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the abolition of polygamy. While her thoughts on
Islamic culture were entrenched in imperial thinking, she made clear the negative influence of French colonialism on the societies in which they settled. She claimed that the oppression from Islamic law was made worse by collusion between the French administrators and Arab men. Arab males, in her eyes, appeared backwards in part because of the effects of racism from the French settlers. Because of male oppression, she saw the colonized women as the most significant sufferers. She claimed because of the patriarchy of both the Arabs and the French, the Algerian women were the least advanced socially, morally, and culturally.
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perverse sexual customs of the natives." For example, the most provocative section of
Auclert's work detailed her argument that "Arab marriage is child rape." Clancy-Smith also critiques Auclert's success as an activist: all of the petitions that Auclert submitted on behalf of Algerian women were met with indifference, according to Auclert. There are no records of Muslim women's awareness or response to her advocacy. Clancy-Smith argues that Auclert returned to Paris in 1892 without "any concrete results," other than ironically convincing many in France that the Algerians were too barbaric and unsuitable for political rights.
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196:, became involved with feminist work and eventually took a job as Richer's secretary. Influenced by her life in a Catholic convent, and like many of the leading republican feminists at the time, she was a militant anticlerical. While the main focus of the French feminist movement was directed towards changes to the laws, Auclert pushed further by demanding that women be given the right to run for public office and claiming that the unfair laws would never have been passed had the views of women legislators been heard. In 1876, she founded the
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in 1888 where they would remain for four years until he died and she returned to Paris. While in
Algeria, Auclert extensively studied and recorded the daily lives of Arab women. Auclert paralleled the male prejudice against women in France with the racial prejudice against the colonized in Algeria as
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Her activism for the rights of
Algerian women paralleled the "familial" or "maternalist" feminism that she advocated for in France. Such prejudice took form as French collusion with Arab males to suppress Arab women's education and to respect Islamic practices of child marriages, polygamy, and bride
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If a woman bought something with her earnings that she did not consume herself, such as a piece of furniture, it became her husband's property unless there was a marriage contract that specified otherwise, which normally occurred with prosperous couples. In
November 1907, the General Council of the
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writes that, though
Auclert criticizes the negative influence of French colonialism, she is similar to contemporary British feminists in using a discourse of a "universal sisterhood" that was oxymoronically imperial and hierarchical to protect the colonized populations. While Auclert blamed French
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Auclert acted out of a moral duty to elevate the status of Arab women to make it possible for them to obtain the same dignity of French women. In
Algeria and on her return to France, Auclert pursued legal action to acknowledge the rights of Arab women, such as petitions for improved education, and
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in
Marseille in 1879, Auclert made passionate pleas for women's rights, but argued that they needed economic independence due to their "natural" motherhood. Auclert was on a special committee to consider the equality of women and was given an hour to speak to the congress on the subject. After her
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In 1878, the "International
Congress on Women's Rights" was held in Paris but to the chagrin of Auclert, it did not support women's suffrage. Resolute, in 1880, Auclert began a tax revolt, arguing that without representation women should not be subjected to taxation. One of her legal advisors was
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Clancy-Smith quotes that
Auclert claimed Arab men rendered the women "little victims of Muslim debauchery," and must be "freed from their cages, walled homes, and cloisters" to assimilate into Frenchwomen. Auclert's writing about Algerian women focused on, in Clancy-Smith's words, "the morally
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In 1884, the French government finally legalized divorce, but Auclert denounced it because of the law's blatant bias against women that still did not allow a woman to keep her wages. Auclert proposed the radical idea that there should be a marriage contract between spouses with separation of
164:. As a young girl she planned to become a nun but left the convent at 16. Estranged from her mother, she lived with her uncle for a time but had to return to the convent a few years later. She left the convent for good in 1869 and moved to
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speech, she was invited to head a committee to prepare a statement on women's rights. The statement, which said women should have the same social, legal, political and working rights as men, was approved by the congress.
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Considered one of the central figures in the history of the French women's rights movement, Auclert continued her activism until her death in 1914, at 66, the day after France declared war on Germany, entering
283:. Unintentionally, her work in Algeria served as further justification for French colonialism as it highlighted the perceived degraded condition of Arab women under Algerian rule. No longer able to support
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men for worsening the "barbarism" of Arab men and thus worsening the condition of Arab women, much of her rhetoric to advocate for Arab women painted them as victims of their religion.
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The 60-year-old Auclert continued her push for total equality. In 1908, she symbolically smashed a ballot box during municipal elections in Paris, and in 1910, she and
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that argued vociferously for women's enfranchisement. The paper received vocal support from even the elite in the feminist movement, such as
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area of France into a middle-class family, Hubertine Auclert's father died when she was 13 and her mother sent her to live and study in a
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the "French Algerians… do everything possible to keep the Arabs in a state of ignorance so conductive to exploitation and domination."
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In July 1907 married women in France were finally given incomplete control over their own salaries due to the lobbying of the
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defied authorities and presented themselves as candidates in the elections for members of the legislative assembly.
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financially, the newspaper closed, but she continued her activism. In 1900, she witnessed the establishment of the "
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She wrote about the consequences Arab women suffered because of Islam in the Algerian press:
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to provide education and economic independence for women and the legalisation of divorce.
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wrote several articles for the newspaper. In her writings, she also brought the term
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opened the door to activism on the part of women, who began demanding changes to the
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attorney Antonin Lévrier, whom she later married. On 13 February 1881 she launched
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Islam, Gender, and Identities in the Making of French Algeria, 1830-1962.
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Hause, Steven (1999). "Auclert, Hubertine". In Commire, Anne (ed.).
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The Third Republic in France, 1870-1940: Conflicts and Continuities
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Elizabeth Cady Stanton; Susan B. Anthony; Matilda Joslyn (1886).
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Seine yielded to pressure from Auclert and gave its support to
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Islam, Gender, and Identities in the Making of French Algeria,
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481:"Jeanne Schmahl et la loi sur le libre salaire de la femme"
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France and Women, 1789–1914: Gender, Society and Politics
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128:; 10 April 1848 – 4 August 1914) was a leading French
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in Paris; the sculpture on her tomb commemorates the
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trade which restricted the rights of the Arab woman.
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Auclert, inspired by the high-profile activities of
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Women in World History: A biographical encyclopedia
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332:'s 1906 bill proposing limited women's suffrage.
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623:Gender and Class in Modern Europe
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485:Bulletin du Archives du Féminisme
200:(The Rights of Women) to support
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392:The Grounding of Modern Feminism
320:(Forerunner) association led by
289:National Council of French Women
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517:. New York: 4. 4 September 1911
184:Political activism and feminism
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299:Julia Clancy-Smith, author of
207:Société le suffrage des femmes
16:French feminist and campaigner
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479:Metz, Annie (December 2007).
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172:and the establishment of the
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693:Resources in other libraries
674:Resources in other libraries
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585:Clancy-Smith, Julia (1998),
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210:(Women's Suffrage Society).
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375:History of Woman Suffrage
347:. She is interred in the
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312:Later activism and death
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349:Père Lachaise Cemetery
98:Père Lachaise Cemetery
132:and a campaigner for
793:French tax resisters
739:at Wikimedia Commons
682:By Hubertine Auclert
487:(13). Archived from
389:Cott, Nancy (1987).
353:"Suffrage des Femmes
277:Le Radical Algérien,
255:Algeria and feminism
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778:French suffragists
763:People from Allier
233:Marie Bashkirtseff
737:Hubertine Auclert
735:Media related to
660:Hubertine Auclert
655:Library resources
606:978-1-351-54000-1
560:978-0-415-22602-8
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345:World War I
194:Léon Richer
150:département
757:Categories
747:Faded Page
716:0787640808
639:28 January
612:28 January
402:0300042280
359:References
251:property.
225:(page 899)
140:Early life
108:Suffragist
49:1848-04-10
295:Criticism
749:(Canada)
521:23 March
495:22 March
237:feminism
229:Séverine
155:Auvergne
130:feminist
112:feminist
61:Auvergne
578:Sources
279:and in
261:Algeria
242:At the
222:monthly
162:convent
153:in the
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83:Paris
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