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Hurewicz space

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his property is strictly stronger than the Menger property. In 2002, Chaber and Pol in unpublished note, using dichotomy proof, showed that there is a Hurewicz subset of the real line that is not Menger. In 2008, Tsaban and Zdomskyy gave a uniform example of a Hurewicz subset of the real line that is
290:, and Szeptycki proved that Hurewicz's conjecture is false, by showing that there is, in ZFC, a set of real numbers that is Menger but not σ-compact. Their proof was dichotomic, and the set witnessing the failure of the conjecture heavily depends on whether a certain (undecidable) axiom holds or not. 172: 679:
is unbounded if it is not bounded. Hurewicz proved that a subset of the real line is Hurewicz iff every continuous image of that space into the Baire space is unbounded. In particular, every subset of the real line of cardinality less than the
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Boaz Tsaban (2011), 'Menger's and Hurewicz's Problems: Solutions from "The Book" and refinements', in "Set Theory and its Applications" Contemporary Mathematics 533, 211–226.
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is true, and whether his property is strictly stronger than the Menger property, but he conjectured that in the class of metric spaces his property is equivalent to
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A player has a winning strategy if he knows how to play in order to win the game (formally, a winning strategy is a function).
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Just, Winfried; Miller, Arnold W.; Scheepers, Marion; Szeptycki, Paul J. (1996-11-11). "The combinatorics of open covers II".
301:'s solution based on their work ) gave a uniform ZFC example of a Hurewicz subset of the real line that is not σ-compact. 364: 1691: 555: 2045: 2040: 2035: 651: 524: 333: 167:{\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}_{1}\subset {\mathcal {U}}_{1},{\mathcal {F}}_{2}\subset {\mathcal {U}}_{2},\ldots } 1937: 1587: 1469: 1422: 1059:
A topological space is Hurewicz iff Alice has no winning strategy in the Hurewicz game played on this space.
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For subsets of the real line, the Hurewicz property can be characterized using continuous functions into the
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Tsaban, Boaz; Zdomskyy, Lyubomyr (2008-01-01). "Scales, fields, and a problem of Hurewicz".
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Bartoszynski, Tomek; Shelah, Saharon (2001-11-15). "Continuous images of sets of reals".
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introduced the above property of topological spaces that is formally stronger than the
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Hurewicz, Witold (1926). "Über eine Verallgemeinerung des Borelschen Theorems".
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such that every point of the space belongs to all but finitely many sets
32:. A Hurewicz space is a space in which for every sequence of open covers 1643: 1866: 1797: 1756: 1551: 1387: 1891: 1542: 1483: 1436: 1876: 1844: 1793: 1700: 1616:
Chodounský, David; Repovš, Dušan; Zdomskyy, Lyubomyr (2015-12-01).
1634: 1618:"Mathias Forcing and Combinatorial Covering Properties of Filters" 1514: 79:{\displaystyle {\mathcal {U}}_{1},{\mathcal {U}}_{2},\ldots } 1419: 958:{\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}_{2}\subset {\mathcal {U}}_{2}} 853:{\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}_{1}\subset {\mathcal {U}}_{1}} 1669: 1053:, then Bob wins the Hurewicz game. Otherwise, Alice wins. 310: 283: 1615: 286:
every Hurewicz metric space is σ-compact. Just, Miller,
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Every compact, and even σ-compact, space is Hurewicz.
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be a topological space. The Hurewicz game played on
710: 1466: 1339: 1287: 1255: 1235: 1215: 1195: 1175: 1148: 1128: 1108: 1081: 1045: 985: 957: 909: 889: 852: 804: 784: 747: 727: 698: 671: 640: 614: 581: 544: 513: 493: 473: 429: 397:{\displaystyle f,g\in \mathbb {N} ^{\mathbb {N} }} 396: 353: 266: 226: 166: 78: 322: 2070: 1350:Hurewicz's property characterizes filters whose 1317:Continuous image of a Hurewicz space is Hurewicz 582:{\displaystyle g\in \mathbb {N} ^{\mathbb {N} }} 1583:"Combinatorics of open covers I: Ramsey theory" 1525: 1685: 1320:The Hurewicz property is closed under taking 1529:Journal of the European Mathematical Society 672:{\displaystyle \mathbb {N} ^{\mathbb {N} }} 545:{\displaystyle \mathbb {N} ^{\mathbb {N} }} 354:{\displaystyle \mathbb {N} ^{\mathbb {N} }} 2053: 2026: 1692: 1678: 755:is a game with two players Alice and Bob. 481:for all but finitely many natural numbers 1633: 1600: 1580: 1541: 1482: 1435: 663: 657: 573: 567: 536: 530: 388: 382: 345: 339: 1371: 1354:notion does not add unbounded functions. 1116:is Hurewicz iff for every compact space 277: 2071: 993:belongs to all but finitely many sets 1673: 304: 1574: 1415: 1413: 317: 1288:{\displaystyle X\subset Y\subset G} 691: 86:of the space there are finite sets 13: 1026: 1006: 944: 927: 890:{\displaystyle {\mathcal {U}}_{2}} 876: 839: 822: 785:{\displaystyle {\mathcal {U}}_{1}} 771: 552:is bounded if there is a function 207: 187: 147: 130: 113: 96: 59: 42: 14: 2095: 1410: 711:Topological game characterization 2079:Properties of topological spaces 2052: 2025: 2015: 2005: 1994: 1984: 1983: 1777: 1515:https://arxiv.org/abs/0909.5645 699:{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {b}}} 24:that satisfies a certain basic 1609: 1519: 1507: 1460: 1365: 1089:-neighborhood characterization 866:: Alice chooses an open cover 761:: Alice chooses an open cover 468: 462: 453: 447: 323:Combinatorial characterization 1: 1622:The Journal of Symbolic Logic 1588:Topology and Its Applications 1493:10.1016/S0166-8641(00)00079-1 1470:Topology and Its Applications 1446:10.1016/S0166-8641(96)00075-2 1423:Topology and Its Applications 1358: 1298: 474:{\displaystyle f(n)\leq g(n)} 282:Hurewicz conjectured that in 1699: 1602:10.1016/0166-8641(95)00067-4 973:If every point of the space 7: 1340:{\displaystyle F_{\sigma }} 1176:{\displaystyle G_{\delta }} 1082:{\displaystyle G_{\delta }} 917:. Bob chooses a finite set 812:. Bob chooses a finite set 615:{\displaystyle f\leq ^{*}g} 430:{\displaystyle f\leq ^{*}g} 10: 2100: 1946:Banach fixed-point theorem 1581:Scheepers, Marion (1996). 1307:Every Hurewicz space is a 309:Hurewicz asked whether in 237: 1979: 1936: 1900: 1786: 1775: 1707: 1375:Mathematische Zeitschrift 314:Menger but not Hurewicz. 250:. He didn't know whether 1236:{\displaystyle \sigma } 267:{\displaystyle \sigma } 2001:Mathematics portal 1901:Metrics and properties 1887:Second-countable space 1341: 1289: 1257: 1237: 1217: 1197: 1177: 1150: 1130: 1110: 1083: 1047: 987: 959: 911: 891: 854: 806: 786: 749: 729: 700: 673: 642: 641:{\displaystyle f\in A} 616: 583: 546: 515: 495: 475: 431: 398: 355: 268: 228: 168: 80: 1342: 1290: 1258: 1238: 1218: 1203:containing the space 1198: 1178: 1151: 1136:containing the space 1131: 1111: 1084: 1048: 988: 960: 912: 892: 855: 807: 787: 750: 730: 701: 674: 643: 617: 584: 547: 516: 496: 476: 432: 399: 356: 278:Hurewicz's conjecture 269: 229: 169: 81: 1956:Invariance of domain 1908:Euler characteristic 1882:Bundle (mathematics) 1324: 1267: 1247: 1227: 1207: 1187: 1160: 1140: 1120: 1100: 1066: 997: 977: 921: 901: 870: 816: 796: 765: 739: 719: 686: 652: 626: 593: 556: 525: 505: 485: 441: 408: 365: 334: 258: 178: 90: 36: 1966:Tychonoff's theorem 1961:Poincaré conjecture 1715:General (point-set) 1644:10.1017/jsl.2014.73 1311:, and thus it is a 252:Menger's conjecture 26:selection principle 1951:De Rham cohomology 1872:Polyhedral complex 1862:Simplicial complex 1388:10.1007/BF01216792 1337: 1285: 1253: 1233: 1213: 1193: 1173: 1146: 1126: 1106: 1079: 1043: 983: 955: 907: 887: 850: 802: 782: 745: 725: 696: 669: 638: 622:for all functions 612: 579: 542: 511: 491: 471: 427: 394: 351: 305:Hurewicz's problem 264: 224: 164: 76: 16:In mathematics, a 2066: 2065: 1855:fundamental group 1256:{\displaystyle Y} 1216:{\displaystyle X} 1196:{\displaystyle C} 1149:{\displaystyle X} 1129:{\displaystyle C} 1109:{\displaystyle X} 986:{\displaystyle X} 910:{\displaystyle X} 805:{\displaystyle X} 748:{\displaystyle X} 728:{\displaystyle X} 514:{\displaystyle A} 494:{\displaystyle n} 318:Characterizations 293:Bartoszyński and 28:that generalizes 22:topological space 2091: 2056: 2055: 2029: 2028: 2019: 2009: 1999: 1998: 1987: 1986: 1781: 1694: 1687: 1680: 1671: 1670: 1664: 1663: 1637: 1628:(4): 1398–1410. 1613: 1607: 1606: 1604: 1578: 1572: 1571: 1552:10.4171/jems/132 1545: 1523: 1517: 1511: 1505: 1504: 1486: 1464: 1458: 1457: 1439: 1417: 1408: 1407: 1369: 1346: 1344: 1343: 1338: 1336: 1335: 1294: 1292: 1291: 1286: 1262: 1260: 1259: 1254: 1242: 1240: 1239: 1234: 1222: 1220: 1219: 1214: 1202: 1200: 1199: 1194: 1182: 1180: 1179: 1174: 1172: 1171: 1155: 1153: 1152: 1147: 1135: 1133: 1132: 1127: 1115: 1113: 1112: 1107: 1088: 1086: 1085: 1080: 1078: 1077: 1052: 1050: 1049: 1044: 1036: 1035: 1030: 1029: 1016: 1015: 1010: 1009: 992: 990: 989: 984: 964: 962: 961: 956: 954: 953: 948: 947: 937: 936: 931: 930: 916: 914: 913: 908: 896: 894: 893: 888: 886: 885: 880: 879: 859: 857: 856: 851: 849: 848: 843: 842: 832: 831: 826: 825: 811: 809: 808: 803: 791: 789: 788: 783: 781: 780: 775: 774: 754: 752: 751: 746: 734: 732: 731: 726: 705: 703: 702: 697: 695: 694: 682:bounding number 678: 676: 675: 670: 668: 667: 666: 660: 647: 645: 644: 639: 621: 619: 618: 613: 608: 607: 588: 586: 585: 580: 578: 577: 576: 570: 551: 549: 548: 543: 541: 540: 539: 533: 520: 518: 517: 512: 500: 498: 497: 492: 480: 478: 477: 472: 436: 434: 433: 428: 423: 422: 403: 401: 400: 395: 393: 392: 391: 385: 361:. For functions 360: 358: 357: 352: 350: 349: 348: 342: 273: 271: 270: 265: 233: 231: 230: 225: 217: 216: 211: 210: 197: 196: 191: 190: 173: 171: 170: 165: 157: 156: 151: 150: 140: 139: 134: 133: 123: 122: 117: 116: 106: 105: 100: 99: 85: 83: 82: 77: 69: 68: 63: 62: 52: 51: 46: 45: 2099: 2098: 2094: 2093: 2092: 2090: 2089: 2088: 2069: 2068: 2067: 2062: 1993: 1975: 1971:Urysohn's lemma 1932: 1896: 1782: 1773: 1745:low-dimensional 1703: 1698: 1668: 1667: 1614: 1610: 1579: 1575: 1524: 1520: 1512: 1508: 1465: 1461: 1418: 1411: 1370: 1366: 1361: 1352:Mathias forcing 1331: 1327: 1325: 1322: 1321: 1301: 1268: 1265: 1264: 1248: 1245: 1244: 1228: 1225: 1224: 1208: 1205: 1204: 1188: 1185: 1184: 1167: 1163: 1161: 1158: 1157: 1141: 1138: 1137: 1121: 1118: 1117: 1101: 1098: 1097: 1095:Tychonoff space 1091: 1073: 1069: 1067: 1064: 1063: 1031: 1025: 1024: 1023: 1011: 1005: 1004: 1003: 998: 995: 994: 978: 975: 974: 949: 943: 942: 941: 932: 926: 925: 924: 922: 919: 918: 902: 899: 898: 881: 875: 874: 873: 871: 868: 867: 844: 838: 837: 836: 827: 821: 820: 819: 817: 814: 813: 797: 794: 793: 776: 770: 769: 768: 766: 763: 762: 740: 737: 736: 720: 717: 716: 713: 690: 689: 687: 684: 683: 662: 661: 656: 655: 653: 650: 649: 627: 624: 623: 603: 599: 594: 591: 590: 572: 571: 566: 565: 557: 554: 553: 535: 534: 529: 528: 526: 523: 522: 506: 503: 502: 486: 483: 482: 442: 439: 438: 418: 414: 409: 406: 405: 387: 386: 381: 380: 366: 363: 362: 344: 343: 338: 337: 335: 332: 331: 325: 320: 307: 280: 259: 256: 255: 248:Menger property 244:Witold Hurewicz 240: 212: 206: 205: 204: 192: 186: 185: 184: 179: 176: 175: 152: 146: 145: 144: 135: 129: 128: 127: 118: 112: 111: 110: 101: 95: 94: 93: 91: 88: 87: 64: 58: 57: 56: 47: 41: 40: 39: 37: 34: 33: 12: 11: 5: 2097: 2087: 2086: 2081: 2064: 2063: 2061: 2060: 2050: 2049: 2048: 2043: 2038: 2023: 2013: 2003: 1991: 1980: 1977: 1976: 1974: 1973: 1968: 1963: 1958: 1953: 1948: 1942: 1940: 1934: 1933: 1931: 1930: 1925: 1920: 1918:Winding number 1915: 1910: 1904: 1902: 1898: 1897: 1895: 1894: 1889: 1884: 1879: 1874: 1869: 1864: 1859: 1858: 1857: 1852: 1850:homotopy group 1842: 1841: 1840: 1835: 1830: 1825: 1820: 1810: 1805: 1800: 1790: 1788: 1784: 1783: 1776: 1774: 1772: 1771: 1766: 1761: 1760: 1759: 1749: 1748: 1747: 1737: 1732: 1727: 1722: 1717: 1711: 1709: 1705: 1704: 1697: 1696: 1689: 1682: 1674: 1666: 1665: 1608: 1573: 1536:(3): 837–866. 1518: 1506: 1477:(2): 243–253. 1459: 1430:(3): 241–266. 1409: 1382:(1): 401–421. 1363: 1362: 1360: 1357: 1356: 1355: 1348: 1334: 1330: 1318: 1315: 1313:Lindelöf space 1305: 1300: 1297: 1284: 1281: 1278: 1275: 1272: 1252: 1232: 1212: 1192: 1170: 1166: 1145: 1125: 1105: 1090: 1076: 1072: 1061: 1042: 1039: 1034: 1028: 1022: 1019: 1014: 1008: 1002: 982: 952: 946: 940: 935: 929: 906: 884: 878: 847: 841: 835: 830: 824: 801: 779: 773: 744: 724: 712: 709: 693: 665: 659: 648:. A subset of 637: 634: 631: 611: 606: 602: 598: 575: 569: 564: 561: 538: 532: 510: 490: 470: 467: 464: 461: 458: 455: 452: 449: 446: 426: 421: 417: 413: 390: 384: 379: 376: 373: 370: 347: 341: 324: 321: 319: 316: 306: 303: 279: 276: 274:-compactness. 263: 239: 236: 223: 220: 215: 209: 203: 200: 195: 189: 183: 163: 160: 155: 149: 143: 138: 132: 126: 121: 115: 109: 104: 98: 75: 72: 67: 61: 55: 50: 44: 18:Hurewicz space 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2096: 2085: 2082: 2080: 2077: 2076: 2074: 2059: 2051: 2047: 2044: 2042: 2039: 2037: 2034: 2033: 2032: 2024: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2002: 1997: 1992: 1990: 1982: 1981: 1978: 1972: 1969: 1967: 1964: 1962: 1959: 1957: 1954: 1952: 1949: 1947: 1944: 1943: 1941: 1939: 1935: 1929: 1928:Orientability 1926: 1924: 1921: 1919: 1916: 1914: 1911: 1909: 1906: 1905: 1903: 1899: 1893: 1890: 1888: 1885: 1883: 1880: 1878: 1875: 1873: 1870: 1868: 1865: 1863: 1860: 1856: 1853: 1851: 1848: 1847: 1846: 1843: 1839: 1836: 1834: 1831: 1829: 1826: 1824: 1821: 1819: 1816: 1815: 1814: 1811: 1809: 1806: 1804: 1801: 1799: 1795: 1792: 1791: 1789: 1785: 1780: 1770: 1767: 1765: 1764:Set-theoretic 1762: 1758: 1755: 1754: 1753: 1750: 1746: 1743: 1742: 1741: 1738: 1736: 1733: 1731: 1728: 1726: 1725:Combinatorial 1723: 1721: 1718: 1716: 1713: 1712: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1695: 1690: 1688: 1683: 1681: 1676: 1675: 1672: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1636: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1612: 1603: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1589: 1584: 1577: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1544: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1530: 1522: 1516: 1510: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1485: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1471: 1463: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1438: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1424: 1416: 1414: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1378:(in German). 1377: 1376: 1368: 1364: 1353: 1349: 1332: 1328: 1319: 1316: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1303: 1302: 1296: 1282: 1279: 1276: 1273: 1270: 1250: 1243:-compact set 1230: 1223:, there is a 1210: 1190: 1168: 1164: 1143: 1123: 1103: 1096: 1074: 1070: 1060: 1057: 1054: 1040: 1037: 1032: 1020: 1017: 1012: 1000: 980: 971: 970: 966: 950: 938: 933: 904: 882: 865: 861: 845: 833: 828: 799: 777: 760: 756: 742: 722: 708: 707:is Hurewicz. 706: 635: 632: 629: 609: 604: 600: 596: 562: 559: 508: 488: 465: 459: 456: 450: 444: 424: 419: 415: 411: 377: 374: 371: 368: 330: 315: 312: 302: 300: 296: 291: 289: 285: 275: 261: 253: 249: 245: 235: 221: 218: 213: 201: 198: 193: 181: 161: 158: 153: 141: 136: 124: 119: 107: 102: 73: 70: 65: 53: 48: 31: 30:σ-compactness 27: 23: 19: 2058:Publications 1923:Chern number 1913:Betti number 1796: / 1787:Key concepts 1735:Differential 1625: 1621: 1611: 1592: 1586: 1576: 1543:math/0507043 1533: 1527: 1521: 1509: 1484:math/0001051 1474: 1468: 1462: 1437:math/9509211 1427: 1421: 1379: 1373: 1367: 1309:Menger space 1183:subset G of 1092: 1058: 1055: 972: 968: 967: 863: 862: 758: 757: 714: 326: 308: 292: 281: 241: 17: 15: 2021:Wikiversity 1938:Key results 501:. A subset 329:Baire space 2073:Categories 1867:CW complex 1808:Continuity 1798:Closed set 1757:cohomology 1359:References 1299:Properties 589:such that 297:(see also 2046:geometric 2041:algebraic 1892:Cobordism 1828:Hausdorff 1823:connected 1740:Geometric 1730:Continuum 1720:Algebraic 1652:0022-4812 1635:1401.2283 1595:: 31–62. 1560:1435-9855 1404:119867793 1396:0025-5874 1333:σ 1280:⊂ 1274:⊂ 1231:σ 1169:δ 1075:δ 1041:… 1021:⋃ 1001:⋃ 939:⊂ 864:2nd round 834:⊂ 759:1st round 633:∈ 605:∗ 601:≤ 563:∈ 457:≤ 420:∗ 416:≤ 378:∈ 288:Scheepers 262:σ 242:In 1926, 222:… 202:⋃ 182:⋃ 162:… 142:⊂ 108:⊂ 74:… 2084:Topology 2011:Wikibook 1989:Category 1877:Manifold 1845:Homotopy 1803:Interior 1794:Open set 1752:Homology 1701:Topology 1660:15867466 1568:13902742 1501:14343145 1454:14946860 1156:, and a 404:, write 2036:general 1838:uniform 1818:compact 1769:Digital 1347:subsets 238:History 2031:Topics 1833:metric 1708:Fields 1658:  1650:  1566:  1558:  1499:  1452:  1402:  1394:  299:Tsaban 295:Shelah 1813:Space 1656:S2CID 1630:arXiv 1564:S2CID 1538:arXiv 1497:S2CID 1479:arXiv 1450:S2CID 1432:arXiv 1400:S2CID 1263:with 20:is a 1648:ISSN 1556:ISSN 1392:ISSN 969:etc. 715:Let 1640:doi 1597:doi 1548:doi 1489:doi 1475:116 1442:doi 1384:doi 897:of 792:of 521:of 437:if 311:ZFC 284:ZFC 2075:: 1654:. 1646:. 1638:. 1626:80 1624:. 1620:. 1593:69 1591:. 1585:. 1562:. 1554:. 1546:. 1534:10 1532:. 1495:. 1487:. 1473:. 1448:. 1440:. 1428:73 1426:. 1412:^ 1398:. 1390:. 1380:24 1295:. 1093:A 965:. 860:. 234:. 1693:e 1686:t 1679:v 1662:. 1642:: 1632:: 1605:. 1599:: 1570:. 1550:: 1540:: 1503:. 1491:: 1481:: 1456:. 1444:: 1434:: 1406:. 1386:: 1329:F 1283:G 1277:Y 1271:X 1251:Y 1211:X 1191:C 1165:G 1144:X 1124:C 1104:X 1071:G 1038:, 1033:2 1027:F 1018:, 1013:1 1007:F 981:X 951:2 945:U 934:2 928:F 905:X 883:2 877:U 846:1 840:U 829:1 823:F 800:X 778:1 772:U 743:X 723:X 692:b 664:N 658:N 636:A 630:f 610:g 597:f 574:N 568:N 560:g 537:N 531:N 509:A 489:n 469:) 466:n 463:( 460:g 454:) 451:n 448:( 445:f 425:g 412:f 389:N 383:N 375:g 372:, 369:f 346:N 340:N 219:, 214:2 208:F 199:, 194:1 188:F 159:, 154:2 148:U 137:2 131:F 125:, 120:1 114:U 103:1 97:F 71:, 66:2 60:U 54:, 49:1 43:U

Index

topological space
selection principle
σ-compactness
Witold Hurewicz
Menger property
Menger's conjecture
ZFC
Scheepers
Shelah
Tsaban
ZFC
Baire space
bounding number b {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {b}}}
Tychonoff space
Menger space
Lindelöf space
Mathias forcing
Mathematische Zeitschrift
doi
10.1007/BF01216792
ISSN
0025-5874
S2CID
119867793


Topology and Its Applications
arXiv
math/9509211
doi

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