Chardonnay - Knowledge

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Burgundi Feher, Chablis, Chardenai, Chardenay, Chardenet, Chardennet, Chardonay, Chardonnet, Chatenait, Chatey Petit, Chatte, Chaudenay, Chaudenet, Chaudent, Clävner, Clevner Weiss, Cravner, Epinette, Epinette blanc, Epinette blanche, Epinette de Champagne, Ericey blanc, Feher Chardonnay, Feherburgundi, Feinburgunder, Gamay blanc, Gelber Weissburgunder, Gentil blanc, Grosse Bourgogne, Klawner, Klevanjka Biela, Klevner, Lisant, Luisant, Luizannais, Luizant, Luzannois, Maconnais, Maurillon blanc, Melon blanc, Melon D'Arbois, Meroué, Moreau blanc, Morillon blanc, Moulon, Noirien blanc, Obaideh, Petit Chatey, Petit Sainte-Marie, Petite Sainte Marie, Pineau blanc, Pino Sardone, Pino Shardone, Pinot Blanc à Cramant, Pinot Blanc Chardonnay, Pinot Chardonnay, Pinot de Bourgogne, Pinot Giallo, Pinot Planc, Plant de Tonnerre, Romere, Romeret, Rouci Bile, Rousseau, Roussot, Ruländer Weiß, Sainte Marie Petite, Sardone, Shardone, Shardonne, Später Weiß Burgunder, Weiß Burgunder (normally refers to Pinot blanc), Weiß Clevner, Weiß Edler, Weiß Elder, Weiß Klewner, Weiß Silber, Weißedler, Weißer Clevner, Weißer Rulander.

2540: 2694: 1717: 290: 978: 2925: 2009: 2188: 1267: 1636: 2316: 4850: 4558: 1366: 588: 720:. It is a highly vigorous vine, with extensive leaf cover which can inhibit the energy and nutrient uptake of its grape clusters. Vineyard managers counteract this with aggressive pruning and canopy management. When Chardonnay vines are planted densely, they are forced to compete for resources and funnel energy into their grape clusters. In certain conditions, the vines can be very high-yielding, but the wine produced from such vines suffers a drop in quality if yields go much beyond 80 1675:. In response, the demand for Californian Chardonnay increased and Californian winemakers rushed to increase plantings. In the 1980s, the popularity of Californian Chardonnay increased so much, the number of vines planted in the state eclipsed that of France by 1988. By 2005, nearly 100,000 acres (40,000 ha) accounted for almost 25% of the world's total Chardonnay plantings. The early trend was to imitate the great Burgundy wines, but this soon gave way to more rich buttery and 2762: 1123:. With the exception of Pouilly-Fuissé, the wines of the Mâconnais are the closest Burgundy example to "New World" Chardonnay, though it is not identical. Typically, Mâcon blanc, basic Bourgogne, Beaujolais blanc, and Saint-Véran are meant to be consumed within two to three years of release. However, many of the well-made examples of white Burgundy from the Côte d'Or need at least three years in the bottle to develop enough to express the aromas and character of the wine. Hazelnut, 1944: 2834: 2651: 2705:, the grapes will be harvested early and slightly unripe to maintain the acid levels. Sparkling Chardonnay-based wines tend to exhibit more floral and steely flavors in their youth. As the wine ages, particularly if it spends significant time on lees, the wines will develop "toasty" notes. Chardonnay grapes usually have little trouble developing sugar content, even in cooler climates, which translates into high potential alcohol levels and limits the need for 1884: 2723: 2356: 1150: 2105: 1840: 418: 704: 1807: 2157: 73: 863: 1353:

However, it does lessen the premium on needing to keep yields low that other wine regions battle, since not much flavor is going to develop in the grapes, anyway. Rather, the element in Chardonnay that Champagne wine-makers look for is the finesse and balance of acidity that it brings to the blend. Some flavors that can emerge from, particularly with extended time on its

1907:. In 2009, Le Clos Jordanne winery, of Jordan Village on the Niagara Peninsula, Ontario, received critical acclaim for its 2005 Claystone Terrace Chardonnay, which won the top spot for Chardonnay in the "Judgement of Montreal" experts’ tasting. This recognition, which caught the attention of the wine community, resulted from a blind tasting held in Quebec for 1232:(though its use is increasing). The biting, green apple-like acidity is a trademark of Chablis and can be noticeable in the bouquet. The acidity can mellow with age and Chablis are some of the longest-living examples of Chardonnay. Some examples of Chablis can have an earthy "wet stone" flavor that can get mustier as it ages before mellowing into delicate 1831:

slower ripening, requiring a longer time on the vine, which allows the grapes to develop greater complexity and character at more reasonable sugar levels than warmer Chardonnay-producing regions. New York has subsequently developed significant plantings of the variety since Fournier and Frank's early experiments.

747:, as Chardonnay is an early-budding vine – usually a week after Pinot noir. To combat the threat of frost, a method developed in Burgundy involves aggressive pruning just prior to budburst. This "shocks" the vine and delays budburst up to two weeks, which is often long enough for warmer weather to arrive. 2864:. There was a new fashion, "ABC" – Anything But Chardonnay, identified by Frank Prial in 1995. Another reason for the backlash was that Chardonnay was seen as a symbol of the globalization of wine, in which local grape varieties were grubbed up in favor of the big names demanded by international markets. 2935:

Arboisier, Arnaison blanc, Arnoison, Aubain, Aubaine, Auvergnat blanc, Auvernas, Auvernas blanc, Auvernat blanc, Auxeras, Auxerras blanc, Auxerrois blanc, Auxois, Auxois blanc, Bargeois blanc, Beaunois, Biela Klevanjika, Blanc de Champagne, Blanc de Cramant, Breisgauer Suessling, Breisgauer Sussling,

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New York, like Burgundy and Washington, is a cool-climate viticultural region. Being cold tolerant, the Chardonnay grape is well suited for New York. Not only can it endure its cold winters, but also buds late, reducing the risk of spring frosts. New York's comparatively cooler growing season causes

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grape vines to share this characteristic. This confusion between Pinot blanc and Chardonnay was very pervasive throughout northern Italy, where the two vines grew interspersed in the vineyard and were blended in winemaking. The Italian government did not dispatch researchers to try to distinguish the

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similarities, Pinot blanc and Chardonnay were often mistaken for each other and even today share many of the same synonyms. The grape vines, leaves, and clusters look identical at first glance, but some subtle differences are seen. The most visible of these can be observed as the grapes are ripening,

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described a view of Chardonnay as "the ruthless coloniser and destroyer of the world's vineyards and the world's palates." The criticism was centered on the habits of winemakers to pull out or give up on local varieties in order to plant more Chardonnay which offered potentially more income but lack

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that is cultivated for use worldwide in sparkling Chardonnay wines. A potential drawback of using wild yeast is that the fermentation process can go very slowly with the results of the yeasts being very unpredictable and producing potentially a very different wine each year. One Burgundian winemaker

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but for a large part of it, the grape was commonly confused with Pinot blanc—often with both varieties interplanted in the same vineyard and blended together. This happened despite the fact that Chardonnay grapes get more golden-yellow in color close to harvest time and can be visually distinguished

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and Viognier-Chardonnay has a more subtle and muted nose with no overwhelming aromatics that jump out of the wine glass. The identifying styles of Chardonnay are regionally based. For example, pineapple notes are more commonly associated with Chardonnay from Napa Valley while Chablis will have more

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driven Australian wine industry was well situated for the Chardonnay boom of the 1980s and 1990s and Australia responded with a unique style of wine that was characterized by big fruit flavors and easy approachability. To compensate for the very warm climate, richness was enhanced by the use of oak

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wine tasting, brought varietal wine labeling to more prominence and the easy to pronounce Chardonnay grape was one of the largest beneficiaries. In the late 1980s, a sort of "Chardonnay-mania" developed as wine regions (particularly new and developing ones) dramatically increased their planting of

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region this confusion appeared in the synonyms for each grape, with Pinot blanc being known as "Weissburgunder" (White Burgundy) and Chardonnay was known as "Gelber Weissburgunder" (Golden White Burgundy). By the late 20th century, more concentrated efforts were put into identifying Chardonnay and

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Chardonnays can be very similar to Californian Chardonnays, but tend to have more emphasis on fruit than creaminess. In 2000, it was the most widely planted premium wine grape in the state. Rather than using Dijon clones, Washington vineyards are planted with clones developed at the University of

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region that locals believe traces its ancestry back to some of the first vines brought to Australia in the 19th century. While the wine made from this clone is not particularly distinguished, it can still be of very good quality. Overall, there has been a shift in style since the 1980s from deep

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tasting assessed 16 red and 14 white wines, primarily from France and California. The Chardonay from Le Clos Jordanne placed first out of the 14 white wines, some of which were notable international wines, including: Chateau Montelena, Mer Soleil, Kumeu River, an aged reserve wine from Rosemount

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temperature of the region being around 10 °C (50 °F), barely above the minimum average temperature needed to ripen grapes. Therefore, the Chardonnay grapes do not fully develop their fruit flavors and the still version of Champagne can taste very "un-Chardonnay"-like because of this.

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Chardonnay is the only permitted AOC grape variety in the Chablis region, with the wines there developing such worldwide recognition that the name "Chablis" has taken on somewhat generic connotations to mean any dry white wine, even those not made from Chardonnay. The name is protected in the

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experimented with Chardonnay and other varietals in hopes of producing sparkling wines based on Old World grapes for the Gold Seal wine company. In the late 1950s, they succeeded in harvesting the first commercial quantities of European grapes in eastern North America. Frank went on to found

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in a process known as "acidification". In cooler climates, the extract and acidity of Chardonnay is magnified which has the potential of producing very concentrated wines that can develop through bottle aging. Chardonnay can blend well with other grapes and still maintain some of its unique

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notes of green apples. While many examples of Chardonnay can benefit from a few years of bottle aging, especially if they have high acidity, most Chardonnays are meant to be consumed in their youth. A notable exception to this is the most premium examples of Chablis and white Burgundies.

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clones 'Dijon-76', '95' and '96' that produce more flavor-concentrated clusters. 'Dijon-77' and '809' produce more aromatic wines with a "grapey" perfume, while 'Dijon-75', '78', '121', '124', '125' and '277' are more vigorous and higher-yielding clones. New World varieties include the

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two vines until 1978. A similar situation occurred in France, with the two vines being commonly confused until the mid-19th century, when ampelographers began combing through the vineyards of Chablis and Burgundy, identifying the true Chardonnay and weeding out the Pinot blanc.

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soils and high clay levels tend to produce lower-yielding and more Burgundian-style wine, despite having a discernibly warmer climate than France. In contrast, South African Chardonnay produced from more sandstone-based vineyards tend to be richer and more weighty.

2339:. A similar event happened in the German wine region of Baden during the 1980s. By the late 1990s, efforts to promote "authentic" Chardonnay helped to increase plantings and by 2004 it was the third-most widely planted white wine grape behind Chenin blanc and 2859:

As more vineyards responded with massive new plantings of the variety, they found that fashions were changing again. The market was drinking more red wine, and there was a backlash against heavy, oaky, New World Chardonnays in favor of lighter wines such as

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region have recently developed a cult following for their Chardonnay among New Zealand wine drinkers. While many New Zealand winemakers are still developing a characteristic style, the Chardonnay produced so far have emphasized the grape's affinity for oak.

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California-Davis that are designed to take longer to ripen in the warmer weather of the state's wine regions. This allows winemakers to maintain the acidity levels that balance the fruity and flint earthiness that have characterized Washington Chardonnay.

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in the 12th century. Today, the Chardonnay made in the Chablis region is one of the "purest" expression of the varietal character of the grape due to the simplistic style of winemaking favored in this region. Chablis winemakers want to emphasise the

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and Cabernet Sauvignon. Early in the 21st century, demand outpaced supply and there was a shortage of Chardonnay grapes which prompted Australian winemakers to introduce new blending partners like Sémillon (known as "SemChard") and Colombard.

401:. Chardonnay's popularity peaked in the late 1980s, then gave way to a backlash among those wine connoisseurs who saw the grape as a leading negative component of the globalization of wine. Nonetheless, it is one of the most widely planted 2131:, have seen the most success with Chardonnay wine that has noticeable acidity and leanness. As better clonal varieties are discovered and planted, the overall quality of New Zealand Chardonnay have increased, particularly from places like 2260:

wine that is made from the white juice of the red Nebbiolo grape prior to being dyed with skin contact. Most Chardonnay plantings are located in the northern wine regions, though plantings can be found throughout Italy as far south as

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per acre). Producers of premium Chardonnay limit yields to less than half this amount. Sparkling wine producers tend not to focus as much on limiting yields, since concentrated flavors are not as important as the wine's finesse.

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Though many varietal forms of Chardonnay are produced, and the numbers are increasing, for most of its history in Italian winemaking Chardonnay was a blending grape. Besides Pinot bianco, Chardonnay can be found in blends with

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from Monterey. A large portion of the Californian sparkling wine industry uses Chardonnay grapes from Carneros, Alexander, and Russian River valleys, with these areas attracting the attention of Champagne producers such as

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Konstantin Frank Vinifera Wine Cellars which helped demonstrate that a winery in the eastern US can produce European-style wines as a basis for a winery business. Chardonnay became an important part of that strategy.

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Despite being more famous for its Sauvignon blanc production, Chardonnay was New Zealand's most widely planted grape variety from 1990 till 2002 when Sauvignon blanc finally surpassed it. The east coast of the

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Chardonnay has a wide-ranging reputation for relative ease of cultivation and ability to adapt to different conditions. The grape is very "malleable", in that it reflects and takes on the impression of its

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Chardonnay is often aged on its lees in barrels with the lees periodically stirred to give it a softer, creamy mouthfeel. The example on the right is a barrel of Chardonnay that has had its lees recently

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region of New Zealand), the flavors become more citrus, peach, and melon, while in very warm locations, more fig and tropical fruit notes such as banana and mango come out. Wines that have gone through

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of the Chardonnay grape include the rare pink-berried 'Chardonnay Rose'; also 'Chardonnay Blanc Musqué', which produces an intensely aromatic wine. Chardonnay Blanc Musqué is mostly found around the

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are the largest producers of Chardonnay in the Côte Chalonnaise, with the best-made examples rivaling those of the Côte de Beaune. In the Mâconnais, white wine production is centered on the town of

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with Chardonnay grapes taking on a more golden-green color than Pinot blanc grapes. On closer inspection, the grapevine shows slight differences in the texture and length of the hairs on the vine's

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wines (though its susceptibility to other less favorable rot makes these wines rarer). The two winemaking decisions that most widely affect the result of a Chardonnay wine is whether or not to use

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dips. The regional influences of Chardonnay can help it pair with different food styles. Chardonnays from Washington, which is characterized by maintaining more acidity, tend to pair well with

1240:, while others embrace its use, though not to the length that would characterise a "New World" Chardonnay. The winemakers who use oak tend to favor more neutral oak that does not impart the 1196:. The most expensive examples of Chardonnay from Chablis come from the seven Grand Cru vineyards that account for around 247 acres (100 ha) on the southwest side of one slope along the 1483:, Chardonnay found another region where it could thrive and produce a style of wine noticeably different from that of France. It is the dominant white wine variety of the area, overtaking 2904:

Despite the backlash, Chardonnay remains very popular. In 2004, Chardonnay was estimated to be the world's 6th most widely grown grape variety, covering 179,300 hectares (443,000 acres).

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was not identified as Chardonnay till the late 1980s. Today, Austrian Chardonnays range from the rich, oaked aged varieties to leaner, more aromatic styles based on Austrian Rieslings to

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has many areas composed of limestone and clay. In Burgundy, the amount of limestone to which the Chardonnay vines are exposed also seems to have some effect on the resulting wine. In the

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with the wine through the permeable oak barrels. This can have the effect of softening the wine and making the generally austere and acidic Chablis more approachable at a younger age.

2000:. During this period the number of Chardonnay plants increased fivefold and by 1990 it was the most widely planted white wine grape in Australia and third most planted overall behind 1313:

produces wines with the most acidity. The Côte des Blancs is the only district in the Champagne region predominately planted with Chardonnay. In the four other main districts – Aube,

1248:" in the barrel is often very light, which limits the amount of "toastiness" perceived in the wine. The advocates of oak in Chablis point to the positive benefits of allowing limited 3691: 866:

Closeup of a Chardonnay leaf (from the image of Chardonnay grapes in Champagne above): The yellow box highlights the naked veins around the petiolar sinus of the grape vine leaf.

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in the 1970s and 1980s and many times were misidentified as to what grape variety it really was. A large portion of the Chardonnay plantings from this period turned out to be

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Chardonnay is one of the dominant grapes in Burgundy, though Pinot noir vines outnumber it by nearly a three-to-one ratio. In addition to Chablis, Chardonnay is found in the

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styles. In nearby Germany, this distinctly French wine grape was slow to gain a footing being only officially sanctioned since 1991. Today it is most commonly found in the

1120: 2665:. Burgundian winemaking tends to favor extended contact on the lees and even "stirring up" the lees within the wine while it is aging in the barrel in a process known as 2661:

Other winemaking decisions that can have a significant effect include the temperature of fermentation and what time, if any, that the wine allowed to spend aging on the

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grew in close proximity to the Gouais blanc, giving the two ample opportunity to interbreed. Since the two parents were genetically distant, many of the crosses showed

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are characterized by delicate citrus fruits. They are typically light-bodied, but producers who use barrel fermentation and oak aging can produce fuller-bodied wines.

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that was common with these massive wines. Another criticism of California Chardonnays, and one that has been levied against other Californian wines, is the very high

1656: 3182: 1337:. This is partly because Pinot noir and Pinot Meunier produce very coarse and heavy wines that lack the finesse and balance that Chardonnay brings to the mix. Non 2932:

Due to the worldwide recognition of the name of "Chardonnay", many of these synonyms have fallen out of favor as winemakers use the more marketable Chardonnay:

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was extended to get more flavors from skin contact. While the style of Australian Chardonnay is mostly characterized by the mass-produced products of the hot

2681:, though some will also use specially cultivated yeast that can impart aromatic qualities to the wine. A particular style of yeast used in Champagne is the 2555:, Chardonnay has started to develop a presence. In the 1990s, Chardonnay became the second most widely planted white grape variety in Argentina-second only 1814:

Chardonnay was one of the first European grape varieties to have been grown commercially east of the Rocky Mountains. After three centuries of failure with

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River near the towns of Chablis—Blanchots, Bougros, Les Clos, Grenouilles, Preuses, Valmur, and Vaudésir. The wines from these crus most often capture the

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Champagne, Chablis, and Burgundy account for more than three-fifths of all Chardonnay plantings in France. The next-largest concentration is found in the

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which had the fermentation of its 1963 Chardonnay batch take five years to complete when the fermentation process normally only takes a matter of weeks.

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Due to the wide range of styles, Chardonnay has the potential to be paired with a diverse spectrum of food types. It is most commonly paired with roast

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The Chardonnay vintages of the early 1990s from British Columbia helped generate international attention to the quality of Canadian wines apart from

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Being a rather neutral grape, Australian winemakers first approached Chardonnay in the same manner they were making wine from the similarly neutral

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The California wine regions that seem to favor producing premium quality Chardonnay are the ones that are most influenced, climatically, by coastal

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winery and dedicated it to making Burgundian-style Chardonnay. His success encouraged other Californian winemakers to follow suit and culminated in

40:"Auvernat blanc" redirects here. For another wine grape that is also known as Auvernat blanc and shares several other synonyms with Chardonnay, see 1310: 884: 3168: 1651:

developed a Chardonnay clone that was used to introduce the grape variety in several Californian vineyards throughout the 1940s. In the 1950s,

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The Serein River runs through the town of Chablis, with many of the region's most prestigious vineyards planted on hillsides along the river.

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Despite receiving the same amount of sunshine as the Chablis region, Chardonnay grapes in Champagne rarely attain full ripeness due to the

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notes. The use of oak is controversial in the Chablis community, with some winemakers dismissing it as counter to the "Chablis style" or

1040:. In addition to being the most expensive, the Burgundy examples of Chardonnay were long considered the benchmark standard of expressing 327:

The Chardonnay grape itself is neutral, with many of the flavors commonly associated with the wine being derived from such influences as

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of Chardonnay but there are many styles that do not have any "smokey" notes. Compared to other white wine grapes like Sauvignon blanc,

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Freshly harvested Chardonnay grapes being sorted in Tasmania to remove bad clusters and MOG (material other than grapes) such as leaves

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with short growing seasons, and in regions such as Burgundy, can be harvested before autumn rain sets in and brings the threat of rot.

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vineyard, the topsoil is only around 30 cm (12 in) above the limestone and the wine from that region is much more powerful,

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which, combined with Chablis, accounted for more than half of all plantings of Chardonnay in France during the 20th century. In the

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Chardonnay lends itself to almost any style of wine making from dry still wines, to sparkling wines to sweet late harvest and even

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have shown success in producing wines that reflect more Burgundian styles. Other regions often associated with Chardonnay include

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and more producers are using the grape to soften some of the edges of Chenin blanc. It can also be used in the sparkling wines of

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in England, which gives its name to the Kimmeridgean soil that is located throughout Chablis. The French describe this soil as

2170: 3379: 3024: 2982: 165: 3395: 1875:'. In Oregon, the introduction of Dijon clones from Burgundy has helped to adapt the grape to the Oregon climate and soils. 4606: 2176: 1278:

In the Champagne, Chardonnay is one of three major grape varieties planted in the region. It is most commonly found in the

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characteristics associated with California Chardonnay include "flinty" notes with the Russian River Valley and mango and

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styles. Starting with the 1970s, the focus was on harvesting the grapes at more advanced degrees of ripeness and higher

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organized a blind tasting in Montreal based on the Judgment of Paris. In the "Judgement of Montreal", 10 judges at the

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By 2002, the association of Chardonnay with suburban, unsophisticated tastes was being explored in Australian TV show

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it is often blended with Garganega to give more weight and structure to the wine. Chardonnay is also found in the

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which can make a wine seem out of balance. In recent years, California winemakers have been using process such as

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festival. By 2000, more than 9,000 hectares (22,000 acres) were planted, with many being used for wines under the

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the uniqueness and character of local varieties. Examples of this occurred in south Italy and Spain when ancient

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Chardonnay long had a reputation as one of France's great white wines, but due to the dominance of geographical

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The time of harvesting is a crucial decision because the grape quickly begins to lose acidity as it ripens. For

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soil. The three main villages around the Côte grow Chardonnay that emphasizes certain characteristics that the

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and were selected for further propagation. These "successful" crosses included Chardonnay and siblings such as

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almost 2 m (79 in) above limestone and the resulting wines are very rich and rounded. In the nearby

5371: 4885: 4810: 20: 5252: 4815: 3748: 2539: 1948: 1627:., and in Mexico is found in Baja California(Valle de Guadalupe) and in Coahuila(Valle de Parras) states. 986: 623:' clone, which produced some of the early California Chardonnays. The 'Mendoza' clone is prone to develop 477:. Little external evidence supports this theory. Another theory stated that it originated from an ancient 444:

disagreed with this assessment, believing that Chardonnay was unrelated to any other major grape variety.

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and for wine sold in the EU, "Chablis" refers only to the Chardonnay wine produced in this region of the

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and which will produce the characteristics that they are seeking in the wine. Examples include the lower-

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Chardonnay became very fashionable in the 1990s, as the stereotypical drink of young urban women of the

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character. The grapes most often blended with Chardonnay include Chenin blanc, Colombard and Sémillon.

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produces Chardonnay that more closely resembles those of Chablis. A rare, isolated clone exists in the

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that can slow the ripening of the grape and give it more time to develop its flavors. The regions of

26:"Moreau blanc" redirects here. For another French wine grape that is also known as Moreau blanc, see 3449: 2503: 4878: 4820: 4599: 4541: 4470: 4362: 3963: 3946: 2852: 2475: 1742: 1672: 3650: 1084: 4710: 4083: 3919: 2580: 2094: 1225: 921: 808: 602:

of Chardonnay could be found in vineyards throughout France; most of these were developed at the

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attacking the thin skin of the grapes. Because of Chardonnay's early ripening, it can thrive in

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in the Hunter Valley in 1971. Tyrell's vineyard was planted with Chardonnay cuttings that he "

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The first successful commercial production of California Chardonnay was from plantings in the

977: 862: 33:"Gentil blanc" redirects here. For another wine grape that is also known as Gentil blanc, see 5182: 4511: 4280: 3924: 2950: 2144: 2124: 2029: 1964: 370: 3372:

Wine Grapes - A complete guide to 1,368 vine varieties, including their origins and flavours

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Estates, and a number of Burgundian entrants from producers such as Drouhin, Lamy, Boisset,

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South of the Côte d'Or are the Côte Chalonnaise and Mâconnais wine regions. The villages of

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Outside of the regions discussed above, Chardonnay can be found in cooler climate sites in

2300: 1730: 1644: 1403:. These wines were unique in that they were some of the first examples of Chardonnay to be 1314: 1049: 1021: 799:, limestone, and chalk. The outlying regions, falling under the more basic "Petit Chablis" 478: 362: 2048:

notes are emphasized while Hunter Valley examples have more richness and smoky notes. The

1445: 1436:. Here, the grape is known as Melon d'Arbois or Gamay blanc and is sometimes blended with 1080: 1017: 8: 4740: 4692: 4592: 3836: 2662: 2604: 2520: 2471: 2140: 1997: 1844: 1596: 1584: 1354: 1333:

style of Champagne (made from only Chardonnay grapes) is far more commonly produced than

629:, also known as "hens and chicks", where the berries develop unevenly. In places such as 548: 382:

tend to have softer acidity and fruit flavors with buttery mouthfeel and hazelnut notes.

4142: 2924: 1859:

notes are common, and depending on producer and appellation, can range from flavors of '

1048:

levels, often above 13%, as well as deep concentration of flavors. The vineyards around

994: 900:

In France, Chardonnay is the second-most widely planted white grape variety just behind

5157: 4940: 4730: 4235: 3317: 3162: 2332: 2136: 1921: 1746: 1693: 1568: 1552: 1396: 1283: 1193: 1057: 1033: 1029: 846: 489: 374: 2008: 1791: 1449: 1290: 4684: 4631: 4215: 3953: 3777: 3753: 3533: 3512: 3475: 3432: 3375: 3248: 3148: 3069: 3020: 2978: 2730:

Due to the "malleability" of Chardonnay in winemaking and its ability to reflect its

2508: 2467: 2464: 2400: 2132: 2065: 2025: 1851: 1795: 1664: 1660: 1318: 1266: 1224:

soil and cooler climate that help maintain high acidity. The wines rarely go through

917: 634: 394: 350: 171: 128: 4152: 3559: 2743: 1635: 1092: 990: 5299: 5212: 5177: 5031: 4976: 4475: 4402: 4265: 4167: 2286: 2225: 2213: 1904: 1872: 1860: 1823: 1819: 1734: 1612: 1524: 1345:. The wine is much more acidic than that of Chablis and is normally made bone-dry. 665: 645: 641: 496:, now suggests that Chardonnay is the result of a cross between the Pinot noir and 366: 337:. It is vinified in many different styles, from the lean, crisply mineral wines of 317: 250: 244: 212: 2315: 2187: 821: 5335: 5294: 5197: 5162: 5061: 5036: 4830: 4651: 4568: 4354: 4182: 4117: 4060: 4023: 3903: 3633: 3587: 3399: 3392: 3061: 2818: 2817:. Older, more mellow Chardonnays are often paired with more "earthy" dishes like 2735: 2616: 2416: 2408: 2336: 2324: 2296: 2270: 2253: 2229: 2017: 1968: 1956: 1932: 1750: 1706: 1648: 1576: 1572: 1504: 1480: 1329:, only Pinot Meunier has a significant presence. Despite being less planted, the 1186: 909: 871: 785: 532: 448: 321: 284: 206: 2901:, where lower middle class characters mispronounce the varietal as "kardonnay". 2498: 812: 5345: 5325: 5315: 5247: 5227: 5142: 5097: 5046: 5011: 4966: 4945: 4925: 4720: 4669: 4623: 4480: 4452: 4427: 4348: 4337: 4332: 4230: 4197: 4013: 3991: 3958: 3934: 3829: 3646: 3580: 2882: 2841: 2774: 2706: 2548: 2495: 2440: 2424: 2384: 2237: 2197: 2037: 2001: 1976: 1896: 1787: 1688: 1600: 1560: 1382: 1365: 1338: 1212: 1159: 1144: 1045: 960: 936: 876: 804: 789: 758: 732: 681: 620: 592: 462: 457: 440:

noted that the leaves of these plants have near-identical shape and structure.

386: 354: 345:

with oak and tropical fruit flavors. In cool climates (such as Chablis and the

342: 150: 116: 4725: 2669:. Colder fermentation temperatures produce more "tropical" fruit flavors like 1773:

production. While the exact style of the wine varies by producer, some of the

5360: 5340: 5320: 5278: 5268: 5202: 5172: 5127: 5102: 5082: 5077: 5021: 5006: 4986: 4971: 4950: 4935: 4930: 4920: 4915: 4849: 4750: 4659: 4557: 4465: 4460: 4137: 3929: 3353:. Institute for Grapevine Breeding Geilweilerhof (IRZ), Siebeldingen, Germany 2970: 2897: 2889: 2798: 2739: 2710: 2531:

from Australia and the examples produced so far are very New World in style.

2420: 2412: 2392: 2388: 2380: 2376: 2174:

making pure varietal versions of the wine. In 1984, it was granted its first

2081:

flavors to lighter, paler Chardonnays with more structure and notes of white

1972: 1963:

in 1832, but it only really took off in the 1950s. It is most significant in

1710: 1702: 1683:

levels. New oak barrels were used to produce wines that were big in body and

1668: 1608: 1592: 1580: 1564: 1556: 1548: 1536: 1520: 1516: 1500: 1488: 1464: 1429: 1408: 1407:

as "Chardonnay". Other French wine regions with Chardonnay plantings include

1132: 972: 925: 740: 633:, the use of newer Dijon clones has had some success in those regions of the 599: 587: 556: 520: 437: 357:

and flavors of green plum, apple, and pear. In warmer locations (such as the

305: 297: 120: 2761: 841:, and tight, needing longer in the bottle to develop fully. In other areas, 807:

which produces wines with less finesse. Chalk beds are found throughout the

5330: 5273: 5237: 5232: 5217: 5207: 5167: 5152: 5107: 5087: 5056: 5001: 4996: 4536: 4127: 4065: 4055: 4008: 3600: 2861: 2833: 2810: 2608: 2512: 2432: 2428: 2404: 2372: 2364: 2344: 2165: 2120: 2078: 2053: 2021: 1943: 1868: 1864: 1620: 1604: 1540: 1528: 1512: 1508: 1458: 1453: 1433: 1424: 1325:– Chardonnay lags behind Pinot noir in planting. In the outlying region of 946: 793: 688: 677: 657: 625: 615: 572: 501: 497: 441: 421: 346: 313: 146: 27: 4285: 2650: 2556: 1245: 998: 669: 560: 5222: 5192: 5132: 5122: 5117: 5041: 5016: 4991: 4981: 4854: 4805: 4768: 4562: 4417: 4407: 4305: 4070: 4001: 3860: 3010: 3006: 2814: 2794: 2786: 2785:. Heavily oak influenced Chardonnays do not pair well with more delicate 2677:. The "Old World" style of winemaking favors the use of wild, or ambient 2592: 2396: 2347:

have experimented blending Chardonnay with Riesling and Sauvignon blanc.

2274: 2181: 1960: 1616: 1492: 1387: 1208: 1174: 1096: 955: 800: 784:, all very prevalent throughout Chardonnay's traditional "homeland". The 721: 692: 630: 536: 516: 452: 445: 436:. In addition to being found in the same region of France for centuries, 433: 428:

For much of its history, a connection was assumed between Chardonnay and

309: 4187: 2319:

An unoaked Chardonnay from the South African wine region of Stellenbosch

2114:

is sometimes blended with Australian Chardonnay in the "SemChard" style.

2108: 2040:

have been creating more crisp, less oaked wines with lime notes. In the

1072:, while Meursault wines tend to be the most round and buttery examples. 905: 465:. Chardonnay's true origins were further obscured by vineyard owners in 320:. For new and developing wine regions, growing Chardonnay is seen as a ' 19:

This article is about the grape variety. For the village in France, see

5242: 5187: 5147: 5137: 5112: 5026: 4758: 4674: 4664: 4615: 4521: 4516: 4501: 4437: 4432: 4397: 4295: 4290: 4250: 4177: 4112: 4094: 4050: 4038: 4028: 3986: 3812: 3802: 2870: 2848: 2778: 2588: 2584: 2576: 2560: 2552: 2524: 2523:, Chardonnay has lagged behind in white wine grapes plantings in favor 2448: 2436: 2368: 2282: 2245: 2201: 2184:. By 2000, it was Italy's fourth most widely planted white wine grape. 1979:. One of the first commercially successful Chardonnays was produced by 1883: 1697:

was an early critic of this style, particularly because of the lack of

1676: 1532: 1496: 1229: 1221: 1190: 1178: 1108: 1037: 1009: 901: 743:. Some viticultural hazards include the risk of damage from springtime 552: 528: 509: 429: 334: 301: 4107: 2722: 2089:. Sparkling wines from Chardonnay are produced in the cool regions of 1895:, Chardonnay has seen some success with rich, oaky styles produced in 1412: 1112: 524: 5051: 4636: 4526: 4506: 4442: 4422: 4412: 4372: 4310: 4192: 4132: 4033: 3878: 3767: 2874: 2865: 2806: 2674: 2654: 2587:

used for the wine. With malolactic fermentation (or MLF), the harder

2516: 2355: 2340: 2233: 2221: 2217: 2128: 2086: 1783: 1684: 1588: 1544: 1416: 1374: 1261: 1149: 1100: 950: 842: 816: 781: 717: 653: 390: 124: 34: 3627:

White Wines, New Barrels: The taste of new oak gains favor worldwide

353:), Chardonnay wine tends to be medium to light body with noticeable 4382: 4377: 4367: 4260: 4240: 4207: 4172: 4018: 3981: 3893: 3888: 3873: 2878: 2838: 2636: 2612: 2596: 2291: 2278: 2257: 2249: 2209: 2104: 2098: 1988: 1928: 1839: 1822:

region of upstate New York. Frenchman Charles Fournier and Russian

1770: 1766: 1484: 1468: 1437: 1404: 1124: 1076: 1069: 1053: 929: 880: 703: 540: 474: 417: 41: 4870: 4102: 3348: 2738:, a sense of "smokiness" is one clue that could be picked up in a 1088: 406: 405:, with 210,000 hectares (520,000 acres) worldwide, second only to 4835: 4641: 4392: 4245: 4220: 4147: 3883: 3472:" Winemaking: from grape growing to marketplace "(Second Edition) 3142: 2790: 2644: 2632: 2564: 2328: 2277:, the grape is being planted in sites that are less favorable to 2241: 2205: 2090: 1306: 1241: 913: 838: 830: 753: 736: 576: 568: 564: 505: 466: 338: 329: 158: 3996: 1391:. Every year since 1991, Chardonnay production is celebrated in 1068:

examples from Corton-Charlemagne have been known to demonstrate

4800: 4763: 4387: 4275: 4270: 2885:

vineyards were ripped up in favor of new Chardonnay plantings.

2822: 2802: 2640: 2600: 2491: 2487: 2460: 2452: 2266: 2262: 2069: 2045: 1992: 1900: 1892: 1806: 1624: 1452:. In the Loire, up to 20% of Chardonnay can be included in the 1441: 1420: 1392: 1378: 1293:(white slope) district of the Marne, Chardonnay thrives on the 1197: 482: 2697:

Winemaker conducting fining bench trails on Chardonnay samples

2156: 1207:

Chardonnay was believed to be first planted in Chablis by the

1204:

or "gunflint" quality that is characteristic of Chablis wine.

981:

Harvesting Chardonnay in the Chablis Premier Cru of Fourchaume

265: 4584: 4300: 4255: 4225: 3719: 2678: 2670: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2082: 2074: 2041: 1984: 1856: 1778: 1471:

producers have begun experimenting with oak-aged Chardonnay.

1326: 1302: 1294: 1233: 1163: 1128: 1116: 1044:

through Chardonnay. The Montrachets are noted for their high

850: 773: 744: 735:

time is crucial to winemaking, with the grape rapidly losing

676:

and sometimes confused with the 'Dijon-166' clone planted in

607: 470: 398: 154: 72: 56: 2916:

Chardonnay. Trials are underway in the US and South Africa.

2837:

Chardonnay has become a popular component in the wine-based

1911:

magazine. Thirty-three years after the "Judgment of Paris",

1765:

is home to many mass-produced Chardonnay brands, as well as

1244:

characteristic associated with American oak. The amount of "

259: 221: 3852: 3808: 2482:

regions. In Switzerland, Chardonnay is found mostly around

1680: 1349: 1279: 796: 777: 640:

Chardonnay has served as parent to several French-American

271: 233: 227: 256: 218: 2494:. In Spain, Chardonnay has been increasingly used in the 1887:

A 50-plus-year-old vine planting of Chardonnay in Ontario

1726: 725: 409:

among white wine grapes and fifth among all wine grapes.

1131:

are some of the flavors that can develop as these wines

845:

can compensate for lack of ideal climate conditions. In

324:' and an easy entry into the international wine market. 3821: 1639:

A California Chardonnay that has been barrel-fermented.

1357:, include creamy and nuttiness with some floral notes. 3766: 3349:

Maul, Erika; Töpfer, Reinhard; Eibach, Rudolf (2007).

3239: 3237: 1369:

A Chardonnay from the Pay d'Oc region of the Languedoc

3350: 3235: 3233: 3231: 3229: 3227: 3225: 3223: 3221: 3219: 3217: 1798:, which have opened up wineries in last few decades. 253: 230: 3470:

Richard P. Vine, Ellen M. Harkness, Sally J. Linton

3414: 3412: 3129: 3127: 3125: 3123: 3121: 3119: 3117: 3115: 3113: 3111: 3109: 3107: 3105: 1955:

Like many grape varieties, Chardonnay first came to

1931:

varietals. In British Columbia, Chardonnay from the

1301:

seek depending on their house style. The village of

262: 224: 3103: 3101: 3099: 3097: 3095: 3093: 3091: 3089: 3087: 3085: 2543:

A Viognier-Riesling-Chardonnay blend from Argentina

1177:. On the other side of the basin is the village of 1115:as the main white wine grape and is even replacing 312:, but is now grown wherever wine is produced, from 268: 215: 3303: 3301: 3299: 3297: 3295: 3293: 3291: 3289: 3287: 3285: 3283: 3281: 3214: 3145:Wines and Spirits: Understanding Style and Quality 3068:(3rd ed.). Abbeville Press. pp. 101–06. 2928:Chardonnay vines in Chassagne-Montrachet, Burgundy 2793:dish. Instead, those wines tend to go better with 1107:white burgundies. Further south, in the region of 582: 3409: 3318:"Chardonnay – Wine International Association WIA" 3279: 3277: 3275: 3273: 3271: 3269: 3267: 3265: 3263: 3261: 3183:"Distribution of the World's Grapevine Varieties" 3056: 1810:Chardonnay harvest in the Hudson River Region AVA 5358: 3082: 3054: 3052: 3050: 3048: 3046: 3044: 3042: 3040: 3038: 3036: 1667:'s victory over Burgundy Chardonnay in the 1976 1377:, where it was first planted around the town of 3511:pp. 60-63, Graphic Arts Center Publishing 2000 2615:of the grape itself. These flavors can include 2567:have been steadily increasing their plantings. 1713:to bring the alcohol levels down to 12 to 14%. 924:, it is most often blended with Pinot noir and 3421: 3258: 1671:event conducted by French judges known as the 1305:grows grapes that produce the lightest wines, 662:New York State Agricultural Experiment Station 508:, and it was widely cultivated by peasants in 504:are thought to have brought Gouais blanc from 4886: 4600: 3837: 3692:"GM grapes could cut the price of Chardonnay" 3455: 3330: 3033: 3019:(18th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 857: 385:Chardonnay is an important component of many 94:Aubaine, Beaunois, Gamay blanc, Melon blanc ( 3720:Independent Newspapers Online (2009-08-12). 2726:An unoaked Chardonnay from the Russian River 1938: 1341:still wine Chardonnay is produced under the 1173:. The region sits on the outer edges of the 1167: 912:. The grape first rose to prominence in the 687:In the 1930s, Chardonnay was crossed with a 3749:The Oxford Companion to Wine, Third Edition 3722:"Government OKs genetically modified vines" 3503: 3501: 3442: 3194:International Organisation of Vine and Wine 2443:. In Austria, the grape varieties known as 1099:wines of the Pouilly-Fuissé have long held 637:with climates similar to that of Burgundy. 424:, one of the parent varieties of Chardonnay 4893: 4879: 4607: 4593: 3844: 3830: 3370:J. Robinson, J. Harding and J. Vouillamoz 3167:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3143:Wine & Spirit Education Trust (2012). 2828: 2686:that favors the use of only wild yeast is 1491:, it is found most notably in California, 1274:Champagne made only from Chardonnay grapes 883:of a Chardonnay leaf are "naked" near the 71: 3619: 2769:, can be very versatile in food pairings. 2534: 768:While Chardonnay can adapt to almost all 16:Variety of grape mainly used to make wine 3807: 3745: 3498: 3060: 3016:Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary 2923: 2856:the grape to meet the worldwide demand. 2832: 2760: 2721: 2692: 2649: 2538: 2354: 2314: 2186: 2155: 2103: 2007: 1942: 1882: 1838: 1805: 1715: 1634: 1364: 1265: 1148: 976: 861: 702: 586: 461:vine that was a step removed from white 416: 4785:Clarification and stabilization of wine 3485: 3393:Vine Identification – A Botanist's View 3351:"Vitis International Variety Catalogue" 3344: 3342: 2907: 1818:, this achievement was realized in the 1360: 652:varieties. Examples include the hybrid 5359: 3147:(2nd ed.). London. pp. 6–9. 2323:Due to quarantine restrictions, plant 2056:produce a more Burgundian style while 1103:status with prices that can rival the 772:, the three it seems to like most are 4874: 4588: 3825: 3806: 3689: 3645: 3247:pp. 106-113, Mitchell Beazley (1986) 2997: 2969: 2765:Chardonnay based Champagnes, such as 2350: 928:, but is also used to produce single 849:, for example, regions with stonier, 792:are planted on hillsides composed of 283: 3543: 3339: 2547:In the cool-climate wine regions of 2177:Denominazione di origine controllata 1111:, Chardonnay has started to replace 4900: 3530:The British Columbia Wine Companion 3136: 2191:A bottle of Chardonnay from Croatia 1947:An Australian Chardonnay, from the 757:can also pose problems, along with 13: 3549: 3431:p. 130, Simon and Schuster (1989) 2912:Currently trials are being run on 1381:and up to 30% can be blended with 14: 5383: 3869:Annual growth cycle of grapevines 3791: 3532:p. 38, Orca Book Publishers 1996 2164:Chardonnay has a long history in 2036:in New South Wales, Victoria and 4848: 4556: 3636:" Wine Spectator. July 31, 2001. 3556:State Library of South Australia 2975:Longman Pronunciation Dictionary 1996:chips and acid was added during 1474: 1427:. In Jura, it is used to create 500:(Heunisch) grape varieties. The 304:. The variety originated in the 249: 211: 3713: 3683: 3670: 3667:Clarke, 2001, Websters, p. 191. 3661: 3639: 3593: 3573: 3552:"Grapes and Wines of the World" 3522: 3464: 3385: 3374:pp. 874-875, Allen Lane (2012) 3364: 2591:gets converted into the softer 2310: 1899:and lighter styles produced in 1834: 1479:In North America, particularly 1060:have more steely flavors. Both 942:Appellation d'origine contrôlée 583:Clones, crossing, and mutations 494:University of California, Davis 4614: 3746:Robinson, Jancis, ed. (2006). 3676:Robinson, 2006, p. 746, entry 3310: 3175: 2991: 2963: 2501:. It is also permitted in the 2289:, the grape is often used for 1056:aroma to them, while those of 1052:tend to have a characteristic 707:Chardonnay grapes in Champagne 698: 660:cross produced in 1953 at the 1: 4811:Glossary of viticulture terms 3590:, accessed: January 12, 2007. 3066:Jancis Robinson's Wine Course 2956: 2717: 2570: 2519:. In the wine regions of the 2359:Chardonnay growing in Moldova 2252:. It even blended into a dry 2032:, the cooler climates of the 1630: 1440:. It is most widely found in 1309:makes the most aromatic, and 939:. Chardonnay can be found in 656:, which was a Chardonnay and 455:proposed descent from a wild 95: 4816:Glossary of winemaking terms 3690:Uhlig, Robert (2001-05-31). 3418:Robinson, 2006, pp. 148–149. 3406:, accessed January 11, 2008. 3196:. 2018-02-28. Archived from 2750: 2607:or after in the form of the 2171:Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol 1255: 1026:Bienvenues-Bâtard-Montrachet 545:Franc Noir de la-Haute-Saône 389:around the world, including 7: 3752:. Oxford University Press. 3452:Accessed: January 10, 2008. 3133:Robinson, 2006, pp. 154–56. 2939: 2919: 2813:dishes and items featuring 1801: 966: 691:to create the hybrid grape 10: 5388: 5367:White wine grape varieties 4736:Yeast assimilable nitrogen 3739: 3605:E.coli Metabolome Database 3429:Vintage: The Story of Wine 2754: 2305:Friuli-Venezia Giulia wine 1659:to Italy in Rome, started 1259: 1142: 1138: 970: 858:Confusion with Pinot blanc 412: 300:used in the production of 39: 32: 25: 21:Chardonnay, Saône-et-Loire 18: 5308: 5287: 5261: 5070: 4959: 4908: 4844: 4826:History of the wine press 4793: 4777: 4749: 4716:Sparkling wine production 4701: 4683: 4650: 4622: 4550: 4489: 4451: 4346: 4323: 4206: 4093: 4081: 3974: 3902: 3859: 3819: 3245:Vines, Grapes & Wines 2977:(3rd ed.). Longman. 2946:Great Chardonnay Showdown 2703:sparkling wine production 2180:(DOC) in the province of 2169:from Pinot blanc. In the 1939:Australia and New Zealand 1878: 1611:, Chardonnay is found in 895: 190: 186:Lean, crisp, high acidity 182: 177: 164: 142: 134: 112: 102: 90: 82: 70: 54: 49: 4821:Wine tasting descriptors 4542:Wine tasting descriptors 4471:Phenolic content in wine 4363:Alternative wine closure 3947:Great French Wine Blight 3851: 3770:; Margaret Rand (2001). 3698:. London. Archived from 3307:Clarke, 2001, pp. 63-73. 2688:Domaine des Comtes Lafon 2657:in fermenting Chardonnay 2151: 2143:. Some producers in the 2073:golden, oily wines with 1951:wine region of Australia 1185:and is a composition of 1014:Criots-Bâtard-Montrachet 591:Chardonnay grapes after 515:The Pinot of the French 4711:Malolactic fermentation 3581:Murray Tyrell-Biography 3509:Washington Wine Country 3495:Accessed: May 31, 2009. 3461:Robinson, 2006, p. 128. 3391:J. Cox & G. Gigli " 2829:Popularity and backlash 2581:malolactic fermentation 1226:malolactic fermentation 1001:. It is grown in eight 953:region, as well as the 380:malolactic fermentation 5093:Bosnia and Herzegovina 3773:Encyclopedia of Grapes 3404:The Wine News Magazine 2929: 2844: 2770: 2757:Wine and food matching 2727: 2698: 2658: 2544: 2535:New World wine regions 2504:denominación de origen 2360: 2320: 2192: 2161: 2115: 2013: 1952: 1888: 1848: 1843:A Chardonnay from the 1811: 1722: 1653:James David Zellerbach 1640: 1370: 1343:Coteaux Champenois AOC 1275: 1202:goût de pierre à fusil 1168: 1154: 982: 867: 708: 604:University of Burgundy 595: 425: 4512:Wine and food pairing 3474:p. 19, Springer 2002 2951:International variety 2927: 2836: 2764: 2725: 2696: 2653: 2542: 2358: 2318: 2190: 2159: 2107: 2044:region, Chardonnay's 2011: 1959:in the collection of 1946: 1886: 1842: 1809: 1745:, and other parts of 1719: 1638: 1368: 1269: 1152: 1119:in some areas around 980: 865: 825:vineyards planted at 805:portlandian limestone 706: 590: 420: 296:) is a green-skinned 194:Honey, tropical fruit 5372:Wine grapes of Italy 4163:Muscat of Alexandria 3448:Appellation America 3336:Clarke, 2001, pg 112 2914:genetically modified 2908:Genetic modification 2343:. Winemakers in the 1759:Santa Barbara County 1743:Russian River Valley 1645:Livermore Valley AVA 1388:Blanquette de Limoux 1361:Other French regions 1050:Chassagne-Montrachet 1022:Chevalier-Montrachet 1008:; The "Montrachets"- 363:Mornington Peninsula 178:Wine characteristics 129:Italian Franciacorta 4741:Yeast in winemaking 4693:Carbonic maceration 3696:The Daily Telegraph 3493:New York Chardonnay 2599:which creates the " 2521:former Soviet Union 1845:Columbia Valley AVA 1699:"food friendliness" 1299:Champagne producers 945:(AOC) wines of the 644:grapes, as well as 549:Gamay Blanc Gloriod 83:Color of berry skin 4731:Traditional method 4532:Wine personalities 4236:Cabernet Sauvignon 3776:. Harcourt Books. 3655:The New York Times 3632:2008-11-22 at the 3586:2007-12-23 at the 3550:Radden, Rosemary. 3507:J. Peterson-Nedry 3398:2007-11-24 at the 2930: 2845: 2797:, spicy southeast 2771: 2728: 2699: 2659: 2583:and the degree of 2545: 2484:Bündner Herrschaft 2361: 2351:Other wine regions 2321: 2193: 2162: 2160:Pinot blanc grapes 2116: 2112:(cluster pictured) 2093:, Adelaide Hills, 2034:Southern Highlands 2014: 1953: 1922:Maison Louis Jadot 1889: 1849: 1812: 1739:Santa Maria Valley 1723: 1694:The New York Times 1641: 1405:varietally labeled 1397:Toques et Clochers 1371: 1323:Vallée de la Marne 1276: 1228:or are exposed to 1155: 1058:Puligny-Montrachet 1034:Corton-Charlemagne 993:), as well as the 983: 868: 709: 596: 490:DNA fingerprinting 426: 308:region of eastern 5354: 5353: 4868: 4867: 4862: 4861: 4632:Late harvest wine 4582: 4581: 4319: 4318: 4216:Alicante Bouschet 3964:Judgment of Paris 3798:VIVC Bibliography 3380:978-1-846-14446-2 3026:978-0-521-15255-6 2984:978-1-4058-8118-0 2853:Judgment of Paris 2529:flying winemakers 2509:Costers del Segre 2301:Valle d'Aosta DOC 2285:respectively. In 2123:, in places like 2066:Western Australia 1971:— especially the 1796:Taittinger family 1761:. The California 1673:Judgment of Paris 1665:Chateau Montelena 1661:Hanzell Vineyards 1385:in the sparkling 1319:Montagne de Reims 1189:, limestone, and 1095:region. The full- 1081:Montagny-lès-Buxy 1018:Bâtard-Montrachet 827:Meursault-Charmes 803:, are planted on 635:Willamette Valley 285:[ʃaʁdɔnɛ] 198: 197: 77:Chardonnay grapes 5379: 4895: 4888: 4881: 4872: 4871: 4853: 4852: 4609: 4602: 4595: 4586: 4585: 4561: 4560: 4476:Proteins in wine 4143:Grüner Veltliner 4091: 4090: 3846: 3839: 3832: 3823: 3822: 3804: 3803: 3787: 3763: 3733: 3732: 3730: 3729: 3717: 3711: 3710: 3708: 3707: 3687: 3681: 3674: 3668: 3665: 3659: 3658: 3643: 3637: 3623: 3617: 3616: 3614: 3612: 3597: 3591: 3577: 3571: 3570: 3568: 3567: 3558:. Archived from 3547: 3541: 3526: 3520: 3505: 3496: 3489: 3483: 3468: 3462: 3459: 3453: 3446: 3440: 3425: 3419: 3416: 3407: 3389: 3383: 3368: 3362: 3361: 3359: 3358: 3346: 3337: 3334: 3328: 3327: 3325: 3324: 3314: 3308: 3305: 3256: 3241: 3212: 3211: 3209: 3208: 3202: 3187: 3179: 3173: 3172: 3166: 3158: 3140: 3134: 3131: 3080: 3079: 3062:Robinson, Jancis 3058: 3031: 3030: 2995: 2989: 2988: 2967: 2226:Incrocio Manzoni 2030:Riverland region 2020:grape. Aromatic 1905:British Columbia 1861:Golden Delicious 1824:Konstantin Frank 1731:Alexander Valley 1613:British Columbia 1487:in 1990. In the 1456:-based wines of 1401:Vin de Pays d'Oc 1171: 995:Côte Chalonnaise 989:(largely in the 811:region, and the 600:clonal varieties 446:Viticulturalists 295: 294: 293: 287: 282: 278: 277: 274: 273: 270: 267: 264: 261: 258: 255: 248: 240: 239: 236: 235: 232: 229: 226: 223: 220: 217: 210: 138:Chalk, limestone 75: 64: 59: 47: 46: 5387: 5386: 5382: 5381: 5380: 5378: 5377: 5376: 5357: 5356: 5355: 5350: 5304: 5283: 5257: 5183:North Macedonia 5066: 4955: 4904: 4902:Wine by country 4899: 4869: 4864: 4863: 4858: 4855:Wine portal 4847: 4840: 4831:History of wine 4789: 4773: 4745: 4697: 4679: 4660:Deacidification 4646: 4618: 4613: 4583: 4578: 4563:Wine portal 4555: 4546: 4485: 4447: 4352: 4342: 4315: 4202: 4183:Sauvignon blanc 4118:Cayetana blanca 4086: 4084:grape varieties 4077: 3970: 3898: 3855: 3850: 3815: 3794: 3784: 3760: 3742: 3737: 3736: 3727: 3725: 3718: 3714: 3705: 3703: 3688: 3684: 3675: 3671: 3666: 3662: 3647:Prial, Frank J. 3644: 3640: 3634:Wayback Machine 3624: 3620: 3610: 3608: 3599: 3598: 3594: 3588:Wayback Machine 3579:Tyrell's Wines 3578: 3574: 3565: 3563: 3548: 3544: 3527: 3523: 3506: 3499: 3490: 3486: 3469: 3465: 3460: 3456: 3447: 3443: 3426: 3422: 3417: 3410: 3400:Wayback Machine 3390: 3386: 3369: 3365: 3356: 3354: 3347: 3340: 3335: 3331: 3322: 3320: 3316: 3315: 3311: 3306: 3259: 3242: 3215: 3206: 3204: 3200: 3185: 3181: 3180: 3176: 3160: 3159: 3155: 3141: 3137: 3132: 3083: 3076: 3059: 3034: 3027: 2996: 2992: 2985: 2968: 2964: 2959: 2942: 2922: 2910: 2831: 2767:blanc de blancs 2759: 2753: 2736:Jancis Robinson 2720: 2683:Prise de Mousse 2573: 2537: 2353: 2337:Auxerrois blanc 2313: 2254:White Zinfandel 2154: 2064:wine region of 2024:were added and 1969:New South Wales 1965:South Australia 1941: 1881: 1837: 1804: 1792:Moët et Chandon 1755:Monterey County 1707:reverse osmosis 1649:Wente Vineyards 1633: 1477: 1363: 1331:Blanc de Blancs 1315:Côte de Sézanne 1291:Côte des Blancs 1272:Blanc de Blancs 1264: 1258: 1183:argilo-calcaire 1147: 1141: 975: 969: 933:blanc de blancs 910:Sauvignon blanc 898: 872:ampelographical 860: 701: 680:, which yields 598:As of 2006, 34 585: 449:Maynard Amerine 415: 403:grape varieties 387:sparkling wines 343:New World wines 322:rite of passage 289: 288: 280: 252: 243: 242: 214: 205: 204: 104:Notable regions 78: 62: 55: 45: 38: 31: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5385: 5375: 5374: 5369: 5352: 5351: 5349: 5348: 5343: 5338: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5318: 5312: 5310: 5306: 5305: 5303: 5302: 5297: 5291: 5289: 5285: 5284: 5282: 5281: 5276: 5271: 5265: 5263: 5259: 5258: 5256: 5255: 5253:United Kingdom 5250: 5245: 5240: 5235: 5230: 5225: 5220: 5215: 5210: 5205: 5200: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5180: 5175: 5170: 5165: 5160: 5155: 5150: 5145: 5140: 5135: 5130: 5125: 5120: 5115: 5113:Czech Republic 5110: 5105: 5100: 5095: 5090: 5085: 5080: 5074: 5072: 5068: 5067: 5065: 5064: 5059: 5054: 5049: 5044: 5039: 5034: 5029: 5024: 5019: 5014: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4994: 4989: 4984: 4979: 4974: 4969: 4963: 4961: 4957: 4956: 4954: 4953: 4948: 4943: 4938: 4933: 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Prial 1632: 1629: 1597:South Carolina 1585:North Carolina 1507:, but also in 1476: 1473: 1362: 1359: 1335:Blanc de Noirs 1257: 1254: 1213:Pontigny Abbey 1160:European Union 1145:Chablis (wine) 1143:Main article: 1140: 1137: 1093:Pouilly-Fuissé 991:Côte de Beaune 968: 965: 937:sparkling wine 897: 894: 889:Vitis vinifera 885:petiolar sinus 859: 856: 770:vineyard soils 759:powdery mildew 739:as soon as it 700: 697: 684:-like aromas. 584: 581: 510:eastern France 481:vine found in 458:Vitis vinifera 438:ampelographers 414: 411: 359:Adelaide Hills 196: 195: 192: 191:Medium climate 188: 187: 184: 180: 179: 175: 174: 169: 162: 161: 151:powdery mildew 144: 140: 139: 136: 132: 131: 114: 110: 109: 106: 100: 99: 92: 88: 87: 84: 80: 79: 76: 68: 67: 52: 51: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5384: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5364: 5362: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5313: 5311: 5309:South America 5307: 5301: 5298: 5296: 5293: 5292: 5290: 5286: 5280: 5279:United States 5277: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5267: 5266: 5264: 5262:North America 5260: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5158:Liechtenstein 5156: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5141: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5131: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5081: 5079: 5076: 5075: 5073: 5069: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5050: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5030: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4964: 4962: 4958: 4952: 4949: 4947: 4944: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4934: 4932: 4929: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4919: 4917: 4914: 4913: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4896: 4891: 4889: 4884: 4882: 4877: 4876: 4873: 4857: 4856: 4851: 4843: 4837: 4834: 4832: 4829: 4827: 4824: 4822: 4819: 4817: 4814: 4812: 4809: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4799: 4798: 4796: 4792: 4786: 4783: 4782: 4780: 4776: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4762: 4760: 4757: 4756: 4754: 4752: 4748: 4742: 4739: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4724: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4712: 4709: 4708: 4706: 4704: 4700: 4694: 4691: 4690: 4688: 4686: 4682: 4676: 4673: 4671: 4668: 4666: 4663: 4661: 4658: 4657: 4655: 4653: 4649: 4643: 4640: 4638: 4635: 4633: 4630: 4629: 4627: 4625: 4621: 4617: 4610: 4605: 4603: 4598: 4596: 4591: 4590: 4587: 4575: 4572: 4570: 4567: 4565: 4564: 4559: 4553: 4552: 4549: 4543: 4540: 4538: 4535: 4533: 4530: 4528: 4525: 4523: 4520: 4518: 4515: 4513: 4510: 4508: 4505: 4503: 4500: 4498: 4495: 4494: 4492: 4488: 4482: 4479: 4477: 4474: 4472: 4469: 4467: 4466:Acids in wine 4464: 4462: 4461:Aroma of wine 4459: 4458: 4456: 4454: 4450: 4444: 4441: 4439: 4436: 4434: 4431: 4429: 4426: 4424: 4421: 4419: 4416: 4414: 4411: 4409: 4406: 4404: 4401: 4399: 4396: 4394: 4391: 4389: 4386: 4384: 4381: 4379: 4376: 4374: 4371: 4369: 4366: 4364: 4361: 4360: 4358: 4356: 4350: 4345: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4331: 4330: 4328: 4326: 4325:Major regions 4322: 4312: 4309: 4307: 4304: 4302: 4299: 4297: 4294: 4292: 4289: 4287: 4284: 4282: 4281:Montepulciano 4279: 4277: 4274: 4272: 4269: 4267: 4264: 4262: 4259: 4257: 4254: 4252: 4249: 4247: 4244: 4242: 4239: 4237: 4234: 4232: 4229: 4227: 4224: 4222: 4219: 4217: 4214: 4213: 4211: 4209: 4205: 4199: 4196: 4194: 4191: 4189: 4186: 4184: 4181: 4179: 4176: 4174: 4171: 4169: 4166: 4164: 4161: 4159: 4156: 4154: 4151: 4149: 4146: 4144: 4141: 4139: 4136: 4134: 4131: 4129: 4126: 4124: 4121: 4119: 4116: 4114: 4111: 4109: 4106: 4104: 4101: 4100: 4098: 4096: 4092: 4089: 4085: 4080: 4072: 4069: 4067: 4064: 4062: 4059: 4057: 4054: 4052: 4049: 4048: 4046: 4045: 4040: 4037: 4035: 4032: 4030: 4027: 4025: 4022: 4020: 4017: 4015: 4012: 4011: 4010: 4007: 4006: 4003: 4000: 3998: 3995: 3993: 3990: 3988: 3985: 3983: 3980: 3979: 3977: 3973: 3965: 3962: 3961: 3960: 3957: 3955: 3952: 3948: 3945: 3944: 3943: 3940: 3936: 3933: 3931: 3928: 3926: 3923: 3921: 3918: 3916: 3913: 3912: 3910: 3909: 3907: 3905: 3901: 3895: 3892: 3890: 3887: 3885: 3882: 3880: 3877: 3875: 3872: 3870: 3867: 3866: 3864: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3847: 3842: 3840: 3835: 3833: 3828: 3827: 3824: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3805: 3799: 3796: 3795: 3785: 3783:0-15-100714-4 3779: 3775: 3772: 3769: 3765: 3761: 3759:0-19-860990-6 3755: 3751: 3750: 3744: 3743: 3723: 3716: 3702:on 2010-06-01 3701: 3697: 3693: 3686: 3679: 3673: 3664: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3642: 3635: 3631: 3628: 3622: 3606: 3602: 3596: 3589: 3585: 3582: 3576: 3562:on 2007-08-07 3561: 3557: 3553: 3546: 3539: 3538:1-55143-061-4 3535: 3531: 3528:J. Schreiner 3525: 3518: 3517:1-55868-503-0 3514: 3510: 3504: 3502: 3494: 3488: 3481: 3480:0-306-47272-4 3477: 3473: 3467: 3458: 3451: 3445: 3438: 3437:0-671-68702-6 3434: 3430: 3424: 3415: 3413: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3394: 3388: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3367: 3352: 3345: 3343: 3333: 3319: 3313: 3304: 3302: 3300: 3298: 3296: 3294: 3292: 3290: 3288: 3286: 3284: 3282: 3280: 3278: 3276: 3274: 3272: 3270: 3268: 3266: 3264: 3262: 3254: 3253:1-85732-999-6 3250: 3246: 3240: 3238: 3236: 3234: 3232: 3230: 3228: 3226: 3224: 3222: 3220: 3218: 3203:on 2018-03-01 3199: 3195: 3191: 3184: 3178: 3170: 3164: 3156: 3154:9781905819157 3150: 3146: 3139: 3130: 3128: 3126: 3124: 3122: 3120: 3118: 3116: 3114: 3112: 3110: 3108: 3106: 3104: 3102: 3100: 3098: 3096: 3094: 3092: 3090: 3088: 3086: 3077: 3075:0-7892-0883-0 3071: 3067: 3063: 3057: 3055: 3053: 3051: 3049: 3047: 3045: 3043: 3041: 3039: 3037: 3028: 3022: 3018: 3017: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2999:Jones, Daniel 2994: 2986: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2966: 2962: 2952: 2949: 2947: 2944: 2943: 2937: 2933: 2926: 2917: 2915: 2905: 2902: 2900: 2899: 2893: 2891: 2890:Bridget Jones 2886: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2867: 2863: 2857: 2854: 2850: 2843: 2840: 2835: 2826: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2799:Asian cuisine 2796: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2768: 2763: 2758: 2748: 2745: 2741: 2740:blind tasting 2737: 2733: 2724: 2715: 2712: 2711:tartaric acid 2708: 2704: 2695: 2691: 2689: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2585:oak influence 2582: 2578: 2568: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2541: 2532: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2505: 2500: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2445:Feinburgunder 2442: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2357: 2348: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2317: 2308: 2306: 2302: 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1628: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1569:New Hampshire 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1553:Massachusetts 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1489:United States 1486: 1482: 1475:North America 1472: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1460: 1455: 1451: 1450:L'Étoile AOCs 1447: 1446:Côtes du Jura 1443: 1439: 1435: 1434:dessert wines 1432: 1431: 1430:vin de paille 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1389: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1367: 1358: 1356: 1351: 1346: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1285: 1281: 1273: 1268: 1263: 1253: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1214: 1210: 1205: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1194:oyster shells 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1170: 1165: 1161: 1151: 1146: 1136: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1073: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1028:, as well as 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1005: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 979: 974: 973:Burgundy wine 964: 962: 959:wines of the 958: 957: 952: 948: 944: 943: 938: 934: 931: 927: 926:Pinot Meunier 923: 919: 915: 911: 907: 904:and ahead of 903: 893: 890: 886: 882: 878: 873: 864: 855: 852: 848: 844: 840: 836: 835:Les Perrières 832: 828: 824: 823: 818: 814: 810: 806: 802: 798: 795: 791: 787: 783: 779: 775: 771: 766: 764: 760: 756: 755: 750: 746: 742: 738: 734: 730: 727: 723: 719: 715: 705: 696: 694: 690: 685: 683: 679: 675: 671: 667: 663: 659: 655: 651: 647: 643: 638: 636: 632: 628: 627: 622: 617: 613: 609: 605: 601: 594: 589: 580: 578: 574: 570: 566: 562: 558: 554: 550: 546: 542: 538: 534: 530: 526: 522: 521:hybrid vigour 518: 513: 511: 507: 503: 499: 495: 491: 486: 484: 480: 476: 472: 468: 464: 460: 459: 454: 450: 447: 443: 439: 435: 431: 423: 419: 410: 408: 404: 400: 396: 392: 388: 383: 381: 376: 372: 368: 364: 360: 356: 352: 348: 344: 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ECMDB 3190:oiv.int 2791:seafood 2775:chicken 2732:terroir 2645:vanilla 2633:coconut 2617:caramel 2601:buttery 2565:Uruguay 2513:Navarra 2441:Ukraine 2421:Romania 2413:Moldova 2405:Hungary 2397:Germany 2393:Georgia 2389:Croatia 2381:Austria 2377:Lebanon 2275:Tuscany 2256:-style 2242:Verdeca 2230:Nuragus 2206:Cortese 2091:Geelong 2083:peaches 2060:in the 2018:Sultana 1987:" from 1917:Cellier 1913:Cellier 1909:Cellier 1897:Ontario 1871:' and ' 1863:' and ' 1775:terroir 1621:Ontario 1541:Indiana 1529:Georgia 1513:Arizona 1509:Alabama 1413:Ardèche 1307:Cramant 1242:vanilla 1238:terroir 1234:honeyed 1220:of the 1218:terroir 1139:Chablis 1113:Aligoté 1046:alcohol 1042:terroir 914:Chablis 831:topsoil 790:Chablis 754:coulure 737:acidity 714:terroir 621:Mendoza 612:terroir 593:harvest 577:Dameron 569:Roublot 565:Peurion 525:Aligoté 506:Croatia 488:Modern 467:Lebanon 413:History 355:acidity 339:Chablis 330:terroir 314:England 281:French: 159:coulure 143:Hazards 117:Chablis 5326:Brazil 5274:Mexico 5269:Canada 5238:Sweden 5218:Serbia 5208:Russia 5193:Poland 5138:Greece 5123:France 5108:Cyprus 5071:Europe 5057:Turkey 5047:Taiwan 5012:Jordan 5002:Israel 4982:Bhutan 4909:Africa 4801:Winery 4764:Solera 4388:Kvevri 4276:Merlot 4271:Malbec 4071:Kosher 4047:Other 4002:Orange 3975:Styles 3942:France 3780: 3756: 3536: 3515: 3478: 3435: 3378: 3251: 3151: 3072: 3023: 2981: 2883:Mataro 2823:cheese 2803:garlic 2783:turkey 2641:cloves 2595:, and 2492:Valais 2488:Geneva 2461:Styria 2453:Vienna 2451:& 2433:Serbia 2373:Israel 2369:Greece 2297:Veneto 2267:Apulia 2263:Sicily 2198:Albana 2141:Nelson 2070:Mudgee 2046:citrus 2002:Shiraz 1993:export 1975:- and 1901:Quebec 1893:Canada 1879:Canada 1867:' to ' 1757:, and 1625:Quebec 1623:, and 1609:Canada 1603:, and 1503:, and 1493:Oregon 1465:Saumur 1448:, and 1442:Arbois 1421:Savoie 1409:Alsace 1393:Limoux 1383:Mauzac 1379:Limoux 1321:, and 1311:Mesnil 1198:Serein 1127:, and 1097:bodied 1083:, and 1036:, and 1024:, and 896:France 851:shaley 780:, and 741:ripens 682:Muscat 674:Clessé 642:hybrid 631:Oregon 575:, and 502:Romans 483:Cyprus 463:Muscat 310:France 168:number 5331:Chile 5233:Spain 5168:Malta 5153:Italy 5042:Syria 5027:Nepal 5007:Japan 4992:India 4987:China 4921:Egypt 4751:Aging 4301:Syrah 4256:Gamay 4226:Bobal 4138:Glera 4103:Airén 4095:White 4051:Table 4039:Straw 4029:Fruit 3987:White 3930:China 3809:Wines 3201:(PDF) 3186:(PDF) 2679:yeast 2671:mango 2629:spice 2625:smoke 2621:cream 2561:India 2472:Baden 2465:sweet 2429:Spain 2365:Italy 2331:into 2269:. 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