the cold season. The
2649:
2116:
1995:
870:
510:
India
Directory, or, Directions for Sailing to and from the East Indies, China, Australia, Cape of Good Hope, Brazil and the Interjacent Ports..
189:
that form around their equatorward and western peripheries. As the subtropical ridge varies in position and strength, it can enhance or depress
2779:
2174:
505:
India directory, or, Directions for sailing to and from the East Indies, China, Australia, Cape of Good Hope, Brazil, and the interjacent ports
2231:
2123:
772:
Interannual and
Interdecadal Variations of the East Asian Summer Monsoon and Tropical Pacific SSTs. Part I: Roles of the Subtropical Ridge.
196:
The horse latitudes are associated with the subtropical anticyclone. The belt in the
Northern Hemisphere is sometimes called the "calms of
843:
904:
527:
3063:
3399:
860:
631:
1988:
1812:
937:
255:
The subtropical ridge shows up as a large area of black (dryness) on this water vapor satellite image from
September 2000.
3036:
3029:
2962:
2916:
919:
787:
178:
3124:
3070:
1730:
695:"Impacts of El Nino-Southern Oscillation Events on Tropical Cyclone Landfalling Activity in the Western North Pacific"
138:. The 'Ross latitudes' were named after the Englishman who described them first but could have been mistranslated, as
3384:
2224:
288:
146:
are German synonyms for a horse. An incorrect translation could therefore have produced the term "horse latitudes".
2456:
2358:
22:
3084:
3043:
1981:
807:
353:
719:
694:
3077:
828:
572:
545:
403:
261:
159:
929:
1708:
749:
167:
81:
130:
A further explanation is that this naming first appeared in the
English translation of a German book where
80:
A likely and documented explanation is that the term is derived from the "dead horse" ritual of seamen (see
3374:
2982:
2861:
2435:
2319:
2217:
1862:
56:. They are characterized by sunny skies, calm winds, and very little precipitation. They are also known as
3188:
3170:
2772:
2189:
2257:
2053:
1932:
227:
deserts in the southwestern United States and northern Mexico, all in the
Northern Hemisphere; and the
886:
2952:
2895:
744:
623:
348:
helps create the hot, sultry summers with daily thunderstorms with buoyant airmasses typical of the
327:
season for Asia. The subtropical ridge position is linked to how far northward monsoon moisture and
3338:
2670:
2463:
2414:
1792:
499:
113:. This was suggested by Edward Taube in his article "The Sense of 'Horse' in the Horse Latitudes" (
3252:
2957:
2407:
2372:
2365:
2278:
1111:
388:
3389:
3193:
3147:
1797:
1787:
1723:
898:
323:
When the subtropical ridge in the northwest
Pacific is stronger than normal, it leads to a wet
840:
3394:
3138:
2663:
2484:
2449:
2312:
2033:
2004:
1782:
292:
804:
616:
295:(1995–present), it amplifies the subtropical ridge across the central and eastern Atlantic.
3379:
3262:
3008:
2684:
2400:
2379:
964:
706:
557:
503:
434:
276:
and neutral years, while mainland China experiences much greater landfall frequency during
115:
523:
8:
2939:
2900:
2835:
2614:
2537:
2428:
2421:
2386:
2326:
2305:
2271:
1888:
1852:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1654:
1649:
1644:
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1633:
1619:
1614:
1609:
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1557:
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1542:
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1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
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1487:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1170:
1165:
1140:
1135:
1075:
1036:
997:
735:
281:
201:
124:
49:
45:
924:
710:
562:
3001:
2241:
2018:
1893:
1857:
1772:
1762:
1629:
1577:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
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1215:
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1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1114:
1108:
960:
585:
393:
171:
61:
3257:
3017:
2621:
2393:
2333:
2038:
1908:
1867:
1777:
1747:
1716:
1270:
1180:
824:
627:
577:
372:
240:
590:
3352:
2977:
2565:
1085:
1070:
1046:
1031:
1007:
992:
714:
567:
280:
years. During El Niño years, the break in the subtropical ridge tends to lie near
268:
197:
186:
2677:
2572:
2551:
2509:
2264:
2102:
1903:
867:
847:
791:
531:
413:
236:
166:
which during summer is reinforced by other climatological mechanisms such as the
155:
2754:
3230:
2635:
2593:
2586:
2579:
2530:
2516:
2502:
2477:
2470:
2141:
1175:
1145:
959:
484:
349:
228:
224:
212:
101:
93:
1738:
3368:
3155:
3109:
2805:
2600:
2558:
2544:
2351:
2179:
2148:
1898:
1842:
1080:
1041:
1002:
784:
581:
361:
304:
251:
220:
216:
208:
110:
433:
US Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
3242:
3160:
3119:
2740:
2733:
2719:
2712:
2698:
2656:
2642:
2628:
2607:
2169:
2109:
2043:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1624:
345:
333:
328:
92:
An alternative theory, of sufficient popularity to serve as an example of
28:
3300:
3220:
3114:
2967:
2830:
2747:
2726:
2705:
2691:
2523:
2442:
1847:
1822:
1743:
408:
163:
65:
272:
experience far fewer September–November tropical cyclone impacts during
3305:
3295:
3274:
3235:
2947:
2866:
1883:
1837:
1802:
1676:
1572:
1527:
980:
69:
57:
897:
613:
277:
273:
182:
3269:
3225:
3205:
2921:
2810:
2048:
1964:
1959:
1951:
1807:
315:
734:
Bell, Gerald; Chelliah, Muthuvel; Mo, Kingste; Goldenberg, Stanley;
181:(ENSO) can displace the northern hemisphere subtropical ridge, with
3290:
3183:
3178:
2289:
2184:
2060:
398:
41:
774:
Journal of Climate: pp. 4310–4325. Retrieved on February 11, 2007.
170:. Many of the world's deserts are caused by these climatological
3247:
3023:
2028:
1922:
1739:
1481:
1065:
1026:
986:
337:
324:
310:
190:
53:
21:
This article is about the geographical area. For other uses, see
357:
85:
32:
A diagram showing the relative positions of the horse latitudes
2023:
1767:
232:
298:
893:, Sixth Edition. New York: Columbia University Press, 2003.
720:
10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<1419:IOENOE>2.0.CO;2
368:
604:
Channel Video Productions. Retrieved on February 11, 2007.
573:
10.1175/1520-0442(2001)014<3192:SAASM>2.0.CO;2
474:, Sixth Edition. New York: Columbia University Press, 2003
376:
733:
84:). In this practice, the seaman paraded a straw-stuffed
785:
Basics of the Arizona Monsoon & Desert Meteorology.
18:
Latitudes 30–35 degrees north and south of the Equator
462:, London, Oxford University Press, 1976. pp. 233, 399
432:
805:
Review of Variability in the North American Monsoon.
693:
Wu, M. C.; Chang, W. L.; Leung, W. M. (March 2004).
200:" and that in the Southern Hemisphere the "calms of
109:
could make good progress by latching on to a strong
615:
336:, monsoon thunderstorms can spread northward into
770:C.-P. Chang, Yongsheng Zhang, and Tim Li (1999).
544:Rodwell, M. J.; Hoskins, B. J. (August 1, 2001).
3366:
871:University Corporation for Atmospheric Research
614:Roger Graham Barry, Richard J. Chorley (1992).
158:leads to large amounts of convection along the
2780:List of atmospheric pressure records in Europe
738:; Blake, Eric; Pasch, Richard (May 17, 2004).
546:"Subtropical Anticyclones and Summer Monsoons"
543:
2225:
1989:
1724:
945:
193:regimes around their low-latitude periphery.
692:
920:Physical Geography – The Global Environment
821:Environment: An Interdisciplinary Anthology
2232:
2218:
2003:
1996:
1982:
1731:
1717:
952:
938:
667:. United States Navy. 2006. Archived from
718:
589:
571:
561:
497:
460:The Oxford Companion to Ships and the Sea
299:Role in weather formation and air quality
3064:South-West Indian Ocean tropical cyclone
314:
250:
27:
2239:
925:Winds and the Global Circulation System
740:"NOAA: 2004 Atlantic Hurricane Outlook"
3367:
2213:
1977:
1712:
933:
375:rises towards 100 percent overnight,
75:
1950:
1813:Tropical cyclones and climate change
891:The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia
472:The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia
319:Mean July subtropical ridge position
3037:Mediterranean tropical-like cyclone
3030:North Indian Ocean tropical cyclone
2963:Mediterranean tropical-like cyclone
2846:East Asian-northwest Pacific storms
658:"3.3 JTWC Forecasting Philosophies"
13:
3125:Upper tropospheric cyclonic vortex
3071:Australian region tropical cyclone
880:
512:. London: W. H. Allen. p. 31.
14:
3411:
913:
873:. Retrieved on February 11, 2007.
810:. Retrieved on February 11, 2007.
783:Arizona State University (2009).
645:Atmosphere, weather, and climate.
289:Atlantic multidecadal oscillation
3346:
3332:
2288:
979:
618:Atmosphere, weather, and climate
219:deserts in the Middle East, the
154:The heating of the earth at the
23:Horse latitudes (disambiguation)
3085:South Atlantic tropical cyclone
3044:Black Sea tropical-like cyclone
853:
850:Retrieved on February 11, 2007.
833:
813:
808:United States Geological Survey
797:
794:Retrieved on February 11, 2007.
777:
764:
727:
686:
650:
435:"What are the Horse Latitudes?"
354:East Coast of the United States
3078:South Pacific tropical cyclone
2841:Continental North Asian storms
607:
598:
537:
516:
491:
477:
465:
452:
426:
404:Intertropical Convergence Zone
262:Intertropical Convergence Zone
160:Intertropical Convergence Zone
134:was incorrectly understood as
1:
419:
3400:Tropical cyclone meteorology
3339:Tropical cyclones portal
2380:Great Sheffield Gale of 1962
2320:Moray Firth fishing disaster
1863:Ridiculously Resilient Ridge
665:Joint Typhoon Warning Center
293:tropical cyclone development
246:
243:in the Southern Hemisphere.
179:El Niño–Southern Oscillation
149:
7:
3189:Mesoscale convective vortex
3171:Mesoscale convective system
2773:List of European windstorms
2190:Pacific Northwest windstorm
839:Myanmar government (2007).
382:
360:, southern Queensland and,
10:
3416:
846:February 24, 2008, at the
364:province in South Africa.
308:
302:
20:
3326:
3283:
3213:
3204:
3169:
3146:
3137:
3102:
3053:
2991:
2976:
2953:Australian east coast Low
2938:
2909:
2896:Australian east coast low
2888:
2879:
2854:
2823:
2793:
2764:
2494:
2436:1992 New Year's Day Storm
2343:
2297:
2286:
2249:
2209:
2202:
2162:
2133:
2094:
2087:
2078:
2069:
2011:
1973:
1941:
1930:
1921:
1876:
1830:
1821:
1755:
978:
975:
745:Climate Prediction Center
498:Horsburgh, James (1836).
168:Rodwell–Hoskins mechanism
100:originates from when the
60:ridges or highs. It is a
3385:Meteorological phenomena
2464:Boxing Day Storm of 1998
2457:Christmas Eve storm 1997
1793:Annular tropical cyclone
291:'s mode is favorable to
3253:Multiple-vortex tornado
2692:Friederike (David) 2018
2685:Eleanor (Burglind) 2018
2408:December 1981 windstorm
2366:North Sea flood of 1953
2279:Christmas Flood of 1717
905:Encyclopædia Britannica
899:"Horse Latitudes"
803:David K. Adams (2009).
524:Hadley Circulation Cell
389:Atmospheric circulation
3194:Line echo wave pattern
3148:Mesoscale ocean eddies
2917:Southern Ocean cyclone
2005:Extratropical cyclones
1798:Bar (tropical cyclone)
1788:Central dense overcast
908:(11th ed.). 1911.
859:Robert Tardif (2002).
530:March 5, 2009, at the
320:
256:
64:at the divergence of
33:
2566:Friedhelm/Bawbag 2011
2429:Burns' Day storm 1990
2313:Night of the Big Wind
2034:Post-tropical cyclone
1783:Rapid intensification
887:Horse latitudes entry
866:May 20, 2011, at the
790:May 31, 2009, at the
622:. Routledge. p.
500:"Fernando de Noronha"
439:oceanservice.noaa.gov
318:
254:
31:
3353:Tornadoes portal
3263:Anticyclonic tornado
3231:Low-topped supercell
3009:Cape Verde hurricane
2401:Gale of January 1976
861:Fog characteristics.
736:Landsea, Christopher
371:. If the low-level
116:Journal of Geography
82:Beating a dead horse
3375:Circles of latitude
3055:Southern Hemisphere
2993:Northern Hemisphere
2881:Southern Hemisphere
2836:Western Disturbance
2650:Thomas (Doris) 2017
2422:Great storm of 1987
2387:1968 Scotland storm
2327:Tay Bridge disaster
2306:Great Storm of 1824
2272:Great Storm of 1703
2242:European windstorms
2071:Northern Hemisphere
1889:South Atlantic High
1877:Southern Hemisphere
1853:North American High
1831:Northern Hemisphere
1076:Tropic of Capricorn
1037:Tropic of Capricorn
998:Tropic of Capricorn
961:Circles of latitude
711:2004JCli...17.1419W
563:2001JCli...14.3192R
522:Owen E. Thompson. "
172:high-pressure areas
125:Fernando de Noronha
121:The India Directory
105:animals overboard.
96:, is that the term
3002:Atlantic hurricane
2958:Lake Huron cyclone
2019:Anticyclonic storm
1894:South Pacific High
1858:North Pacific High
1773:High-pressure area
1763:Anticyclonic storm
752:on January 1, 2019
699:Journal of Climate
550:Journal of Climate
485:"World Wide Words"
394:Circle of latitude
321:
257:
76:Origin of the term
62:high-pressure area
34:
3362:
3361:
3322:
3321:
3318:
3317:
3314:
3313:
3258:Satellite tornado
3133:
3132:
3098:
3097:
3094:
3093:
3018:Pacific hurricane
2934:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2875:
2874:
2819:
2818:
2789:
2788:
2334:Eyemouth disaster
2250:14th-18th century
2198:
2197:
2158:
2157:
2039:Low-pressure area
1917:
1916:
1909:Subtropical ridge
1868:Subtropical ridge
1778:Low-pressure area
1748:Centers of action
1706:
1705:
633:978-0-415-07760-6
556:(15): 3192–3211.
373:relative humidity
269:tropical cyclones
241:Australian Desert
187:tropical cyclones
123:in its entry for
44:about 30 degrees
3407:
3351:
3350:
3349:
3337:
3336:
3335:
3211:
3210:
3144:
3143:
3087:
3080:
3073:
3066:
3056:
3046:
3039:
3032:
3020:
3011:
3004:
2994:
2989:
2988:
2901:Black nor'easter
2886:
2885:
2882:
2801:Black Sea storms
2782:
2775:
2757:
2750:
2743:
2736:
2729:
2722:
2715:
2708:
2701:
2694:
2687:
2680:
2673:
2666:
2659:
2652:
2645:
2638:
2631:
2624:
2617:
2610:
2603:
2596:
2589:
2582:
2575:
2568:
2561:
2554:
2547:
2540:
2533:
2526:
2519:
2512:
2505:
2487:
2480:
2473:
2466:
2459:
2452:
2445:
2443:Braer Storm 1993
2438:
2431:
2424:
2417:
2410:
2403:
2396:
2389:
2382:
2375:
2368:
2361:
2354:
2336:
2329:
2322:
2315:
2308:
2292:
2281:
2274:
2267:
2260:
2244:
2234:
2227:
2220:
2211:
2210:
2207:
2206:
2151:
2144:
2126:
2119:
2112:
2105:
2092:
2091:
2085:
2084:
2081:
2076:
2075:
2072:
1998:
1991:
1984:
1975:
1974:
1948:
1947:
1944:
1939:
1938:
1935:
1928:
1927:
1884:South Polar High
1838:North Polar High
1828:
1827:
1733:
1726:
1719:
1710:
1709:
1086:Antarctic Circle
1071:Tropic of Cancer
1047:Antarctic Circle
1032:Tropic of Cancer
1008:Antarctic Circle
993:Tropic of Cancer
983:
954:
947:
940:
931:
930:
909:
901:
874:
857:
851:
837:
831:
817:
811:
801:
795:
781:
775:
768:
762:
761:
759:
757:
748:. Archived from
731:
725:
724:
722:
705:(6): 1419–1428.
690:
684:
683:
681:
679:
673:
662:
654:
648:
647:
642:
640:
621:
611:
605:
602:
596:
595:
593:
575:
565:
541:
535:
520:
514:
513:
495:
489:
488:
481:
475:
469:
463:
456:
450:
449:
447:
445:
430:
3415:
3414:
3410:
3409:
3408:
3406:
3405:
3404:
3365:
3364:
3363:
3358:
3347:
3345:
3333:
3331:
3310:
3279:
3200:
3165:
3129:
3090:
3083:
3076:
3069:
3062:
3054:
3049:
3042:
3035:
3028:
3016:
3007:
3000:
2992:
2980:
2972:
2926:
2905:
2880:
2871:
2850:
2815:
2785:
2778:
2771:
2760:
2753:
2746:
2739:
2732:
2725:
2718:
2711:
2704:
2697:
2690:
2683:
2676:
2669:
2662:
2655:
2648:
2641:
2634:
2627:
2620:
2613:
2606:
2599:
2592:
2585:
2578:
2571:
2564:
2557:
2550:
2543:
2536:
2529:
2522:
2515:
2508:
2501:
2490:
2483:
2476:
2469:
2462:
2455:
2448:
2441:
2434:
2427:
2420:
2413:
2406:
2399:
2392:
2385:
2378:
2371:
2364:
2357:
2350:
2339:
2332:
2325:
2318:
2311:
2304:
2293:
2284:
2277:
2270:
2265:Burchardi flood
2263:
2258:Grote Mandrenke
2256:
2245:
2240:
2238:
2194:
2154:
2147:
2140:
2129:
2122:
2117:Great basin low
2115:
2108:
2103:Alberta clipper
2101:
2079:
2070:
2065:
2007:
2002:
1969:
1965:South Polar low
1960:North Polar low
1942:
1931:
1913:
1904:Australian High
1872:
1817:
1751:
1737:
1707:
1702:
1701:
1700:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1104:
1102:
1099:Horse latitudes
1095:
1092:Horse latitudes
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1060:Horse latitudes
1056:
1053:Horse latitudes
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1021:Horse latitudes
1017:
1014:Horse latitudes
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
971:
969:Horse latitudes
958:
916:
896:
883:
881:Further reading
878:
877:
868:Wayback Machine
858:
854:
848:Wayback Machine
838:
834:
819:Adelson, Glen;
818:
814:
802:
798:
792:Wayback Machine
782:
778:
769:
765:
755:
753:
732:
728:
691:
687:
677:
675:
674:on July 5, 2012
671:
660:
656:
655:
651:
638:
636:
634:
612:
608:
603:
599:
542:
538:
532:Wayback Machine
521:
517:
496:
492:
483:
482:
478:
470:
466:
457:
453:
443:
441:
431:
427:
422:
414:Roaring Forties
385:
313:
307:
301:
249:
237:Kalahari Desert
211:in Africa, the
156:thermal equator
152:
98:horse latitudes
78:
38:horse latitudes
26:
19:
12:
11:
5:
3413:
3403:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3360:
3359:
3357:
3356:
3342:
3327:
3324:
3323:
3320:
3319:
3316:
3315:
3312:
3311:
3309:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3287:
3285:
3281:
3280:
3278:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3266:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3245:
3240:
3239:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3217:
3215:
3208:
3202:
3201:
3199:
3198:
3197:
3196:
3186:
3181:
3175:
3173:
3167:
3166:
3164:
3163:
3158:
3152:
3150:
3141:
3135:
3134:
3131:
3130:
3128:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3106:
3104:
3100:
3099:
3096:
3095:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3088:
3081:
3074:
3067:
3059:
3057:
3051:
3050:
3048:
3047:
3040:
3033:
3026:
3021:
3014:
3013:
3012:
2997:
2995:
2986:
2974:
2973:
2971:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2944:
2942:
2936:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2924:
2919:
2913:
2911:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2903:
2898:
2892:
2890:
2883:
2877:
2876:
2873:
2872:
2870:
2869:
2864:
2858:
2856:
2852:
2851:
2849:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2827:
2825:
2821:
2820:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2797:
2795:
2791:
2790:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2783:
2776:
2768:
2766:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2758:
2751:
2744:
2737:
2730:
2723:
2716:
2709:
2702:
2695:
2688:
2681:
2674:
2667:
2660:
2653:
2646:
2639:
2632:
2625:
2622:Christina 2014
2618:
2611:
2604:
2597:
2590:
2583:
2576:
2569:
2562:
2555:
2548:
2541:
2534:
2527:
2520:
2513:
2506:
2498:
2496:
2492:
2491:
2489:
2488:
2481:
2474:
2467:
2460:
2453:
2446:
2439:
2432:
2425:
2418:
2411:
2404:
2397:
2394:Quimburga 1972
2390:
2383:
2376:
2369:
2362:
2355:
2347:
2345:
2341:
2340:
2338:
2337:
2330:
2323:
2316:
2309:
2301:
2299:
2295:
2294:
2287:
2285:
2283:
2282:
2275:
2268:
2261:
2253:
2251:
2247:
2246:
2237:
2236:
2229:
2222:
2214:
2204:
2200:
2199:
2196:
2195:
2193:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2166:
2164:
2160:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2152:
2145:
2142:Panhandle hook
2137:
2135:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2127:
2120:
2113:
2106:
2098:
2096:
2089:
2082:
2073:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2063:
2058:
2057:
2056:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2015:
2013:
2009:
2008:
2001:
2000:
1993:
1986:
1978:
1971:
1970:
1968:
1967:
1962:
1956:
1954:
1945:
1936:
1933:Synoptic scale
1925:
1919:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1912:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1880:
1878:
1874:
1873:
1871:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1834:
1832:
1825:
1819:
1818:
1816:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1759:
1757:
1753:
1752:
1746:of the world (
1736:
1735:
1728:
1721:
1713:
1704:
1703:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1106:
1096:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1057:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1018:
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
984:
977:
976:
973:
972:
957:
956:
949:
942:
934:
928:
927:
922:
915:
914:External links
912:
911:
910:
894:
882:
879:
876:
875:
852:
832:
823:, pp. 466–467
812:
796:
776:
763:
726:
685:
649:
632:
606:
597:
536:
515:
490:
476:
464:
451:
424:
423:
421:
418:
417:
416:
411:
406:
401:
396:
391:
384:
381:
350:Gulf of Mexico
309:Main article:
300:
297:
248:
245:
229:Atacama Desert
151:
148:
94:folk etymology
77:
74:
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3412:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3390:Climate zones
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3372:
3370:
3355:
3354:
3343:
3341:
3340:
3329:
3328:
3325:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3282:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3250:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3223:
3222:
3219:
3218:
3216:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3203:
3195:
3192:
3191:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3172:
3168:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3156:Catalina eddy
3154:
3153:
3151:
3149:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3136:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3110:Cold-core low
3108:
3107:
3105:
3101:
3086:
3082:
3079:
3075:
3072:
3068:
3065:
3061:
3060:
3058:
3052:
3045:
3041:
3038:
3034:
3031:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3019:
3015:
3010:
3006:
3005:
3003:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2990:
2987:
2984:
2979:
2975:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2941:
2937:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2908:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2887:
2884:
2878:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2859:
2857:
2853:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2828:
2826:
2822:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2806:Icelandic Low
2804:
2802:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2792:
2781:
2777:
2774:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2763:
2756:
2752:
2749:
2745:
2742:
2738:
2735:
2731:
2728:
2724:
2721:
2717:
2714:
2710:
2707:
2703:
2700:
2696:
2693:
2689:
2686:
2682:
2679:
2675:
2672:
2668:
2665:
2661:
2658:
2654:
2651:
2647:
2644:
2640:
2637:
2633:
2630:
2626:
2623:
2619:
2616:
2612:
2609:
2605:
2602:
2598:
2595:
2591:
2588:
2584:
2581:
2577:
2574:
2570:
2567:
2563:
2560:
2556:
2553:
2549:
2546:
2542:
2539:
2535:
2532:
2528:
2525:
2521:
2518:
2514:
2511:
2507:
2504:
2500:
2499:
2497:
2493:
2486:
2482:
2479:
2475:
2472:
2468:
2465:
2461:
2458:
2454:
2451:
2447:
2444:
2440:
2437:
2433:
2430:
2426:
2423:
2419:
2416:
2412:
2409:
2405:
2402:
2398:
2395:
2391:
2388:
2384:
2381:
2377:
2374:
2370:
2367:
2363:
2360:
2356:
2353:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2342:
2335:
2331:
2328:
2324:
2321:
2317:
2314:
2310:
2307:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2296:
2291:
2280:
2276:
2273:
2269:
2266:
2262:
2259:
2255:
2254:
2252:
2248:
2243:
2235:
2230:
2228:
2223:
2221:
2216:
2215:
2212:
2208:
2205:
2201:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2161:
2150:
2149:November gale
2146:
2143:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2132:
2125:
2121:
2118:
2114:
2111:
2107:
2104:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2093:
2090:
2086:
2083:
2080:North America
2077:
2074:
2068:
2062:
2059:
2055:
2052:
2051:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2010:
2006:
1999:
1994:
1992:
1987:
1985:
1980:
1979:
1976:
1972:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1949:
1946:
1943:Surface-based
1940:
1937:
1934:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1920:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1899:Kalahari High
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1879:
1875:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1843:Siberian High
1841:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1833:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1820:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1758:
1754:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1734:
1729:
1727:
1722:
1720:
1715:
1714:
1711:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1657:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1635:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1605:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1583:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1483:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1105:
1101:
1100:
1094:
1093:
1087:
1082:
1081:Arctic Circle
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1061:
1055:
1054:
1048:
1043:
1042:Arctic Circle
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1022:
1016:
1015:
1009:
1004:
1003:Arctic Circle
999:
994:
989:
988:
982:
974:
970:
966:
962:
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362:KwaZulu-Natal
359:
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329:thunderstorms
326:
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305:Air pollution
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209:Sahara Desert
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24:
16:
3395:Anticyclones
3344:
3330:
3243:Funnel cloud
3161:Haida Eddies
3120:Polar vortex
2678:Herwart 2017
2671:Ophelia 2017
2594:St Jude 2013
2573:Joachim 2011
2552:Xynthia 2010
2510:Jeanett 2002
2495:21st century
2415:Charley 1986
2352:Ulysses 1903
2344:20th century
2298:19th century
2175:Hatteras low
2170:Aleutian Low
2110:Colorado low
2044:Weather bomb
1744:anticyclones
1655:
1632:
1603:
1580:
1480:
1107:
1103:
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967:showing the
903:
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766:
756:February 11,
754:. Retrieved
750:the original
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678:February 11,
676:. Retrieved
669:the original
664:
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637:. Retrieved
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442:. Retrieved
438:
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346:Bermuda High
342:
334:Four Corners
322:
286:
266:
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233:Namib Desert
206:
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136:Pferdbreiten
135:
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114:
107:
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91:
79:
37:
35:
15:
3380:Age of Sail
3301:Steam devil
3221:Mesocyclone
3115:Cut-off low
3103:Upper level
2940:Subtropical
2910:Other areas
2855:Other areas
2831:Asiatic Low
2755:Ciarán 2023
2741:Larisa 2023
2734:Eunice 2022
2720:Aurore 2021
2713:Dennis 2020
2699:Adrian 2018
2664:Xavier 2017
2636:Niklas 2015
2587:Andrea 2012
2580:Dagmar 2011
2531:Kyrill 2007
2517:Gudrun 2005
2503:Oratia 2000
2485:Martin 1999
2478:Lothar 1999
2471:Anatol 1999
2373:Debbie 1961
2359:Iberia 1941
2124:Bighorn Low
2095:Lee Cyclone
2088:Continental
1848:Azores High
1823:Anticyclone
639:November 9,
409:Polar front
164:Hadley cell
132:Rossbreiten
66:trade winds
58:subtropical
3369:Categories
3306:Fire whirl
3296:Dust devil
3275:Waterspout
3236:Wall cloud
2948:Kona storm
2867:Kona storm
2748:Babet 2023
2727:Malik 2022
2706:Ciara 2020
2601:Xaver 2013
2559:Berit 2011
2545:Klaus 2009
2180:Nor'easter
1803:Superstorm
829:0300110774
420:References
379:can form.
303:See also:
239:, and the
70:westerlies
3270:Landspout
3226:Supercell
3206:Whirlwind
3139:Mesoscale
2922:Sudestada
2889:Australia
2811:Genoa low
2657:Zeus 2017
2643:Egon 2017
2629:Tini 2014
2615:Anne 2014
2608:Dirk 2013
2538:Emma 2008
2450:Lili 1996
2049:Sting jet
1808:Hypercane
965:Meridians
582:0894-8755
444:April 17,
287:When the
247:Migration
202:Capricorn
150:Formation
42:latitudes
40:are the
3291:Gustnado
3184:Mesohigh
3179:Wake Low
2978:Tropical
2765:See also
2524:Per 2007
2185:Gulf low
2061:Rainband
2012:Concepts
1756:Concepts
1740:Cyclones
864:Archived
844:Archived
788:Archived
591:58891085
528:Archived
399:Doldrums
383:See also
352:and the
68:and the
3248:Tornado
3024:Typhoon
2983:Outline
2968:Thermal
2163:Oceanic
2029:Cyclone
1923:Cyclone
1066:Equator
1027:Equator
987:Equator
707:Bibcode
558:Bibcode
487:. 2008.
338:Arizona
325:monsoon
311:Monsoon
278:La Niña
274:El Niño
225:Sonoran
213:Arabian
191:monsoon
183:La Niña
111:current
102:Spanish
54:Equator
52:of the
2862:Arctic
2203:Europe
827:
630:
588:
580:
358:Pampas
235:, the
231:, the
221:Mojave
217:Syrian
198:Cancer
86:effigy
3284:Minor
3214:Major
2794:Other
2134:Other
2024:Storm
1952:Polar
1768:Storm
1697:45x90
1692:45x90
1687:45x90
1682:45x90
841:Haze.
672:(PDF)
661:(PDF)
586:S2CID
282:130°E
267:Most
140:Pferd
50:south
46:north
2824:Asia
2054:List
1742:and
1476:170°
1471:160°
1466:140°
1461:130°
1456:110°
1451:100°
1416:170°
1411:160°
1406:140°
1401:130°
1396:110°
1391:100°
1356:175°
1351:165°
1346:155°
1341:145°
1336:135°
1331:125°
1326:115°
1321:105°
1266:175°
1261:165°
1256:155°
1251:145°
1246:135°
1241:125°
1236:115°
1231:105°
1176:180°
1171:150°
1166:120°
1146:180°
1141:150°
1136:120°
825:ISBN
758:2007
680:2007
641:2009
628:ISBN
578:ISSN
446:2021
369:haze
223:and
215:and
144:Ross
142:and
48:and
36:The
1677:85°
1672:75°
1667:65°
1662:55°
1656:45°
1650:35°
1645:25°
1640:15°
1625:85°
1620:75°
1615:65°
1610:55°
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1156:60°
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1131:90°
1126:60°
1121:30°
889:in
715:doi
624:117
568:doi
526:".
377:fog
204:".
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1181:5°
1112:0°
963:/
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