2910:
4797:(e.g., Stringer, 1984; Andrews, 1984; Tattersall, 1986; Wood, 1984, 1991a, b; Schwartz and Tattersall, 2000) ... Unlike the European lineage, in my opinion, the taxonomic issues surrounding Asian vs. African H. erectus are more intractable. The issue was most pointedly addressed with the naming of H. ergaster on the basis of the type mandible KNM-ER 992, but also including the partial skeleton and isolated teeth of KNM-ER 803 among other Koobi Fora remains (Groves and Mazak, 1975). Recently, this specific name was applied to most early African and Georgian H. erectus in recognition of the less-derived nature of these remains vis Ă vis conditions in Asian H. erectus (see Wood, 1991a, p. 268; Gabunia et al., 2000a). At least portions of the paratype of H. ergaster (e.g., KNM-ER 1805) are not included in most current conceptions of that taxon. The
127:
4515:
Gongdibé; Fronty, Pierre; Geraads, Denis; Lehmann, Thomas; Lihoreau, Fabrice; Louchart, Antoine; Mahamat, Adoum; Merceron, Gildas; Mouchelin, Guy; Otero, Olga; Campomanes, Pablo Pelaez; De Leon, Marcia Ponce; Rage, Jean-Claude; Sapanet, Michel; Schuster, Mathieu; Sudre, Jean; Tassy, Pascal; Valentin, Xavier; Vignaud, Patrick; Viriot, Laurent; Zazzo, Antoine; Zollikofer, Christoph (11 July 2002). "A new hominid from the Upper
Miocene of Chad, Central Africa".
7338:
1646:
7362:
7350:
5780:
Statement of the
Principle of Coordination applied to species-group names. A name established for a taxon at either rank in the species group is deemed to have been simultaneously established by the same author for a taxon at the other rank in the group; both nominal taxa have the same name-bearing
4514:
Brunet, Michel; Guy, Franck; Pilbeam, David; Mackaye, Hassane Taisso; Likius, Andossa; Ahounta, Djimdoumalbaye; Beauvilain, Alain; Blondel, Cécile; Bocherens, Hervé; Boisserie, Jean-Renaud; De Bonis, Louis; Coppens, Yves; Dejax, Jean; Denys, Christiane; Duringer, Philippe; Eisenmann, Véra; Fanone,
3599:
may have appeared some 2 million years ago. Fossils dated to as much as 1.8 million years ago have been found both in Africa and in
Southeast Asia, and the oldest fossils by a narrow margin (1.85 to 1.77 million years ago) were found in the Caucasus, so that it is unclear whether
5787:
is rarely used before the 1940s. In 1946, John
Wendell Bailey attributes the name to Linnaeus (1758) explicitly: "Linnaeus. Syst. Nat. ed. 10, Vol. 1. pp. 20, 21, 22, lists five races of man, viz: Homo sapiens sapiens (white — Caucasian) ", This is a misattribution, but
4801:
question remains famously unresolved (e.g., Stringer, 1984; Tattersall, 1986; Wood, 1991a, 1994; Rightmire, 1998b; Gabunia et al., 2000a; Schwartz and
Tattersall, 2000), in no small part because the original diagnosis provided no comparison with the Asian fossil
1768:" hoax of 1912 was the fraudulent presentation of such a transitional species. Since the mid-20th century, knowledge of the development of Hominini has become much more detailed, and taxonomical terminology has been altered a number of times to reflect this.
4837:
Lordkipanidze, David; Ponce de Leòn, Marcia S.; Margvelashvili, Ann; Rak, Yoel; Rightmire, G. Philip; Vekua, Abesalom; Zollikofer, Christoph P. E. (18 October 2013). "A Complete Skull from
Dmanisi, Georgia, and the Evolutionary Biology of Early Homo".
1550:
over an extended time of hybridization, spanning roughly 10 to 6 million years ago, with possible admixture as late as 4 million years ago. A subtribe of uncertain validity, grouping archaic "pre-human" or "para-human" species younger than the
4965:
DiMaggio EN, Campisano CJ, Rowan J, Dupont-Nivet G, Deino AL, Bibi F, et al. (March 2015). "Paleoanthropology. Late
Pliocene fossiliferous sedimentary record and the environmental context of early Homo from Afar, Ethiopia".
1619:, but contemporary anthropologists reject the concept of race as a useful tool to understanding humanity, and instead view humanity as a complex, interrelated genetic continuum. Taxonomy of the hominins continues to evolve.
2976:
A subspecies cannot be recognized independently: a species will either be recognized as having no subspecies at all or at least two (including any that are extinct). Therefore, the designation of an extant subspecies
5703:"A new human species once lived in this Philippine cave – Archaeologists in Luzon Island have turned up the bones of a distantly related species, Homo luzonensis, further expanding the human family tree"
4793:), once thought so primitive, was in fact more derived than its African counterparts. These morphological differences were interpreted by some as evidence that more than one species might be included in
5511:
Bischoff JL, Shamp DD, Aramburu A, et al. (March 2003). "The Sima de los Huesos
Hominids Date to Beyond U/Th Equilibrium (>350 kyr) and Perhaps to 400–500 kyr: New Radiometric Dates".
1677:
during the 1730s to 1750s. He was the first to develop the idea that, like other biological entities, groups of people could too share taxonomic classifications. He named the human species as
3801:
has long been assumed to be close to 200,000 years, but since 2017 there have been a number of suggestions extending this time to as high as 300,000 years. In 2017, fossils found in
5017:
Curnoe D (June 2010). "A review of early Homo in southern Africa focusing on cranial, mandibular and dental remains, with the description of a new species (Homo gautengensis sp. nov.)".
4890:
1508:
has increased drastically, and a number of intermediate taxa have been proposed in the 20th and early 21st centuries. The most widely accepted taxonomy grouping takes the genus
2945:
has a complicated history. The rank of subspecies in zoology is introduced for convenience, and not by objective criteria, based on pragmatic consideration of factors such as
1748:, classified in 1864. Since then, a number of other archaic species have been named, but there is no universal consensus as to their exact number. After the discovery of
4360:
De
Heinzelin, J; Clark, JD; White, T; Hart, W; Renne, P; Woldegabriel, G; Beyene, Y; Vrba, E (1999). "Environment and behavior of 2.5-million-year-old Bouri hominids".
3575:
A species proposed in 2010 based on the fossil remains of three individuals dated between 1.9 and 0.6 million years ago. The same fossils were also classified as
4177:
Gray, J. E. (1825). "An outline of an attempt at the disposition of
Mammalia into Tribes and Families, with a list of genera apparently appertaining to each Tribe".
2909:
7576:
7571:
1752:, which even if "archaic" is recognizable as clearly human, late 19th to early 20th century anthropology for a time was occupied with finding the supposedly "
3558:
Hominins with "proto-Homo" traits may have lived as early as 2.8 million years ago, as suggested by a fossil jawbone classified as transitional between
2031:
Designations alternative to Hominina have been proposed: Australopithecinae (Gregory & Hellman 1939) and Preanthropinae (Cela-Conde & Altaba 2002);
7698:
7583:
3312:, published 1967–1972. A late example of an academic authority proposing that the human racial groups should be considered taxonomical subspecies is
5234:
Muttoni G, Scardia G, Kent DV, Swisher CC, Manzi G (2009). "Pleistocene magnetochronology of early hominin sites at Ceprano and Fontana Ranuccio, Italy".
4679:
7566:
7207:
5222:
Intensive Course in Biological Anthrpology, 1st Summer School of the European Anthropological Association, 16–30 June, 2007, Prague, Czech Republic
7557:
7235:
6278:
6217:
4206:
3776:
between 300 and 243 thousand years ago is conventional, and makes use of the fact that there is no known fossil in this period. Examples of
2896:
3838:). There is a fossil gap in Europe between 300 and 243 kya, and by convention, fossils younger than 243 kya are called "Neanderthal".
5758:
7703:
5764:
3353:, but even in this case there is a dissenting view arguing that "the skulls may not be distinctive enough to warrant a new subspecies name".
5548:
Dean D, Hublin JJ, Holloway R, Ziegler R (May 1998). "On the phylogenetic position of the pre-Neandertal specimen from Reilingen, Germany".
3198:(2014) frames this as a debate that is unresolvable in principle, "since there is no definition of species perfectly describing the case."
7083:
2336:
1949:
jawbone fossil discovered in 2013, dated to 2.8 Mya, has been argued as being transitional between the two. It is also disputed whether
3366:
1572:
the only known genus within Hominina. Alternatively, following Cela-Conde and Ayala (2003), the "pre-human" or "proto-human" genera of
1281:
4898:
7630:
7400:
6471:
6431:
6069:
4753:
4055:
3813:
may have speciated by as early as 315,000 years ago. Genetic evidence has been adduced for an age of roughly 270,000 years.
1999:
1547:
1151:
2018:
exclusively, so that Hominini would have two subtribes, Australopithecina and Hominina, with the only known genus in Hominina being
7323:
7167:
6481:
5419:
1171:
540:
5745:. To be fair to Linnaeus, the practice of setting type specimens aside doesn't seem to have developed until a century or so later.
3504:
3391:
since its introduction in 1892 has been divided into numerous subspecies, many of them formerly considered individual species of
3822:
The first humans with "proto-Neanderthal traits" lived in Eurasia as early as 0.6 to 0.35 million years ago (classified as
1807:
1938) is a proposal by Gregory & Hellman (1939). More recently proposed additions to the Australopithecina subtribe include
7225:
6476:
1131:
5641:
7230:
7108:
6486:
5071:
4949:
3324:
in the second half of the 20th century. Derived from the convention, widespread in the 1980s, of considering two subspecies,
3308:
4105:
7187:
3194:. There have been "taxonomic wars" over whether Neanderthals were a separate species since their discovery in the 1860s.
3053:
2014:) not known in Gray's time. In this suggestion, the new subtribe of Hominina was to be designated as including the genus
5702:
1825:(2002) relative to Australopithecina within Hominini is unclear. Cela-Conde and Ayala (2003) propose the recognition of
7296:
4022:
3830:
because it represents a chronological grouping rather than being based on clear morphological distinctions from either
3626:. Formerly dated to as late as 50,000 to 40,000 years ago, a 2011 study pushed back the date of its extinction of
3128:
3010:
2966:
7162:
6377:
6047:
5998:
5963:
5513:
4498:
1968:
5953:
5456:"Deeply divergent archaic mitochondrial genome provides lower time boundary for African gene flow into Neanderthals"
7510:
7354:
4933:
3781:
2101:) There appears to be a recent trend, with the availability of ever more difficult-to-classify fossils such as the
1111:
2002:
by definition, to the inclusion of Australopithecines and other possible pre-human or para-human species (such as
7306:
7202:
2181:
1321:
259:
3604:
emerged in Africa and migrated to Eurasia, or if, conversely, it evolved in Eurasia and migrated back to Africa.
3545:
fossils are dated to between 2.1 and 1.5 million years ago. This date range overlaps with the emergence of
1692:
1568:
A proposal by Wood and Richmond (2000) would introduce Hominina as a subtribe alongside Australopithecina, with
7301:
6602:
5206:
4731:
3365:
continue to be considered separate species by some authorities, but the 2010s discovery of genetic evidence of
2141:
1742:
The discovery of the first extinct archaic human species from the fossil record dates to the mid 19th century:
6274:"Neanderthal taxonomy reconsidered: implications of 3D primate models of intra- and interspecific differences"
5318:
Ni X, Ji Q, Wu W, Shao Q, Ji Y, Zhang C, Liang L, Ge J, Guo Z, Li J, Li Q, GrĂĽn R, Stringer C (25 June 2021).
7393:
6424:
4700:
4100:
3186:
1937:
fossils. However, the discovery of more fossils of this type has opened up the debate on the delineation of
7172:
7049:
6935:
3460:
1628:
761:
533:
7620:
7593:
7484:
7366:
7270:
7088:
6609:
6463:
4723:
3523:
3518:
2689:
510:
2989:. During the 19th to mid-20th century, it was common practice to classify the major divisions of extant
7608:
7128:
7059:
6595:
6588:
6581:
5875:
5837:
4016:
3715:
3484:
2958:
1753:
1480:
1214:
948:
940:
932:
5320:"Massive cranium from Harbin in northeastern China establishes a new Middle Pleistocene human lineage"
5148:"The age of the 20 meter Solo River terrace, Java, Indonesia and the survival of Homo erectus in Asia"
4281:
3381:
7693:
7519:
7311:
7103:
3424:
3412:
3291:
3171:
2986:
1052:
7093:
7742:
7386:
7342:
6645:
6417:
5768:
3436:
3320:
became popular for "modern humans" in the context of Neanderthals being considered a subspecies of
3061:
1514:
as originating between two and three million years ago, divided into at least two species, archaic
5850:
5797:
7538:
7280:
7217:
7177:
7064:
6623:
5820:" proposed by von Eickstedt and Peters): "die europide Rassengruppe, als Subspecies aufgefasst,
3448:
2970:
2957:
is variously considered equivalent or subordinate to the rank of subspecies, and the division of
1022:
526:
126:
1237:
7588:
7496:
7275:
7250:
7245:
7138:
7054:
6616:
6033:
5829:
3721:
3709:
3614:
3496:
3472:
3313:
3220:
3116:
2670:
2636:
1955:
981:
6365:
5988:
5911:
5879:
5367:
Dirks PH, Roberts EM, Hilbert-Wolf H, Kramers JD, Hawks J, Dosseto A, et al. (May 2017).
5057:
4488:
2409:
7625:
7613:
7603:
7477:
7463:
6659:
5895:
5730:
3204:
1744:
1601:
753:
404:
5454:
Posth C, WiĂźing C, Kitagawa K, Pagani L, van Holstein L, Racimo F, et al. (July 2017).
5247:
7722:
7240:
7143:
7044:
7005:
6950:
6855:
6559:
6552:
6287:
6226:
6169:
5656:
5596:
5467:
5243:
5159:
5100:
4975:
4847:
4581:
4524:
4371:
4307:
4215:
4133:
4011:
3894:
3745:
3673:
3400:
2946:
2435:
1390:
1191:
1038:
907:
892:
364:
302:
5146:
Indriati E, Swisher CC, Lepre C, Quinn RL, Suriyanto RA, Hascaryo AT, et al. (2011).
8:
7680:
7531:
7503:
6652:
4894:
3341:
3104:
2595:
1493:
6291:
6230:
6173:
5660:
5600:
5471:
5211:
and Out of Africa: Recent Developments in Paleoanthropology and Prehistoric Archaeology"
5163:
5104:
4979:
4851:
4684:
and Out of Africa: Recent Developments in Paleoanthropology and Prehistoric Archaeology"
4585:
4528:
4455:
4375:
4311:
4219:
4137:
3898:
7635:
7468:
7456:
7433:
7409:
7197:
7039:
6915:
6257:
6244:
6212:
6193:
5707:
5680:
5640:
DĂ©troit F, Mijares AS, Corny J, Daver G, Zanolli C, Dizon E, et al. (April 2019).
5617:
5584:
5488:
5455:
5395:
5368:
5344:
5319:
5295:
5270:
5182:
5147:
5123:
5088:
5053:
4999:
4871:
4716:
4694:
4655:
4633:
4628:
4548:
4464:
4442:
4437:
4418:
4159:
4077:
4050:
3984:
3959:
3918:
3224:
3143:
2900:
2134:
2028:(2001) has been proposed as a possible ancestor of Hominina but not Australopithecina.
1790:
1657:
Human taxonomy on one hand involves the placement of humans within the taxonomy of the
1301:
419:
121:
6310:
6273:
5583:
Chang CH, Kaifu Y, Takai M, Kono RT, GrĂĽn R, Matsu'ura S, et al. (January 2015).
4604:
4567:
4238:
4201:
1368:
7674:
7489:
7361:
7316:
7182:
7123:
7113:
6884:
6848:
6702:
6496:
6373:
6315:
6262:
6185:
6086:
6043:
5994:
5969:
5959:
5923:
5684:
5672:
5622:
5565:
5530:
5493:
5400:
5349:
5300:
5187:
5128:
5067:
5034:
4991:
4945:
4863:
4814:
Perkins, Sid (17 October 2013). "Skull suggests three early human species were one".
4772:
4727:
4660:
4646:
4609:
4540:
4494:
4469:
4387:
4362:
4325:
4243:
4182:
4151:
4082:
3989:
3910:
3733:
3361:
3195:
3092:
3086:
3033:, and two other "wild" forms for reported specimens now considered very dubious (see
2904:
2741:
2703:
2546:
2283:
1714:
1561:
344:
6197:
5087:
Ferring R, Oms O, AgustĂ J, Berna F, Nioradze M, Shelia T, et al. (June 2011).
5003:
4875:
4422:
4163:
3922:
3630:
to 143,000 years ago at the latest, more likely before 550,000 years ago.
1526:, with about a dozen further suggestions for species without universal recognition.
7192:
6945:
6762:
6724:
6571:
6305:
6295:
6252:
6234:
6177:
6160:
6078:
5664:
5612:
5604:
5557:
5522:
5483:
5475:
5429:
5424:
5390:
5380:
5339:
5331:
5290:
5282:
5251:
5177:
5167:
5118:
5108:
5063:
5026:
4983:
4937:
4855:
4819:
4762:
4650:
4642:
4599:
4589:
4552:
4532:
4459:
4451:
4410:
4405:
Kaplan, Matt (8 August 2012). "Fossils point to a big family for human ancestors".
4379:
4315:
4233:
4223:
4141:
4072:
4064:
3979:
3971:
3902:
3885:
2950:
2850:
2475:
2242:
2228:
2174:
1773:
1726:
1718:
1650:
973:
922:
384:
3936:
7598:
7524:
6999:
6972:
6870:
6828:
6440:
6334:
5172:
5089:"Earliest human occupations at Dmanisi (Georgian Caucasus) dated to 1.85-1.78 Ma"
4941:
4383:
4261:
3739:
3302:
into subspecies declined. An early authority explicitly avoiding the division of
3219:
made in the 20th century. Many of the original proposals were not using explicit
3209:
3166:
2818:
2756:
2400:
2159:
2102:
1854:
1640:
1534:
1505:
1006:
775:
731:
374:
314:
5824:
heissen" ("the Europid racial group, considered as a subspecies, would be named
2063:. Most other proposed species are proposed as alternatively belonging to either
7450:
6819:
6523:
6509:
6151:
6015:
The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland
5335:
5286:
5255:
5093:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
5030:
4925:
3098:
2954:
2010:
1959:, dated to c. 2.5 Mya, has been found along with stone tool implements. Fossil
1907:
has been taken to originate some two million years ago, since the discovery of
1896:
1878:
1821:
1636:
1615:
is a socially controversial subject. Biologists originally classified races as
1484:
827:
814:
744:
718:
6032:
Delson, Eric; Tattersall, Ian; Couvering, John Van; Brooks, Alison S. (2004).
5668:
5433:
4823:
4414:
7736:
6987:
6840:
6530:
5949:
5735:
5534:
4027:
4006:
3827:
3727:
3619:
3154:
3122:
3069:
3034:
2914:
2858:
2362:
2332:
2214:
2127:
2073:
1912:
1872:
1860:
1815:
1674:
1504:
Since the introduction of systematic names in the 18th century, knowledge of
1346:
1014:
334:
255:
73:
6300:
6239:
6082:
5973:
5369:"Homo naledi and associated sediments in the Rising Star Cave, South Africa"
5113:
4987:
4859:
4594:
4320:
4295:
4228:
4186:
6993:
6981:
6923:
6797:
6745:
6710:
6635:
6542:
6319:
6266:
6189:
5945:
5676:
5626:
5561:
5526:
5497:
5404:
5353:
5304:
5191:
5132:
5038:
4995:
4867:
4836:
4776:
4664:
4613:
4544:
4473:
4391:
4329:
4247:
4155:
4086:
3993:
3975:
3914:
3847:
younger than 450 kya, either between 190–130 or between 70–10 kya
3802:
3703:
3489:
3465:
3395:. None of these subspecies have universal consensus among paleontologists.
3387:
3273:
3233:
3199:
3048:
There were variations and additions to the categories of Linnaeus, such as
2622:
2323:
2299:
2197:
2055:
2004:
1921:
1890:
1884:
1866:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1786:
1765:
1679:
1522:
1516:
1454:
1422:
996:
963:
877:
801:
788:
354:
324:
295:
275:
267:
6155:
6090:
5569:
4272:). Also the genus suggested for a number of archaic human skulls found at
1701:
6877:
6804:
6776:
6769:
6717:
5931:
5810:
Bulletin der Schweizerische Gesellschaft fĂĽr Anthropologie und Ethnologie
5698:
3691:
3685:
3679:
3441:
3429:
3417:
3355:
3239:
3134:
3080:
3030:
2918:
2828:
2662:
2586:
2562:
2107:
1983:) at about 2 million years ago, or alternatively as transitional between
1960:
1731:
1542:
1325:
1068:
692:
394:
48:
6248:
5479:
5385:
4932:. Vol. 1. In collaboration with Thorolf Hardt. Berlin, Heidelberg:
4536:
6862:
6783:
5792:
has since often been attributed to Linnaeus. In actual fact, Linnaeus,
5608:
4767:
4748:
4273:
4068:
3697:
3644:
3453:
3269:
3263:
3257:
3110:
3074:
2938:
2515:
2259:
1670:
1616:
1612:
188:
93:
58:
31:
5271:"Late Middle Pleistocene Harbin cranium represents a new Homo species"
3964:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
1645:
7658:
7425:
6929:
6834:
6039:
5987:
Harrison, T. (2013). Kimbel, William H.; Martin, Lawrence B. (eds.).
5220:. Vol. 1. European Anthropological Association. pp. 35–41.
4785:
specimens, particularly in Africa, led to the realization that Asian
3883:
Stringer, Chris (June 12, 2003). "Human evolution: Out of Ethiopia".
3018:
2922:
2716:
1710:
1658:
1406:
1083:
218:
208:
138:
98:
42:
6350:
In the 1970s a tendency developed to regard the Javanese variety of
6181:
5642:"A new species of Homo from the Late Pleistocene of the Philippines"
4146:
4121:
3906:
6790:
6755:
6732:
6453:
6132:
The tragedy of evolution: the human animal confronts modern society
3652:
3477:
3405:
3298:
After World War II, the practice of dividing extant populations of
3160:
2778:
1995:
1946:
1916:
1722:
1632:
1537:
1257:
705:
679:
238:
228:
158:
88:
83:
68:
63:
53:
35:
7378:
6409:
4964:
6940:
6516:
5955:
Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference
3806:
3765:
3336:
is the only extant human subspecies" appears in the early 1990s.
3148:
3022:
3014:
2981:
only makes sense if at least one other subspecies is recognized.
2491:
2024:
1908:
1666:
1466:
862:
854:
840:
664:
178:
103:
78:
6063:
Rightmire, GP (June 3, 1983). "The Lake Ndutu cranium and early
5420:"Oldest Homo sapiens fossil claim rewrites our species' history"
6031:
5366:
4920:
Schrenk F, Kullmer O, Bromage T (2007). "The Earliest Putative
3768:, dated to ca. 0.6 million years ago. The transition from
2795:
1998:("hominins") be designated as comprising all species after the
1491:, differentiated, according to some, from the direct ancestor,
198:
168:
148:
7015:
6906:
6896:
6026:
among other names suggested for fossils later subsumed under
5781:
type, whether that type was fixed originally or subsequently.
3751:
2993:
as subspecies, following Linnaeus (1758), who had recognized
1696:
1470:
1462:
5510:
1929:, 1964) would be the first "human" species (member of genus
6674:
5958:(3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
5051:
4572:
2040:
1934:
1662:
1510:
1475:
248:
6013:
M. R. Drennan, "An Australoid Skull from the Cape Flats",
4359:
2059:
is widely recognized as the species directly ancestral to
5547:
5453:
5233:
5145:
1501:
and current humans as belonging to the same subspecies).
1439:
5639:
4051:"Anthropologists' views on race, ancestry, and genetics"
3369:
has reopened the details of taxonomy of archaic humans.
3215:
There are a number of proposals of extinct varieties of
2965:) into subspecies is closely tied to the recognition of
5804:, the "white" or "Caucasian" race being instead called
4718:
The Human Career: Human biological and cultural origins
4513:
4487:
Reynolds, Sally C; Gallagher, Andrew (March 29, 2012).
4296:"Early Homo at 2.8 Ma from Ledi-Geraru, Afar, Ethiopia"
3349:, 2003) has gained wide recognition as a subspecies of
2219:
110–140 cm (3 ft 7 in – 4 ft 7 in)
2053:
have been proposed, with varying degrees of consensus.
3289:(McCown & Keith, 1932). Rightmire (1983) proposed
2111:
fossils (2015) to subsume all archaic varieties under
5086:
4919:
2081:
into an African and an Asian variety; the African is
1971:
1978) is now seen as either a third early species of
1848:
Other proposed genera, now mostly considered part of
1588:, may be placed on equal footing alongside the genus
4629:"The hominin fossil record: taxa, grades and clades"
2985:
is attributed to "Linnaeus (1758)" by the taxonomic
1994:
Wood and Richmond (2000) proposed that Gray's tribe
1592:. An even more extreme view rejects the division of
1546:(chimpanzees). The two genera are estimated to have
1487:. Current humans have been designated as subspecies
400:
390:
380:
370:
360:
350:
340:
330:
320:
310:
6271:
5582:
3671:is now grouped into various subspecies, including
1604:would imply the reclassification of chimpanzees as
505:
6919:(archaic homo sapiens, anatomically modern humans)
4715:
4490:African Genesis: Perspectives on Hominin Evolution
4278:Journal of the East Africa Natural History Society
3725:. The distinction from descendant species such as
3174:(1899) also had categories based on race, such as
6402:Beiträge zur Ur- und Frühgeschichte Mitteleuropas
4689:. Archived from the original on October 15, 2013.
4486:
4338:taxon as invalid, made up of fossil specimens of
3190:was proposed by King (1864) as an alternative to
1683:in 1758, as the only member species of the genus
1649:The taxonomic classification of humans following
7734:
6366:"Implications arising from Pithecanthropus VIII"
6358:, with the Chinese variety being referred to as
6272:Harvati, K.; Frost, S.R.; McNulty, K.P. (2004).
5741:as far as I know, there is no type material for
6331:Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Human Evolution
6279:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
6218:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
5990:Species, Species Concepts and Primate Evolution
5870:26-27 (1945), p. 359.; J. Desmond Clark (ed.),
4891:"Beautiful skull spurs debate on human history"
4565:
4207:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
4199:
3029:, for the "wild" form which he identified with
2897:Interbreeding between archaic and modern humans
1661:(great apes), and on the other the division of
6370:Paleoanthropology: Morphology and Paleoecology
6035:Encyclopedia of Human Evolution and Prehistory
3382:Homo erectus § Descendants and subspecies
3231:by Wilson & Reeder (2005). These include:
1673:. Modern zoological taxonomy was developed by
1497:(with some other research instead classifying
7394:
6425:
5812:Volume 21 (1944), p. 18 (arguing not against
5765:International Code of Zoological Nomenclature
5576:
5269:Ji Q, Wu W, Ji Y, Li Q, Ni X (25 June 2021).
5059:Evolution and Prehistory: The Human Challenge
4480:
3622:, is considered the latest known survival of
2135:
1953:was the first hominin to use stone tools, as
1933:) by definition, its type specimen being the
534:
6404:35). Beier & Beran, LangenweiĂźbach 2002.
5691:
5198:
4626:
4438:"Human evolution: taxonomy and paleobiology"
4435:
4429:
4353:
3223:, even though they are still cited as valid
2921:costume. Linnaeus is sometimes named as the
6904:
5633:
5360:
1709:) means "human being". The systematic name
7401:
7387:
6432:
6418:
5928:Neanderthal Man: In Search of Lost Genomes
5317:
4436:Wood, Bernard; Richmond, Brian G. (2000).
4122:"Long shadow of Linnaeus's human taxonomy"
3960:"The origin and evolution of Homo sapiens"
3372:
3367:archaic human admixture with modern humans
3009:as grouping the native populations of the
2887:
2649:
2142:
2128:
541:
527:
6309:
6299:
6256:
6238:
6070:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
6062:
5616:
5487:
5394:
5384:
5343:
5294:
5181:
5171:
5122:
5112:
4766:
4754:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
4713:
4654:
4603:
4593:
4463:
4350:, Westview Press, New York, 2001, p. 111.
4319:
4293:
4237:
4227:
4145:
4076:
4056:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
4048:
3983:
7324:Human evolutionary developmental biology
6150:
6136:We are the only surviving subspecies of
6129:
5986:
5417:
5268:
5204:
4677:
4200:Cela-Conde, C. J.; Ayala, F. J. (2003).
3957:
3882:
3052:for the native population of Australia.
2908:
1644:
7666:
6363:
6103:English translation (1972–1975):
4813:
4346:. Tattersall, I. & Schwartz, J.H.,
4334:. Some paleoanthropologists regard the
3025:, respectively. Linnaeus also included
1600:as separate genera, which based on the
7735:
6346:
6344:
6210:
5944:
5697:
5016:
4888:
4566:Cela-Conde, C.J.; Ayala, F.J. (2003).
4404:
4023:"Chimps are human, gene study implies"
1435:
7382:
7109:Evolutionary models of human drug use
6413:
6017:Vol. 59 (Jul. - Dec., 1929), 417-427.
5922:
5728:
4781:By the 1980s, the growing numbers of
4746:
4119:
4020:
2937:The recognition or nonrecognition of
2185:
2180:
2173:
2170:
2167:
2155:
2000:chimpanzee–human last common ancestor
519:
412:other species or subspecies suggested
7349:
6394:Der fossile Mensch von Bilzingsleben
5908:Evolutionary History of the Primates
5808:. This is explicitly pointed out in
5585:"The first archaic Homo from Taiwan"
4176:
4106:American Anthropological Association
3937:"Herto skulls (Homo sapiens idaltu)"
3064:" categories to as many as fifteen:
2652:
2641:150–190 cm (4 ft 11 in – 6 ft 3 in)
2349:
2077:in particular. One proposal divides
1717:of the great apes was introduced by
1378:
1356:
1334:
1310:
1290:
1270:
1246:
1226:
1203:
1180:
1160:
1140:
1120:
1100:
508:
7408:
6439:
6341:
5236:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
4678:Hazarika, Manji (16–30 June 2007).
4456:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2000.19710019.x
3316:(1974). The trinomial nomenclature
2868:
2805:
2791:
2688:
2600:150 cm (4 ft 11 in)
2591:
2573:
2558:
2502:
2487:
2462:
2387:
16:Classification of the human species
13:
6372:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 328.
6156:"Human evolution: Out of Ethiopia"
6105:Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia
5906:Frederick S. Szalay, Eric Delson,
5836:, Oxford University Press (1974),
2608:
2227:
1785:, in the tribe Hominini is due to
1729:including both chimpanzees (genus
14:
7754:
7704:Commonly fossilised invertebrates
6120:, Oxford University Press (1974).
5514:Journal of Archaeological Science
4889:Switek, Brian (17 October 2013).
4749:"Natural history of Homo erectus"
3492:) (de Lumley and de Lumley, 1971)
2953:. The informal taxonomic rank of
2838:
2766:
2729:
2644:50–100 kg (110–220 lb)
2533:
2422:
2310:
2270:
7360:
7348:
7337:
7336:
5729:Ralph, Bob (February 19, 1987).
4647:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.00871.x
1963:(discovered in 1972, designated
125:
46:
6386:
6368:. In Tuttle, Russell H. (ed.).
6204:
6144:
6123:
6110:
6097:
6056:
6020:
6007:
5980:
5938:
5916:
5900:
5885:
5872:The Cambridge History of Africa
5856:
5843:
5750:
5722:
5541:
5504:
5447:
5411:
5311:
5262:
5227:
5139:
5080:
5045:
5010:
4958:
4913:
4882:
4830:
4807:
4740:
4707:
4671:
4627:Wood, B.; Lonergan, N. (2008).
4620:
4559:
4507:
4398:
4287:
4254:
3850:
3841:
3816:
3791:
3758:
3662:
3633:
3607:
3590:
3569:
3552:
3535:
3505:Homo erectus bilzingslebenensis
3243:(Klaatsch & Hauser, 1910),
2681:55–70 kg (121–154 lb)
2222:33–55 kg (73–121 lb)
2071:as a subspecies. This concerns
1688:
5862:See e.g. John Wendell Bailey,
5851:Systema naturæ. Regnum animale
5418:Callaway, Ewan (7 June 2017).
4493:. Cambridge University Press.
4193:
4170:
4113:
4093:
4042:
4000:
3951:
3929:
3876:
1479:, is designed to include both
1099:
1:
5739:. No. 1548. p. 59.
5062:(8th ed.). Belmont, CA:
4930:Handbook of Paleoanthropology
4568:"Genera of the human lineage"
4202:"Genera of the human lineage"
3870:
3786:Homo erectus bilzingslebensis
3339:Since the 2000s, the extinct
3187:Homo sapiens neanderthalensis
2882:
2721:100 cm (3 ft 3 in)
2414:175 cm (5 ft 9 in)
2304:100 cm (3 ft 3 in)
1888:(Broom & Anderson 1949),
1611:Categorizing humans based on
1453:is the classification of the
5173:10.1371/journal.pone.0021562
4942:10.1007/978-3-540-33761-4_52
4384:10.1126/science.284.5414.625
4120:Marks, Jonathan (May 2007).
4049:K. Wagner, Jennifer (2016).
4021:Hecht, Jeff (May 19, 2003).
3704:Homo erectus palaeojavanicus
3529:
3461:Homo erectus palaeojavanicus
3270:Homo sapiens cro-magnonensis
3060:(1825) extended Linnaeus's "
2629:(anatomically modern humans)
2045:At least a dozen species of
1777:as a third genus, alongside
1629:History of hominoid taxonomy
7:
7367:Evolutionary biology Portal
6364:Sartono, S. (12 May 2011).
6333:. Chichester, West Sussex:
6213:"The origin of Neandertals"
4724:University of Chicago Press
3524:Timeline of human evolution
3519:Names for the human species
3512:
3332:, the explicit claim that "
3255:(Giuffrida-Ruggeri, 1915),
2347:850 (early) – 1,100 (late)
2087:Homo erectus sensu stricto.
1965:Pithecanthropus rudolfensis
1721:(1825). Gray also supplied
1436:
658:
10:
7759:
5876:Cambridge University Press
5550:Journal of Human Evolution
5336:10.1016/j.xinn.2021.100130
5287:10.1016/j.xinn.2021.100132
5256:10.1016/j.epsl.2009.06.032
5031:10.1016/j.jchb.2010.04.002
4276:by Weinert (1938). Leaky,
3862:Homo sapiens ssp. Denisova
3716:Homo erectus tautavelensis
3485:Homo erectus tautavelensis
3379:
3274:Homo sapiens grimaldiensis
3240:Homo aurignacensis hauseri
2959:anatomically modern humans
2894:
2481:a single fossil, possibly
2038:
2034:
1626:
1622:
1481:anatomically modern humans
7716:
7657:
7549:
7442:
7424:
7417:
7332:
7312:Evolutionary anthropology
7289:
7263:
7216:
7154:
7073:
7032:
7025:
6971:
6895:
6818:
6743:
6697:
6690:
6673:
6633:
6569:
6540:
6504:
6495:
6462:
6447:
6337:. 2013. pp. 328–331.
6130:Kitahara, Michio (1991).
5993:. Springer. p. 361.
5822:Homo sapiens eurpoaeus L.
5669:10.1038/s41586-019-1067-9
5434:10.1038/nature.2017.22114
4824:10.1038/nature.2013.13972
4699:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
4415:10.1038/nature.2012.11144
3686:Homo erectus lantianensis
3680:Homo erectus yuanmouensis
3628:H. e. soloensis
3587:by other anthropologists.
3425:Homo erectus lantianensis
3413:Homo erectus yuanmouensis
3292:Homo sapiens rhodesiensis
3245:Notanthropus eurafricanus
3172:Georges Vacher de Lapouge
2987:Principle of Coordination
2457:90 kg (200 lb)
2417:90 kg (200 lb)
2378:East and Southern Africa
2344:60 kg (130 lb)
1793:as a subtribe containing
1663:archaic and modern humans
1483:and extinct varieties of
1469:taxonomy. The systematic
496:Broom & Anderson 1949
425:
418:
291:
286:
273:
266:
122:Scientific classification
120:
23:
5952:; Reeder, D. M. (eds.).
5849:Linné, Carl von (1758).
5052:Haviland WA, Walrath D,
4791:H. erectus sensu stricto
3836:H. neanderthalensis
3774:H. neanderthalensis
3692:Homo erectus nankinensis
3437:Homo erectus nankinensis
3287:Paleanthropus palestinus
2749:classification uncertain
2724:25 kg (55 lb)
2709:classification uncertain
2663:H. neanderthalensis
2603:45 kg (99 lb)
2443:H. neanderthalensis
2099:Homo erectus sensu lato.
1819:(2001). The position of
551:
7218:Origin of modern humans
6360:Homo erectus pekinensis
6301:10.1073/pnas.0308085100
6240:10.1073/pnas.0904119106
6083:10.1002/ajpa.1330610214
5864:The Mammals of Virginia
5248:2009E&PSL.286..255M
5218:EAA Summer School eBook
5114:10.1073/pnas.1106638108
4988:10.1126/science.aaa1415
4860:10.1126/science.1238484
4682:Homo erectus / ergaster
4595:10.1073/pnas.0832372100
4321:10.1126/science.aaa1343
4229:10.1073/pnas.0832372100
4181:. New Series: 337–344.
4101:"AAA Statement on Race"
3824:H. heidelbergensis
3778:H. heidelbergensis
3770:H. heidelbergensis
3698:Homo erectus pekinensis
3657:Pithecanthropus erectus
3649:Sinanthropus pekinensis
3449:Homo erectus pekinensis
3281:(Kleinschmidt, 1931),
2971:human genetic variation
2483:H. heidelbergensis
2436:H. heidelbergensis
1423:P a r a n t h r o p u s
1282:Dispersal beyond Africa
6211:Hublin, J. J. (2009).
5806:Homo sapiens Europaeus
5562:10.1006/jhev.1998.0214
5527:10.1006/jasc.2002.0834
4936:. pp. 1611–1631.
4924:Fossils". In Henke W,
4294:Villmoare, B. (2015).
3976:10.1098/rstb.2015.0237
3755:is not entirely clear.
3722:Homo erectus georgicus
3710:Homo erectus soloensis
3615:Homo erectus soloensis
3497:Homo erectus georgicus
3473:Homo erectus soloensis
3356:H. s. neanderthalensis
3326:H. s. neanderthalensis
3221:trinomial nomenclature
2967:major racial groupings
2934:
2917:wearing a traditional
2779:H. tsaichangensis
1956:Australopithecus garhi
1654:
554:−10 —
7226:Recent African origin
6464:Last common ancestors
6327:Homo neanderthalensis
5589:Nature Communications
5460:Nature Communications
5209:Homo erectus/ergaster
4795:H. erectus sensu lato
4264:(discovered in 1932,
3958:Stringer, C. (2016).
3780:are fossils found at
3639:Now also included in
3432:) (Woo Ju-Kang, 1964)
3380:Further information:
3258:Telanthropus capensis
3205:Homo sapiens fossilis
3192:Homo neanderthalensis
2912:
2895:Further information:
2675:Europe, Western Asia
2119:Comparative table of
1845:)as separate genera.
1745:Homo neanderthalensis
1691:corresponding to the
1648:
1627:Further information:
1602:Principle of Priority
1465:: "wise man") within
644:−1 —
634:−2 —
624:−3 —
614:−4 —
604:−5 —
594:−6 —
584:−7 —
574:−8 —
564:−9 —
405:Homo neanderthalensis
7241:Behavioral modernity
7231:Multiregional origin
7011:archaic Homo sapiens
7006:Homo heidelbergensis
6951:Red Deer Cave people
6398:Bilzingsleben. Bd. 6
6356:Homo erectus erectus
6168:(6941): 692–3, 695.
5892:Annals of Philosophy
5868:Journal of Mammalogy
5802:Homo sapiens sapiens
5785:Homo sapiens sapiens
5731:"Conforming to type"
5056:, McBride B (2007).
4747:AntĂłn, S.C. (2003).
4179:Annals of Philosophy
4012:The Third Chimpanzee
3784:(also classified as
3746:Homo heidelbergensis
3674:Homo erectus erectus
3480:) (Oppenoorth, 1932)
3401:Homo erectus erectus
3318:Homo sapiens sapiens
3306:into subspecies was
2979:Homo sapiens sapiens
2947:geographic isolation
2767:several individuals
2704:H. floresiensis
2547:H. rhodesiensis
2454:180 cm (5 ft 11 in)
2341:180 cm (5 ft 11 in)
2284:H. gautengensis
1771:The introduction of
1735:) and humans (genus
1669:and, if applicable,
1565:(proposed in 1939).
1489:Homo sapiens sapiens
1238:Earliest stone tools
365:Homo heidelbergensis
303:Homo sapiens sapiens
6878:H. neanderthalensis
6798:H. e. tautavelensis
6292:2004PNAS..101.1147H
6231:2009PNAS..10616022H
6174:2003Natur.423..692S
6107:, Volume 11, p. 55.
6038:(Second ed.).
5894:11, London (1826),
5853:(10 ed.). pp. 18ff.
5826:H. s. europeaeus L.
5661:2019Natur.568..181D
5601:2015NatCo...6.6037C
5480:10.1038/ncomms16046
5472:2017NatCo...816046P
5386:10.7554/eLife.24231
5205:Hazarika M (2007).
5164:2011PLoSO...621562I
5105:2011PNAS..10810432F
4980:2015Sci...347.1355D
4901:on October 17, 2013
4895:National Geographic
4852:2013Sci...342..326L
4586:2003PNAS..100.7684C
4537:10.1038/nature00879
4529:2002Natur.418..145B
4376:1999Sci...284..625D
4312:2015Sci...347.1352V
4306:(6228): 1352–1355.
4266:Homo florisbadensis
4260:Introduced for the
4220:2003PNAS..100.7684C
4138:2007Natur.447Q..28M
3899:2003Natur.423..692S
3764:The type fossil is
3566:discovered in 2015.
3420:) (Li et al., 1977)
3342:Homo sapiens idaltu
3054:Bory de St. Vincent
2678:170 cm (5 ft 7 in)
2574:Single or very few
2476:H. cepranensis
2289:also classified as
2243:H. rudolfensis
2149:
1894:(Arambourg, 1954),
1750:H. neanderthalensis
1725:as the name of the
1494:Homo sapiens idaltu
7065:Self-domestication
6856:H. heidelbergensis
6805:H. e. yuanmouensis
6770:H. e. lantianensis
6497:Australopithecines
5882:(with references).
5866:(1946), p. 356.;
5708:The New York Times
5609:10.1038/ncomms7037
4768:10.1002/ajpa.10399
4714:Klein, R. (1999).
4634:Journal of Anatomy
4443:Journal of Anatomy
4069:10.1002/ajpa.23120
3970:(1698): 20150237.
3856:provisional names
3362:H. s. rhodesiensis
3309:Grzimeks Tierleben
3285:(Joleaud, 1931) =
3210:Cro-Magnon fossils
3023:Sub-Saharan Africa
2935:
2901:Early modern human
2819:H. luzonensis
2401:H. antecessor
2118:
1945:. Especially, the
1689:several subspecies
1655:
1039:H. heidelbergensis
7730:
7729:
7712:
7711:
7694:Cultivated plants
7689:
7688:
7653:
7652:
7376:
7375:
7317:Paleoanthropology
7259:
7258:
7236:Archaic admixture
7114:Stoned ape theory
7050:Endurance running
6967:
6966:
6963:
6962:
6959:
6958:
6814:
6813:
6777:H. e. nankinensis
6733:H. tsaichangensis
6669:
6668:
6354:as a subspecies,
6154:(June 12, 2003).
5701:(10 April 2019).
5655:(7751): 181–186.
5073:978-0-495-38190-7
5064:Thomson Wadsworth
4951:978-3-540-32474-4
4846:(6156): 326–331.
4580:(13): 7684–7689.
4523:(6894): 145–151.
4214:(13): 7684–7689.
3939:. talkorigins org
3893:(6941): 693–695.
3734:Homo floresiensis
3277:(Gregory, 1921),
3267:(Dubois, 1921),
3253:proto-aethiopicus
3237:(Lapouge, 1906),
3078:(with subraces),
3058:Essai sur l'Homme
3050:H. s. tasmanianus
3043:H. s. troglodytes
2913:1737 painting of
2905:Race and genetics
2880:
2879:
2789:
2750:
2710:
2556:
2485:
2445:
2372:
2293:
2253:
2208:
2085:and the Asian is
1900:(Coppens, 1965).
1864:(Haeckel, 1895),
1791:Australopithecina
1562:Australopithecina
1533:is placed in the
1457:(systematic name
1448:
1447:
1440:million years ago
1399:
1398:
1377:
1376:
1355:
1354:
1347:Earliest rock art
1333:
1332:
1309:
1308:
1302:Earliest language
1289:
1288:
1269:
1268:
1245:
1244:
1225:
1224:
1215:Earliest sign of
1202:
1201:
1192:Earliest sign of
1179:
1178:
1159:
1158:
1139:
1138:
1119:
1118:
762:Ou. macedoniensis
504:
503:
497:
489:
481:
473:
465:
457:
449:
441:
431:
345:Homo floresiensis
262:
7750:
7664:
7663:
7440:
7439:
7422:
7421:
7403:
7396:
7389:
7380:
7379:
7364:
7352:
7351:
7340:
7339:
7276:Human prehistory
7251:Recent evolution
7246:Early migrations
7188:Thermoregulation
7089:Expensive tissue
7060:Sexual selection
7030:
7029:
6902:
6901:
6784:H. e. pekinensis
6695:
6694:
6688:
6687:
6603:A. bahrelghazali
6572:Australopithecus
6502:
6501:
6472:Chimpanzee–human
6460:
6459:
6434:
6427:
6420:
6411:
6410:
6405:
6390:
6384:
6383:
6348:
6339:
6338:
6323:
6313:
6303:
6270:
6260:
6242:
6208:
6202:
6201:
6148:
6142:
6141:
6127:
6121:
6114:
6108:
6101:
6095:
6094:
6060:
6054:
6053:
6028:neanderthalensis
6024:
6018:
6011:
6005:
6004:
5984:
5978:
5977:
5942:
5936:
5935:
5920:
5914:
5904:
5898:
5889:
5883:
5860:
5854:
5847:
5841:
5783:
5777:
5776:
5767:. Archived from
5763:(4th ed.).
5757:"article 46.1".
5754:
5748:
5747:
5726:
5720:
5719:
5717:
5715:
5695:
5689:
5688:
5646:
5637:
5631:
5630:
5620:
5580:
5574:
5573:
5545:
5539:
5538:
5508:
5502:
5501:
5491:
5451:
5445:
5444:
5442:
5440:
5415:
5409:
5408:
5398:
5388:
5364:
5358:
5357:
5347:
5315:
5309:
5308:
5298:
5266:
5260:
5259:
5242:(1–2): 255–268.
5231:
5225:
5224:
5215:
5202:
5196:
5195:
5185:
5175:
5143:
5137:
5136:
5126:
5116:
5084:
5078:
5077:
5049:
5043:
5042:
5014:
5008:
5007:
4974:(6228): 1355–9.
4962:
4956:
4955:
4917:
4911:
4910:
4908:
4906:
4897:. Archived from
4886:
4880:
4879:
4834:
4828:
4827:
4811:
4805:
4804:
4770:
4744:
4738:
4737:
4721:
4711:
4705:
4704:
4698:
4690:
4688:
4675:
4669:
4668:
4658:
4624:
4618:
4617:
4607:
4597:
4563:
4557:
4556:
4511:
4505:
4504:
4484:
4478:
4477:
4467:
4433:
4427:
4426:
4402:
4396:
4395:
4357:
4351:
4340:Australopithecus
4333:
4323:
4291:
4285:
4258:
4252:
4251:
4241:
4231:
4197:
4191:
4190:
4174:
4168:
4167:
4149:
4117:
4111:
4110:
4097:
4091:
4090:
4080:
4046:
4040:
4039:
4037:
4035:
4004:
3998:
3997:
3987:
3955:
3949:
3948:
3946:
3944:
3933:
3927:
3926:
3880:
3865:
3854:
3848:
3845:
3839:
3826:, also called a
3820:
3814:
3795:
3789:
3762:
3756:
3666:
3660:
3637:
3631:
3611:
3605:
3594:
3588:
3585:Australopithecus
3581:H. ergaster
3573:
3567:
3560:Australopithecus
3556:
3550:
3539:
3264:Homo wadjakensis
3247:(Sergi, 1911),
3202:(1869) proposed
3039:H. s. monstrosus
2995:H. s. americanus
2951:sexual selection
2851:Denisova hominin
2783:
2748:
2708:
2683:(heavily built)
2630:
2551:
2524:Northeast China
2480:
2440:
2367:
2363:H. ergaster
2288:
2247:
2202:
2175:Cranial capacity
2150:
2144:
2137:
2130:
2117:
1985:Australopithecus
1943:Australopithecus
1919:, in the 1960s.
1882:(Dreyer, 1935),
1876:(Pycraft, 1928)
1858:(Dubois, 1894),
1827:Australopithecus
1795:Australopithecus
1774:Australopithecus
1719:John Edward Gray
1651:John Edward Gray
1574:Australopithecus
1428:
1426:
1425:
1411:
1409:
1393:
1384:
1379:
1371:
1369:Earliest clothes
1362:
1357:
1349:
1340:
1335:
1316:
1311:
1296:
1291:
1276:
1271:
1258:Earliest sign of
1252:
1247:
1232:
1227:
1217:Australopithecus
1209:
1204:
1186:
1181:
1172:Earliest bipedal
1166:
1161:
1152:Chimpanzee split
1146:
1141:
1126:
1121:
1106:
1101:
1087:
1086:
1072:
1071:
1055:
1041:
1027:
999:
986:
966:
953:
925:
923:Australopithecus
912:
897:
880:
867:
843:
830:
817:
804:
791:
778:
766:
747:
734:
721:
709:
695:
682:
669:
667:
655:
650:
645:
640:
635:
630:
625:
620:
615:
610:
605:
600:
595:
590:
585:
580:
575:
570:
565:
560:
555:
543:
536:
529:
523:
513:
512:Hominin timeline
506:
495:
487:
479:
471:
463:
455:
447:
439:
429:
402:
392:
385:Homo rudolfensis
382:
372:
362:
352:
342:
332:
322:
312:
254:
130:
129:
115:
45:
30:Temporal range:
21:
20:
7758:
7757:
7753:
7752:
7751:
7749:
7748:
7747:
7743:Human evolution
7733:
7732:
7731:
7726:
7708:
7685:
7649:
7545:
7512:B. integrifolia
7438:
7413:
7407:
7377:
7372:
7328:
7285:
7271:Human evolution
7255:
7212:
7156:
7150:
7129:Cooperative eye
7074:Specific models
7069:
7021:
7000:Homo antecessor
6955:
6891:
6885:H. rhodesiensis
6849:H. floresiensis
6810:
6791:H. e. soloensis
6763:H. e. georgicus
6739:
6703:H. gautengensis
6678:
6676:
6665:
6629:
6565:
6536:
6491:
6482:Orangutan–human
6451:
6443:
6441:Human evolution
6438:
6408:
6392:Emanuel VlÄŤek:
6391:
6387:
6380:
6349:
6342:
6335:Wiley-Blackwell
6324:
6225:(38): 16022–7.
6209:
6205:
6182:10.1038/423692a
6152:Stringer, Chris
6149:
6145:
6128:
6124:
6116:John R. Baker,
6115:
6111:
6102:
6098:
6061:
6057:
6050:
6025:
6021:
6012:
6008:
6001:
5985:
5981:
5966:
5943:
5939:
5921:
5917:
5905:
5901:
5890:
5886:
5861:
5857:
5848:
5844:
5796:ed. 10 Vol. 1.
5774:
5772:
5756:
5755:
5751:
5727:
5723:
5713:
5711:
5696:
5692:
5644:
5638:
5634:
5581:
5577:
5546:
5542:
5509:
5505:
5452:
5448:
5438:
5436:
5416:
5412:
5365:
5361:
5316:
5312:
5267:
5263:
5232:
5228:
5213:
5203:
5199:
5144:
5140:
5099:(26): 10432–6.
5085:
5081:
5074:
5066:. p. 162.
5050:
5046:
5015:
5011:
4963:
4959:
4952:
4918:
4914:
4904:
4902:
4887:
4883:
4835:
4831:
4812:
4808:
4745:
4741:
4734:
4722:. Chicago, IL:
4712:
4708:
4692:
4691:
4686:
4676:
4672:
4625:
4621:
4564:
4560:
4512:
4508:
4501:
4485:
4481:
4450:(Pt 1): 19–60.
4434:
4430:
4403:
4399:
4370:(5414): 625–9.
4358:
4354:
4292:
4288:
4262:Florisbad Skull
4259:
4255:
4198:
4194:
4175:
4171:
4147:10.1038/447028a
4118:
4114:
4099:
4098:
4094:
4047:
4043:
4033:
4031:
4005:
4001:
3956:
3952:
3942:
3940:
3935:
3934:
3930:
3907:10.1038/423692a
3881:
3877:
3873:
3868:
3855:
3851:
3846:
3842:
3832:H. erectus
3821:
3817:
3809:) suggest that
3799:H. sapiens
3796:
3792:
3763:
3759:
3740:Homo antecessor
3669:H. erectus
3667:
3663:
3641:H. erectus
3638:
3634:
3624:H. erectus
3612:
3608:
3602:H. erectus
3597:H. erectus
3595:
3591:
3577:H. habilis
3574:
3570:
3557:
3553:
3543:H. habilis
3540:
3536:
3532:
3515:
3468:) (Tyler, 2001)
3384:
3378:
3283:Homo galilensis
3261:(Broom, 1917),
3003:H. s. asiaticus
2999:H. s. europaeus
2907:
2893:
2885:
2873:
2822:
2786:H. erectus
2782:
2747:
2707:
2682:
2666:
2653:——
2633:c. 300–present
2628:
2627:
2623:H. sapiens
2609:15 individuals
2554:H. sapiens
2550:
2479:
2451:Europe, Africa
2439:
2370:H. erectus
2366:
2324:H. erectus
2291:H. habilis
2287:
2246:
2201:
2198:H. habilis
2190:
2177:
2157:
2148:
2043:
2037:
1870:(Black, 1927),
1855:Pithecanthropus
1687:, divided into
1643:
1641:Pithecanthropus
1625:
1584:, and possibly
1506:human evolution
1444:
1443:
1431:
1430:
1429:
1421:
1420:
1418:
1414:
1413:
1412:
1407:H o m i n i d s
1405:
1403:
1395:
1394:
1389:
1382:
1373:
1372:
1367:
1360:
1351:
1350:
1345:
1338:
1329:
1328:
1314:
1305:
1304:
1294:
1285:
1284:
1274:
1265:
1264:
1259:
1250:
1241:
1240:
1230:
1221:
1220:
1207:
1198:
1197:
1184:
1175:
1174:
1164:
1155:
1154:
1144:
1135:
1134:
1124:
1115:
1114:
1104:
1097:
1096:
1095:
1090:
1089:
1088:
1082:
1081:
1077:
1075:
1074:
1073:
1067:
1066:
1062:
1060:
1059:
1058:
1051:
1045:
1044:
1043:
1037:
1032:
1030:
1029:
1028:
1019:
1011:
1003:
1002:
995:
989:
988:
987:
978:
970:
969:
962:
956:
955:
954:
945:
937:
929:
928:
921:
915:
914:
913:
904:
900:
899:
898:
889:
885:
884:
883:
876:
870:
869:
868:
859:
851:
847:
846:
845:
839:
834:
833:
832:
826:
821:
820:
819:
813:
808:
807:
806:
800:
795:
794:
793:
787:
782:
781:
780:
776:Chororapithecus
774:
769:
768:
767:
758:
750:
749:
743:
738:
737:
736:
732:Samburupithecus
730:
725:
724:
723:
717:
712:
711:
710:
703:
699:
698:
697:
691:
686:
685:
684:
678:
673:
672:
671:
665:
663:
656:
653:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
596:
593:
591:
588:
586:
583:
581:
578:
576:
573:
571:
568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
547:
521:
515:
511:
500:
461:Pithecanthropus
448:Arambourg, 1954
433:
432:
375:Homo luzonensis
315:Homo antecessor
282:
279:
253:
124:
116:
114:
113:
112:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
40:
39:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7756:
7746:
7745:
7728:
7727:
7725:
7720:
7718:
7714:
7713:
7710:
7709:
7707:
7706:
7701:
7696:
7690:
7687:
7686:
7684:
7683:
7678:
7670:
7668:
7661:
7655:
7654:
7651:
7650:
7648:
7647:
7646:
7645:
7638:
7628:
7623:
7618:
7611:
7606:
7601:
7596:
7591:
7586:
7581:
7580:
7579:
7574:
7569:
7561:
7553:
7551:
7547:
7546:
7544:
7543:
7536:
7529:
7522:
7517:
7516:
7515:
7501:
7494:
7487:
7482:
7475:
7474:
7473:
7461:
7454:
7446:
7444:
7437:
7436:
7430:
7428:
7419:
7415:
7414:
7406:
7405:
7398:
7391:
7383:
7374:
7373:
7371:
7370:
7358:
7346:
7333:
7330:
7329:
7327:
7326:
7321:
7320:
7319:
7309:
7304:
7299:
7293:
7291:
7287:
7286:
7284:
7283:
7281:Human timeline
7278:
7273:
7267:
7265:
7261:
7260:
7257:
7256:
7254:
7253:
7248:
7243:
7238:
7233:
7228:
7222:
7220:
7214:
7213:
7211:
7210:
7205:
7200:
7195:
7190:
7185:
7180:
7175:
7170:
7165:
7159:
7157:
7152:
7151:
7149:
7148:
7147:
7146:
7141:
7133:
7132:
7131:
7126:
7118:
7117:
7116:
7111:
7106:
7104:Drunken monkey
7098:
7097:
7096:
7091:
7086:
7077:
7075:
7071:
7070:
7068:
7067:
7062:
7057:
7052:
7047:
7042:
7036:
7034:
7033:General models
7027:
7023:
7022:
7020:
7019:
6977:
6975:
6969:
6968:
6965:
6964:
6961:
6960:
6957:
6956:
6954:
6953:
6948:
6943:
6938:
6933:
6926:
6921:
6912:
6910:
6899:
6893:
6892:
6890:
6889:
6881:
6874:
6867:
6859:
6852:
6845:
6837:
6832:
6824:
6822:
6820:Archaic humans
6816:
6815:
6812:
6811:
6809:
6808:
6801:
6794:
6787:
6780:
6773:
6766:
6759:
6751:
6749:
6741:
6740:
6738:
6737:
6729:
6725:H. rudolfensis
6721:
6714:
6707:
6698:
6692:
6685:
6671:
6670:
6667:
6666:
6664:
6663:
6656:
6649:
6646:P. aethiopicus
6641:
6639:
6631:
6630:
6628:
6627:
6620:
6613:
6606:
6599:
6592:
6585:
6577:
6575:
6567:
6566:
6564:
6563:
6556:
6548:
6546:
6538:
6537:
6535:
6534:
6527:
6524:Sahelanthropus
6520:
6513:
6510:Nakalipithecus
6505:
6499:
6493:
6492:
6490:
6489:
6484:
6479:
6474:
6468:
6466:
6457:
6445:
6444:
6437:
6436:
6429:
6422:
6414:
6407:
6406:
6385:
6378:
6340:
6286:(5): 1147–52.
6203:
6143:
6134:. p. xi.
6122:
6109:
6096:
6055:
6048:
6019:
6006:
5999:
5979:
5964:
5937:
5934:. p. 237.
5915:
5899:
5884:
5855:
5842:
5828:"). See also:
5818:H. s. albus L.
5800:does not have
5749:
5721:
5690:
5632:
5575:
5556:(5): 485–508.
5540:
5521:(3): 275–280.
5503:
5446:
5410:
5359:
5324:The Innovation
5310:
5275:The Innovation
5261:
5226:
5197:
5138:
5079:
5072:
5044:
5009:
4957:
4950:
4912:
4881:
4829:
4806:
4739:
4732:
4706:
4670:
4641:(4): 354–376.
4619:
4558:
4506:
4499:
4479:
4428:
4397:
4352:
4348:Extinct Humans
4286:
4253:
4192:
4169:
4112:
4092:
4063:(2): 318–327.
4041:
4017:Morris Goodman
3999:
3950:
3928:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3866:
3858:Homo sp. Altai
3849:
3840:
3815:
3790:
3757:
3661:
3632:
3606:
3589:
3568:
3551:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3527:
3526:
3521:
3514:
3511:
3510:
3509:
3501:
3493:
3481:
3469:
3457:
3445:
3433:
3421:
3409:
3377:
3371:
3249:Homo fossilis
3234:Homo grimaldii
3031:feral children
2892:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2878:
2877:
2874:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2863:
2861:
2856:
2853:
2847:
2846:
2843:
2840:
2839:3 individuals
2837:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2826:
2823:
2814:
2813:
2810:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2800:
2798:
2793:
2790:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2759:
2754:
2751:
2738:
2737:
2734:
2731:
2730:7 individuals
2728:
2725:
2722:
2719:
2714:
2711:
2699:
2698:
2695:
2692:
2687:
2684:
2679:
2676:
2673:
2667:
2658:
2657:
2654:
2651:
2648:
2645:
2642:
2639:
2634:
2631:
2617:
2616:
2613:
2610:
2607:
2604:
2601:
2598:
2593:
2590:
2587:H. naledi
2582:
2581:
2578:
2575:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2565:
2560:
2557:
2542:
2541:
2538:
2535:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2519:
2511:
2510:
2507:
2504:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2489:
2486:
2471:
2470:
2467:
2464:
2461:
2458:
2455:
2452:
2449:
2446:
2431:
2430:
2427:
2424:
2421:
2418:
2415:
2412:
2410:Western Europe
2407:
2404:
2396:
2395:
2392:
2389:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2373:
2358:
2357:
2354:
2351:
2348:
2345:
2342:
2339:
2330:
2327:
2319:
2318:
2315:
2312:
2311:3 individuals
2309:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2297:
2294:
2279:
2278:
2275:
2272:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2257:
2254:
2248:membership in
2238:
2237:
2234:
2231:
2226:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2212:
2209:
2203:membership in
2193:
2192:
2187:
2184:
2179:
2172:
2169:
2166:
2163:
2156:Temporal range
2154:
2147:
2146:
2139:
2132:
2124:
2103:Dmanisi skulls
2089:(Inclusion of
2083:Homo ergaster,
2039:Main article:
2036:
2033:
2011:Sahelanthropus
1897:Tchadanthropus
1879:Africanthropus
1843:incertae sedis
1839:Sahelanthropus
1822:Sahelanthropus
1637:Anthropomorpha
1624:
1621:
1608:(or similar).
1586:Sahelanthropus
1485:archaic humans
1451:Human taxonomy
1446:
1445:
1437:
1433:
1432:
1417:
1416:
1415:
1402:
1401:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1388:
1387:
1385:
1375:
1374:
1366:
1365:
1363:
1353:
1352:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1331:
1330:
1320:
1319:
1317:
1307:
1306:
1300:
1299:
1297:
1287:
1286:
1280:
1279:
1277:
1267:
1266:
1256:
1255:
1253:
1243:
1242:
1236:
1235:
1233:
1223:
1222:
1213:
1212:
1210:
1200:
1199:
1190:
1189:
1187:
1177:
1176:
1170:
1169:
1167:
1157:
1156:
1150:
1149:
1147:
1137:
1136:
1130:
1129:
1127:
1117:
1116:
1110:
1109:
1107:
1098:
1093:
1092:
1091:
1080:
1079:
1078:
1076:
1065:
1064:
1063:
1061:
1048:
1047:
1046:
1035:
1034:
1033:
1031:
992:
991:
990:
974:H. rudolfensis
959:
958:
957:
918:
917:
916:
903:
902:
901:
888:
887:
886:
873:
872:
871:
850:
849:
848:
837:
836:
835:
828:Graecopithecus
824:
823:
822:
815:Sahelanthropus
811:
810:
809:
798:
797:
796:
785:
784:
783:
772:
771:
770:
745:Ouranopithecus
741:
740:
739:
728:
727:
726:
719:Nakalipithecus
715:
714:
713:
702:
701:
700:
689:
688:
687:
676:
675:
674:
661:
660:
659:
657:
654:0 —
652:
647:
642:
637:
632:
627:
622:
617:
612:
607:
602:
597:
592:
587:
582:
577:
572:
567:
562:
557:
552:
549:
548:
546:
545:
538:
531:
520:
517:
516:
509:
502:
501:
499:
498:
490:
485:Tchadanthropus
482:
474:
466:
458:
450:
442:
437:Africanthropus
428:
427:
426:
423:
422:
416:
415:
409:
408:
398:
388:
378:
368:
358:
348:
338:
328:
318:
308:
307:
306:
289:
288:
284:
283:
281:Linnaeus, 1758
280:
271:
270:
264:
263:
246:
242:
241:
236:
232:
231:
226:
222:
221:
216:
212:
211:
206:
202:
201:
196:
192:
191:
186:
182:
181:
176:
172:
171:
166:
162:
161:
156:
152:
151:
146:
142:
141:
136:
132:
131:
118:
117:
109:
108:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7755:
7744:
7741:
7740:
7738:
7724:
7721:
7719:
7715:
7705:
7702:
7700:
7699:Invertebrates
7697:
7695:
7692:
7691:
7682:
7679:
7677:
7676:
7672:
7671:
7669:
7665:
7662:
7660:
7656:
7644:
7643:
7639:
7637:
7634:
7633:
7632:
7629:
7627:
7624:
7622:
7619:
7617:
7616:
7612:
7610:
7607:
7605:
7602:
7600:
7597:
7595:
7592:
7590:
7587:
7585:
7582:
7578:
7575:
7573:
7570:
7568:
7565:
7564:
7562:
7560:
7559:
7555:
7554:
7552:
7548:
7542:
7541:
7537:
7535:
7534:
7530:
7528:
7527:
7523:
7521:
7518:
7514:
7513:
7509:
7508:
7507:
7506:
7502:
7500:
7499:
7495:
7493:
7492:
7488:
7486:
7483:
7481:
7480:
7476:
7472:
7471:
7467:
7466:
7465:
7462:
7460:
7459:
7455:
7453:
7452:
7448:
7447:
7445:
7441:
7435:
7432:
7431:
7429:
7427:
7423:
7420:
7416:
7411:
7404:
7399:
7397:
7392:
7390:
7385:
7384:
7381:
7369:
7368:
7363:
7359:
7357:
7356:
7347:
7345:
7344:
7335:
7334:
7331:
7325:
7322:
7318:
7315:
7314:
7313:
7310:
7308:
7305:
7303:
7300:
7298:
7295:
7294:
7292:
7288:
7282:
7279:
7277:
7274:
7272:
7269:
7268:
7266:
7262:
7252:
7249:
7247:
7244:
7242:
7239:
7237:
7234:
7232:
7229:
7227:
7224:
7223:
7221:
7219:
7215:
7209:
7206:
7204:
7201:
7199:
7196:
7194:
7191:
7189:
7186:
7184:
7181:
7179:
7176:
7174:
7171:
7169:
7166:
7164:
7161:
7160:
7158:
7153:
7145:
7142:
7140:
7137:
7136:
7135:Life history
7134:
7130:
7127:
7125:
7122:
7121:
7119:
7115:
7112:
7110:
7107:
7105:
7102:
7101:
7099:
7095:
7092:
7090:
7087:
7085:
7082:
7081:
7079:
7078:
7076:
7072:
7066:
7063:
7061:
7058:
7056:
7053:
7051:
7048:
7046:
7043:
7041:
7038:
7037:
7035:
7031:
7028:
7024:
7018:
7017:
7012:
7008:
7007:
7002:
7001:
6996:
6995:
6990:
6989:
6988:Homo ergaster
6984:
6983:
6979:
6978:
6976:
6974:
6970:
6952:
6949:
6947:
6944:
6942:
6939:
6937:
6934:
6932:
6931:
6927:
6925:
6922:
6920:
6918:
6917:H. s. sapiens
6914:
6913:
6911:
6909:
6908:
6903:
6900:
6898:
6897:Modern humans
6894:
6887:
6886:
6882:
6880:
6879:
6875:
6873:
6872:
6871:H. luzonensis
6868:
6865:
6864:
6860:
6858:
6857:
6853:
6851:
6850:
6846:
6843:
6842:
6838:
6836:
6833:
6831:
6830:
6829:H. antecessor
6826:
6825:
6823:
6821:
6817:
6807:
6806:
6802:
6800:
6799:
6795:
6793:
6792:
6788:
6786:
6785:
6781:
6779:
6778:
6774:
6772:
6771:
6767:
6765:
6764:
6760:
6758:
6757:
6756:H. e. erectus
6753:
6752:
6750:
6748:
6747:
6742:
6735:
6734:
6730:
6727:
6726:
6722:
6720:
6719:
6715:
6713:
6712:
6708:
6705:
6704:
6700:
6699:
6696:
6693:
6689:
6686:
6684:
6682:
6672:
6662:
6661:
6657:
6655:
6654:
6650:
6648:
6647:
6643:
6642:
6640:
6638:
6637:
6632:
6626:
6625:
6621:
6619:
6618:
6614:
6612:
6611:
6610:A. deyiremeda
6607:
6605:
6604:
6600:
6598:
6597:
6593:
6591:
6590:
6586:
6584:
6583:
6579:
6578:
6576:
6574:
6573:
6568:
6562:
6561:
6557:
6555:
6554:
6550:
6549:
6547:
6545:
6544:
6539:
6533:
6532:
6531:Kenyanthropus
6528:
6526:
6525:
6521:
6519:
6518:
6514:
6512:
6511:
6507:
6506:
6503:
6500:
6498:
6494:
6488:
6485:
6483:
6480:
6478:
6477:Gorilla–human
6475:
6473:
6470:
6469:
6467:
6465:
6461:
6458:
6455:
6450:
6446:
6442:
6435:
6430:
6428:
6423:
6421:
6416:
6415:
6412:
6403:
6399:
6395:
6389:
6381:
6379:9783110810691
6375:
6371:
6367:
6361:
6357:
6353:
6347:
6345:
6336:
6332:
6329:King, 1864".
6328:
6321:
6317:
6312:
6307:
6302:
6297:
6293:
6289:
6285:
6281:
6280:
6275:
6268:
6264:
6259:
6254:
6250:
6246:
6241:
6236:
6232:
6228:
6224:
6220:
6219:
6214:
6207:
6199:
6195:
6191:
6187:
6183:
6179:
6175:
6171:
6167:
6163:
6162:
6157:
6153:
6147:
6140:
6139:
6133:
6126:
6119:
6113:
6106:
6100:
6092:
6088:
6084:
6080:
6077:(2): 245–54.
6076:
6072:
6071:
6066:
6059:
6051:
6049:9781135582272
6045:
6041:
6037:
6036:
6029:
6023:
6016:
6010:
6002:
6000:9781489937452
5996:
5992:
5991:
5983:
5975:
5971:
5967:
5965:0-801-88221-4
5961:
5957:
5956:
5951:
5950:Wilson, D. E.
5947:
5946:Groves, C. P.
5941:
5933:
5929:
5925:
5924:Pääbo, Svante
5919:
5913:
5909:
5903:
5897:
5893:
5888:
5881:
5877:
5873:
5869:
5865:
5859:
5852:
5846:
5839:
5835:
5831:
5830:John R. Baker
5827:
5823:
5819:
5816:but against "
5815:
5814:H. s. sapiens
5811:
5807:
5803:
5799:
5795:
5791:
5790:H. s. sapiens
5786:
5782:
5771:on 2016-03-03
5770:
5766:
5762:
5761:
5760:ICZN glossary
5753:
5746:
5744:
5738:
5737:
5736:New Scientist
5732:
5725:
5710:
5709:
5704:
5700:
5694:
5686:
5682:
5678:
5674:
5670:
5666:
5662:
5658:
5654:
5650:
5643:
5636:
5628:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5610:
5606:
5602:
5598:
5594:
5590:
5586:
5579:
5571:
5567:
5563:
5559:
5555:
5551:
5544:
5536:
5532:
5528:
5524:
5520:
5516:
5515:
5507:
5499:
5495:
5490:
5485:
5481:
5477:
5473:
5469:
5465:
5461:
5457:
5450:
5435:
5431:
5427:
5426:
5421:
5414:
5406:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5378:
5374:
5370:
5363:
5355:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5337:
5333:
5330:(3): 100130.
5329:
5325:
5321:
5314:
5306:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5288:
5284:
5281:(3): 100132.
5280:
5276:
5272:
5265:
5257:
5253:
5249:
5245:
5241:
5237:
5230:
5223:
5219:
5212:
5210:
5201:
5193:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5165:
5161:
5158:(6): e21562.
5157:
5153:
5149:
5142:
5134:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5110:
5106:
5102:
5098:
5094:
5090:
5083:
5075:
5069:
5065:
5061:
5060:
5055:
5048:
5040:
5036:
5032:
5028:
5025:(3): 151–77.
5024:
5020:
5013:
5005:
5001:
4997:
4993:
4989:
4985:
4981:
4977:
4973:
4969:
4961:
4953:
4947:
4943:
4939:
4935:
4931:
4927:
4923:
4916:
4900:
4896:
4892:
4885:
4877:
4873:
4869:
4865:
4861:
4857:
4853:
4849:
4845:
4841:
4833:
4825:
4821:
4817:
4810:
4803:
4800:
4796:
4792:
4788:
4784:
4778:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4760:
4756:
4755:
4750:
4743:
4735:
4729:
4725:
4720:
4719:
4710:
4702:
4696:
4685:
4683:
4674:
4666:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4648:
4644:
4640:
4636:
4635:
4630:
4623:
4615:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4587:
4583:
4579:
4575:
4574:
4569:
4562:
4554:
4550:
4546:
4542:
4538:
4534:
4530:
4526:
4522:
4518:
4510:
4502:
4500:9781107019959
4496:
4492:
4491:
4483:
4475:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4457:
4453:
4449:
4445:
4444:
4439:
4432:
4424:
4420:
4416:
4412:
4408:
4401:
4393:
4389:
4385:
4381:
4377:
4373:
4369:
4365:
4364:
4356:
4349:
4345:
4341:
4337:
4331:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4313:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4290:
4283:
4279:
4275:
4271:
4267:
4263:
4257:
4249:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4221:
4217:
4213:
4209:
4208:
4203:
4196:
4188:
4184:
4180:
4173:
4165:
4161:
4157:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4123:
4116:
4108:
4107:
4102:
4096:
4088:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4057:
4052:
4045:
4030:
4029:
4028:New Scientist
4024:
4018:
4014:
4013:
4008:
4007:Jared Diamond
4003:
3995:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3965:
3961:
3954:
3938:
3932:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3887:
3879:
3875:
3863:
3859:
3853:
3844:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3828:chronospecies
3825:
3819:
3812:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3794:
3787:
3783:
3782:Bilzingsleben
3779:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3761:
3754:
3753:
3748:
3747:
3742:
3741:
3736:
3735:
3730:
3729:
3728:Homo ergaster
3724:
3723:
3718:
3717:
3712:
3711:
3706:
3705:
3700:
3699:
3694:
3693:
3688:
3687:
3682:
3681:
3676:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3636:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3616:
3610:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3572:
3565:
3561:
3555:
3548:
3544:
3538:
3534:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3516:
3508:(VlÄŤek, 2002)
3507:
3506:
3502:
3499:
3498:
3494:
3491:
3487:
3486:
3482:
3479:
3475:
3474:
3470:
3467:
3463:
3462:
3458:
3455:
3451:
3450:
3446:
3443:
3439:
3438:
3434:
3431:
3427:
3426:
3422:
3419:
3415:
3414:
3410:
3407:
3403:
3402:
3398:
3397:
3396:
3394:
3390:
3389:
3383:
3375:
3370:
3368:
3364:
3363:
3358:
3357:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3343:
3337:
3335:
3334:H. s. sapiens
3331:
3330:H. s. sapiens
3327:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3310:
3305:
3301:
3296:
3294:
3293:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3279:Homo drennani
3276:
3275:
3271:
3266:
3265:
3260:
3259:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3241:
3236:
3235:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3213:
3211:
3208:based on the
3207:
3206:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3188:
3183:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3170:. Similarly,
3169:
3168:
3163:
3162:
3157:
3156:
3151:
3150:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3136:
3131:
3130:
3125:
3124:
3119:
3118:
3117:australasicus
3113:
3112:
3107:
3106:
3101:
3100:
3095:
3094:
3089:
3088:
3083:
3082:
3077:
3076:
3071:
3070:smooth-haired
3067:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3046:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3035:cryptozoology
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2983:H. s. sapiens
2980:
2974:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2932:
2931:H. s. sapiens
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2915:Carl Linnaeus
2911:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2890:
2875:
2871:
2866:
2864:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2848:
2844:
2841:
2836:
2834:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2824:
2821:
2820:
2816:
2815:
2811:
2808:
2806:1 individual
2803:
2801:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2787:
2781:
2780:
2776:
2775:
2772:
2769:
2764:
2762:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2752:
2746:
2745:
2742:Nesher Ramla
2740:
2739:
2735:
2732:
2726:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2712:
2706:
2705:
2701:
2700:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2685:
2680:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2668:
2665:
2664:
2660:
2659:
2655:
2646:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2632:
2626:
2625:
2624:
2619:
2618:
2614:
2611:
2605:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2589:
2588:
2584:
2583:
2579:
2576:
2570:
2568:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2555:
2549:
2548:
2544:
2543:
2539:
2536:
2534:1 individual
2530:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2517:
2516:H. longi
2513:
2512:
2508:
2505:
2499:
2497:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2484:
2478:
2477:
2473:
2472:
2468:
2465:
2459:
2456:
2453:
2450:
2447:
2444:
2438:
2437:
2433:
2432:
2428:
2425:
2419:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2402:
2398:
2397:
2393:
2390:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2374:
2371:
2365:
2364:
2360:
2359:
2355:
2352:
2346:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2334:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2325:
2321:
2320:
2316:
2313:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2295:
2292:
2286:
2285:
2281:
2280:
2276:
2273:
2267:
2265:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2255:
2251:
2245:
2244:
2240:
2239:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2224:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2210:
2206:
2200:
2199:
2195:
2194:
2188:
2183:
2182:Fossil record
2176:
2168:Adult height
2164:
2161:
2152:
2151:
2145:
2140:
2138:
2133:
2131:
2126:
2125:
2122:
2116:
2114:
2110:
2109:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2091:Homo ergaster
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2075:
2074:Homo ergaster
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2057:
2052:
2048:
2042:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2026:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2012:
2007:
2006:
2001:
1997:
1992:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1957:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1923:
1918:
1914:
1913:Olduvai Gorge
1910:
1906:
1901:
1899:
1898:
1893:
1892:
1887:
1886:
1881:
1880:
1875:
1874:
1873:Cyphanthropus
1869:
1868:
1863:
1862:
1861:Protanthropus
1857:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1835:Praeanthropus
1832:
1828:
1824:
1823:
1818:
1817:
1816:Kenyanthropus
1812:
1811:
1806:
1802:
1801:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1775:
1769:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1746:
1740:
1738:
1734:
1733:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1703:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1681:
1676:
1675:Carl Linnaeus
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1620:
1618:
1614:
1609:
1607:
1606:Homo paniscus
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1582:Praeanthropus
1579:
1575:
1571:
1566:
1564:
1563:
1558:
1554:
1549:
1545:
1544:
1539:
1536:
1532:
1527:
1525:
1524:
1519:
1518:
1513:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1500:
1496:
1495:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1477:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1455:human species
1452:
1441:
1434:
1427:
1424:
1410:
1408:
1392:
1391:Modern humans
1386:
1381:
1380:
1370:
1364:
1359:
1358:
1348:
1342:
1337:
1336:
1327:
1323:
1322:Earliest fire
1318:
1313:
1312:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1292:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1272:
1263:
1262:
1254:
1249:
1248:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1228:
1219:
1218:
1211:
1206:
1205:
1196:
1195:
1188:
1183:
1182:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1162:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1142:
1133:
1132:Gorilla split
1128:
1123:
1122:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1102:
1085:
1070:
1057:
1056:
1054:
1042:
1040:
1026:
1024:
1018:
1016:
1010:
1008:
1007:H. antecessor
1001:
1000:
998:
985:
983:
977:
975:
968:
967:
965:
952:
950:
949:Au. anamensis
944:
942:
941:Au. afarensis
936:
934:
933:Au. africanus
927:
926:
924:
911:
909:
896:
894:
882:
881:
879:
866:
864:
863:O. tugenensis
858:
856:
844:
842:
831:
829:
818:
816:
805:
803:
792:
790:
779:
777:
765:
763:
757:
755:
748:
746:
735:
733:
722:
720:
708:
707:
696:
694:
683:
681:
670:
668:
550:
544:
539:
537:
532:
530:
525:
524:
518:
514:
507:
494:
491:
488:Coppens, 1965
486:
483:
478:
475:
472:Haeckel, 1895
470:
469:Protanthropus
467:
462:
459:
456:Pycraft, 1928
454:
453:Cyphanthropus
451:
446:
443:
438:
435:
434:
424:
421:
417:
414:
413:
407:
406:
399:
397:
396:
389:
387:
386:
379:
377:
376:
369:
367:
366:
359:
357:
356:
349:
347:
346:
339:
337:
336:
335:Homo ergaster
329:
327:
326:
319:
317:
316:
309:
305:
304:
300:
299:
298:
297:
293:
292:
290:
285:
278:
277:
272:
269:
265:
261:
257:
252:
251:
247:
244:
243:
240:
237:
234:
233:
230:
227:
224:
223:
220:
217:
214:
213:
210:
207:
204:
203:
200:
197:
194:
193:
190:
187:
184:
183:
180:
177:
174:
173:
170:
167:
164:
163:
160:
157:
154:
153:
150:
147:
144:
143:
140:
137:
134:
133:
128:
123:
119:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
44:
41:2.865–0
37:
33:
26:
22:
19:
7673:
7659:Polyphyletic
7642:Homo sapiens
7641:
7640:
7614:
7556:
7539:
7532:
7525:
7511:
7504:
7497:
7490:
7478:
7469:
7457:
7449:
7426:Monophyletic
7365:
7353:
7341:
7208:Gender roles
7203:Intelligence
7016:Homo sapiens
7014:
7010:
7004:
6998:
6994:Homo erectus
6992:
6986:
6982:Homo habilis
6980:
6941:Manot people
6930:H. s. idaltu
6928:
6924:Jebel Irhoud
6916:
6907:Homo sapiens
6905:
6883:
6876:
6869:
6861:
6854:
6847:
6839:
6827:
6803:
6796:
6789:
6782:
6775:
6768:
6761:
6754:
6746:Homo erectus
6744:
6731:
6723:
6716:
6709:
6701:
6691:Proto-humans
6680:
6677:proto-humans
6658:
6651:
6644:
6636:Paranthropus
6634:
6622:
6615:
6608:
6601:
6596:A. anamensis
6594:
6589:A. africanus
6587:
6582:A. afarensis
6580:
6570:
6558:
6551:
6543:Ardipithecus
6541:
6529:
6522:
6515:
6508:
6487:Gibbon–human
6448:
6401:
6397:
6393:
6388:
6369:
6359:
6355:
6351:
6330:
6326:
6283:
6277:
6222:
6216:
6206:
6165:
6159:
6146:
6138:Homo sapiens
6137:
6135:
6131:
6125:
6117:
6112:
6104:
6099:
6074:
6068:
6067:in Africa".
6065:Homo sapiens
6064:
6058:
6034:
6027:
6022:
6014:
6009:
5989:
5982:
5954:
5940:
5930:. New York:
5927:
5918:
5907:
5902:
5891:
5887:
5871:
5867:
5863:
5858:
5845:
5833:
5825:
5821:
5817:
5813:
5809:
5805:
5801:
5793:
5789:
5784:
5779:
5773:. Retrieved
5769:the original
5759:
5752:
5743:Homo sapiens
5742:
5740:
5734:
5724:
5712:. Retrieved
5706:
5693:
5652:
5648:
5635:
5592:
5588:
5578:
5553:
5549:
5543:
5518:
5512:
5506:
5463:
5459:
5449:
5437:. Retrieved
5423:
5413:
5376:
5372:
5362:
5327:
5323:
5313:
5278:
5274:
5264:
5239:
5235:
5229:
5221:
5217:
5208:
5200:
5155:
5151:
5141:
5096:
5092:
5082:
5058:
5047:
5022:
5018:
5012:
4971:
4967:
4960:
4929:
4926:Tattersall I
4921:
4915:
4905:22 September
4903:. Retrieved
4899:the original
4884:
4843:
4839:
4832:
4815:
4809:
4798:
4794:
4790:
4786:
4782:
4780:
4758:
4752:
4742:
4717:
4709:
4681:
4673:
4638:
4632:
4622:
4577:
4571:
4561:
4520:
4516:
4509:
4489:
4482:
4447:
4441:
4431:
4406:
4400:
4367:
4361:
4355:
4347:
4343:
4339:
4335:
4303:
4299:
4289:
4277:
4269:
4265:
4256:
4211:
4205:
4195:
4178:
4172:
4132:(7140): 28.
4129:
4125:
4115:
4104:
4095:
4060:
4054:
4044:
4032:. Retrieved
4026:
4015:(1991), and
4010:
4002:
3967:
3963:
3953:
3941:. Retrieved
3931:
3890:
3884:
3878:
3861:
3857:
3852:
3843:
3835:
3831:
3823:
3818:
3811:Homo sapiens
3810:
3803:Jebel Irhoud
3798:
3793:
3785:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3760:
3752:Homo sapiens
3750:
3749:and indeed
3744:
3738:
3732:
3726:
3720:
3714:
3708:
3702:
3696:
3690:
3684:
3678:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3656:
3648:
3640:
3635:
3627:
3623:
3613:
3609:
3601:
3596:
3592:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3571:
3563:
3559:
3554:
3547:Homo erectus
3546:
3542:
3537:
3503:
3495:
3490:Tautavel Man
3483:
3471:
3466:Meganthropus
3459:
3447:
3435:
3423:
3411:
3399:
3392:
3388:Homo erectus
3386:
3385:
3374:Homo erectus
3373:
3360:
3354:
3351:Homo sapiens
3350:
3346:
3340:
3338:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3307:
3303:
3300:Homo sapiens
3299:
3297:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3268:
3262:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3238:
3232:
3228:
3217:Homo sapiens
3216:
3214:
3203:
3200:Louis Lartet
3191:
3185:
3184:
3179:
3175:
3165:
3159:
3153:
3147:
3144:crisp-haired
3139:
3133:
3127:
3121:
3115:
3109:
3103:
3097:
3091:
3085:
3079:
3073:
3065:
3057:
3049:
3047:
3042:
3038:
3026:
3015:West Eurasia
3006:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2982:
2978:
2975:
2962:
2943:Homo sapiens
2942:
2936:
2930:
2926:
2889:Homo sapiens
2888:
2817:
2792:c. 100
2785:
2777:
2743:
2702:
2686:1,200–1,900
2661:
2621:
2620:
2596:South Africa
2592:c. 300
2585:
2559:c. 300
2553:
2545:
2514:
2503:1 skull cap
2488:c. 450
2482:
2474:
2460:1,100–1,400
2442:
2434:
2399:
2375:1,800–1,300
2369:
2361:
2322:
2300:South Africa
2290:
2282:
2249:
2241:
2211:2,100–1,500
2204:
2196:
2120:
2113:Homo erectus
2112:
2106:
2098:
2095:Homo erectus
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2079:Homo erectus
2078:
2072:
2069:Homo sapiens
2068:
2065:Homo erectus
2064:
2061:Homo sapiens
2060:
2056:Homo erectus
2054:
2051:Homo sapiens
2050:
2046:
2044:
2030:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2009:
2005:Ardipithecus
2003:
1993:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1964:
1954:
1950:
1942:
1938:
1930:
1926:
1922:Homo habilis
1920:
1904:
1902:
1895:
1891:Atlanthropus
1889:
1885:Telanthropus
1883:
1877:
1871:
1867:Sinanthropus
1865:
1859:
1853:
1849:
1847:
1842:
1841:(the latter
1838:
1834:
1831:Ardipithecus
1830:
1826:
1820:
1814:
1810:Ardipithecus
1808:
1800:Paranthropus
1798:
1794:
1787:Raymond Dart
1782:
1778:
1772:
1770:
1766:Piltdown Man
1761:
1757:
1754:missing link
1749:
1743:
1741:
1736:
1730:
1706:
1700:
1684:
1680:Homo sapiens
1678:
1656:
1610:
1605:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1578:Ardipithecus
1577:
1573:
1569:
1567:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1541:
1530:
1528:
1523:Homo sapiens
1521:
1517:Homo erectus
1515:
1509:
1503:
1498:
1492:
1488:
1474:
1459:Homo sapiens
1458:
1450:
1449:
1419:
1404:
1260:
1216:
1194:Ardipithecus
1193:
1112:Earlier apes
1069:Neanderthals
1053:Homo sapiens
1050:
1049:
1036:
1020:
1012:
1004:
994:
993:
979:
971:
961:
960:
946:
938:
930:
920:
919:
905:
890:
878:Ardipithecus
875:
874:
860:
852:
838:
825:
812:
802:Sivapithecus
799:
789:Oreopithecus
786:
773:
759:
751:
742:
729:
716:
704:
690:
677:
662:
493:Telanthropus
492:
484:
477:Sinanthropus
476:
468:
464:Dubois, 1894
460:
452:
445:Atlanthropus
444:
440:Dreyer, 1935
436:
411:
410:
403:
393:
383:
373:
363:
355:Homo habilis
353:
343:
333:
325:Homo erectus
323:
313:
301:
296:Homo sapiens
294:
276:Homo sapiens
274:
268:Type species
249:
195:Infraorder:
24:
18:
7631:Vertebrates
7621:Lepidoptera
7594:Brachiopoda
7563:Gastropoda
7540:Pachypodium
7485:Orchidaceae
7139:Grandmother
7094:Shore-based
7055:Aquatic ape
6946:Tam Pa Ling
6841:H. ergaster
6660:P. robustus
5932:Basic Books
4799:H. ergaster
4761:: 126–170.
4270:Homo helmei
4187:10026538759
4034:December 8,
3797:The age of
3618:, found in
3442:Nanjing Man
3430:Lantian Man
3418:Yuanmou Man
3161:hottentotus
3149:aethiopicus
3135:patagonicus
3111:neptunianus
3105:hyperboreus
3027:H. s. ferus
2829:Philippines
2788:or Denisova
2189:Publication
2171:Adult mass
2108:Homo naledi
2093:with Asian
2049:other than
1975:(alongside
1961:KNM-ER 1470
1909:stone tools
1852:, include:
1813:(1995) and
1797:as well as
1693:great races
1520:and modern
1015:H. ergaster
908:Ar. ramidus
893:Ar. kadabba
855:O. praegens
693:Pleistocene
522:This box:
480:Black, 1927
395:Homo naledi
215:Subfamily:
199:Simiiformes
7609:Dermaptera
7604:Scorpiones
7498:Adenanthos
7178:Skin color
7163:Bipedalism
7124:Killer ape
6936:Cro-Magnon
6835:Denisovans
6711:H. habilis
6675:Humans and
6560:A. ramidus
6553:A. kadabba
6352:H. erectus
5794:Syst. Nat.
5775:2018-06-04
5379:: e24231.
4787:H. erectus
4783:H. erectus
4733:0226439631
4336:H. habilis
4274:Lake Eyasi
3871:References
3655:(formerly
3647:(formerly
3645:Peking Man
3541:Confirmed
3454:Peking Man
3376:subspecies
3322:H. sapiens
3314:John Baker
3304:H. sapiens
3229:H. sapiens
3140:Oulotrichi
3129:americanus
3123:columbicus
3066:Leiotrichi
3007:H. s. afer
2991:H. sapiens
2963:H. sapiens
2939:subspecies
2927:H. sapiens
2891:subspecies
2883:Subspecies
2647:950–1,800
2406:1,200–800
2329:1,900–140
2296:1,900–600
2186:Discovery
2105:(2013) or
1981:H. erectus
1977:H. habilis
1951:H. habilis
1939:H. habilis
1903:The genus
1756:" between
1705:(genitive
1671:subspecies
1617:subspecies
1613:phenotypes
1559:split, is
1540:alongside
1529:The genus
1467:zoological
1084:Denisovans
1023:Au. sediba
997:H. erectus
964:H. habilis
754:Ou. turkae
235:Subtribe:
189:Haplorhini
185:Suborder:
32:Piacenzian
27:("humans")
7636:Lemuridae
7626:Lucanidae
7615:Anopheles
7520:Cactaceae
7479:Narcissus
7464:Liliaceae
7297:Theorists
7264:Timelines
7144:Patriarch
7120:Behavior
7045:Gathering
6973:Ancestors
6718:H. naledi
6653:P. boisei
6624:A. sediba
6040:Routledge
5685:106411053
5535:0305-4403
5466:: 16046.
4695:cite news
3530:Footnotes
3456:) (1970s)
3408:) (1970s)
3167:melaninus
3075:japeticus
3019:East Asia
2969:based on
2923:lectotype
2784:possibly
2717:Indonesia
2650:(extant)
2637:Worldwide
2252:uncertain
2207:uncertain
2153:Lineages
2123:lineages
1969:Alekseyev
1711:Hominidae
982:Au. garhi
219:Homininae
209:Hominidae
145:Kingdom:
139:Eukaryota
7737:Category
7681:Diatomea
7675:Protista
7667:Protists
7589:Bivalvia
7584:Conoidea
7558:Animalia
7491:Triticum
7434:Bacteria
7410:Taxonomy
7343:Category
7198:Language
7168:Skeleton
6863:H. longi
6617:A. garhi
6454:Hominins
6449:Taxonomy
6320:14745010
6267:19805257
6249:40485013
6198:26693109
6190:12802315
5974:62265494
5948:(2005).
5926:(2014).
5910:(2013),
5878:(1982),
5714:10 April
5699:Zimmer C
5677:30971845
5627:25625212
5595:: 6037.
5498:28675384
5405:28483040
5354:34557770
5305:34557772
5192:21738710
5152:PLOS ONE
5133:21646521
5054:Prins HE
5039:20466364
5004:43455561
4996:25739409
4934:Springer
4928:(eds.).
4876:20435482
4868:24136960
4777:14666536
4665:18380861
4614:12794185
4545:12110880
4474:10999270
4423:87482930
4392:10213682
4330:25739410
4280:(1942),
4248:12794185
4164:33066198
4156:17476243
4087:27874171
3994:27298468
3923:26693109
3915:12802315
3653:Java Man
3513:See also
3478:Solo Man
3444:) (1993)
3406:Java Man
3251:infrasp.
3225:synonyms
3182:(etc.).
3180:spelaeus
3087:iranicus
3081:arabicus
3011:Americas
2925:of both
2869:2 sites
2809:2008(?)
2753:140–120
2521:309–138
2448:600–300
2423:2 sites
2385:700–850
2368:African
2271:2 sites
2225:510–660
2215:Tanzania
2191:of name
2165:Habitat
1996:Hominini
1947:LD 350-1
1925:(Leakey
1917:Tanzania
1789:(1925).
1723:Hominini
1713:for the
1659:hominids
1633:Hominini
1548:diverged
1538:Hominini
706:Hominini
680:Pliocene
430:Synonyms
420:Synonyms
287:Species
256:Linnaeus
239:Hominina
229:Hominini
205:Family:
179:Primates
169:Mammalia
159:Chordata
155:Phylum:
149:Animalia
135:Domain:
7723:Viruses
7599:Araneae
7550:Animals
7533:Drosera
7505:Banksia
7451:Plantae
7355:Commons
7307:Fossils
7173:Muscles
7084:Cooking
7040:Hunting
6517:Orrorin
6362:. See:
6288:Bibcode
6258:2752594
6227:Bibcode
6170:Bibcode
6091:6410925
6030:, see:
5657:Bibcode
5618:4316746
5597:Bibcode
5570:9614635
5489:5500885
5468:Bibcode
5439:11 June
5396:5423772
5345:8454562
5296:8454552
5244:Bibcode
5183:3126814
5160:Bibcode
5124:3127884
5101:Bibcode
4976:Bibcode
4968:Science
4848:Bibcode
4840:Science
4802:record.
4656:2409102
4582:Bibcode
4553:1316969
4525:Bibcode
4465:1468107
4372:Bibcode
4363:Science
4308:Bibcode
4300:Science
4216:Bibcode
4134:Bibcode
4078:5299519
4019:(2003)
3985:4920294
3943:June 7,
3895:Bibcode
3807:Morocco
3766:Mauer 1
3345:(White
3176:priscus
3099:sinicus
3093:indicus
3056:in his
2859:Siberia
2713:190–50
2337:Eurasia
2035:Species
2025:Orrorin
1764:. The "
1707:hominis
1667:species
1623:History
1383:←
1361:←
1339:←
1326:cooking
1315:←
1295:←
1275:←
1251:←
1231:←
1208:←
1185:←
1165:←
1145:←
1125:←
1105:←
841:Orrorin
666:Miocene
649:–
639:–
629:–
619:–
609:–
599:–
589:–
579:–
569:–
559:–
245:Genus:
225:Tribe:
175:Order:
165:Class:
110:↓
36:Present
7526:Citrus
7470:Tulipa
7458:Allium
7443:Plants
7412:of ...
7290:Others
7193:Speech
7155:Topics
7100:Drugs
7026:Models
6376:
6318:
6311:337021
6308:
6265:
6255:
6247:
6196:
6188:
6161:Nature
6089:
6046:
5997:
5972:
5962:
5880:p. 141
5683:
5675:
5649:Nature
5625:
5615:
5568:
5533:
5496:
5486:
5425:Nature
5403:
5393:
5352:
5342:
5303:
5293:
5190:
5180:
5131:
5121:
5070:
5037:
5002:
4994:
4948:
4874:
4866:
4816:Nature
4775:
4730:
4663:
4653:
4612:
4605:164648
4602:
4551:
4543:
4517:Nature
4497:
4472:
4462:
4421:
4407:Nature
4390:
4328:
4246:
4239:164648
4236:
4185:
4162:
4154:
4126:Nature
4085:
4075:
3992:
3982:
3921:
3913:
3886:Nature
3651:) and
3500:(1991)
3347:et al.
3062:racial
2903:, and
2825:c. 67
2796:Taiwan
2757:Israel
2571:1,300
2563:Zambia
2552:early
2531:1,420
2500:1,000
2441:early
2420:1,000
2333:Africa
2256:1,900
1927:et al.
1837:, and
1715:family
1695:. The
1653:(1825)
1639:, and
1499:idaltu
1094:
7717:Other
7302:Books
7080:Diet
6245:JSTOR
6194:S2CID
5896:p. 71
5798:p. 21
5681:S2CID
5645:(PDF)
5373:eLife
5214:(PDF)
5000:S2CID
4872:S2CID
4687:(PDF)
4549:S2CID
4419:S2CID
4282:p. 43
4160:S2CID
3919:S2CID
3196:Pääbo
3155:cafer
2876:2010
2845:2019
2842:2007
2812:2015
2770:2021
2736:2004
2733:2003
2697:1864
2694:1829
2656:1758
2615:2015
2612:2013
2580:1921
2577:1921
2540:2021
2537:1933
2509:2003
2506:1994
2492:Italy
2469:1908
2466:1907
2463:Many
2429:1997
2426:1994
2394:1975
2391:1949
2388:Many
2356:1892
2353:1891
2350:Many
2317:2010
2314:2010
2277:1986
2274:1972
2260:Kenya
2236:1964
2233:1960
2178:(cm)
1941:from
1805:Broom
1727:tribe
1699:noun
1697:Latin
1665:into
1535:tribe
1471:genus
1463:Latin
7577:1997
7572:2005
7567:2017
7418:Life
7183:Hair
7003:) →
6681:Homo
6374:ISBN
6316:PMID
6263:PMID
6186:PMID
6118:Race
6087:PMID
6044:ISBN
5995:ISBN
5970:OCLC
5960:ISBN
5834:Race
5716:2019
5673:PMID
5623:PMID
5566:PMID
5531:ISSN
5494:PMID
5441:2017
5401:PMID
5350:PMID
5301:PMID
5188:PMID
5129:PMID
5068:ISBN
5035:PMID
5019:Homo
4992:PMID
4946:ISBN
4922:Homo
4907:2014
4864:PMID
4773:PMID
4728:ISBN
4701:link
4661:PMID
4610:PMID
4573:PNAS
4541:PMID
4495:ISBN
4470:PMID
4388:PMID
4344:Homo
4342:and
4326:PMID
4244:PMID
4183:NAID
4152:PMID
4083:PMID
4036:2011
3990:PMID
3945:2016
3911:PMID
3643:are
3620:Java
3564:Homo
3562:and
3393:Homo
3359:and
3328:and
3146:"):
3072:"):
3041:and
3021:and
3005:and
2955:race
2949:and
2929:and
2919:Sami
2872:2000
2744:Homo
2727:400
2690:Many
2669:240–
2606:450
2268:700
2250:Homo
2229:Many
2205:Homo
2143:edit
2136:talk
2129:view
2121:Homo
2047:Homo
2041:Homo
2020:Homo
2016:Homo
2008:and
1989:Homo
1987:and
1979:and
1973:Homo
1935:OH 7
1931:Homo
1905:Homo
1850:Homo
1781:and
1779:Homo
1760:and
1758:Homo
1737:Homo
1702:homĹŤ
1685:Homo
1598:Homo
1596:and
1590:Homo
1570:Homo
1553:Homo
1531:Homo
1511:Homo
1476:Homo
1261:Homo
542:edit
535:talk
528:view
260:1758
250:Homo
49:Preęž’
25:Homo
6997:(→
6888:(?)
6866:(?)
6844:(?)
6736:(?)
6728:(?)
6706:(?)
6396:(=
6306:PMC
6296:doi
6284:101
6253:PMC
6235:doi
6223:106
6178:doi
6166:423
6079:doi
5912:508
5838:205
5665:doi
5653:568
5613:PMC
5605:doi
5558:doi
5523:doi
5484:PMC
5476:doi
5430:doi
5391:PMC
5381:doi
5340:PMC
5332:doi
5291:PMC
5283:doi
5252:doi
5240:286
5178:PMC
5168:doi
5119:PMC
5109:doi
5097:108
5027:doi
4984:doi
4972:347
4938:doi
4856:doi
4844:342
4820:doi
4763:doi
4759:122
4651:PMC
4643:doi
4639:212
4600:PMC
4590:doi
4578:100
4533:doi
4521:418
4460:PMC
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4448:197
4411:doi
4380:doi
4368:284
4316:doi
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4268:or
4234:PMC
4224:doi
4212:100
4142:doi
4130:447
4073:PMC
4065:doi
4061:162
4009:in
3980:PMC
3972:doi
3968:371
3903:doi
3891:423
3860:or
3834:or
3772:to
3583:or
3227:of
3037:),
2941:of
2855:40
2160:kya
2097:is
2067:or
1967:by
1911:in
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1762:Pan
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1732:Pan
1594:Pan
1557:Pan
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