Hunter Valley wine

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4,469 ha (11,043 acres) of wine grapes were planted in the Hunter Valley with 1,687 ha (4,169 acres) dedicated to red grapes and 2,782 ha (6,874 acres) planted to white grapes. At harvest time, 9,263 tonnes of red wine varieties were crushed for an average of 5.5 tonnes/ha. Among white wine varieties, 19,310 tonnes were crushed with an average of 6.9 tonnes/ha. Around 28% of the red grapes and 63% of the white grapes crushed were from estate grown-fruit. Roughly a third of the red grapes and a fifth of the white grapes crushed were imported from outside the Hunter Valley. Many of these imported grapes come from other New South Wales Wine regions such as the

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Australia. This had the effect of limiting any competition for Hunter Valley winemakers in Sydney. But the turn of the 20th century brought a shifting dynamic to the Hunter Valley wine industry as the provinces on the Australian continent became federated into states and a new constitution was drafted that banned such interstate trade barriers. The opening of the Sydney market to the flux of out of state wine, as well as the changing public tastes from dry wines to sweet,

1523: 312: 1383: 536: 435:, many with cuttings directly provided by Busby at Kirkton. In 1847, the Hunter Valley Viticulture Society was founded with the mission of expanding viticultural knowledge and improving techniques in the region. By the end of the decade, plantings had expanded from 80 ha (198 acres) to over 200 ha (494 acres). Between 1866 and 1876 the region saw further expansion as the acreage of planted vines topped 1800. 1375:

Penfolds' vine and planted them in his vineyard. Whether or not that story is true is hard to prove but Tyrrell's 1971 Vat 47 Chardonnay is widely credited with ushering in the Australian Chardonnay craze of the late 20th century. Today in the Upper Hunter Valley, Chardonnay account for more than 70% of the areas planted and is sometimes blended with Semillon. Hunter Valley Chardonnay is characterised by its rich,

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noted but has a tendency to develop in the bottle over 20 to 30 years into a silky, texture earthy wine with notes reminiscent of a Rhone. Traditionally Hunter Shiraz has carried the descriptor of "sweaty saddle". While this was once thought to be a terroir characteristic of the areas volcanic soils, it is now known to be caused by

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James Busby's collection is the likely origin of Hunter Valley Shiraz and today the Hunter Valley is home to some of the oldest own rooted Shiraz vine in the world with some vineyards boasting vines that are in excess of 120 years of age. Hunter Valley Shiraz is characterised but its astringent, gamy

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is rarely observed in the variety. Vines suffering from Eutypa die-back and bot canker exhibit similar wood symptoms and similarly experiences reduce growth and yields. A major difference between the two is that bot canker do not exhibit the same outward foliage symptoms that Eutypa die-back leave on

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techniques and trellising as well as frequent leaf pulling in order to keep mould and rot at bay. Some examples of vine training systems found in the Hunter including the Scott Henry, Smart-Dyson and V-Trellis. In the Upper Hunter, the Vertical Shoot Positioning (VSP) is often used in areas that have

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In comparison to the Lower Hunter, the Upper Hunter receives less overall rain (620 mm (24 in) annually to Lower Hunter's 720 mm (28 in)). As the vast majority of this rainfall takes place during the late summer and early autumn, irrigation is a necessity for many vineyards during

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Despite hot summers and freezing winters with frequent frost presenting a constant challenge to vineyard managers and winemakers, the area is a successful wine growing region thanks to mountains that encircle three sides of the valley, the cloud cover, and afternoon easterly sea breezes which, during

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Some of the oldest vines in the Hunter Valley were planted in 1924 around the village of Fordwich. The Broke Fordwich subregion is between the Upper Hunter Valley to the northwest and the lower Hunter Valley (including Pokolbin) to the east. Broke Fordwich is sheltered on the south side of the valley

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In the summer, the average daily temperature regularly exceeds 21.1 °C (70.0 °F) while during the winter the temperature averages around 14 °C (57.2 °F). Through the growing year, January tends to be the warmest month while July is usually the coolest. Temperatures during the peak

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Most of the early vineyards of the Hunter were located in the northeast section of the valley in the fertile alluvial plains along the Hunter River. The river provided easy transport of the wine down to the seaside port of Newcastle and onto Sydney. By the 1860s, plantings began to move further south

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follows Howe's exact path and is a major thoroughfare for wine tourists coming into the Hunter Valley from Sydney. As previous plantings in the coastal areas around Sydney succumbed to the humidity and wetness, and plantings to the west were limited by spring frost damage, northern reaches leading to

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hazard, though the inverse problem of winter drought can also be a problem. The rain, coupled with the heat, encourages high relative humidity in the region and subsequent threat of mould. During the growing season months of October–April, the 3pm average for relative humidity in the Lower Hunter is

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Hunter Valley Semillon is widely considered the iconic wine of the region. First planted in the region in 1830, the grape has been produced and variously labelled as Hunter Valley Riesling, Shepherd's Riesling, Hock, Rhine Gold, White Burgundy and Chablis. In its youth it is exhibits austere lemon,

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The chief viticultural hazard in the Hunter Valley is the threat posed by vintage season rains. Site selection on well drained soils are considered of vital importance and much effort is put into ensuring the canopy is open so air flow can help dry the grapes off. Of particular concern is bunch rot

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The expansive growth of the Hunter Valley in the mid to late 19th century came directly from its monopoly position of the lucrative Sydney market. The provincial government of New South Wales had enacted regulations that placed prohibitive duties on wines from other areas such as Victoria and South

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The Hunter Valley wine industry is dominated by its proximity to Sydney. It has also become a significant element in the local economy in the tourism industry. The significance of tourism can be exemplified by the employment of more people in that industry than wine production. In 2008, a total of

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Over the decades, the style of Hunter whites and reds has changed vastly, from robust, muscular reds exhibiting the famous Hunter Valley "sweaty saddle" and extraordinarily long-lived Semillon whites to reds showing more fruit, complexity and delicacy and whites exhibiting fruit-driven characters.

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Mid-latitude westerly winds bring high pressure weather front that alternate with cold fronts on the winter. This leads to generally drier conditions in the winter months of July and August. In the summer, southeasterly winds bring weather fronts harbouring extensive amounts of moisture. Between

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of Mount Pleasant vines in the Pokolbin area. While many producers in Australia were focusing on fortified wine, O'Shea continued to espouse the virtue of Australian dry table wines. O'Shea's foresight would pay off as consumer taste shifted towards drier styles of wine in the 1950s and 1960s. A

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Described by Oz Clarke as one of the "wine world's enigmas", the grapes unique profile is attributed to the harsh climate and humidity of the Hunter which coax this low acid grape to higher acid levels than it achieves in the cooler climate of Bordeaux. Typical harvest figures for Hunter Valley

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released Australia's first commercial bottling of Chardonnay which signalled the beginning of the Australian Chardonnay craze. According to wine experts Hugh Johnson and Jancis Robinson, Tyrrell's Vat 47 Hunter Valley Chardonnay was the wine that "launched a million bottles." From 1956 to 1976,

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among the reds. Prior to the late 1960s, there was very little Chardonnay found in Australia. In the Hunter Valley Penfolds has a small experimental planting. According to Murray Tyrrell of Tyrrell Vineyards, one night he jumped the barb wire fence of Penfolds and pruned a couple cuttings from

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as they wish. To that extent, there is a wide range of viticultural practices seen in the Hunter Valley though some commonality does occur. As with many areas of Australia with labour shortages, viticulture in the Hunter is highly mechanised with machine harvesting the norm and experiments in

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It is the unique climate that shapes the Hunter Valley's distinctive Semillon. While the textbook profile of Semillon is that of a thin skin, neutral grape that is prone to low acids and fatness in the Hunter it matures over decades into a honeyed wine with toasty biscuit notes and a mineral

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was registered on 1 May 1996 and is approximately the entire Hunter River catchment. It contains only one named wine region, Hunter. The Hunter Wine Region Australian Geographical Indication was declared on 18 March 1997. It is not as large as the Hunter Valley zone, but includes most of the

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to help keep the louse at bay. During the growing season kangaroos are frequent threats to the young buds and shoots of grapevines, requiring tall barb wire fences to keep the hopping creature out. Ever present nuisances near harvest time are the frequent birds that descend upon the area.

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The wine-making history of Hunter Valley begins with the European settlement of the Sydney and the New South Wales region of Australia in the late 18th century as a penal colony of the British Empire. The Hunter River itself was discovered, by accident, in 1797 by British Lieutenant

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the early growing season of the spring and summer. Being further inland, the Upper Hunter receives less maritime influence from the cooling sea breezes and has a much hotter heat summation with 2170 degree days (Celsius) to the 2070 degree days generally seen by the Lower Hunter.

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with its settlement and plantings in the 19th century fuelled by the trade network that linked the valley to the city. The steady demand of consumers from Sydney continues to drive much of the Hunter Valley wine industry, including a factor in the economy by the tourism industry.

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plantings in the Hunter Valley grew from 466 ha (1,150 acres) to over 4,100 ha (10,000 acres). Despite a slight reduction during the global recession of the 1980s, the Australian wine boom of the 1990s pushed plantings even further to over 4,600 ha (11,000 acres).

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Grapevines were planted in Sydney soon after its discovery in 1788 and as settlements fanned northward up towards the Hunter, government authorities actively encouraged plantings as a means of promoting both public sobriety and safety. The logic behind the promotion of

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in the 1870s. Brecht's success would spur some interest in the area but the same turn of the 20th century events that saw decline throughout the Hunter Valley would compound to virtually extinguish all viticulture in the Upper Hunter. It wasn't until the 1960s when

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purchased land near Brecht's old Wybong estate that significant viticulture interest in the Upper Hunter re-emerged. Through many years of trial and error, the viticulturalists at Penfolds were able to determine that the area was most suitable for white wine

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While there were likely some plantings of Cabernet Sauvignon in the 19th century, Hunter Valley Cabernet seemed to vanish at the turn of the 20th century and didn't regain a footing in the Hunter until Max Lake reintroduced the variety along with the other

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as the largest producer of New South Wales wine, it still accounts for around 3% of Australia's total wine production and is one of the country's most recognisable regions. Today there are over 150 wineries in the Hunter, producing a wide range of wine.

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grassy notes but with 10 plus years in the bottle it develop into a rich, minerally wine with biscuit notes. The character of the wine changes so much that it often even fools professional tasters of being an oak aged Chardonnay that has gone through

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Overall, the Hunter Valley has more soils (mostly hard, acidic patches of poorly draining heavy clay) that are unsuitable for viticulture than they have areas that are ideal for growing grapes. The soils of the Lower Hunter vary widely from sandy

288:). The topography of the Hunter includes mostly gently sloping hills with modest gradients. The one notable exception are the vineyards of Mount View just west of the town of Cessnock. The terrain of the Upper Hunter is noticeably flatter as the 982:, Tulloch, Lake's Folly and Tyrrell, newer plantings from the likes of Brokenwood Wines, Don Francois, Allandale, Petersons and Bimbadgen can be found. Much of the rolling countryside around Pokolbin is under vine with the traditional varieties 2073: 1964: 465:

The wines included white wine akin to those of the Rhone; red light wines like those of Burgundy; Mousseux varieties with a bouquet, body and flavor equal to the first Champagnes; Muscat and other sweet wines, rivaling the Montignac of the

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were shuttled through to work in the coal mines of Cessnock. In September 1997, it was granted official sub-region status of the Hunter Valley. For most of the Hunter Valley's history, Broke Fordwich was noted for the quality of its fruit.

2155: 1990: 584:. With its northerly latitude and close oceanic influences, the Hunter Valley is one of Australia's hottest and wettest wine regions. Flanked by mountains to the west and north the Hunter Valley acts as a funnel, pulling cool 1908: 1938: 600:. Without these cooling breezes, quality wine grape production would be nearly impossible. However, with those cooling breezes also comes heavy rainfall and periodic cyclonic storms in the summer and autumn months. 604:

growing month of January average between 22.7–23.3 °C (72.9–73.9 °F), with the temperature becoming progressively hotter the further inland you move away from the cooling influence of the sea. During the

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B (280–320 nm) light exposure that open canopies allow. To compound the potential problem for Hunter Valley wine growers is that, as of 2010, there wasn't any fungicides registered for use for this disease.

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The unique environmental pressures of the Hunter Valley also conspire to give growers problem with "dieback diseases" that damage the wood parts of the vine and eventually lead to death. While the fungus

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October and April more than two thirds of the region's annual rainfall will fall with January and February being the wettest months. As much as 400–530 mm (15.7–20.9 in) of rain can fall during

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The University of Newcastle (20 June 1992). "Windermere - A Gracious Reminder of Bygone Days" (PDF). https://downloads.newcastle.edu.au/library/cultural%20collections/pdf/uninews_no.20_june_1992.pdf.

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the Hunter Valley receives an average of 7.3–7.5 hours of sunshine a day, but with the cloud cover coming in off the ocean the sunlight is slightly diffuse which gives the vines some protection from

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The area includes numerous wineries, ranging from large multi-national to small family run operations, which are a popular tourist destination. In addition to long-established names like Drayton,

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clay loam. Among the hills of the Brokenback range are strips of volcanic basalt that are prized by growers for their tendencies to restrict vigor and concentrate mineral flavours in the grapes.

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problem with sunburn. Despite the generally wet climate, irrigation is often used in the slightly drier Upper Hunter where the winter and early growing seasons are prone to drought.

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as well as a series of devastating hail storms between 1929 and 1930 caused many growers to abandon their vineyards. Some of the land was bought up by the growing wine estates of

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on the Fordwich Sill volcanic red clay and nearby free-draining alluvial soils and sandy loam. It has lower rainfall and higher diurnal temperature variation than Pokolbin.

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in 1963. Today, Hunter Valley Cabernet exhibits more the regional traits of a Hunter Shiraz than it does with the varietal expression of Cabernet exhibited in Bordeaux and

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summer, help to mitigate the blazing sunshine and keep humidity moderated on the valley floor. Soil types vary from rich red volcanic soil from the long-extinct volcano of

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and sandy loam which benefits most white varieties. The red volcanic soil is found mostly on the southern ridges. However, it can be found in patches on the valley floor.

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as he cut a path through the Australian wilderness from Sydney up to the overland area in what is now known as the (Lower) Hunter Valley proper in 1820. Today, the modern

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which he used to blend with Shiraz. The Pinot noir grown in the warm Region IV climate of the Hunter exhibits very little varietal similarities with the Pinot noirs of

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Following World War I, many returning Australian veterans were given land grants in the Hunter Valley. This temporarily produced an up-tick in plantings but the global

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that border Broke also has numerous vineyards and is the regions dominant geographical feature. The area is one of the warmest in the Lower Hunter with some

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and its tributaries. Within that, the Hunter region is almost as large, and includes most of the wine-producing areas, excluding the metropolitan area of

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as he searched for escaped convicts. The region soon became a valuable source for timber and coal that fuelled the steamship trade coming out of Sydney.

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dominate the area. The greater river system of the Hunter, which includes the Goulburn and important tributaries such as Giants Creek, do provide needed

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Several small wineries operate in the region. The Upper Hunter has experienced a decline in vineyard area since the withdrawal of large wine producers

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Broke Fordwich accounts for around 14% of all the Hunter Valley's plantings. More than three-quarters of the vineyard land in the area is dedicated to

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Semillon are between 6.8 and 7.4 g/L acidity and 2.8-3 pH while in Bordeaux the grape is usually harvested at around 4.8–5.5 g/L and 3.1–3.3 pH.

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due to extenuating foothills of the Brokenback range that particularly encircle the area and block many of the breezes coming off the coast.

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subregions. The Lower Hunter Valley is not strictly defined, but in general includes the Pokolbin subregion, along with the districts around

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grey rot may actually promote the development of some of these other types of rot. Ripe rot, in particular, seemed to thrive at the higher

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The Upper Hunter region was first planted in 1860 by a German settler named Carl Brecht. From his vineyard planted at the junction of

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on the type of viticultural practices used in the Hunter Valley. Growers are free to plant whatever grape variety they wish, use any

4704: 4491: 4110: 3929: 3591: 3531: 3485: 463:), Hunter Valley wines won numerous awards from tasting panel judges. In the official report for the exhibition, the judges wrote " 420:. When he returned, many of these cuttings were planted in the Hunter Valley at the Kirkton estate now owned by his brother-in-law 1841: 1121:. The Upper Hunter Valley is the most northern and western subregion of the Hunter region, on higher slopes of the Hunter Valley. 971:, but stops short of both of those places. The eastern boundary is Black Creek east of that road, and the western boundary is the 3969: 3716: 1481:

backbone. Despite almost always being unoaked, a mature Semillon gives the textural impression of spending years in the barrel.

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In the late 1990s, research in Hunter Valley vineyards discovered that a wide range of pathogens caused various occurrences of

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Thomas Melville White Winder is credited with planting the first grapes in the region on arriving 1820 to the Hunter. He built

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and first cultivated in the early 19th century, it was one of the first Australian wine regions. As well as Hunter Valley

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mechanical pruning and leaf pulling also widely practised. Harvest usually takes place from mid-January to early March.

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The majority of the Hunter Valley's most prestigious vineyards are located on the southern valley and foothills of the

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Shire (at the western heights of the catchment). There are three named subregions in the Hunter region. These are the

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provides most of the grapes known as "Lower Hunter Valley". It covers an area including and west of the road between

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began marketing the first commercially successful Hunter Valley Semillon under the label "Rhine Gold". In 1971,

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Kangaroos that like to feed on the tender buds and shoots of grapevines can be an occasional vineyard nuisance.

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In the mid 19th century, wines from the Hunter Valley began to garner international acclaim. In 1855, at the

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flurry of plantings began in the Hunter, including 1963 establishment of Lake's Folly by a Sydney surgeon,

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The wine laws for the Hunter Valley follow the same regulations as the rest of Australia, as governed by

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is present in the Hunter, research in the 2000s indicated that another pathogenic species related to

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Chardonnay production in the Hunter Valley was a major part of the Australian wine boom of the 1990s.

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In the 1830s, several vineyards were planted in the Hunter Valley, including the first vineyards by

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Johnson, Hugh, and Jancis Robinson. The World Atlas of Wine. London: Mitchell Beazley, 2005. Print.

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Survey of the Hunter Valley and Mudgee Wine Regions for the Grapevine Trunk Disease Eutypa Dieback

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In addition to the pests noted above, vineyards in the Hunter Valley are usually grafted on

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Oz Clarke's Australian Wine Companion: an Essential Guide for All Lovers of Australian Wine

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Halliday, James. Wine Atlas of Australia. Berkeley: University of California, 2007. Print.

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The most widely planted grape varieties in the Hunter Valley, in descending order, are

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and the Goulburn River, Brecht's wines would win numerous gold medals at international

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The success of the Hunter Valley wine industry has been dominated by its proximity to

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Johnson, Hugh. Vintage: the Story of Wine. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1989. Print.

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is also present in the area. Semillon vines, in particular seem to be susceptible to

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While the Hunter Valley is usually grouped in with the rest of Australia as having a

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ports, muscats and sherry signalled a period of steep decline for the Hunter Valley.

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that would later become driving forces behind the Hunter Valley's next boom period.

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Fruit Rot Control in Hunter Vineyards. Providing Growers with Tools to Stop the Rot

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Thin-skinned grapes like Semillon are prone to developing various rots. Some, like

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Rep. REGIONAL INNOVATION AND TECHNOLOGY ADOPTION (RITA) PROJECT. Web. 15 May 2010.

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The high humidity and propensity for harvest rains leads many growers to use open

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was that men tend to become more drunk and disorderly when under the influence of

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James Busby brought to the Hunter Valley plantings from Europe and South Africa.

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Robinson, Jancis. The Oxford Companion to Wine. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2006. Print.

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from buying large quantities of Upper Hunter grapes early in the 21st century.

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where many of the most highly esteemed vineyards of the Hunter are now found.

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Wine zones of Australia. Hunter Valley is the dark green near the east coast.

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and nearby coastal areas, some national parks, and any land that was in the

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The Broke Fordwich area is located along the Hunter River tributary of the

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for areas such as the Upper Hunter that can be prone to drought condition.

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the Hunter became, almost by default, the wine region of the new colony.

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It was under these auspices that the grapevine followed land prospector

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and Singleton and named it Kirkton after his Scottish birthplace near

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Creaser, Mette, Sandra Savocchia, Catherine Hitch, and Trevor Wicks.

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Champagnes to win the honour of being served at the table of Emperor

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MacNeil, Karen. The Wine Bible. New York: Workman Pub., 2001. Print.

3391: 1688: 1686: 1684: 1682: 1544: 1503: 1491: 1359: 1355: 1238: 1134: 898: 886: 874: 842: 838: 801:"Much of the reputation of Pokolbin rests with fruit from Fordwich" 796: 516: 262: 219: 179: 163: 1547:

and are labelled under the large Southeast Australia designation.

4115: 2901: 1186: 878: 535: 1868:, Armin Faber, and Thomas Pothmann. Wein. : Tandem, 2008. Print. 1679: 1665: 388:

The first major planting in the Hunter Valley came in 1825 when

4357: 3299: 2110:. Broke Fordwich Wine & Tourism Association. Archived from 1536: 1418: 1395:

that comes from the exposure of the wine to certain strains of

1371: 870: 854: 380: 304: 246: 653:

The three recognised subregions of the Hunter Wine Region are

206:, the region produces wine from a variety of grapes including 1532: 1363: 409: 400:. In 1831, Busby travelled extensively throughout Europe and 1895:"Australian climate variability & change - Average maps" 1659: 1657: 1655: 1653: 1651: 1649: 1647: 1300: 439:

and west towards the foothills of the Brokenback range near

4382: 1495: 1277: 555:

While the Hunter Valley has been supplanted by the massive

2816: 588:

into the area. This effect is similar to the cooling that

4377: 1644: 806:

The Broke Fordwich subregion includes the communities of

468:" A Hunter Valley sparkling wine made from James King of 450: 2382: 2380: 1428:

Maurice O'Shea of Mountain View pioneered planting of

1117:

The main town in the Upper Hunter Valley subregion is

646:

significant vineyards. It does not extend east of the

2377: 375: 4513: 1494:flats (often planted to Semillon), to deep friable 408:from over 500 vineyards, including six cuttings of 2456:Significant places & items of interest in the 459:(notable in wine history for the unveiling of the 1593: 1591: 1589: 1587: 4696: 1756: 1754: 1752: 1750: 1748: 1746: 1744: 1742: 1740: 1628:. Hunter Valley Wine & Tourism Association. 1585: 1583: 1581: 1579: 1577: 1575: 1573: 1571: 1569: 1567: 1260:(bitter rot) and other fungi from the genera of 2473: 1773:" Wine Pros. 29 October 2001. Web. 25 May 2010. 1957: 1726: 1724: 1722: 1720: 1718: 1716: 1714: 1712: 1518:A cellar door sign for a winery in the Hunter. 1325:(also known as bot canker) while, conversely, 636: 510:Another pivotal figure during this period was 4499: 3356:Walsh Island Dockyard & Engineering Works 2557:Newcastle & Suburban Co-operative Society 2441: 1931: 1737: 1564: 1850:Wine Diva Australia." Wine Diva. 1 June 2010 1832: 1830: 1828: 1826: 1824: 1611: 1609: 1607: 1605: 1603: 1498:(often planted with Shiraz) and friable red 990:still dominating but extensive plantings of 857:. Other varieties grown in the area include 480:during the exhibition's closing ceremonies. 2213: 2211: 1709: 543:In the 1960s, a Sydney wine merchant named 4506: 4492: 2448: 2434: 2042: 2040: 2038: 1880: 1878: 1876: 1874: 1860: 1858: 1856: 1814: 1812: 688: 650:. The Hunter region has three subregions. 633:49%, while it is 43% in the Upper Hunter. 47: 2254:Register of Protected GIs and Other Terms 2160:Register of Protected GIs and Other Terms 2078:Register of Protected GIs and Other Terms 1821: 1600: 2340: 2338: 2224:James Halliday's Wine Atlas of Australia 2208: 1526:A cellar door at a winery in the Hunter. 1521: 1513: 1455: 1381: 1299: 1164: 959:The Pokolbin subregion, which surrounds 778:. The area was founded in 1830 by Major 662: 534: 379: 310: 250: 237:(GI) covers the entire catchment of the 96: 2393: 2362: 2242: 2035: 1871: 1853: 1839:Hunter Valley – Australian Wine Regions 1809: 1379:flavours with peaches and cream notes. 530: 14: 4697: 2413: 2286:. Upper Hunter Country. Archived from 2148: 1901: 1017: 799:, of Lake's Folly, noted in 1970 that 782:who named the region after his fellow 755:Broke Fordwich surrounds the towns of 628:months, creating the Hunter's biggest 451:Mid-19th century to early 20th century 4487: 4399: 4321: 3704: 3265:History of Newcastle, New South Wales 3188: 2918: 2867:Newcastle International Sports Centre 2815: 2608: 2472: 2429: 2335: 2308: 2126: 2066: 2009: 1626:"Hunter Valley Map and Touring Guide" 461:Bordeaux Wine Official Classification 2704:Hunter School of the Performing Arts 2632:Hunter School of the Performing Arts 2217: 2132:"About Broke Fordwich Wine Region." 2023:from the original on 6 December 2015 1997:from the original on 6 December 2015 1971:from the original on 6 December 2015 1945:from the original on 7 December 2015 1919:from the original on 30 January 2016 1386:Shiraz grapes growing in the Hunter. 694:Vineyards in the Broke Fordwich area 3020:Black Bulga State Conservation Area 1763:Regional Spotlight – Hunter Valley. 654: 523:, Johnny Walker and wine columnist 92: 24: 3705: 3669:Lake Macquarie anti-submarine boom 3270:Hunter Valley cannabis infestation 2817:Entertainment, sport & culture 2390:. New York: Harcourt, 2001. Print. 2388:Oz Clarke's Encyclopedia of Grapes 2230:from the original on 6 August 2016 2100: 2054:from the original on 31 March 2016 1666:Hunter Valley Wine Country Tourism 1632:from the original on 4 August 2016 1345: 1040:Australian Geographical Indication 927:Australian Geographical Indication 703:Australian Geographical Indication 643:Australian Geographical Indication 235:Australian Geographical Indication 25: 4721: 4460:Hunter Medical Research Institute 2401:"The Sotheby's Wine Encyclopedia" 2264:from the original on 29 June 2016 2220:"Upper Hunter Valley Wine Region" 2170:from the original on 29 June 2016 2088:from the original on 4 April 2016 1695:Hunter Valley Research Foundation 1330:the leaves and buds of the vine. 1295: 1248:. These other pathogens included 1233:can be desirable and is known as 668: 376:James Busby and further plantings 2882:Newcastle Number 1 Sports Ground 2323:from the original on 1 July 2016 2196:from the original on 2 June 2013 1734:Orlando, Florida: Harcourt, 2004 1509: 1440:where it tends to produce a low 4705:Wine regions of New South Wales 4515:Wine regions of New South Wales 3275:Lake Macquarie Petrified Forest 2386:Clarke, Oz, and Margaret Rand. 2309:Lewis, John (25 October 2013). 2302: 2276: 2182: 1983: 1887: 1181:regions, there is little to no 657:(registered 2 September 1997), 3189: 2862:Newcastle Entertainment Centre 2827:Broadmeadow Basketball Stadium 2135:Broke Fordwich – Hunter Valley 1795:Mitchell, Cecily Joan (1973). 1789: 1776: 1663:"Hunter Valley Wine Country." 1618: 1160: 1108:Precipitation (annual average) 743: 724: 661:(registered 29 July 2010) and 13: 1: 4453:Health & medical research 3613:West Wallsend Steam Tram Line 2919: 2609: 2284:"Wineries & Cellar Doors" 1557: 658: 292:and other tributaries of the 258: 88: 4439:Cessnock Correctional Centre 3465:Richmond Vale Railway Museum 3445:Broadmeadow Locomotive Depot 2992:Tops to Myall Heritage Trail 2663:All Saints College, Maitland 2491:Cardiff Locomotive Workshops 2311:"The grape disappearing act" 2108:"Hunter Valley Wine Tasting" 1111:530 millimetres (21 in) 738:Semillon, Chardonnay, Shiraz 641:The Hunter Valley Wine Zone 618:Winkler heat summation scale 7: 3757:Newcastle Inner City Bypass 3450:Hunter Valley Railway Trust 3244:Newcastle Boys' High School 1451: 1219:often caused by the fungus 998:and the occasional plot of 904: 665:(registered 29 July 2010). 637:Wine regions and subregions 10: 4726: 3654:No. 208 Radar Station RAAF 3316:Cockle Creek Power Station 3260:Greater Newcastle Act 1937 2759:Rutherford Technology High 2588:Newcastle Government House 2526:Newcastle Port Corporation 1246:bunch rot in the vineyards 1213: 1171:Botrytis cinera (pictured) 572:, the climate is actually 563: 319: 198:. Located in the state of 18:Hunter Valley wine country 4659: 4636: 4618: 4600: 4582: 4554: 4521: 4452: 4431: 4410: 4406: 4400: 4395: 4328: 4322: 4317: 4269: 4261:Vales Point Power Station 4223: 4216: 4196: 4180: 4149: 4103: 3887: 3866: 3790: 3724: 3715: 3711: 3700: 3649:No. 2 Fighter Sector RAAF 3641: 3625: 3600: 3514: 3473: 3437: 3430: 3422:1989 Newcastle earthquake 3414: 3369: 3331:South Maitland coalfields 3308: 3252: 3236: 3215: 3199: 3195: 3184: 3080: 3000: 2929: 2925: 2914: 2822: 2811: 2782: 2655: 2619: 2615: 2604: 2580: 2539: 2483: 2479: 2468: 1107: 1097: 1060: 1052: 1044: 1036: 1027: 947: 939: 931: 923: 914: 742: 734: 723: 715: 707: 699: 687: 678: 159: 149: 139: 102: 84: 74: 66: 58: 46: 37: 4661:Southern New South Wales 3777:Sydney-Newcastle Freeway 3674:Newcastle Covering Force 3300:Tahlee historic property 3295:Royal Newcastle Hospital 2897:Newcastle Street Circuit 2694:Glendale Technology High 2531:Tomago aluminium smelter 2501:Hunter Valley Coal Chain 2403:Dorling Kindersley 2005 2140:15 February 2011 at the 2019:. Wine Australia. 2015. 1993:. Wine Australia. 2015. 1967:. Wine Australia. 2015. 1941:. Wine Australia. 2015. 1844:21 February 2011 at the 1768:29 February 2012 at the 1484: 343:highly alcoholic spirits 53:A Hunter Valley vineyard 27:Wine region in Australia 4444:Christ Church Cathedral 4231:Bayswater Power Station 3664:Belmont Anti-Tank Ditch 3455:Hunter Valley Steamfest 2857:Newcastle Civic Theatre 2842:Hunter Valley Steamfest 2795:University of Newcastle 2729:Maitland Grossmann High 2474:Commerce & industry 1700:18 October 2009 at the 1467:malolactic fermentation 1251:Colletotrichum acutatum 1225:. In the production of 1183:government restrictions 225:Under Australia's wine 4363:Port Stephens Examiner 4224:Electricity generation 4188:Stockton ferry service 3853:Tea Gardens-Hawks Nest 3501:South Maitland Railway 3336:South Waratah Colliery 2764:St Joseph's, Lochinvar 2344:Steel, Christopher C. 1671:1 January 2011 at the 1527: 1519: 1461: 1387: 1305: 1174: 828:continental influences 824:Yellow Rock escarpment 540: 385: 356:between the cities of 316: 124:32.78250°S 151.29750°E 4423:RAAF Base Williamtown 4297:Tillegra Dam proposal 4251:Redbank Power Station 4246:Liddell Power Station 4236:Eraring Power Station 4131:Port Stephens Coaches 4025:Newcastle Interchange 3684:Shelling of Newcastle 3496:Richmond Vale Railway 3460:Murulla rail accident 3207:Broadmeadow Aerodrome 2852:Newcastle Art Gallery 2709:Hunter Valley Grammar 2637:Hunter Valley Grammar 2567:Stockland Green Hills 2250:"Upper Hunter Valley" 2050:. Mount Broke Wines. 2017:"Upper Hunter Valley" 1525: 1517: 1459: 1385: 1362:among the whites and 1303: 1197:as large or small of 1168: 973:Pokolbin State Forest 570:Mediterranean climate 538: 383: 314: 4465:John Hunter Hospital 4418:No. 26 Squadron RAAF 4204:Newcastle Light Rail 3406:Point Stephens Light 3321:Cockle Creek Smelter 2892:Newcastle Showground 2837:Dungog Film Festival 2521:Newcastle Steelworks 1471:lactic acid bacteria 1229:, such as Semillon, 1191:vine training system 580:influences from the 557:Riverina wine region 531:1960s to present-day 286:Great Dividing Range 129:-32.78250; 151.29750 4126:Newcastle Transport 4121:Hunter Valley Buses 3762:Newcastle Link Road 3752:New England Highway 3679:RAAF Base Rathmines 3361:Wangi Power Station 2872:Newcastle Libraries 2353:6 July 2011 at the 1078: / 1024: 1023:Upper Hunter Valley 1018:Upper Hunter Valley 911: 774:near the suburb of 675: 663:Upper Hunter Valley 576:, with distinctive 251:Upper Hunter Valley 120: / 97:Upper Hunter Valley 34: 4651:Southern Highlands 3608:Trams in Newcastle 3387:Maianbar shipwreck 3377:Bluebell Collision 2683:Waratah Technology 2562:Stockland Glendale 2547:Charlestown Square 2506:Hunter Valley wine 1760:Halliday, James. " 1528: 1520: 1462: 1388: 1368:Cabernet Sauvignon 1306: 1227:late harvest wines 1175: 1022: 996:Cabernet Sauvignon 952:Hunter wine region 909: 859:Cabernet Sauvignon 788:Charles Broke-Vere 735:Varietals produced 673: 541: 386: 317: 216:Cabernet Sauvignon 176:Cabernet Sauvignon 160:Varietals produced 32: 4692: 4691: 4669:Canberra District 4481: 4480: 4477: 4476: 4473: 4472: 4391: 4390: 4353:Nine Northern NSW 4313: 4312: 4309: 4308: 4305: 4304: 4212: 4211: 4167:Newcastle Airport 3818:Fitzgerald Bridge 3747:Hunter Expressway 3696: 3695: 3692: 3691: 3621: 3620: 3415:Natural disasters 3401:Nobbys Head Light 3382:Cawarra shipwreck 3351:Walka Water Works 3180: 3179: 3176: 3175: 2972:Mount Royal Range 2910: 2909: 2807: 2806: 2803: 2802: 2749:Newcastle Grammar 2699:Hunter River High 2673:Callaghan College 2647:Newcastle Grammar 2600: 2599: 2596: 2595: 2218:Halliday, James. 1706:Web. 1 June 2010. 1257:Greeneria uvicola 1207:canopy management 1130:wine competitions 1115: 1114: 957: 956: 753: 752: 574:humid subtropical 470:Irrawang Vineyard 185: 184: 16:(Redirected from 4717: 4646:Shoalhaven Coast 4508: 4501: 4494: 4485: 4484: 4408: 4407: 4397: 4396: 4343:Maitland Mercury 4319: 4318: 4256:Teralba Colliery 4221: 4220: 4162:Maitland Airport 4157:Cessnock Airport 3888:Railway stations 3782:Thunderbolts Way 3722: 3721: 3713: 3712: 3702: 3701: 3515:Railway stations 3435: 3434: 3346:Teralba Colliery 3285:Newcastle Museum 3197: 3196: 3186: 3185: 2942:Burning Mountain 2937:Broughton Island 2927: 2926: 2916: 2915: 2877:Newcastle Museum 2813: 2812: 2790:Avondale College 2617: 2616: 2606: 2605: 2572:Westfield Kotara 2516:Kooragang Island 2496:Forgacs Shipyard 2481: 2480: 2470: 2469: 2450: 2443: 2436: 2427: 2426: 2420: 2417: 2411: 2397: 2391: 2384: 2375: 2366: 2360: 2342: 2333: 2332: 2330: 2328: 2316:Newcastle Herald 2306: 2300: 2299: 2297: 2295: 2290:on 15 April 2016 2280: 2274: 2273: 2271: 2269: 2246: 2240: 2239: 2237: 2235: 2215: 2206: 2205: 2203: 2201: 2186: 2180: 2179: 2177: 2175: 2152: 2146: 2130: 2124: 2123: 2121: 2119: 2104: 2098: 2097: 2095: 2093: 2074:"Broke Fordwich" 2070: 2064: 2063: 2061: 2059: 2048:"Broke Fordwich" 2044: 2033: 2032: 2030: 2028: 2013: 2007: 2006: 2004: 2002: 1987: 1981: 1980: 1978: 1976: 1965:"Broke Fordwich" 1961: 1955: 1954: 1952: 1950: 1935: 1929: 1928: 1926: 1924: 1905: 1899: 1898: 1891: 1885: 1882: 1869: 1862: 1851: 1834: 1819: 1816: 1807: 1793: 1787: 1780: 1774: 1758: 1735: 1728: 1707: 1690: 1677: 1661: 1642: 1641: 1639: 1637: 1622: 1616: 1613: 1598: 1595: 1222:Botrytis cinerea 1093: 1092: 1090: 1089: 1088: 1083: 1079: 1076: 1075: 1074: 1071: 1045:Year established 1025: 1021: 932:Year established 912: 908: 745: 726: 708:Year established 692: 676: 672: 620:as a Region IV. 493:Great Depression 457:Paris Exhibition 282:Brokenback Range 135: 134: 132: 131: 130: 125: 121: 118: 117: 116: 113: 51: 35: 31: 21: 4725: 4724: 4720: 4719: 4718: 4716: 4715: 4714: 4695: 4694: 4693: 4688: 4655: 4632: 4620:Northern Slopes 4614: 4602:Northern Rivers 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Fordwich 183: 182: 161: 157: 156: 153: 147: 146: 143: 141:Climate region 137: 136: 104: 100: 99: 93:Broke Fordwich 86: 82: 81: 76: 72: 71: 68: 64: 63: 60: 56: 55: 52: 44: 43: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4722: 4711: 4710:Hunter Region 4708: 4706: 4703: 4702: 4700: 4685: 4682: 4680: 4677: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4667: 4666: 4664: 4662: 4658: 4652: 4649: 4647: 4644: 4643: 4641: 4639: 4635: 4629: 4626: 4625: 4623: 4621: 4617: 4611: 4608: 4607: 4605: 4603: 4599: 4593: 4590: 4589: 4587: 4585: 4584:Hunter Valley 4581: 4575: 4572: 4570: 4567: 4565: 4562: 4561: 4559: 4557: 4553: 4547: 4544: 4542: 4539: 4537: 4534: 4532: 4529: 4528: 4526: 4524: 4520: 4516: 4509: 4504: 4502: 4497: 4495: 4490: 4489: 4486: 4466: 4463: 4461: 4458: 4457: 4455: 4451: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4437: 4436: 4434: 4430: 4424: 4421: 4419: 4416: 4415: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4398: 4394: 4384: 4381: 4379: 4376: 4374: 4371: 4369: 4366: 4364: 4361: 4359: 4356: 4354: 4351: 4349: 4346: 4344: 4341: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4333:ABC Newcastle 4331: 4330: 4327: 4320: 4316: 4298: 4295: 4293: 4290: 4288: 4285: 4283: 4280: 4278: 4275: 4274: 4272: 4268: 4262: 4259: 4257: 4254: 4252: 4249: 4247: 4244: 4242: 4239: 4237: 4234: 4232: 4229: 4228: 4226: 4222: 4219: 4215: 4205: 4202: 4201: 4199: 4195: 4189: 4186: 4185: 4183: 4179: 4173: 4172:Scone Airport 4170: 4168: 4165: 4163: 4160: 4158: 4155: 4154: 4152: 4148: 4142: 4139: 4137: 4136:Rover Coaches 4134: 4132: 4129: 4127: 4124: 4122: 4119: 4117: 4114: 4112: 4109: 4108: 4106: 4102: 4096: 4093: 4091: 4088: 4086: 4083: 4081: 4078: 4076: 4073: 4071: 4068: 4066: 4063: 4061: 4058: 4056: 4053: 4051: 4048: 4046: 4043: 4041: 4038: 4036: 4033: 4031: 4028: 4026: 4023: 4021: 4018: 4016: 4013: 4011: 4008: 4006: 4003: 4001: 4000:Martins Creek 3998: 3996: 3993: 3991: 3988: 3986: 3983: 3981: 3978: 3976: 3973: 3971: 3968: 3966: 3963: 3961: 3958: 3956: 3953: 3951: 3950:East Maitland 3948: 3946: 3943: 3941: 3938: 3936: 3933: 3931: 3928: 3926: 3923: 3921: 3918: 3916: 3913: 3911: 3908: 3906: 3903: 3901: 3898: 3896: 3893: 3892: 3890: 3886: 3880: 3877: 3875: 3872: 3871: 3869: 3867:Railway lines 3865: 3859: 3856: 3854: 3851: 3849: 3846: 3844: 3841: 3839: 3836: 3834: 3831: 3829: 3826: 3824: 3821: 3819: 3816: 3814: 3811: 3809: 3806: 3804: 3803:Clarence Town 3801: 3799: 3796: 3795: 3793: 3789: 3783: 3780: 3778: 3775: 3773: 3770: 3768: 3765: 3763: 3760: 3758: 3755: 3753: 3750: 3748: 3745: 3743: 3740: 3738: 3735: 3733: 3730: 3729: 3727: 3723: 3720: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3703: 3699: 3685: 3682: 3680: 3677: 3675: 3672: 3670: 3667: 3665: 3662: 3660: 3657: 3655: 3652: 3650: 3647: 3646: 3644: 3640: 3634: 3631: 3630: 3628: 3624: 3614: 3611: 3609: 3606: 3605: 3603: 3599: 3593: 3590: 3588: 3585: 3583: 3580: 3578: 3575: 3573: 3570: 3568: 3565: 3563: 3560: 3558: 3555: 3553: 3550: 3548: 3545: 3543: 3540: 3538: 3535: 3533: 3530: 3528: 3525: 3523: 3520: 3519: 3517: 3513: 3507: 3504: 3502: 3499: 3497: 3494: 3492: 3489: 3487: 3484: 3482: 3479: 3478: 3476: 3474:Railway lines 3472: 3466: 3463: 3461: 3458: 3456: 3453: 3451: 3448: 3446: 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2999: 2993: 2990: 2988: 2985: 2983: 2982:Port Stephens 2980: 2978: 2975: 2973: 2970: 2968: 2965: 2963: 2960: 2958: 2955: 2953: 2950: 2948: 2945: 2943: 2940: 2938: 2935: 2934: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2917: 2913: 2903: 2900: 2898: 2895: 2893: 2890: 2888: 2885: 2883: 2880: 2878: 2875: 2873: 2870: 2868: 2865: 2863: 2860: 2858: 2855: 2853: 2850: 2848: 2847:Newcastle 500 2845: 2843: 2840: 2838: 2835: 2833: 2830: 2828: 2825: 2824: 2821: 2814: 2810: 2796: 2793: 2791: 2788: 2787: 2785: 2781: 2775: 2772: 2770: 2767: 2765: 2762: 2760: 2757: 2755: 2752: 2750: 2747: 2745: 2742: 2740: 2737: 2735: 2734:Maitland High 2732: 2730: 2727: 2725: 2722: 2720: 2717: 2715: 2714:Irrawang High 2712: 2710: 2707: 2705: 2702: 2700: 2697: 2695: 2692: 2690: 2689:Cessnock High 2687: 2682: 2679: 2676: 2675: 2674: 2671: 2669: 2666: 2664: 2661: 2660: 2658: 2654: 2648: 2645: 2643: 2640: 2638: 2635: 2633: 2630: 2628: 2625: 2624: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2607: 2603: 2589: 2586: 2585: 2583: 2579: 2573: 2570: 2568: 2565: 2563: 2560: 2558: 2555: 2553: 2552:Hunter Street 2550: 2548: 2545: 2544: 2542: 2538: 2532: 2529: 2527: 2524: 2522: 2519: 2517: 2514: 2512: 2509: 2507: 2504: 2502: 2499: 2497: 2494: 2492: 2489: 2488: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2458:Hunter Region 2451: 2446: 2444: 2439: 2437: 2432: 2431: 2428: 2416: 2410: 2409:0-7566-1324-8 2406: 2402: 2399:T. Stevenson 2396: 2389: 2383: 2381: 2373: 2372: 2365: 2358: 2356: 2352: 2349: 2341: 2339: 2322: 2318: 2317: 2312: 2305: 2289: 2285: 2279: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2245: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2214: 2212: 2195: 2192:. Visit NSW. 2191: 2185: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2151: 2144: 2143: 2139: 2136: 2129: 2113: 2109: 2103: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2069: 2053: 2049: 2043: 2041: 2039: 2022: 2018: 2012: 1996: 1992: 1986: 1970: 1966: 1960: 1944: 1940: 1934: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1904: 1896: 1890: 1881: 1879: 1877: 1875: 1867: 1861: 1859: 1857: 1849: 1847: 1843: 1840: 1833: 1831: 1829: 1827: 1825: 1815: 1813: 1806: 1805:0-9590772-0-0 1802: 1798: 1797:Hunters River 1792: 1785: 1779: 1772: 1771: 1767: 1764: 1757: 1755: 1753: 1751: 1749: 1747: 1745: 1743: 1741: 1733: 1727: 1725: 1723: 1721: 1719: 1717: 1715: 1713: 1705: 1703: 1699: 1696: 1689: 1687: 1685: 1683: 1675: 1674: 1670: 1667: 1660: 1658: 1656: 1654: 1652: 1650: 1648: 1631: 1627: 1621: 1612: 1610: 1608: 1606: 1604: 1594: 1592: 1590: 1588: 1586: 1584: 1582: 1580: 1578: 1576: 1574: 1572: 1570: 1568: 1563: 1555: 1553: 1548: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1524: 1516: 1510:Wine industry 1507: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1472: 1468: 1458: 1449: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1426: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1415:Petite Verdot 1413:varietals of 1412: 1406: 1404: 1403: 1402:Brettanomyces 1398: 1394: 1384: 1380: 1378: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1343: 1340: 1336: 1331: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1319: 1314: 1313: 1302: 1293: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1279: 1275: 1274: 1269: 1268: 1264: 1259: 1258: 1253: 1252: 1247: 1242: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1223: 1211: 1208: 1203: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1172: 1167: 1158: 1156: 1152: 1147: 1143: 1141: 1136: 1131: 1127: 1122: 1120: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1100: 1096: 1091: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1032: 1031: 1026: 1015: 1011: 1009: 1003: 1002:can be seen. 1001: 997: 993: 989: 985: 981: 976: 974: 970: 966: 962: 953: 950: 946: 942: 938: 934: 930: 926: 922: 919: 918: 913: 902: 900: 896: 892: 888: 884: 880: 876: 872: 868: 864: 860: 856: 852: 848: 844: 840: 836: 831: 829: 825: 821: 817: 813: 809: 804: 802: 798: 793: 789: 785: 781: 777: 773: 768: 764: 762: 758: 748: 741: 737: 733: 729: 722: 718: 714: 710: 706: 702: 698: 691: 686: 683: 682: 677: 666: 664: 660: 656: 651: 649: 644: 634: 631: 627: 621: 619: 615: 611: 607: 601: 599: 595: 594:San Pablo Bay 591: 587: 586:ocean breezes 583: 582:Pacific Ocean 579: 575: 571: 561: 558: 553: 550: 546: 537: 528: 526: 522: 519:. Along with 518: 513: 508: 506: 502: 498: 494: 489: 487: 481: 479: 475: 471: 467: 462: 458: 448: 446: 442: 436: 434: 430: 425: 423: 419: 415: 411: 407: 403: 399: 395: 391: 382: 373: 371: 366: 363: 359: 355: 351: 346: 344: 340: 336: 330: 328: 313: 309: 306: 301: 299: 295: 291: 287: 284:(part of the 283: 278: 276: 272: 268: 264: 260: 256: 252: 248: 244: 240: 236: 232: 231:Hunter Valley 228: 223: 221: 217: 213: 209: 205: 201: 197: 194: 190: 189:Hunter Valley 181: 177: 173: 169: 165: 162: 158: 154: 152: 148: 144: 142: 138: 133: 105: 101: 98: 94: 90: 87: 83: 80: 79:Hunter Valley 77: 73: 69: 65: 61: 59:Official name 57: 50: 45: 42: 41: 36: 33:Hunter Valley 30: 19: 4591: 4348:Newy 87.8 FM 4282:Glenbawn Dam 4270:Water supply 4241:Lake Liddell 4020:Muswellbrook 3935:Cockle Creek 3791:Road bridges 3737:Bucketts Way 3659:HMAS Assault 3642:World War II 3393: 2774:Toronto High 2769:Tomaree High 2724:Lambton High 2511:Kia Ora Stud 2505: 2415: 2400: 2395: 2387: 2369: 2364: 2345: 2325:. Retrieved 2314: 2304: 2292:. Retrieved 2288:the original 2278: 2266:. Retrieved 2253: 2244: 2232:. Retrieved 2223: 2198:. Retrieved 2184: 2172:. Retrieved 2159: 2150: 2145:1 June 2010. 2133: 2128: 2116:. Retrieved 2112:the original 2102: 2090:. Retrieved 2077: 2068: 2056:. Retrieved 2025:. Retrieved 2011: 1999:. Retrieved 1985: 1973:. Retrieved 1959: 1947:. Retrieved 1933: 1921:. Retrieved 1903: 1889: 1866:Eckhard Supp 1837: 1796: 1791: 1783: 1778: 1761: 1731: 1730:Clarke, Oz. 1692: 1664: 1634:. Retrieved 1620: 1549: 1529: 1500:duplex soils 1488: 1479: 1475: 1463: 1427: 1407: 1400: 1389: 1349: 1332: 1322: 1316: 1310: 1307: 1284: 1281:sugar levels 1271: 1261: 1255: 1254:(ripe rot), 1249: 1243: 1230: 1220: 1217: 1204: 1176: 1170: 1148: 1144: 1126:Wybong Creek 1123: 1119:Muswellbrook 1116: 1087:-32.4; 150.7 1028: 1012: 1004: 977: 958: 915: 832: 805: 800: 786:veteran Sir 769: 765: 754: 727:of vineyards 679: 652: 640: 630:viticultural 622: 602: 567: 554: 542: 517:Dr. Max Lake 509: 490: 482: 478:Napoleon III 464: 454: 437: 426: 416:hill in the 404:, collected 402:South Africa 387: 367: 347: 331: 323: 302: 294:Hunter River 279: 239:Hunter River 230: 229:system, the 224: 196:wine regions 186: 38: 29: 4638:South Coast 4628:New England 4292:Lostock Dam 3975:High Street 3925:Broadmeadow 3626:Wine making 3587:Whittingham 3577:Ravensworth 3290:Nobbys Head 3040:Myall Lakes 3035:Mount Royal 3030:Ghin-Doo-Ee 3025:Booti Booti 2967:Myall Lakes 2719:Kotara High 1312:Eutypa lata 1289:ultraviolet 1267:Penicillium 1263:Aspergillus 1161:Viticulture 1085: / 1030:Wine region 917:Wine region 895:Tempranillo 867:Chambourcin 746:of wineries 681:Wine region 614:degree days 610:heat stress 590:Napa Valley 472:bested the 390:James Busby 335:viticulture 227:appellation 193:Australia's 127: / 115:151°17′51″E 85:Sub-regions 40:Wine region 4699:Categories 4684:Tumbarumba 4536:Perricoota 4523:Big Rivers 4368:The Herald 4197:Light rail 4141:Sid Fogg's 4111:Bus routes 4090:Wirragulla 4075:Wallarobba 4010:Mindaribba 3940:Dora Creek 3910:Beresfield 3874:Main North 3772:Putty Road 3633:Lindeman's 3190:Historical 3118:Gloucester 3113:Chichester 3098:Barrington 2947:Cape Hawke 2190:"Pokolbin" 2156:"Pokolbin" 2027:5 November 2001:5 November 1991:"Pokolbin" 1975:5 November 1949:5 November 1923:5 November 1676:8 May 2010 1558:References 1430:Pinot noir 1423:California 1352:Chardonnay 1337:resistant 1335:phylloxera 1273:Alternaria 1177:Like most 1155:Arrowfield 1099:Heat units 1008:Mount View 1000:Pinot noir 992:Chardonnay 980:Lindeman's 891:Sangiovese 851:Pinot noir 835:Chardonnay 820:Milbrodale 598:California 545:Leo Buring 521:Rudy Komon 370:Windermere 354:Putty Road 339:winemaking 298:irrigation 267:Mount View 212:Chardonnay 191:is one of 172:Chardonnay 151:Heat units 112:32°46′57″S 4546:Swan Hill 4338:Hit 106.9 4217:Utilities 4080:Warabrook 4045:Singleton 3990:Lochinvar 3955:Fassifern 3900:Adamstown 3879:Newcastle 3717:Transport 3572:Newcastle 3562:Grasstree 3522:Allandale 3396:shipwreck 3237:Education 3055:Wallingat 2920:Geography 2656:Secondary 2610:Education 1786:. pp. 4–5 1460:Semillon. 1339:rootstock 1235:noble rot 1151:Rosemount 1056:Australia 943:Australia 883:Trebbiano 719:Australia 525:Len Evans 486:fortified 414:Hermitage 412:from the 398:Edinburgh 362:Singleton 350:John Howe 243:Newcastle 155:2070–2170 70:Australia 4679:Hilltops 4674:Gundagai 4541:Riverina 4373:Triple M 4065:Thornton 4035:Sandgate 4030:Paterson 4015:Morisset 3995:Maitland 3980:Hilldale 3965:Hamilton 3920:Branxton 3915:Booragul 3895:Aberdeen 3848:Stockton 3838:Monkerai 3567:Minimbah 3552:Dingadee 3542:Cessnock 3370:Maritime 3309:Industry 3163:Williams 3153:Paterson 3123:Goulburn 3072:The Glen 3065:Werakata 3060:Watagans 2783:Tertiary 2680:Wallsend 2668:Avondale 2627:Avondale 2540:Shopping 2484:Industry 2351:Archived 2321:Archived 2262:Archived 2228:Archived 2194:Archived 2168:Archived 2138:Archived 2086:Archived 2052:Archived 2021:Archived 1995:Archived 1969:Archived 1943:Archived 1917:Archived 1915:. 2015. 1909:"Hunter" 1842:Archived 1766:Archived 1698:Archived 1669:Archived 1630:Archived 1545:Riverina 1504:alkaline 1492:alluvial 1452:Semillon 1434:Burgundy 1411:Bordeaux 1405:family. 1360:Verdelho 1356:Semillon 1285:Botrytis 1239:grey rot 1231:Botrytis 1135:Penfolds 1073:150°42′E 1061:Location 988:Sémillon 969:Branxton 965:Cessnock 961:Pokolbin 910:Pokolbin 905:Pokolbin 899:Dolcetto 887:Viognier 875:Traminer 843:Verdelho 839:Semillon 816:Fordwich 797:Max Lake 792:convicts 776:Pokolbin 659:Pokolbin 578:maritime 501:Elliotts 445:Rothbury 441:Pokolbin 406:cuttings 394:Branxton 275:Lovedale 271:Cessnock 263:Wollombi 259:Pokolbin 220:Verdelho 204:Sémillon 180:Verdelho 164:Semillon 103:Location 89:Pokolbin 4432:General 4411:Defence 4116:Busways 4085:Waratah 4060:Teralba 4055:Telarah 4005:Metford 3930:Cardiff 3843:Morpeth 3813:Dunmore 3808:Cooreei 3798:Beckers 3592:Wickham 3582:Toronto 3532:Belford 3527:Antiene 3506:Toronto 3486:Morpeth 3481:Belmont 3438:General 3253:General 3216:Defence 3138:Manning 3050:Towarri 3045:Tomaree 2930:General 2902:Surfest 2620:Primary 1784:UNINEWS 1446:Madeira 1399:in the 1214:Hazards 1195:harvest 1187:pruning 1070:32°24′S 1053:Country 948:Part of 940:Country 879:Barbera 716:Country 626:harvest 564:Climate 505:Wyndham 497:Tyrrell 358:Windsor 320:History 75:Part of 67:Country 4592:Hunter 4574:Orange 4569:Mudgee 4358:New FM 3985:Kotara 3970:Hexham 3945:Dungog 3833:Hinton 3828:Hexham 3557:Farley 3158:Wangat 3133:Karuah 3128:Hunter 3108:Bylong 3081:Rivers 2407: 2327:8 June 2294:8 June 2268:7 June 2234:8 June 2200:22 May 2174:7 June 2118:8 June 2092:7 June 2058:8 June 1803: 1636:9 June 1541:Orange 1537:Mudgee 1438:Oregon 1419:Malbec 1372:Merlot 1364:Shiraz 1199:yields 1193:, and 984:Shiraz 871:Malbec 855:Merlot 847:Shiraz 474:French 305:Sydney 247:Mudgee 208:Shiraz 168:Shiraz 62:Hunter 4564:Cowra 4401:Other 4323:Media 4181:Ferry 4050:Tarro 4040:Scone 3960:Greta 3905:Awaba 3601:Trams 3547:Civic 3394:Sygna 3148:Pages 3143:Myall 3088:Allyn 2581:Other 1533:Cowra 1485:Soils 1397:yeast 812:Bulga 808:Broke 761:Bulga 757:Broke 466:Cape. 418:Rhône 410:Syrah 233:zone 4383:2NUR 4095:Wyee 3858:Vacy 3725:Road 3431:Rail 3093:Avon 3005:and 2405:ISBN 2329:2016 2296:2016 2270:2016 2236:2016 2202:2013 2176:2016 2120:2016 2094:2016 2060:2016 2029:2015 2003:2015 1977:2015 1951:2015 1925:2015 1801:ISBN 1638:2016 1543:and 1496:loam 1442:acid 1436:and 1417:and 1377:oaky 1370:and 1358:and 1278:Brix 1270:and 1153:and 1103:2070 1048:2010 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Hunter Valley wine

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