Hunter Valley wine

1520:

4,469 ha (11,043 acres) of wine grapes were planted in the Hunter Valley with 1,687 ha (4,169 acres) dedicated to red grapes and 2,782 ha (6,874 acres) planted to white grapes. At harvest time, 9,263 tonnes of red wine varieties were crushed for an average of 5.5 tonnes/ha. Among white wine varieties, 19,310 tonnes were crushed with an average of 6.9 tonnes/ha. Around 28% of the red grapes and 63% of the white grapes crushed were from estate grown-fruit. Roughly a third of the red grapes and a fifth of the white grapes crushed were imported from outside the Hunter Valley. Many of these imported grapes come from other New South Wales Wine regions such as the

679: 38: 1446: 1504: 1155: 473:

Australia. This had the effect of limiting any competition for Hunter Valley winemakers in Sydney. But the turn of the 20th century brought a shifting dynamic to the Hunter Valley wine industry as the provinces on the Australian continent became federated into states and a new constitution was drafted that banned such interstate trade barriers. The opening of the Sydney market to the flux of out of state wine, as well as the changing public tastes from dry wines to sweet,

1512: 301: 1372: 525: 424:, many with cuttings directly provided by Busby at Kirkton. In 1847, the Hunter Valley Viticulture Society was founded with the mission of expanding viticultural knowledge and improving techniques in the region. By the end of the decade, plantings had expanded from 80 ha (198 acres) to over 200 ha (494 acres). Between 1866 and 1876 the region saw further expansion as the acreage of planted vines topped 1800. 1364:

Penfolds' vine and planted them in his vineyard. Whether or not that story is true is hard to prove but Tyrrell's 1971 Vat 47 Chardonnay is widely credited with ushering in the Australian Chardonnay craze of the late 20th century. Today in the Upper Hunter Valley, Chardonnay account for more than 70% of the areas planted and is sometimes blended with Semillon. Hunter Valley Chardonnay is characterised by its rich,

370: 1290: 1543:. For a grape variety to appear on the wine label as a varietal wine it must account for at least 85% of the wine. If the wine is a multi-grape blend it must list the grapes on the wine in order of importance with the exact percentages of each grape listed somewhere on the wine. If the wine is labelled with a region then at least 85% of the grapes must be sourced from that area. 1380:

noted but has a tendency to develop in the bottle over 20 to 30 years into a silky, texture earthy wine with notes reminiscent of a Rhone. Traditionally Hunter Shiraz has carried the descriptor of "sweaty saddle". While this was once thought to be a terroir characteristic of the areas volcanic soils, it is now known to be caused by

1379:

James Busby's collection is the likely origin of Hunter Valley Shiraz and today the Hunter Valley is home to some of the oldest own rooted Shiraz vine in the world with some vineyards boasting vines that are in excess of 120 years of age. Hunter Valley Shiraz is characterised but its astringent, gamy

1318:

is rarely observed in the variety. Vines suffering from Eutypa die-back and bot canker exhibit similar wood symptoms and similarly experiences reduce growth and yields. A major difference between the two is that bot canker do not exhibit the same outward foliage symptoms that Eutypa die-back leave on

1198:

techniques and trellising as well as frequent leaf pulling in order to keep mould and rot at bay. Some examples of vine training systems found in the Hunter including the Scott Henry, Smart-Dyson and V-Trellis. In the Upper Hunter, the Vertical Shoot Positioning (VSP) is often used in areas that have

1134:

In comparison to the Lower Hunter, the Upper Hunter receives less overall rain (620 mm (24 in) annually to Lower Hunter's 720 mm (28 in)). As the vast majority of this rainfall takes place during the late summer and early autumn, irrigation is a necessity for many vineyards during

994:

Despite hot summers and freezing winters with frequent frost presenting a constant challenge to vineyard managers and winemakers, the area is a successful wine growing region thanks to mountains that encircle three sides of the valley, the cloud cover, and afternoon easterly sea breezes which, during

755:

Some of the oldest vines in the Hunter Valley were planted in 1924 around the village of Fordwich. The Broke Fordwich subregion is between the Upper Hunter Valley to the northwest and the lower Hunter Valley (including Pokolbin) to the east. Broke Fordwich is sheltered on the south side of the valley

592:

In the summer, the average daily temperature regularly exceeds 21.1 °C (70.0 °F) while during the winter the temperature averages around 14 °C (57.2 °F). Through the growing year, January tends to be the warmest month while July is usually the coolest. Temperatures during the peak

427:

Most of the early vineyards of the Hunter were located in the northeast section of the valley in the fertile alluvial plains along the Hunter River. The river provided easy transport of the wine down to the seaside port of Newcastle and onto Sydney. By the 1860s, plantings began to move further south

353:

follows Howe's exact path and is a major thoroughfare for wine tourists coming into the Hunter Valley from Sydney. As previous plantings in the coastal areas around Sydney succumbed to the humidity and wetness, and plantings to the west were limited by spring frost damage, northern reaches leading to

621:

hazard, though the inverse problem of winter drought can also be a problem. The rain, coupled with the heat, encourages high relative humidity in the region and subsequent threat of mould. During the growing season months of October–April, the 3pm average for relative humidity in the Lower Hunter is

1453:

Hunter Valley Semillon is widely considered the iconic wine of the region. First planted in the region in 1830, the grape has been produced and variously labelled as Hunter Valley Riesling, Shepherd's Riesling, Hock, Rhine Gold, White Burgundy and Chablis. In its youth it is exhibits austere lemon,

1207:

The chief viticultural hazard in the Hunter Valley is the threat posed by vintage season rains. Site selection on well drained soils are considered of vital importance and much effort is put into ensuring the canopy is open so air flow can help dry the grapes off. Of particular concern is bunch rot

472:

The expansive growth of the Hunter Valley in the mid to late 19th century came directly from its monopoly position of the lucrative Sydney market. The provincial government of New South Wales had enacted regulations that placed prohibitive duties on wines from other areas such as Victoria and South

1519:

The Hunter Valley wine industry is dominated by its proximity to Sydney. It has also become a significant element in the local economy in the tourism industry. The significance of tourism can be exemplified by the employment of more people in that industry than wine production. In 2008, a total of

1002:

Over the decades, the style of Hunter whites and reds has changed vastly, from robust, muscular reds exhibiting the famous Hunter Valley "sweaty saddle" and extraordinarily long-lived Semillon whites to reds showing more fruit, complexity and delicacy and whites exhibiting fruit-driven characters.

612:

Mid-latitude westerly winds bring high pressure weather front that alternate with cold fronts on the winter. This leads to generally drier conditions in the winter months of July and August. In the summer, southeasterly winds bring weather fronts harbouring extensive amounts of moisture. Between

503:

of Mount Pleasant vines in the Pokolbin area. While many producers in Australia were focusing on fortified wine, O'Shea continued to espouse the virtue of Australian dry table wines. O'Shea's foresight would pay off as consumer taste shifted towards drier styles of wine in the 1950s and 1960s. A

1465:

Described by Oz Clarke as one of the "wine world's enigmas", the grapes unique profile is attributed to the harsh climate and humidity of the Hunter which coax this low acid grape to higher acid levels than it achieves in the cooler climate of Bordeaux. Typical harvest figures for Hunter Valley

540:

released Australia's first commercial bottling of Chardonnay which signalled the beginning of the Australian Chardonnay craze. According to wine experts Hugh Johnson and Jancis Robinson, Tyrrell's Vat 47 Hunter Valley Chardonnay was the wine that "launched a million bottles." From 1956 to 1976,

1363:

among the reds. Prior to the late 1960s, there was very little Chardonnay found in Australia. In the Hunter Valley Penfolds has a small experimental planting. According to Murray Tyrrell of Tyrrell Vineyards, one night he jumped the barb wire fence of Penfolds and pruned a couple cuttings from

1190:

as they wish. To that extent, there is a wide range of viticultural practices seen in the Hunter Valley though some commonality does occur. As with many areas of Australia with labour shortages, viticulture in the Hunter is highly mechanised with machine harvesting the norm and experiments in

1469:

It is the unique climate that shapes the Hunter Valley's distinctive Semillon. While the textbook profile of Semillon is that of a thin skin, neutral grape that is prone to low acids and fatness in the Hunter it matures over decades into a honeyed wine with toasty biscuit notes and a mineral

634:

was registered on 1 May 1996 and is approximately the entire Hunter River catchment. It contains only one named wine region, Hunter. The Hunter Wine Region Australian Geographical Indication was declared on 18 March 1997. It is not as large as the Hunter Valley zone, but includes most of the

2250: 2009: 1330:

to help keep the louse at bay. During the growing season kangaroos are frequent threats to the young buds and shoots of grapevines, requiring tall barb wire fences to keep the hopping creature out. Ever present nuisances near harvest time are the frequent birds that descend upon the area.

1957: 313:

The wine-making history of Hunter Valley begins with the European settlement of the Sydney and the New South Wales region of Australia in the late 18th century as a penal colony of the British Empire. The Hunter River itself was discovered, by accident, in 1797 by British Lieutenant

1135:

the early growing season of the spring and summer. Being further inland, the Upper Hunter receives less maritime influence from the cooling sea breezes and has a much hotter heat summation with 2170 degree days (Celsius) to the 2070 degree days generally seen by the Lower Hunter.

296:

with its settlement and plantings in the 19th century fuelled by the trade network that linked the valley to the city. The steady demand of consumers from Sydney continues to drive much of the Hunter Valley wine industry, including a factor in the economy by the tourism industry.

2074: 541:

plantings in the Hunter Valley grew from 466 ha (1,150 acres) to over 4,100 ha (10,000 acres). Despite a slight reduction during the global recession of the 1980s, the Australian wine boom of the 1990s pushed plantings even further to over 4,600 ha (11,000 acres).

2156: 1983: 321:

Grapevines were planted in Sydney soon after its discovery in 1788 and as settlements fanned northward up towards the Hunter, government authorities actively encouraged plantings as a means of promoting both public sobriety and safety. The logic behind the promotion of

1905: 1121:

in the 1870s. Brecht's success would spur some interest in the area but the same turn of the 20th century events that saw decline throughout the Hunter Valley would compound to virtually extinguish all viticulture in the Upper Hunter. It wasn't until the 1960s when

1931: 1126:

purchased land near Brecht's old Wybong estate that significant viticulture interest in the Upper Hunter re-emerged. Through many years of trial and error, the viticulturalists at Penfolds were able to determine that the area was most suitable for white wine

1397:

While there were likely some plantings of Cabernet Sauvignon in the 19th century, Hunter Valley Cabernet seemed to vanish at the turn of the 20th century and didn't regain a footing in the Hunter until Max Lake reintroduced the variety along with the other

548:

as the largest producer of New South Wales wine, it still accounts for around 3% of Australia's total wine production and is one of the country's most recognisable regions. Today there are over 150 wineries in the Hunter, producing a wide range of wine.

1454:

grassy notes but with 10 plus years in the bottle it develop into a rich, minerally wine with biscuit notes. The character of the wine changes so much that it often even fools professional tasters of being an oak aged Chardonnay that has gone through

2238: 2005: 1478:

Overall, the Hunter Valley has more soils (mostly hard, acidic patches of poorly draining heavy clay) that are unsuitable for viticulture than they have areas that are ideal for growing grapes. The soils of the Lower Hunter vary widely from sandy

277:). The topography of the Hunter includes mostly gently sloping hills with modest gradients. The one notable exception are the vineyards of Mount View just west of the town of Cessnock. The terrain of the Upper Hunter is noticeably flatter as the 971:, Tulloch, Lake's Folly and Tyrrell, newer plantings from the likes of Brokenwood Wines, Don Francois, Allandale, Petersons and Bimbadgen can be found. Much of the rolling countryside around Pokolbin is under vine with the traditional varieties 2062: 1953: 454:

The wines included white wine akin to those of the Rhone; red light wines like those of Burgundy; Mousseux varieties with a bouquet, body and flavor equal to the first Champagnes; Muscat and other sweet wines, rivaling the Montignac of the

783:

were shuttled through to work in the coal mines of Cessnock. In September 1997, it was granted official sub-region status of the Hunter Valley. For most of the Hunter Valley's history, Broke Fordwich was noted for the quality of its fruit.

2144: 1979: 573:. With its northerly latitude and close oceanic influences, the Hunter Valley is one of Australia's hottest and wettest wine regions. Flanked by mountains to the west and north the Hunter Valley acts as a funnel, pulling cool 1897: 1927: 589:. Without these cooling breezes, quality wine grape production would be nearly impossible. However, with those cooling breezes also comes heavy rainfall and periodic cyclonic storms in the summer and autumn months. 593:

growing month of January average between 22.7–23.3 °C (72.9–73.9 °F), with the temperature becoming progressively hotter the further inland you move away from the cooling influence of the sea. During the

1280:

B (280–320 nm) light exposure that open canopies allow. To compound the potential problem for Hunter Valley wine growers is that, as of 2010, there wasn't any fungicides registered for use for this disease.

1297:

The unique environmental pressures of the Hunter Valley also conspire to give growers problem with "dieback diseases" that damage the wood parts of the vine and eventually lead to death. While the fungus

613:

October and April more than two thirds of the region's annual rainfall will fall with January and February being the wettest months. As much as 400–530 mm (15.7–20.9 in) of rain can fall during

361:, the historic house in 1821 which was on the hunter and had a fleet of ships which sent Cedar timber and other supplies south to Sydney and overseas. He planted a vineyard on the estate prior to 1840. 1771:

The University of Newcastle (20 June 1992). "Windermere - A Gracious Reminder of Bygone Days" (PDF). https://downloads.newcastle.edu.au/library/cultural%20collections/pdf/uninews_no.20_june_1992.pdf.

597:

the Hunter Valley receives an average of 7.3–7.5 hours of sunshine a day, but with the cloud cover coming in off the ocean the sunlight is slightly diffuse which gives the vines some protection from

967:

The area includes numerous wineries, ranging from large multi-national to small family run operations, which are a popular tourist destination. In addition to long-established names like Drayton,

1495:

clay loam. Among the hills of the Brokenback range are strips of volcanic basalt that are prized by growers for their tendencies to restrict vigor and concentrate mineral flavours in the grapes.

516:, who all believed in the future of the Australian wine industry, Lake begin to extensively plant red wine varietals, including the reintroduction of Cabernet Sauvignon to the Hunter Valley. 2436: 1199:

problem with sunburn. Despite the generally wet climate, irrigation is often used in the slightly drier Upper Hunter where the winter and early growing seasons are prone to drought.

811:. Many of the vineyards of the area are located on the undulating hills around the villages of Broke and Bulga leading up to the southwestern edge of the Brokenback range. The large 484:

as well as a series of devastating hail storms between 1929 and 1930 caused many growers to abandon their vineyards. Some of the land was bought up by the growing wine estates of

2359: 756:

on the Fordwich Sill volcanic red clay and nearby free-draining alluvial soils and sandy loam. It has lower rainfall and higher diurnal temperature variation than Pokolbin.

1410:

in 1963. Today, Hunter Valley Cabernet exhibits more the regional traits of a Hunter Shiraz than it does with the varietal expression of Cabernet exhibited in Bordeaux and

995:

summer, help to mitigate the blazing sunshine and keep humidity moderated on the valley floor. Soil types vary from rich red volcanic soil from the long-extinct volcano of

999:

and sandy loam which benefits most white varieties. The red volcanic soil is found mostly on the southern ridges. However, it can be found in patches on the valley floor.

341:

as he cut a path through the Australian wilderness from Sydney up to the overland area in what is now known as the (Lower) Hunter Valley proper in 1820. Today, the modern

804: 1421:

which he used to blend with Shiraz. The Pinot noir grown in the warm Region IV climate of the Hunter exhibits very little varietal similarities with the Pinot noirs of

480:

Following World War I, many returning Australian veterans were given land grants in the Hunter Valley. This temporarily produced an up-tick in plantings but the global

4494: 2429: 1754: 961: 815:

that border Broke also has numerous vineyards and is the regions dominant geographical feature. The area is one of the warmest in the Lower Hunter with some

2216: 230:

and its tributaries. Within that, the Hunter region is almost as large, and includes most of the wine-producing areas, excluding the metropolitan area of

2422: 1618: 458: 318:

as he searched for escaped convicts. The region soon became a valuable source for timber and coal that fuelled the steamship trade coming out of Sydney.

285:

dominate the area. The greater river system of the Hunter, which includes the Goulburn and important tributaries such as Giants Creek, do provide needed

2272: 1138:

Several small wineries operate in the region. The Upper Hunter has experienced a decline in vineyard area since the withdrawal of large wine producers

822:

Broke Fordwich accounts for around 14% of all the Hunter Valley's plantings. More than three-quarters of the vineyard land in the area is dedicated to

270: 97: 489: 4058: 2309: 1466:

Semillon are between 6.8 and 7.4 g/L acidity and 2.8-3 pH while in Bordeaux the grape is usually harvested at around 4.8–5.5 g/L and 3.1–3.3 pH.

2182: 1114: 1055: 4487: 1491:. In the Upper Hunter, the rivers and creeks of the region contribute to the areas black, silty loam soils that are often overlaid on top of 819:

due to extenuating foothills of the Brokenback range that particularly encircle the area and block many of the breezes coming off the coast.

449: 250:

subregions. The Lower Hunter Valley is not strictly defined, but in general includes the Pokolbin subregion, along with the districts around

3963: 3344: 2545: 1276:

grey rot may actually promote the development of some of these other types of rot. Ripe rot, in particular, seemed to thrive at the higher

1143: 2414: 2096: 1686: 1462:. In the Upper Hunter there has been some experimentation with oaked aged Semillon but remained more the exception rather than the norm. 4033: 3888: 3560: 3510: 2126: 1113:

The Upper Hunter region was first planted in 1860 by a German settler named Carl Brecht. From his vineyard planted at the junction of

266:. Much of the history of Hunter was played out in this area and it is generally what is referred as the Hunter Valley "wine country". 4053: 4023: 4018: 3953: 3883: 2737: 2635: 1174:

on the type of viticultural practices used in the Hunter Valley. Growers are free to plant whatever grape variety they wish, use any

4693: 4480: 4099: 3918: 3580: 3520: 3474: 452:), Hunter Valley wines won numerous awards from tasting panel judges. In the official report for the exhibition, the judges wrote " 409:. When he returned, many of these cuttings were planted in the Hunter Valley at the Kirkton estate now owned by his brother-in-law 1830: 1110:. The Upper Hunter Valley is the most northern and western subregion of the Hunter region, on higher slopes of the Hunter Valley. 960:, but stops short of both of those places. The eastern boundary is Black Creek east of that road, and the western boundary is the 3958: 3705: 1470:

backbone. Despite almost always being unoaked, a mature Semillon gives the textural impression of spending years in the barrel.

2339: 1233:

In the late 1990s, research in Hunter Valley vineyards discovered that a wide range of pathogens caused various occurrences of

357:

Thomas Melville White Winder is credited with planting the first grapes in the region on arriving 1820 to the Hunter. He built

3469: 3253: 2855: 2762: 4639: 3791: 2692: 2620: 1437:, Verdelho has developed a niche in the Hunter Valley where its thick skin and high acids tolerate the humidity and heat. 191:

and first cultivated in the early 19th century, it was one of the first Australian wine regions. As well as Hunter Valley

3765: 3596: 3008: 1883: 184: 1191:

mechanical pruning and leaf pulling also widely practised. Harvest usually takes place from mid-January to early March.

4432: 4155: 3657: 3258: 3086: 2925: 2783: 2040: 1751: 1226:. But for other grape varieties, particularly red wine grapes, the fungus is unwelcome with its infection described as 631: 269:

The majority of the Hunter Valley's most prestigious vineyards are located on the southern valley and foothills of the

223: 238:

Shire (at the western heights of the catchment). There are three named subregions in the Hunter region. These are the

4448: 2965: 2752: 2747: 2742: 2732: 2397: 1793: 952:

provides most of the grapes known as "Lower Hunter Valley". It covers an area including and west of the road between

358: 4649: 3151: 3111: 2950: 2870: 278: 3263: 2970: 2682: 334:. If enough wine was provided, it was believed, it could be a moderate influence that could tame the "savagery". 536:

began marketing the first commercially successful Hunter Valley Semillon under the label "Rhine Gold". In 1971,

3816: 3525: 3232: 3116: 3081: 2850: 2815: 2717: 2299: 2208: 1293:

Kangaroos that like to feed on the tender buds and shoots of grapevines can be an occasional vineyard nuisance.

1018: 905: 669: 338: 282: 227: 28: 1614: 4657: 4626: 4616: 3988: 3938: 3841: 3821: 3601: 3003: 2276: 816: 500: 445: 444:

In the mid 19th century, wines from the Hunter Valley began to garner international acclaim. In 1855, at the

1657: 4427: 4008: 3923: 3453: 3433: 2980: 2697: 2656: 2651: 2625: 2615: 2479: 606: 558: 504:

flurry of plantings began in the Hunter, including 1963 establishment of Lake's Folly by a Sydney surgeon,

2444: 3913: 3846: 3806: 3745: 3575: 3565: 3438: 3091: 1539:

The wine laws for the Hunter Valley follow the same regulations as the rest of Australia, as governed by

996: 255: 4503: 4598: 4078: 4063: 3998: 3928: 3898: 3862: 3755: 3720: 3642: 3484: 3304: 3248: 2576: 768: 636: 537: 417: 350: 231: 381:, widely considered the father of Australian wine, purchased vineyard land between the settlements of 4249: 4068: 3978: 3943: 3637: 3550: 3410: 3319: 3028: 3023: 3018: 3013: 2178: 1414:. It tends to be very earthy and is usually cross blended with wine from regions outside the Hunter. 1304:

is present in the Hunter, research in the 2000s indicated that another pathogenic species related to

1265:. Susceptibility of certain wine grape varieties were found to increase as the grapes reached higher 957: 953: 949: 764: 528:

Chardonnay production in the Hunter Valley was a major part of the Australian wine boom of the 1990s.

433: 429: 382: 263: 259: 416:

In the 1830s, several vineyards were planted in the Hunter Valley, including the first vineyards by

4003: 3983: 3968: 3908: 3903: 3662: 3555: 3540: 3530: 3283: 2885: 2687: 2540: 2519: 2489: 1604:

Johnson, Hugh, and Jancis Robinson. The World Atlas of Wine. London: Mitchell Beazley, 2005. Print.

346: 2360:

Survey of the Hunter Valley and Mudgee Wine Regions for the Grapevine Trunk Disease Eutypa Dieback

4219: 4073: 4048: 4043: 3993: 3652: 3570: 3515: 3443: 3060: 3043: 2845: 2830: 1529: 1455: 1239: 1087: 139: 1272:. Further research in the 2000s, showed that some of the open canopy techniques used to prevent 4698: 4672: 4351: 4176: 3973: 3933: 3867: 3545: 3489: 3365: 3324: 3053: 3048: 2727: 812: 800: 796: 749: 745: 2100: 1683: 4544: 4534: 4411: 4285: 4239: 4234: 4224: 4119: 4038: 4028: 4013: 3948: 3893: 3811: 3672: 3535: 3448: 3195: 3038: 3033: 2840: 2630: 2555: 594: 2123: 1322:

In addition to the pests noted above, vineyards in the Hunter Valley are usually grafted on

4667: 4662: 4529: 4453: 4406: 4356: 4192: 4083: 3494: 3394: 3309: 2880: 2825: 2722: 2702: 2677: 2509: 1721:

Oz Clarke's Australian Wine Companion: an Essential Guide for All Lovers of Australian Wine

1459: 1179: 678: 274: 188: 1586:

Halliday, James. Wine Atlas of Australia. Berkeley: University of California, 2007. Print.

8: 4608: 4114: 4109: 3826: 3750: 3740: 3667: 3349: 2860: 2757: 2712: 1269: 390: 4562: 4557: 4361: 4326: 2707: 2550: 2535: 1827: 1356: 1339:

The most widely planted grape varieties in the Hunter Valley, in descending order, are

1215: 1117:

and the Goulburn River, Brecht's wines would win numerous gold medals at international

984: 940: 847: 780: 776: 578: 331: 204: 164: 2504: 292:

The success of the Hunter Valley wine industry has been dominated by its proximity to

4552: 4511: 3735: 3389: 3339: 2960: 2661: 2514: 2393: 1807:

Johnson, Hugh. Vintage: the Story of Wine. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1989. Print.

1789: 1411: 1310:

is also present in the area. Semillon vines, in particular seem to be susceptible to

1245: 1195: 1118: 562: 557:

While the Hunter Valley is usually grouped in with the rest of Australia as having a

477:

ports, muscats and sherry signalled a period of steep decline for the Hunter Valley.

474: 286: 2336: 1433:, fruity wine. While an obscure grape mostly associated with the fortified wines of 496:

that would later become driving forces behind the Hunter Valley's next boom period.

4634: 4341: 4331: 4244: 4150: 4145: 3770: 3334: 3273: 3106: 3101: 2930: 2865: 2778: 2560: 2484: 2337:

Fruit Rot Control in Hunter Vineyards. Providing Growers with Tools to Stop the Rot

2304: 1210: 1158:

Thin-skinned grapes like Semillon are prone to developing various rots. Some, like

1139: 513: 481: 394: 181: 4472: 2348:

Rep. REGIONAL INNOVATION AND TECHNOLOGY ADOPTION (RITA) PROJECT. Web. 15 May 2010.

1194:

The high humidity and propensity for harvest rains leads many growers to use open

330:

was that men tend to become more drunk and disorderly when under the influence of

4590: 4275: 3836: 3479: 3216: 3211: 3156: 2940: 2450: 2343: 2130: 1834: 1758: 1690: 1661: 1422: 1399: 1128: 566: 373:

James Busby brought to the Hunter Valley plantings from Europe and South Africa.

37: 4519: 4265: 3831: 3801: 3796: 3786: 3730: 3329: 3141: 2995: 2975: 2945: 2875: 2820: 2408:

Robinson, Jancis. The Oxford Companion to Wine. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2006. Print.

2246: 2152: 2070: 1901: 1540: 1434: 1381: 1315: 1306: 1234: 1183: 1167: 1146:

from buying large quantities of Upper Hunter grapes early in the 21st century.

972: 851: 772: 760: 614: 493: 485: 421: 410: 315: 243: 1445: 436:

where many of the most highly esteemed vineyards of the Hunter are now found.

4687: 4572: 4321: 4160: 4129: 4124: 3621: 3314: 3268: 3126: 2990: 2835: 2446: 2363:. Rep. South Australian Research and Development Institute. Web. 18 May 2010. 1426: 1403: 1390: 1187: 1070: 1057: 968: 835: 605:(Celsius) with the Upper Hunter having 2170 degree days putting it under the 582: 570: 462: 402: 304:

Wine zones of Australia. Hunter Valley is the dark green near the east coast.

196: 177: 156: 129: 112: 99: 67: 2036: 1503: 406: 234:

and nearby coastal areas, some national parks, and any land that was in the

4336: 4270: 4229: 3725: 3647: 3375: 3146: 3121: 3096: 2499: 1854: 1788:. Newcastle, NSW: The Administrator of the Estate of Cecily Joan Mitchell. 1488: 1385: 1107: 759:

The Broke Fordwich area is located along the Hunter River tributary of the

618: 466: 289:

for areas such as the Upper Hunter that can be prone to drought condition.

1154: 4280: 3278: 3136: 3131: 3076: 2955: 1511: 1430: 1365: 1300: 1277: 1255: 1251: 1162:, can be desirable and used to produce dessert wines known as "stickies". 883: 855: 598: 378: 354:

the Hunter became, almost by default, the wine region of the new colony.

323: 300: 215: 976: 545: 337:

It was under these auspices that the grapevine followed land prospector

192: 4524: 3760: 3370: 2935: 1418: 1371: 1340: 1323: 1261: 988: 980: 879: 839: 823: 808: 779:. The area's location along the convict trail helped it to flourish as 602: 586: 574: 533: 509: 342: 327: 200: 160: 601:. During the growing season the Lower Hunter will average around 2070 385:

and Singleton and named it Kirkton after his Scottish birthplace near

2357:

Creaser, Mette, Sandra Savocchia, Catherine Hitch, and Trevor Wicks.

1458:, this despite the fact that it likely hasn't seen a touch of oak or 1327: 1223: 1171: 871: 465:

Champagnes to win the honour of being served at the table of Emperor

386: 1873:

MacNeil, Karen. The Wine Bible. New York: Workman Pub., 2001. Print.

3380: 1677: 1675: 1673: 1671: 1533: 1492: 1480: 1348: 1344: 1227: 1123: 887: 875: 863: 831: 827: 790:"Much of the reputation of Pokolbin rests with fruit from Fordwich" 785: 505: 251: 208: 168: 152: 1536:

and are labelled under the large Southeast Australia designation.

4104: 2890: 1175: 867: 524: 1857:, Armin Faber, and Thomas Pothmann. Wein. : Tandem, 2008. Print. 1668: 1654: 377:

The first major planting in the Hunter Valley came in 1825 when

4346: 3288: 2099:. Broke Fordwich Wine & Tourism Association. Archived from 1525: 1407: 1384:

that comes from the exposure of the wine to certain strains of

1360: 859: 843: 369: 293: 235: 642:

The three recognised subregions of the Hunter Wine Region are

195:, the region produces wine from a variety of grapes including 1521: 1352: 398: 389:. In 1831, Busby travelled extensively throughout Europe and 1884:"Australian climate variability & change - Average maps" 1648: 1646: 1644: 1642: 1640: 1638: 1636: 1289: 428:

and west towards the foothills of the Brokenback range near

4371: 1484: 1266: 544:

While the Hunter Valley has been supplanted by the massive

2805: 577:

into the area. This effect is similar to the cooling that

4366: 1633: 795:

The Broke Fordwich subregion includes the communities of

457:" A Hunter Valley sparkling wine made from James King of 439: 2371: 2369: 1417:

Maurice O'Shea of Mountain View pioneered planting of

1106:

The main town in the Upper Hunter Valley subregion is

635:

significant vineyards. It does not extend east of the

2366: 364: 4502: 1483:flats (often planted to Semillon), to deep friable 397:from over 500 vineyards, including six cuttings of 2445:Significant places & items of interest in the 448:(notable in wine history for the unveiling of the 1582: 1580: 1578: 1576: 4685: 1745: 1743: 1741: 1739: 1737: 1735: 1733: 1731: 1729: 1617:. Hunter Valley Wine & Tourism Association. 1574: 1572: 1570: 1568: 1566: 1564: 1562: 1560: 1558: 1556: 1249:(bitter rot) and other fungi from the genera of 2462: 1762:" Wine Pros. 29 October 2001. Web. 25 May 2010. 1946: 1715: 1713: 1711: 1709: 1707: 1705: 1703: 1701: 1507:A cellar door sign for a winery in the Hunter. 1314:(also known as bot canker) while, conversely, 625: 499:Another pivotal figure during this period was 4488: 3345:Walsh Island Dockyard & Engineering Works 2546:Newcastle & Suburban Co-operative Society 2430: 1920: 1726: 1553: 1839:Wine Diva Australia." Wine Diva. 1 June 2010 1821: 1819: 1817: 1815: 1813: 1600: 1598: 1596: 1594: 1592: 1487:(often planted with Shiraz) and friable red 979:still dominating but extensive plantings of 846:. Other varieties grown in the area include 469:during the exhibition's closing ceremonies. 2202: 2200: 1698: 532:In the 1960s, a Sydney wine merchant named 4495: 4481: 2437: 2423: 2031: 2029: 2027: 1869: 1867: 1865: 1863: 1849: 1847: 1845: 1803: 1801: 677: 639:. The Hunter region has three subregions. 622:49%, while it is 43% in the Upper Hunter. 36: 2243:Register of Protected GIs and Other Terms 2149:Register of Protected GIs and Other Terms 2067:Register of Protected GIs and Other Terms 1810: 1589: 2329: 2327: 2213:James Halliday's Wine Atlas of Australia 2197: 1515:A cellar door at a winery in the Hunter. 1510: 1502: 1444: 1370: 1288: 1153: 948:The Pokolbin subregion, which surrounds 767:. The area was founded in 1830 by Major 651: 523: 368: 299: 239: 226:(GI) covers the entire catchment of the 85: 2382: 2351: 2231: 2024: 1860: 1842: 1828:Hunter Valley – Australian Wine Regions 1798: 1368:flavours with peaches and cream notes. 519: 4686: 2402: 2275:. Upper Hunter Country. Archived from 2137: 1890: 1006: 788:, of Lake's Folly, noted in 1970 that 771:who named the region after his fellow 744:Broke Fordwich surrounds the towns of 617:months, creating the Hunter's biggest 440:Mid-19th century to early 20th century 4476: 4388: 4310: 3693: 3254:History of Newcastle, New South Wales 3177: 2907: 2856:Newcastle International Sports Centre 2804: 2597: 2461: 2418: 2324: 2297: 2115: 2055: 1998: 1615:"Hunter Valley Map and Touring Guide" 450:Bordeaux Wine Official Classification 2693:Hunter School of the Performing Arts 2621:Hunter School of the Performing Arts 2206: 2121:"About Broke Fordwich Wine Region." 2012:from the original on 6 December 2015 1986:from the original on 6 December 2015 1960:from the original on 6 December 2015 1934:from the original on 7 December 2015 1908:from the original on 30 January 2016 1375:Shiraz grapes growing in the Hunter. 683:Vineyards in the Broke Fordwich area 3009:Black Bulga State Conservation Area 1752:Regional Spotlight – Hunter Valley. 643: 512:, Johnny Walker and wine columnist 81: 13: 3694: 3658:Lake Macquarie anti-submarine boom 3259:Hunter Valley cannabis infestation 2806:Entertainment, sport & culture 2379:. New York: Harcourt, 2001. Print. 2377:Oz Clarke's Encyclopedia of Grapes 2219:from the original on 6 August 2016 2089: 2043:from the original on 31 March 2016 1655:Hunter Valley Wine Country Tourism 1621:from the original on 4 August 2016 1334: 1029:Australian Geographical Indication 916:Australian Geographical Indication 692:Australian Geographical Indication 632:Australian Geographical Indication 224:Australian Geographical Indication 14: 4710: 4449:Hunter Medical Research Institute 2390:"The Sotheby's Wine Encyclopedia" 2253:from the original on 29 June 2016 2209:"Upper Hunter Valley Wine Region" 2159:from the original on 29 June 2016 2077:from the original on 4 April 2016 1684:Hunter Valley Research Foundation 1319:the leaves and buds of the vine. 1284: 1237:. These other pathogens included 1222:can be desirable and is known as 657: 365:James Busby and further plantings 2871:Newcastle Number 1 Sports Ground 2312:from the original on 1 July 2016 2185:from the original on 2 June 2013 1723:Orlando, Florida: Harcourt, 2004 1498: 1429:where it tends to produce a low 4694:Wine regions of New South Wales 4504:Wine regions of New South Wales 3264:Lake Macquarie Petrified Forest 2375:Clarke, Oz, and Margaret Rand. 2298:Lewis, John (25 October 2013). 2291: 2265: 2171: 1972: 1876: 1170:regions, there is little to no 646:(registered 2 September 1997), 3178: 2851:Newcastle Entertainment Centre 2816:Broadmeadow Basketball Stadium 2124:Broke Fordwich – Hunter Valley 1784:Mitchell, Cecily Joan (1973). 1778: 1765: 1652:"Hunter Valley Wine Country." 1607: 1149: 1097:Precipitation (annual average) 732: 713: 650:(registered 29 July 2010) and 1: 4442:Health & medical research 3602:West Wallsend Steam Tram Line 2908: 2598: 2273:"Wineries & Cellar Doors" 1546: 647: 281:and other tributaries of the 247: 77: 4428:Cessnock Correctional Centre 3454:Richmond Vale Railway Museum 3434:Broadmeadow Locomotive Depot 2981:Tops to Myall Heritage Trail 2652:All Saints College, Maitland 2480:Cardiff Locomotive Workshops 2300:"The grape disappearing act" 2097:"Hunter Valley Wine Tasting" 1100:530 millimetres (21 in) 727:Semillon, Chardonnay, Shiraz 630:The Hunter Valley Wine Zone 607:Winkler heat summation scale 7: 3746:Newcastle Inner City Bypass 3439:Hunter Valley Railway Trust 3233:Newcastle Boys' High School 1440: 1208:often caused by the fungus 987:and the occasional plot of 893: 654:(registered 29 July 2010). 626:Wine regions and subregions 10: 4715: 3643:No. 208 Radar Station RAAF 3305:Cockle Creek Power Station 3249:Greater Newcastle Act 1937 2748:Rutherford Technology High 2577:Newcastle Government House 2515:Newcastle Port Corporation 1235:bunch rot in the vineyards 1202: 1160:Botrytis cinera (pictured) 561:, the climate is actually 552: 308: 187:. Located in the state of 4648: 4625: 4607: 4589: 4571: 4543: 4510: 4441: 4420: 4399: 4395: 4389: 4384: 4317: 4311: 4306: 4258: 4250:Vales Point Power Station 4212: 4205: 4185: 4169: 4138: 4092: 3876: 3855: 3779: 3713: 3704: 3700: 3689: 3638:No. 2 Fighter Sector RAAF 3630: 3614: 3589: 3503: 3462: 3426: 3419: 3411:1989 Newcastle earthquake 3403: 3358: 3320:South Maitland coalfields 3297: 3241: 3225: 3204: 3188: 3184: 3173: 3069: 2989: 2918: 2914: 2903: 2811: 2800: 2771: 2644: 2608: 2604: 2593: 2569: 2528: 2472: 2468: 2457: 1096: 1086: 1049: 1041: 1033: 1025: 1016: 936: 928: 920: 912: 903: 731: 723: 712: 704: 696: 688: 676: 667: 148: 138: 128: 91: 73: 63: 55: 47: 35: 26: 4650:Southern New South Wales 3766:Sydney-Newcastle Freeway 3663:Newcastle Covering Force 3289:Tahlee historic property 3284:Royal Newcastle Hospital 2886:Newcastle Street Circuit 2683:Glendale Technology High 2520:Tomago aluminium smelter 2490:Hunter Valley Coal Chain 2392:Dorling Kindersley 2005 2129:15 February 2011 at the 2008:. Wine Australia. 2015. 1982:. Wine Australia. 2015. 1956:. Wine Australia. 2015. 1930:. Wine Australia. 2015. 1833:21 February 2011 at the 1757:29 February 2012 at the 1473: 332:highly alcoholic spirits 42:A Hunter Valley vineyard 16:Wine region in Australia 4433:Christ Church Cathedral 4220:Bayswater Power Station 3653:Belmont Anti-Tank Ditch 3444:Hunter Valley Steamfest 2846:Newcastle Civic Theatre 2831:Hunter Valley Steamfest 2784:University of Newcastle 2718:Maitland Grossmann High 2463:Commerce & industry 1689:18 October 2009 at the 1456:malolactic fermentation 1240:Colletotrichum acutatum 1214:. In the production of 1172:government restrictions 214:Under Australia's wine 4352:Port Stephens Examiner 4213:Electricity generation 4177:Stockton ferry service 3842:Tea Gardens-Hawks Nest 3490:South Maitland Railway 3325:South Waratah Colliery 2753:St Joseph's, Lochinvar 2333:Steel, Christopher C. 1660:1 January 2011 at the 1516: 1508: 1450: 1376: 1294: 1163: 817:continental influences 813:Yellow Rock escarpment 529: 374: 345:between the cities of 305: 113:32.78250°S 151.29750°E 4412:RAAF Base Williamtown 4286:Tillegra Dam proposal 4240:Redbank Power Station 4235:Liddell Power Station 4225:Eraring Power Station 4120:Port Stephens Coaches 4014:Newcastle Interchange 3673:Shelling of Newcastle 3485:Richmond Vale Railway 3449:Murulla rail accident 3196:Broadmeadow Aerodrome 2841:Newcastle Art Gallery 2698:Hunter Valley Grammar 2626:Hunter Valley Grammar 2556:Stockland Green Hills 2239:"Upper Hunter Valley" 2039:. Mount Broke Wines. 2006:"Upper Hunter Valley" 1514: 1506: 1448: 1374: 1351:among the whites and 1292: 1186:as large or small of 1157: 962:Pokolbin State Forest 559:Mediterranean climate 527: 372: 303: 4454:John Hunter Hospital 4407:No. 26 Squadron RAAF 4193:Newcastle Light Rail 3395:Point Stephens Light 3310:Cockle Creek Smelter 2881:Newcastle Showground 2826:Dungog Film Festival 2510:Newcastle Steelworks 1460:lactic acid bacteria 1218:, such as Semillon, 1180:vine training system 569:influences from the 546:Riverina wine region 520:1960s to present-day 275:Great Dividing Range 118:-32.78250; 151.29750 4115:Newcastle Transport 4110:Hunter Valley Buses 3751:Newcastle Link Road 3741:New England Highway 3668:RAAF Base Rathmines 3350:Wangi Power Station 2861:Newcastle Libraries 2342:6 July 2011 at the 1067: / 1013: 1012:Upper Hunter Valley 1007:Upper Hunter Valley 900: 763:near the suburb of 664: 652:Upper Hunter Valley 565:, with distinctive 240:Upper Hunter Valley 109: / 86:Upper Hunter Valley 23: 4640:Southern Highlands 3597:Trams in Newcastle 3376:Maianbar shipwreck 3366:Bluebell Collision 2672:Waratah Technology 2551:Stockland Glendale 2536:Charlestown Square 2495:Hunter Valley wine 1749:Halliday, James. " 1517: 1509: 1451: 1377: 1357:Cabernet Sauvignon 1295: 1216:late harvest wines 1164: 1011: 985:Cabernet Sauvignon 941:Hunter wine region 898: 848:Cabernet Sauvignon 777:Charles Broke-Vere 724:Varietals produced 662: 530: 375: 306: 205:Cabernet Sauvignon 165:Cabernet Sauvignon 149:Varietals produced 21: 4681: 4680: 4658:Canberra District 4470: 4469: 4466: 4465: 4462: 4461: 4380: 4379: 4342:Nine Northern NSW 4302: 4301: 4298: 4297: 4294: 4293: 4201: 4200: 4156:Newcastle Airport 3807:Fitzgerald Bridge 3736:Hunter Expressway 3685: 3684: 3681: 3680: 3610: 3609: 3404:Natural disasters 3390:Nobbys Head Light 3371:Cawarra shipwreck 3340:Walka Water Works 3169: 3168: 3165: 3164: 2961:Mount Royal Range 2899: 2898: 2796: 2795: 2792: 2791: 2738:Newcastle Grammar 2688:Hunter River High 2662:Callaghan College 2636:Newcastle Grammar 2589: 2588: 2585: 2584: 2207:Halliday, James. 1695:Web. 1 June 2010. 1246:Greeneria uvicola 1196:canopy management 1119:wine competitions 1104: 1103: 946: 945: 742: 741: 563:humid subtropical 459:Irrawang Vineyard 174: 173: 4706: 4635:Shoalhaven Coast 4497: 4490: 4483: 4474: 4473: 4397: 4396: 4386: 4385: 4332:Maitland Mercury 4308: 4307: 4245:Teralba Colliery 4210: 4209: 4151:Maitland Airport 4146:Cessnock Airport 3877:Railway stations 3771:Thunderbolts Way 3711: 3710: 3702: 3701: 3691: 3690: 3504:Railway stations 3424: 3423: 3335:Teralba Colliery 3274:Newcastle Museum 3186: 3185: 3175: 3174: 2931:Burning Mountain 2926:Broughton Island 2916: 2915: 2905: 2904: 2866:Newcastle Museum 2802: 2801: 2779:Avondale College 2606: 2605: 2595: 2594: 2561:Westfield Kotara 2505:Kooragang Island 2485:Forgacs Shipyard 2470: 2469: 2459: 2458: 2439: 2432: 2425: 2416: 2415: 2409: 2406: 2400: 2386: 2380: 2373: 2364: 2355: 2349: 2331: 2322: 2321: 2319: 2317: 2305:Newcastle Herald 2295: 2289: 2288: 2286: 2284: 2279:on 15 April 2016 2269: 2263: 2262: 2260: 2258: 2235: 2229: 2228: 2226: 2224: 2204: 2195: 2194: 2192: 2190: 2175: 2169: 2168: 2166: 2164: 2141: 2135: 2119: 2113: 2112: 2110: 2108: 2093: 2087: 2086: 2084: 2082: 2063:"Broke Fordwich" 2059: 2053: 2052: 2050: 2048: 2037:"Broke Fordwich" 2033: 2022: 2021: 2019: 2017: 2002: 1996: 1995: 1993: 1991: 1976: 1970: 1969: 1967: 1965: 1954:"Broke Fordwich" 1950: 1944: 1943: 1941: 1939: 1924: 1918: 1917: 1915: 1913: 1894: 1888: 1887: 1880: 1874: 1871: 1858: 1851: 1840: 1823: 1808: 1805: 1796: 1782: 1776: 1769: 1763: 1747: 1724: 1717: 1696: 1679: 1666: 1650: 1631: 1630: 1628: 1626: 1611: 1605: 1602: 1587: 1584: 1211:Botrytis cinerea 1082: 1081: 1079: 1078: 1077: 1072: 1068: 1065: 1064: 1063: 1060: 1034:Year established 1014: 1010: 921:Year established 901: 897: 734: 715: 697:Year established 681: 665: 661: 609:as a Region IV. 482:Great Depression 446:Paris Exhibition 271:Brokenback Range 124: 123: 121: 120: 119: 114: 110: 107: 106: 105: 102: 40: 24: 20: 4714: 4713: 4709: 4708: 4707: 4705: 4704: 4703: 4684: 4683: 4682: 4677: 4644: 4621: 4609:Northern Slopes 4603: 4591:Northern Rivers 4585: 4567: 4539: 4506: 4501: 4471: 4458: 4437: 4416: 4391: 4376: 4313: 4290: 4276:Grahamstown Dam 4254: 4197: 4181: 4165: 4134: 4088: 4059:Victoria Street 3872: 3851: 3775: 3756:Pacific Highway 3721:Beaumont Street 3696: 3677: 3626: 3606: 3585: 3499: 3480:Fernleigh Track 3458: 3415: 3399: 3354: 3293: 3237: 3221: 3217:Greta Army Camp 3212:Fort Scratchley 3200: 3180: 3161: 3157:Worondi Rivulet 3065: 3004:Barrington Tops 2996:nature reserves 2993: 2985: 2966:Mount Sugarloaf 2946:Lake Chichester 2941:Glenrock Lagoon 2910: 2895: 2807: 2788: 2767: 2733:Mount View High 2728:Merewether High 2640: 2600: 2581: 2565: 2524: 2464: 2453: 2451:New South Wales 2443: 2413: 2412: 2407: 2403: 2387: 2383: 2374: 2367: 2356: 2352: 2344:Wayback Machine 2332: 2325: 2315: 2313: 2296: 2292: 2282: 2280: 2271: 2270: 2266: 2256: 2254: 2237: 2236: 2232: 2222: 2220: 2205: 2198: 2188: 2186: 2177: 2176: 2172: 2162: 2160: 2143: 2142: 2138: 2131:Wayback Machine 2120: 2116: 2106: 2104: 2103:on 17 June 2016 2095: 2094: 2090: 2080: 2078: 2061: 2060: 2056: 2046: 2044: 2035: 2034: 2025: 2015: 2013: 2004: 2003: 1999: 1989: 1987: 1978: 1977: 1973: 1963: 1961: 1952: 1951: 1947: 1937: 1935: 1928:"Hunter Valley" 1926: 1925: 1921: 1911: 1909: 1896: 1895: 1891: 1882: 1881: 1877: 1872: 1861: 1853:Dominé, André, 1852: 1843: 1835:Wayback Machine 1824: 1811: 1806: 1799: 1783: 1779: 1770: 1766: 1759:Wayback Machine 1748: 1727: 1718: 1699: 1691:Wayback Machine 1680: 1669: 1662:Wayback Machine 1651: 1634: 1624: 1622: 1613: 1612: 1608: 1603: 1590: 1585: 1554: 1549: 1501: 1476: 1443: 1337: 1335:Grape varieties 1287: 1205: 1152: 1129:grape varieties 1075: 1073: 1069: 1066: 1061: 1058: 1056: 1054: 1053: 1009: 896: 769:Thomas Mitchell 748:, Fordwich and 684: 660: 637:Pacific Highway 628: 555: 522: 442: 367: 311: 189:New South Wales 117: 115: 111: 108: 103: 100: 98: 96: 95: 43: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4712: 4702: 4701: 4696: 4679: 4678: 4676: 4675: 4670: 4665: 4660: 4654: 4652: 4646: 4645: 4643: 4642: 4637: 4631: 4629: 4623: 4622: 4620: 4619: 4613: 4611: 4605: 4604: 4602: 4601: 4599:Hastings River 4595: 4593: 4587: 4586: 4584: 4583: 4577: 4575: 4569: 4568: 4566: 4565: 4560: 4555: 4549: 4547: 4545:Central Ranges 4541: 4540: 4538: 4537: 4532: 4527: 4522: 4520:Murray Darling 4516: 4514: 4508: 4507: 4500: 4499: 4492: 4485: 4477: 4468: 4467: 4464: 4463: 4460: 4459: 4457: 4456: 4451: 4445: 4443: 4439: 4438: 4436: 4435: 4430: 4424: 4422: 4418: 4417: 4415: 4414: 4409: 4403: 4401: 4393: 4392: 4382: 4381: 4378: 4377: 4375: 4374: 4369: 4364: 4359: 4354: 4349: 4344: 4339: 4334: 4329: 4324: 4318: 4315: 4314: 4304: 4303: 4300: 4299: 4296: 4295: 4292: 4291: 4289: 4288: 4283: 4278: 4273: 4268: 4266:Chichester Dam 4262: 4260: 4256: 4255: 4253: 4252: 4247: 4242: 4237: 4232: 4227: 4222: 4216: 4214: 4207: 4203: 4202: 4199: 4198: 4196: 4195: 4189: 4187: 4183: 4182: 4180: 4179: 4173: 4171: 4167: 4166: 4164: 4163: 4158: 4153: 4148: 4142: 4140: 4136: 4135: 4133: 4132: 4127: 4122: 4117: 4112: 4107: 4102: 4096: 4094: 4090: 4089: 4087: 4086: 4081: 4076: 4071: 4066: 4061: 4056: 4051: 4046: 4041: 4036: 4031: 4026: 4021: 4016: 4011: 4006: 4001: 3996: 3991: 3986: 3981: 3976: 3971: 3966: 3961: 3956: 3951: 3946: 3941: 3936: 3931: 3926: 3921: 3916: 3911: 3906: 3901: 3896: 3891: 3886: 3880: 3878: 3874: 3873: 3871: 3870: 3865: 3859: 3857: 3853: 3852: 3850: 3849: 3844: 3839: 3834: 3829: 3824: 3819: 3814: 3812:Glennies Creek 3809: 3804: 3799: 3794: 3789: 3783: 3781: 3777: 3776: 3774: 3773: 3768: 3763: 3758: 3753: 3748: 3743: 3738: 3733: 3731:Golden Highway 3728: 3723: 3717: 3715: 3708: 3698: 3697: 3695:Infrastructure 3687: 3686: 3683: 3682: 3679: 3678: 3676: 3675: 3670: 3665: 3660: 3655: 3650: 3645: 3640: 3634: 3632: 3628: 3627: 3625: 3624: 3618: 3616: 3612: 3611: 3608: 3607: 3605: 3604: 3599: 3593: 3591: 3587: 3586: 3584: 3583: 3578: 3573: 3568: 3563: 3558: 3553: 3548: 3543: 3538: 3533: 3528: 3526:Blackalls Park 3523: 3518: 3513: 3507: 3505: 3501: 3500: 3498: 3497: 3492: 3487: 3482: 3477: 3472: 3466: 3464: 3460: 3459: 3457: 3456: 3451: 3446: 3441: 3436: 3430: 3428: 3421: 3417: 3416: 3414: 3413: 3407: 3405: 3401: 3400: 3398: 3397: 3392: 3387: 3378: 3373: 3368: 3362: 3360: 3356: 3355: 3353: 3352: 3347: 3342: 3337: 3332: 3330:State Dockyard 3327: 3322: 3317: 3312: 3307: 3301: 3299: 3295: 3294: 3292: 3291: 3286: 3281: 3276: 3271: 3266: 3261: 3256: 3251: 3245: 3243: 3239: 3238: 3236: 3235: 3229: 3227: 3223: 3222: 3220: 3219: 3214: 3208: 3206: 3202: 3201: 3199: 3198: 3192: 3190: 3182: 3181: 3171: 3170: 3167: 3166: 3163: 3162: 3160: 3159: 3154: 3149: 3144: 3139: 3134: 3129: 3124: 3119: 3114: 3109: 3104: 3099: 3094: 3089: 3084: 3079: 3073: 3071: 3067: 3066: 3064: 3063: 3057: 3056: 3051: 3046: 3041: 3036: 3031: 3026: 3021: 3016: 3011: 3006: 3000: 2998: 2991:National parks 2987: 2986: 2984: 2983: 2978: 2976:Stockton Beach 2973: 2968: 2963: 2958: 2953: 2951:Lake Macquarie 2948: 2943: 2938: 2933: 2928: 2922: 2920: 2912: 2911: 2901: 2900: 2897: 2896: 2894: 2893: 2888: 2883: 2878: 2876:Newcastle Show 2873: 2868: 2863: 2858: 2853: 2848: 2843: 2838: 2833: 2828: 2823: 2821:Circuit Italia 2818: 2812: 2809: 2808: 2798: 2797: 2794: 2793: 2790: 2789: 2787: 2786: 2781: 2775: 2773: 2769: 2768: 2766: 2765: 2760: 2755: 2750: 2745: 2743:Newcastle High 2740: 2735: 2730: 2725: 2720: 2715: 2710: 2705: 2700: 2695: 2690: 2685: 2680: 2675: 2674: 2673: 2670: 2667: 2666:Jesmond Senior 2659: 2654: 2648: 2646: 2642: 2641: 2639: 2638: 2633: 2631:Kahibah Public 2628: 2623: 2618: 2612: 2610: 2602: 2601: 2591: 2590: 2587: 2586: 2583: 2582: 2580: 2579: 2573: 2571: 2567: 2566: 2564: 2563: 2558: 2553: 2548: 2543: 2538: 2532: 2530: 2526: 2525: 2523: 2522: 2517: 2512: 2507: 2502: 2497: 2492: 2487: 2482: 2476: 2474: 2466: 2465: 2455: 2454: 2442: 2441: 2434: 2427: 2419: 2411: 2410: 2401: 2381: 2365: 2350: 2323: 2290: 2264: 2247:Wine Australia 2230: 2196: 2170: 2153:Wine Australia 2136: 2114: 2088: 2071:Wine Australia 2054: 2023: 1997: 1971: 1945: 1919: 1902:Wine Australia 1889: 1875: 1859: 1841: 1809: 1797: 1777: 1764: 1725: 1697: 1667: 1632: 1606: 1588: 1551: 1550: 1548: 1545: 1541:Wine Australia 1500: 1497: 1475: 1472: 1442: 1439: 1382:ethyl-4-phenol 1336: 1333: 1316:Eutypa dieback 1312:Botryosphaeria 1307:Botryosphaeria 1286: 1285:Other concerns 1283: 1204: 1201: 1168:New World wine 1151: 1148: 1102: 1101: 1098: 1094: 1093: 1090: 1084: 1083: 1071:32.4°S 150.7°E 1051: 1047: 1046: 1043: 1039: 1038: 1035: 1031: 1030: 1027: 1023: 1022: 1008: 1005: 944: 943: 938: 934: 933: 930: 926: 925: 922: 918: 917: 914: 910: 909: 895: 892: 852:Cabernet Franc 773:Napoleonic War 761:Wollombi Brook 740: 739: 736: 729: 728: 725: 721: 720: 717: 710: 709: 706: 702: 701: 698: 694: 693: 690: 686: 685: 682: 674: 673: 663:Broke Fordwich 659: 658:Broke Fordwich 656: 644:Broke Fordwich 627: 624: 595:growing season 581:receives from 554: 551: 538:Murray Tyrrell 521: 518: 501:Maurice O'Shea 441: 438: 422:Wyndham Estate 418:George Wyndham 411:William Kelman 366: 363: 316:John Shortland 310: 307: 279:Goulburn River 244:Broke Fordwich 172: 171: 150: 146: 145: 142: 136: 135: 132: 130:Climate region 126: 125: 93: 89: 88: 82:Broke Fordwich 75: 71: 70: 65: 61: 60: 57: 53: 52: 49: 45: 44: 41: 33: 32: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4711: 4700: 4699:Hunter Region 4697: 4695: 4692: 4691: 4689: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4655: 4653: 4651: 4647: 4641: 4638: 4636: 4633: 4632: 4630: 4628: 4624: 4618: 4615: 4614: 4612: 4610: 4606: 4600: 4597: 4596: 4594: 4592: 4588: 4582: 4579: 4578: 4576: 4574: 4573:Hunter Valley 4570: 4564: 4561: 4559: 4556: 4554: 4551: 4550: 4548: 4546: 4542: 4536: 4533: 4531: 4528: 4526: 4523: 4521: 4518: 4517: 4515: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4498: 4493: 4491: 4486: 4484: 4479: 4478: 4475: 4455: 4452: 4450: 4447: 4446: 4444: 4440: 4434: 4431: 4429: 4426: 4425: 4423: 4419: 4413: 4410: 4408: 4405: 4404: 4402: 4398: 4394: 4387: 4383: 4373: 4370: 4368: 4365: 4363: 4360: 4358: 4355: 4353: 4350: 4348: 4345: 4343: 4340: 4338: 4335: 4333: 4330: 4328: 4325: 4323: 4322:ABC Newcastle 4320: 4319: 4316: 4309: 4305: 4287: 4284: 4282: 4279: 4277: 4274: 4272: 4269: 4267: 4264: 4263: 4261: 4257: 4251: 4248: 4246: 4243: 4241: 4238: 4236: 4233: 4231: 4228: 4226: 4223: 4221: 4218: 4217: 4215: 4211: 4208: 4204: 4194: 4191: 4190: 4188: 4184: 4178: 4175: 4174: 4172: 4168: 4162: 4161:Scone Airport 4159: 4157: 4154: 4152: 4149: 4147: 4144: 4143: 4141: 4137: 4131: 4128: 4126: 4125:Rover Coaches 4123: 4121: 4118: 4116: 4113: 4111: 4108: 4106: 4103: 4101: 4098: 4097: 4095: 4091: 4085: 4082: 4080: 4077: 4075: 4072: 4070: 4067: 4065: 4062: 4060: 4057: 4055: 4052: 4050: 4047: 4045: 4042: 4040: 4037: 4035: 4032: 4030: 4027: 4025: 4022: 4020: 4017: 4015: 4012: 4010: 4007: 4005: 4002: 4000: 3997: 3995: 3992: 3990: 3989:Martins Creek 3987: 3985: 3982: 3980: 3977: 3975: 3972: 3970: 3967: 3965: 3962: 3960: 3957: 3955: 3952: 3950: 3947: 3945: 3942: 3940: 3939:East Maitland 3937: 3935: 3932: 3930: 3927: 3925: 3922: 3920: 3917: 3915: 3912: 3910: 3907: 3905: 3902: 3900: 3897: 3895: 3892: 3890: 3887: 3885: 3882: 3881: 3879: 3875: 3869: 3866: 3864: 3861: 3860: 3858: 3856:Railway lines 3854: 3848: 3845: 3843: 3840: 3838: 3835: 3833: 3830: 3828: 3825: 3823: 3820: 3818: 3815: 3813: 3810: 3808: 3805: 3803: 3800: 3798: 3795: 3793: 3792:Clarence Town 3790: 3788: 3785: 3784: 3782: 3778: 3772: 3769: 3767: 3764: 3762: 3759: 3757: 3754: 3752: 3749: 3747: 3744: 3742: 3739: 3737: 3734: 3732: 3729: 3727: 3724: 3722: 3719: 3718: 3716: 3712: 3709: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3692: 3688: 3674: 3671: 3669: 3666: 3664: 3661: 3659: 3656: 3654: 3651: 3649: 3646: 3644: 3641: 3639: 3636: 3635: 3633: 3629: 3623: 3620: 3619: 3617: 3613: 3603: 3600: 3598: 3595: 3594: 3592: 3588: 3582: 3579: 3577: 3574: 3572: 3569: 3567: 3564: 3562: 3559: 3557: 3554: 3552: 3549: 3547: 3544: 3542: 3539: 3537: 3534: 3532: 3529: 3527: 3524: 3522: 3519: 3517: 3514: 3512: 3509: 3508: 3506: 3502: 3496: 3493: 3491: 3488: 3486: 3483: 3481: 3478: 3476: 3473: 3471: 3468: 3467: 3465: 3463:Railway lines 3461: 3455: 3452: 3450: 3447: 3445: 3442: 3440: 3437: 3435: 3432: 3431: 3429: 3425: 3422: 3418: 3412: 3409: 3408: 3406: 3402: 3396: 3393: 3391: 3388: 3386: 3384: 3379: 3377: 3374: 3372: 3369: 3367: 3364: 3363: 3361: 3357: 3351: 3348: 3346: 3343: 3341: 3338: 3336: 3333: 3331: 3328: 3326: 3323: 3321: 3318: 3316: 3315:Rothbury riot 3313: 3311: 3308: 3306: 3303: 3302: 3300: 3296: 3290: 3287: 3285: 3282: 3280: 3277: 3275: 3272: 3270: 3269:Maitland Gaol 3267: 3265: 3262: 3260: 3257: 3255: 3252: 3250: 3247: 3246: 3244: 3240: 3234: 3231: 3230: 3228: 3224: 3218: 3215: 3213: 3210: 3209: 3207: 3203: 3197: 3194: 3193: 3191: 3189:Air transport 3187: 3183: 3176: 3172: 3158: 3155: 3153: 3150: 3148: 3145: 3143: 3140: 3138: 3135: 3133: 3130: 3128: 3125: 3123: 3120: 3118: 3115: 3113: 3110: 3108: 3105: 3103: 3100: 3098: 3095: 3093: 3090: 3088: 3085: 3083: 3080: 3078: 3075: 3074: 3072: 3068: 3062: 3059: 3058: 3055: 3052: 3050: 3047: 3045: 3042: 3040: 3037: 3035: 3032: 3030: 3027: 3025: 3022: 3020: 3017: 3015: 3012: 3010: 3007: 3005: 3002: 3001: 2999: 2997: 2992: 2988: 2982: 2979: 2977: 2974: 2972: 2971:Port Stephens 2969: 2967: 2964: 2962: 2959: 2957: 2954: 2952: 2949: 2947: 2944: 2942: 2939: 2937: 2934: 2932: 2929: 2927: 2924: 2923: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2906: 2902: 2892: 2889: 2887: 2884: 2882: 2879: 2877: 2874: 2872: 2869: 2867: 2864: 2862: 2859: 2857: 2854: 2852: 2849: 2847: 2844: 2842: 2839: 2837: 2836:Newcastle 500 2834: 2832: 2829: 2827: 2824: 2822: 2819: 2817: 2814: 2813: 2810: 2803: 2799: 2785: 2782: 2780: 2777: 2776: 2774: 2770: 2764: 2761: 2759: 2756: 2754: 2751: 2749: 2746: 2744: 2741: 2739: 2736: 2734: 2731: 2729: 2726: 2724: 2723:Maitland High 2721: 2719: 2716: 2714: 2711: 2709: 2706: 2704: 2703:Irrawang High 2701: 2699: 2696: 2694: 2691: 2689: 2686: 2684: 2681: 2679: 2678:Cessnock High 2676: 2671: 2668: 2665: 2664: 2663: 2660: 2658: 2655: 2653: 2650: 2649: 2647: 2643: 2637: 2634: 2632: 2629: 2627: 2624: 2622: 2619: 2617: 2614: 2613: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2596: 2592: 2578: 2575: 2574: 2572: 2568: 2562: 2559: 2557: 2554: 2552: 2549: 2547: 2544: 2542: 2541:Hunter Street 2539: 2537: 2534: 2533: 2531: 2527: 2521: 2518: 2516: 2513: 2511: 2508: 2506: 2503: 2501: 2498: 2496: 2493: 2491: 2488: 2486: 2483: 2481: 2478: 2477: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2447:Hunter Region 2440: 2435: 2433: 2428: 2426: 2421: 2420: 2417: 2405: 2399: 2398:0-7566-1324-8 2395: 2391: 2388:T. Stevenson 2385: 2378: 2372: 2370: 2362: 2361: 2354: 2347: 2345: 2341: 2338: 2330: 2328: 2311: 2307: 2306: 2301: 2294: 2278: 2274: 2268: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2234: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2203: 2201: 2184: 2181:. Visit NSW. 2180: 2174: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2140: 2133: 2132: 2128: 2125: 2118: 2102: 2098: 2092: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2058: 2042: 2038: 2032: 2030: 2028: 2011: 2007: 2001: 1985: 1981: 1975: 1959: 1955: 1949: 1933: 1929: 1923: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1893: 1885: 1879: 1870: 1868: 1866: 1864: 1856: 1850: 1848: 1846: 1838: 1836: 1832: 1829: 1822: 1820: 1818: 1816: 1814: 1804: 1802: 1795: 1794:0-9590772-0-0 1791: 1787: 1786:Hunters River 1781: 1774: 1768: 1761: 1760: 1756: 1753: 1746: 1744: 1742: 1740: 1738: 1736: 1734: 1732: 1730: 1722: 1716: 1714: 1712: 1710: 1708: 1706: 1704: 1702: 1694: 1692: 1688: 1685: 1678: 1676: 1674: 1672: 1664: 1663: 1659: 1656: 1649: 1647: 1645: 1643: 1641: 1639: 1637: 1620: 1616: 1610: 1601: 1599: 1597: 1595: 1593: 1583: 1581: 1579: 1577: 1575: 1573: 1571: 1569: 1567: 1565: 1563: 1561: 1559: 1557: 1552: 1544: 1542: 1537: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1513: 1505: 1499:Wine industry 1496: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1461: 1457: 1447: 1438: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1415: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1404:Petite Verdot 1402:varietals of 1401: 1395: 1393: 1392: 1391:Brettanomyces 1387: 1383: 1373: 1369: 1367: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1332: 1329: 1325: 1320: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1308: 1303: 1302: 1291: 1282: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1268: 1264: 1263: 1258: 1257: 1253: 1248: 1247: 1242: 1241: 1236: 1231: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1212: 1200: 1197: 1192: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1161: 1156: 1147: 1145: 1141: 1136: 1132: 1130: 1125: 1120: 1116: 1111: 1109: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1089: 1085: 1080: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1021: 1020: 1015: 1004: 1000: 998: 992: 991:can be seen. 990: 986: 982: 978: 974: 970: 965: 963: 959: 955: 951: 942: 939: 935: 931: 927: 923: 919: 915: 911: 908: 907: 902: 891: 889: 885: 881: 877: 873: 869: 865: 861: 857: 853: 849: 845: 841: 837: 833: 829: 825: 820: 818: 814: 810: 806: 802: 798: 793: 791: 787: 782: 778: 774: 770: 766: 762: 757: 753: 751: 747: 737: 730: 726: 722: 718: 711: 707: 703: 699: 695: 691: 687: 680: 675: 672: 671: 666: 655: 653: 649: 645: 640: 638: 633: 623: 620: 616: 610: 608: 604: 600: 596: 590: 588: 584: 583:San Pablo Bay 580: 576: 575:ocean breezes 572: 571:Pacific Ocean 568: 564: 560: 550: 547: 542: 539: 535: 526: 517: 515: 511: 508:. Along with 507: 502: 497: 495: 491: 487: 483: 478: 476: 470: 468: 464: 460: 456: 451: 447: 437: 435: 431: 425: 423: 419: 414: 412: 408: 404: 400: 396: 392: 388: 384: 380: 371: 362: 360: 355: 352: 348: 344: 340: 335: 333: 329: 325: 319: 317: 302: 298: 295: 290: 288: 284: 280: 276: 273:(part of the 272: 267: 265: 261: 257: 253: 249: 245: 241: 237: 233: 229: 225: 221: 220:Hunter Valley 217: 212: 210: 206: 202: 198: 194: 190: 186: 183: 179: 178:Hunter Valley 170: 166: 162: 158: 154: 151: 147: 143: 141: 137: 133: 131: 127: 122: 94: 90: 87: 83: 79: 76: 72: 69: 68:Hunter Valley 66: 62: 58: 54: 50: 48:Official name 46: 39: 34: 31: 30: 25: 22:Hunter Valley 19: 4580: 4337:Newy 87.8 FM 4271:Glenbawn Dam 4259:Water supply 4230:Lake Liddell 4009:Muswellbrook 3924:Cockle Creek 3780:Road bridges 3726:Bucketts Way 3648:HMAS Assault 3631:World War II 3382: 2763:Toronto High 2758:Tomaree High 2713:Lambton High 2500:Kia Ora Stud 2494: 2404: 2389: 2384: 2376: 2358: 2353: 2334: 2314:. Retrieved 2303: 2293: 2281:. Retrieved 2277:the original 2267: 2255:. Retrieved 2242: 2233: 2221:. Retrieved 2212: 2187:. Retrieved 2173: 2161:. Retrieved 2148: 2139: 2134:1 June 2010. 2122: 2117: 2105:. Retrieved 2101:the original 2091: 2079:. Retrieved 2066: 2057: 2045:. Retrieved 2014:. Retrieved 2000: 1988:. Retrieved 1974: 1962:. Retrieved 1948: 1936:. Retrieved 1922: 1910:. Retrieved 1892: 1878: 1855:Eckhard Supp 1826: 1785: 1780: 1772: 1767: 1750: 1720: 1719:Clarke, Oz. 1681: 1653: 1623:. Retrieved 1609: 1538: 1518: 1489:duplex soils 1477: 1468: 1464: 1452: 1416: 1396: 1389: 1378: 1338: 1321: 1311: 1305: 1299: 1296: 1273: 1270:sugar levels 1260: 1250: 1244: 1243:(ripe rot), 1238: 1232: 1219: 1209: 1206: 1193: 1165: 1159: 1137: 1133: 1115:Wybong Creek 1112: 1108:Muswellbrook 1105: 1076:-32.4; 150.7 1017: 1001: 993: 966: 947: 904: 821: 794: 789: 775:veteran Sir 758: 754: 743: 716:of vineyards 668: 641: 629: 619:viticultural 611: 591: 556: 543: 531: 506:Dr. Max Lake 498: 479: 471: 467:Napoleon III 453: 443: 426: 415: 405:hill in the 393:, collected 391:South Africa 376: 356: 336: 320: 312: 291: 283:Hunter River 268: 228:Hunter River 219: 218:system, the 213: 185:wine regions 175: 27: 18: 4627:South Coast 4617:New England 4281:Lostock Dam 3964:High Street 3914:Broadmeadow 3615:Wine making 3576:Whittingham 3566:Ravensworth 3279:Nobbys Head 3029:Myall Lakes 3024:Mount Royal 3019:Ghin-Doo-Ee 3014:Booti Booti 2956:Myall Lakes 2708:Kotara High 1301:Eutypa lata 1278:ultraviolet 1256:Penicillium 1252:Aspergillus 1150:Viticulture 1074: / 1019:Wine region 906:Wine region 884:Tempranillo 856:Chambourcin 735:of wineries 670:Wine region 603:degree days 599:heat stress 579:Napa Valley 461:bested the 379:James Busby 324:viticulture 216:appellation 182:Australia's 116: / 104:151°17′51″E 74:Sub-regions 29:Wine region 4688:Categories 4673:Tumbarumba 4525:Perricoota 4512:Big Rivers 4357:The Herald 4186:Light rail 4130:Sid Fogg's 4100:Bus routes 4079:Wirragulla 4064:Wallarobba 3999:Mindaribba 3929:Dora Creek 3899:Beresfield 3863:Main North 3761:Putty Road 3622:Lindeman's 3179:Historical 3107:Gloucester 3102:Chichester 3087:Barrington 2936:Cape Hawke 2179:"Pokolbin" 2145:"Pokolbin" 2016:5 November 1990:5 November 1980:"Pokolbin" 1964:5 November 1938:5 November 1912:5 November 1665:8 May 2010 1547:References 1419:Pinot noir 1412:California 1341:Chardonnay 1326:resistant 1324:phylloxera 1262:Alternaria 1166:Like most 1144:Arrowfield 1088:Heat units 997:Mount View 989:Pinot noir 981:Chardonnay 969:Lindeman's 880:Sangiovese 840:Pinot noir 824:Chardonnay 809:Milbrodale 587:California 534:Leo Buring 510:Rudy Komon 359:Windermere 343:Putty Road 328:winemaking 287:irrigation 256:Mount View 201:Chardonnay 180:is one of 161:Chardonnay 140:Heat units 101:32°46′57″S 4535:Swan Hill 4327:Hit 106.9 4206:Utilities 4069:Warabrook 4034:Singleton 3979:Lochinvar 3944:Fassifern 3889:Adamstown 3868:Newcastle 3706:Transport 3561:Newcastle 3551:Grasstree 3511:Allandale 3385:shipwreck 3226:Education 3044:Wallingat 2909:Geography 2645:Secondary 2599:Education 1775:. pp. 4–5 1449:Semillon. 1328:rootstock 1224:noble rot 1140:Rosemount 1045:Australia 932:Australia 872:Trebbiano 708:Australia 514:Len Evans 475:fortified 403:Hermitage 401:from the 387:Edinburgh 351:Singleton 339:John Howe 232:Newcastle 144:2070–2170 59:Australia 4668:Hilltops 4663:Gundagai 4530:Riverina 4362:Triple M 4054:Thornton 4024:Sandgate 4019:Paterson 4004:Morisset 3984:Maitland 3969:Hilldale 3954:Hamilton 3909:Branxton 3904:Booragul 3884:Aberdeen 3837:Stockton 3827:Monkerai 3556:Minimbah 3541:Dingadee 3531:Cessnock 3359:Maritime 3298:Industry 3152:Williams 3142:Paterson 3112:Goulburn 3061:The Glen 3054:Werakata 3049:Watagans 2772:Tertiary 2669:Wallsend 2657:Avondale 2616:Avondale 2529:Shopping 2473:Industry 2340:Archived 2310:Archived 2251:Archived 2217:Archived 2183:Archived 2157:Archived 2127:Archived 2075:Archived 2041:Archived 2010:Archived 1984:Archived 1958:Archived 1932:Archived 1906:Archived 1904:. 2015. 1898:"Hunter" 1831:Archived 1755:Archived 1687:Archived 1658:Archived 1619:Archived 1534:Riverina 1493:alkaline 1481:alluvial 1441:Semillon 1423:Burgundy 1400:Bordeaux 1394:family. 1349:Verdelho 1345:Semillon 1274:Botrytis 1228:grey rot 1220:Botrytis 1124:Penfolds 1062:150°42′E 1050:Location 977:Sémillon 958:Branxton 954:Cessnock 950:Pokolbin 899:Pokolbin 894:Pokolbin 888:Dolcetto 876:Viognier 864:Traminer 832:Verdelho 828:Semillon 805:Fordwich 786:Max Lake 781:convicts 765:Pokolbin 648:Pokolbin 567:maritime 490:Elliotts 434:Rothbury 430:Pokolbin 395:cuttings 383:Branxton 264:Lovedale 260:Cessnock 252:Wollombi 248:Pokolbin 209:Verdelho 193:Sémillon 169:Verdelho 153:Semillon 92:Location 78:Pokolbin 4421:General 4400:Defence 4105:Busways 4074:Waratah 4049:Teralba 4044:Telarah 3994:Metford 3919:Cardiff 3832:Morpeth 3802:Dunmore 3797:Cooreei 3787:Beckers 3581:Wickham 3571:Toronto 3521:Belford 3516:Antiene 3495:Toronto 3475:Morpeth 3470:Belmont 3427:General 3242:General 3205:Defence 3127:Manning 3039:Towarri 3034:Tomaree 2919:General 2891:Surfest 2609:Primary 1773:UNINEWS 1435:Madeira 1388:in the 1203:Hazards 1184:harvest 1176:pruning 1059:32°24′S 1042:Country 937:Part of 929:Country 868:Barbera 705:Country 615:harvest 553:Climate 494:Wyndham 486:Tyrrell 347:Windsor 309:History 64:Part of 56:Country 4581:Hunter 4563:Orange 4558:Mudgee 4347:New FM 3974:Kotara 3959:Hexham 3934:Dungog 3822:Hinton 3817:Hexham 3546:Farley 3147:Wangat 3122:Karuah 3117:Hunter 3097:Bylong 3070:Rivers 2396: 2316:8 June 2283:8 June 2257:7 June 2223:8 June 2189:22 May 2163:7 June 2107:8 June 2081:7 June 2047:8 June 1792: 1625:9 June 1530:Orange 1526:Mudgee 1427:Oregon 1408:Malbec 1361:Merlot 1353:Shiraz 1188:yields 1182:, and 973:Shiraz 860:Malbec 844:Merlot 836:Shiraz 463:French 294:Sydney 236:Mudgee 197:Shiraz 157:Shiraz 51:Hunter 4553:Cowra 4390:Other 4312:Media 4170:Ferry 4039:Tarro 4029:Scone 3949:Greta 3894:Awaba 3590:Trams 3536:Civic 3383:Sygna 3137:Pages 3132:Myall 3077:Allyn 2570:Other 1522:Cowra 1474:Soils 1386:yeast 801:Bulga 797:Broke 750:Bulga 746:Broke 455:Cape. 407:Rhône 399:Syrah 222:zone 4372:2NUR 4084:Wyee 3847:Vacy 3714:Road 3420:Rail 3082:Avon 2994:and 2394:ISBN 2318:2016 2285:2016 2259:2016 2225:2016 2191:2013 2165:2016 2109:2016 2083:2016 2049:2016 2018:2015 1992:2015 1966:2015 1940:2015 1914:2015 1790:ISBN 1627:2016 1532:and 1485:loam 1431:acid 1425:and 1406:and 1366:oaky 1359:and 1347:and 1267:Brix 1259:and 1142:and 1092:2070 1037:2010 1026:Type 975:and 956:and 924:2010 913:Type 886:and 842:and 807:and 700:1997 689:Type 492:and 432:and 349:and 326:and 262:and 246:and 207:and 176:The 4367:2HD 4139:Air 4093:Bus 3381:MV 3092:Bow 2449:of 1178:or 733:No. 714:No. 585:in 420:of 4690:: 2368:^ 2326:^ 2308:. 2302:. 2249:. 2245:. 2241:. 2215:. 2211:. 2199:^ 2155:. 2151:. 2147:. 2073:. 2069:. 2065:. 2026:^ 1900:. 1862:^ 1844:^ 1812:^ 1800:^ 1728:^ 1700:^ 1670:^ 1635:^ 1591:^ 1555:^ 1528:, 1524:, 1355:, 1343:, 1254:, 1230:. 1131:. 983:, 964:. 890:. 882:, 878:, 874:, 870:, 866:, 862:, 858:, 854:, 850:, 838:, 834:, 830:, 826:, 803:, 799:, 792:. 752:. 738:16 719:50 488:, 413:. 258:, 254:, 242:, 211:. 203:, 199:, 167:, 163:, 159:, 155:, 134:Ib 84:, 80:, 4496:e 4489:t 4482:v 2438:e 2431:t 2424:v 2346:" 2335:" 2320:. 2287:. 2261:. 2227:. 2193:. 2167:. 2111:. 2085:. 2051:. 2020:. 1994:. 1968:. 1942:. 1916:. 1886:. 1837:" 1825:" 1693:" 1682:" 1629:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Knowledge

Hunter Valley wine

Index