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either considering or preparing for drilling using this method. Maryland and
Vermont have permanently banned hydraulic fracturing, and New York and North Carolina have instituted temporary bans. New Jersey currently has a bill before its legislature to extend a 2012 moratorium on hydraulic fracturing that recently expired. Although a hydraulic fracturing moratorium was recently lifted in the United Kingdom, the government is proceeding cautiously because of concerns about earthquakes and the environmental effect of drilling. Hydraulic fracturing is currently banned in France and Bulgaria.
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950:(pressure gradient) of the rock. The fracture gradient is defined as pressure increase per unit of depth relative to density, and is usually measured in pounds per square inch, per foot (psi/ft). The rock cracks, and the fracture fluid permeates the rock extending the crack further, and further, and so on. Fractures are localized as pressure drops off with the rate of frictional loss, which is relative to the distance from the well. Operators typically try to maintain "fracture width", or slow its decline following treatment, by introducing a
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2031:, if it occurs, is most likely to be caused by leakage through the vertical borehole. Contamination of groundwater from the underground hydraulic fracturing process itself (i.e. the fracturing of the shale) is unlikely. However, surface spills of hydraulic fracturing fluids or wastewater may affect groundwater, and emissions to air also have the potential to impact on health. Where potential risks have been identified in the literature, the reported problems are typically a result of operational failure and a poor regulatory environment."
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a formation. Geomechanical analysis, such as understanding a formations material properties, in-situ conditions, and geometries, helps monitoring by providing a better definition of the environment in which the fracture network propagates. The next task is to know the location of proppant within the fracture and the distribution of fracture conductivity. This can be monitored using multiple types of techniques to finally develop a reservoir model than accurately predicts well performance.
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required. Although there are also other methods to extract these resources, such as conventional drilling or horizontal drilling, hydraulic fracturing is one of the key methods making their extraction economically viable. The multi-stage fracturing technique has facilitated the development of shale gas and light tight oil production in the United States and is believed to do so in the other countries with unconventional hydrocarbon resources.
595:. The effect of high pore fluid pressure on the formation process of mineral vein systems is particularly evident in "crack-seal" veins, where the vein material is part of a series of discrete fracturing events, and extra vein material is deposited on each occasion. One example of long-term repeated natural fracturing is in the effects of seismic activity. Stress levels rise and fall episodically, and earthquakes can cause large volumes of
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1096:, and man-made ceramics. The choice of proppant depends on the type of permeability or grain strength needed. In some formations, where the pressure is great enough to crush grains of natural silica sand, higher-strength proppants such as bauxite or ceramics may be used. The most commonly used proppant is silica sand, though proppants of uniform size and shape, such as a ceramic proppant, are believed to be more effective.
1969:, his "international odyssey uncovering a trail of secrets, lies and contamination related to hydraulic fracking". It challenges the gas industry's portrayal of natural gas as a clean and safe alternative to oil as a myth, and that hydraulically fractured wells inevitably leak over time, contaminating water and air, hurting families, and endangering the Earth's climate with the potent greenhouse gas methane.
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979:(low-pressure flexible hoses), and many gauges and meters for flow rate, fluid density, and treating pressure. Chemical additives are typically 0.5% of the total fluid volume. Fracturing equipment operates over a range of pressures and injection rates, and can reach up to 100 megapascals (15,000 psi) and 265 litres per second (9.4 cu ft/s; 133 US bbl/min).
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1998:
researchers, and media outlets have reported difficulty in conducting and reporting the results of studies on hydraulic fracturing due to industry and governmental pressure, and expressed concern over possible censoring of environmental reports. Some have argued there is a need for more research into the environmental and health effects of the technique.
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Hydrofracturing a horizontal
Marcellus well may use 4 to 8 million gallons of water, typically within about 1 week. However, based on experiences in other major U.S. shale gas fields, some Marcellus wells may need to be hydrofractured several times over their productive life (typically five to twenty
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The
European Union has adopted a recommendation for minimum principles for using high-volume hydraulic fracturing. Its regulatory regime requires full disclosure of all additives. In the United States, the Ground Water Protection Council launched FracFocus.org, an online voluntary disclosure database
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Monitoring of microseismic events induced by reservoir stimulation has become a key aspect in evaluation of hydraulic fractures, and their optimization. The main goal of hydraulic fracture monitoring is to completely characterize the induced fracture structure, and distribution of conductivity within
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breakers are sometimes added to the fracturing fluid to deactivate the gelling agents and encourage flowback. Such oxidizers react with and break down the gel, reducing the fluid's viscosity and ensuring that no proppant is pulled from the formation. An enzyme acts as a catalyst for breaking down the
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Water is mixed with sand and chemicals to create hydraulic fracturing fluid. Approximately 40,000 gallons of chemicals are used per fracturing. A typical fracture treatment uses between 3 and 12 additive chemicals. Although there may be unconventional fracturing fluids, typical chemical additives can
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Drilling often plugs up the pore spaces at the wellbore wall, reducing permeability at and near the wellbore. This reduces flow into the borehole from the surrounding rock formation, and partially seals off the borehole from the surrounding rock. Low-volume hydraulic fracturing can be used to restore
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Hydraulic-fracturing equipment used in oil and natural gas fields usually consists of a slurry blender, one or more high-pressure, high-volume fracturing pumps (typically powerful triplex or quintuplex pumps) and a monitoring unit. Associated equipment includes fracturing tanks, one or more units for
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into the injected fluid – a material such as grains of sand, ceramic, or other particulate, thus preventing the fractures from closing when injection is stopped and pressure removed. Consideration of proppant strength and prevention of proppant failure becomes more important at greater
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Beta emitters, including H and C, may be used when it is feasible to use sampling techniques to detect the presence of the radiotracer, or when changes in activity concentration can be used as indicators of the properties of interest in the system. Gamma emitters, such as Sc, La, Mn, Na, Sb, Ir, Tc,
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also known as "PFAS" or "forever chemicals" have been linked to cancer and birth defects. The chemicals used in fracking stay in the environment. Once there those chemicals will eventually break down into PFAS. These chemicals can escape from drilling sites and into the groundwater. PFAS are able to
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Another report done by the
Canadian Medical Journal reported that after researching they identified 55 factors that may cause cancer, including 20 that have been shown to increase the risk of leukemia and lymphoma. The Yale Public Health analysis warns that millions of people living within a mile of
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There have been many protests directed at hydraulic fracturing. For example, ten people were arrested in 2013 during an anti-fracking protest near New
Matamoras, Ohio, after they illegally entered a development zone and latched themselves to drilling equipment. In northwest Pennsylvania, there was a
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to nanodarcy range. Fractures are a conductive path connecting a larger volume of reservoir to the well. So-called "super fracking" creates cracks deeper in the rock formation to release more oil and gas, and increases efficiency. The yield for typical shale bores generally falls off after the first
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near the bottom of the well, and then fracturing fluid is pumped. Then the wireline truck sets a plug in the well to temporarily seal off that section so the next section of the wellbore can be treated. Another stage is pumped, and the process is repeated along the horizontal length of the wellbore.
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technology have made horizontal wellbores much more economical. Horizontal wellbores allow far greater exposure to a formation than conventional vertical wellbores. This is particularly useful in shale formations which do not have sufficient permeability to produce economically with a vertical well.
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that are released during an earthquake event. This allows for motion along the fault plane to be estimated and its location in the Earth's subsurface mapped. Hydraulic fracturing, an increase in formation stress proportional to the net fracturing pressure, as well as an increase in pore pressure due
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A new technique in well-monitoring involves fiber-optic cables outside the casing. Using the fiber optics, temperatures can be measured every foot along the well – even while the wells are being fracked and pumped. By monitoring the temperature of the well, engineers can determine how much hydraulic
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are used to break down the crosslink at the end of a hydraulic fracturing job, since many require a pH buffer system to stay viscous. At the end of the job, the well is commonly flushed with water under pressure (sometimes blended with a friction reducing chemical.) Some (but not all) injected fluid
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When propane is used it is turned into vapor by the high pressure and high temperature. The propane vapor and natural gas both return to the surface and can be collected, making it easier to reuse and/or resale. None of the chemicals used will return to the surface. Only the propane used will return
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The potential environmental effects of hydraulic fracturing include air emissions and climate change, high water consumption, groundwater contamination, land use, risk of earthquakes, noise pollution, and various health effects on humans. Air emissions are primarily methane that escapes from wells,
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A 2012 report prepared for the
European Union Directorate-General for the Environment identified potential risks to humans from air pollution and ground water contamination posed by hydraulic fracturing. This led to a series of recommendations in 2014 to mitigate these concerns. A 2012 guidance for
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implications of hydraulic fracturing activity. A 2013 review on shale gas production in the United States stated, "with increasing numbers of drilling sites, more people are at risk from accidents and exposure to harmful substances used at fractured wells." A 2011 hazard assessment recommended full
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Measurements of the pressure and rate during the growth of a hydraulic fracture, with knowledge of fluid properties and proppant being injected into the well, provides the most common and simplest method of monitoring a hydraulic fracture treatment. This data along with knowledge of the underground
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fracturing was carried out in 1952. Other countries in Europe and
Northern Africa subsequently employed hydraulic fracturing techniques including Norway, Poland, Czechoslovakia (before 1989), Yugoslavia (before 1991), Hungary, Austria, France, Italy, Bulgaria, Romania, Turkey, Tunisia, and Algeria.
497:, and the resulting hazards to public health and the environment. Research has found adverse health effects in populations living near hydraulic fracturing sites, including confirmation of chemical, physical, and psychosocial hazards such as pregnancy and birth outcomes, migraine headaches, chronic
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Examples of human activities that may lead to radionuclide exposure include mining, milling, and processing of radioactive substances; wastewater releases from the hydraulic fracturing of oil and natural gas wells... Mining and hydraulic fracturing, or "fracking", can concentrate levels of uranium
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People obtain drinking water from either surface water, which includes rivers and reservoirs, or groundwater aquifers, accessed by public or private wells. There are already a host of documented instances in which nearby groundwater has been contaminated by fracking activities, requiring residents
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or earthquakes. The magnitude of these events is usually too small to be detected at the surface, although tremors attributed to fluid injection into disposal wells have been large enough to have often been felt by people, and to have caused property damage and possibly injuries. A U.S. Geological
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costs (i.e., those processes that the natural world provides to humanity) has reached over $ 250 million per year in the U.S. Each well pad (in average 10 wells per pad) needs during preparatory and hydraulic fracturing process about 800 to 2,500 days of noisy activity, which affect both residents
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Hydraulic fracturing uses between 1.2 and 3.5 million US gallons (4,500 and 13,200 m) of water per well, with large projects using up to 5 million US gallons (19,000 m). Additional water is used when wells are refractured. An average well requires 3 to 8 million US gallons
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In
December 2016 the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) issued the "Hydraulic Fracturing for Oil and Gas: Impacts from the Hydraulic Fracturing Water Cycle on Drinking Water Resources in the United States (Final Report)." The EPA found scientific evidence that hydraulic fracturing
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published a review of the potential public health impacts of exposures to chemical and radioactive pollutants as a result of shale gas extraction in the UK, based on the examination of literature and data from countries where hydraulic fracturing already occurs. The executive summary of the report
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A large majority of studies indicate that hydraulic fracturing in the United States has had a strong positive economic benefit so far. The
Brookings Institution estimates that the benefits of Shale Gas alone has led to a net economic benefit of $ 48 billion per year. Most of this benefit is within
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The wellbore for the sliding sleeve technique is different in that the sliding sleeves are included at set spacings in the steel casing at the time it is set in place. The sliding sleeves are usually all closed at this time. When the well is due to be fractured, the bottom sliding sleeve is opened
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A distinction can be made between conventional, low-volume hydraulic fracturing, used to stimulate high-permeability reservoirs for a single well, and unconventional, high-volume hydraulic fracturing, used in the completion of tight gas and shale gas wells. High-volume hydraulic fracturing usually
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Hydraulic fracturing began as an experiment in 1947, and the first commercially successful application followed in 1949. As of 2012, 2.5 million "frac jobs" had been performed worldwide on oil and gas wells, over one million of those within the U.S. Such treatment is generally necessary to achieve
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Research suggests that hydraulic fracturing wells have an adverse effect on agricultural productivity in the vicinity of the wells. One paper found "that productivity of an irrigated crop decreases by 5.7% when a well is drilled during the agriculturally active months within 11–20 km radius of a
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The primary benefit of hydraulic fracturing is to offset imports of natural gas and oil, where the cost paid to producers otherwise exits the domestic economy. However, shale oil and gas is highly subsidised in the US, and has not yet covered production costs – meaning that the cost of hydraulic
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are selected to have the readily detectable radiation, appropriate chemical properties, and a half life and toxicity level that will minimize initial and residual contamination. Radioactive isotopes chemically bonded to glass (sand) and/or resin beads may also be injected to track fractures. For
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Despite these health concerns and efforts to institute a moratorium on fracking until its environmental and health effects are better understood, the United States continues to rely heavily on fossil fuel energy. In 2017, 37% of annual U.S. energy consumption is derived from petroleum, 29% from
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Hydraulic fracturing is currently taking place in the United States in
Arkansas, California, Colorado, Louisiana, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia, and Wyoming. Other states, such as Alabama, Indiana, Michigan, Mississippi, New Jersey, New York, and Ohio, are
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During the process, fracturing fluid leakoff (loss of fracturing fluid from the fracture channel into the surrounding permeable rock) occurs. If not controlled, it can exceed 70% of the injected volume. This may result in formation matrix damage, adverse formation fluid interaction, and altered
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for surface installations. This is equivalent of six Yellowstone National Parks. Well pad and supporting structure construction significantly fragments landscapes which likely has negative effects on wildlife. These sites need to be remediated after wells are exhausted. Research indicates that
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In contrast with large-scale hydraulic fracturing used in low-permeability formations, small hydraulic fracturing treatments are commonly used in high-permeability formations to remedy "skin damage", a low-permeability zone that sometimes forms at the rock-borehole interface. In such cases the
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was injected into the gas-producing limestone formation at 2,400 feet (730 m). The experiment was not very successful as the deliverability of the well did not change appreciably. The process was further described by J.B. Clark of Stanolind in his paper published in 1948. A patent on this
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show a correlation between drilling activity and the number of occupational injuries related to drilling and motor vehicle accidents, explosions, falls, and fires. Extraction workers are also at risk for developing pulmonary diseases, including lung cancer and silicosis (the latter because of
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to 47 trillion cubic metres (1,700 trillion cubic feet). As a rule, formations of these resources have lower permeability than conventional gas formations. Therefore, depending on the geological characteristics of the formation, specific technologies such as hydraulic fracturing are
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The fracturing fluid varies depending on fracturing type desired, and the conditions of specific wells being fractured, and water characteristics. The fluid can be gel, foam, or slickwater-based. Fluid choices are tradeoffs: more viscous fluids, such as gels, are better at keeping proppant in
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are sometimes caused by the deep-injection disposal of hydraulic fracturing flowback (a byproduct of hydraulically fractured wells), and produced formation brine (a byproduct of both fractured and non-fractured oil and gas wells). For these reasons, hydraulic fracturing is under international
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PADEP Determination Letter No. 970. Diminution of Snow Shoe Borough Authority Water Well No. 2; primary water source for about 1,000 homes and businesses in and around the borough; contested by Range Resources. Determination Letter acquired by the Scranton Times-Tribune via Right-To-Know Law
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Typically the funding source of the research studies is a focal point of controversy. Concerns have been raised about research funded by foundations and corporations, or by environmental groups, which can at times lead to at least the appearance of unreliable studies. Several organizations,
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Countries using or considering use of hydraulic fracturing have implemented different regulations, including developing federal and regional legislation, and local zoning limitations. In 2011, after public pressure France became the first nation to ban hydraulic fracturing, based on the
2374:. In China, regulation on shale gas still faces hurdles, as it has complex interrelations with other regulatory regimes, especially trade. Many states in Australia have either permanently or temporarily banned fracturing for hydrocarbons. In 2019, hydraulic fracturing was banned in UK.
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producing township. This effect becomes smaller and weaker as the distance between township and wells increases." The findings imply that the introduction of hydraulic fracturing wells to Alberta cost the province $ 14.8 million in 2014 due to the decline in the crop productivity,
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beds. Hydraulic fracturing enables the extraction of natural gas and oil from rock formations deep below the earth's surface (generally 2,000–6,000 m (5,000–20,000 ft)), which is greatly below typical groundwater reservoir levels. At such depth, there may be insufficient
8508:"LOI n° 2011-835 du 13 juillet 2011 visant à interdire l'exploration et l'exploitation des mines d'hydrocarbures liquides ou gazeux par fracturation hydraulique et à abroger les permis exclusifs de recherches comportant des projets ayant recours à cette technique (1) - Légifrance"
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professionals with expertise on how to assuage populations of target countries whose citizens were often quite hostile to fracking on their lands. The US government project succeeded as many countries on several continents acceded to the idea of granting concessions for fracking;
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of north Texas. In 1998, the new technique proved to be successful when the first 90 days gas production from the well called S.H. Griffin No. 3 exceeded production of any of the company's previous wells. This new completion technique made gas extraction widely economical in the
8672:
Farah, Paolo Davide; Tremolada, Riccardo (2015). "Regulation and Prospects of the Shale Gas Market in China in Light of International Trade, Energy Law, Production-Sharing Agreements, Environmental Protection and Sustainable Development: A Comparison with the US Experience".
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hydraulic fracturing treatments to the wellbores. Horizontal wells proved much more effective than vertical wells in producing oil from tight chalk; sedimentary beds are usually nearly horizontal, so horizontal wells have much larger contact areas with the target formation.
812:, and in other hard rock formations of the western US. Other tight sandstone wells in the US made economically viable by massive hydraulic fracturing were in the Clinton-Medina Sandstone (Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New York), and Cotton Valley Sandstone (Texas and Louisiana).
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Allen, David T.; Torres, Vincent N.; Thomas, James; Sullivan, David W.; Harrison, Matthew; Hendler, Al; Herndon, Scott C.; Kolb, Charles E.; Fraser, Matthew P.; Hill, A. Daniel; Lamb, Brian K.; Miskimins, Jennifer; Sawyer, Robert F.; Seinfeld, John H. (16 September 2013).
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Such wells, when drilled onshore, are now usually hydraulically fractured in a number of stages, especially in North America. The type of wellbore completion is used to determine how many times a formation is fractured, and at what locations along the horizontal section.
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I, Ag, Ar and Xe are used extensively because of the ease with which they can be identified and measured. ... In order to aid the detection of any spillage of solutions of the 'soft' beta emitters, they are sometimes spiked with a short half-life gamma emitter such as Br
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or reservoir pressure to allow natural gas and oil to flow from the rock into the wellbore at high economic return. Thus, creating conductive fractures in the rock is instrumental in extraction from naturally impermeable shale reservoirs. Permeability is measured in the
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is recovered. This fluid is managed by several methods, including underground injection control, treatment, discharge, recycling, and temporary storage in pits or containers. New technology is continually developing to better handle waste water and improve re-usability.
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stated: "An assessment of the currently available evidence indicates that the potential risks to public health from exposure to the emissions associated with shale gas extraction will be low if the operations are properly run and regulated. Most evidence suggests that
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PADEP Determination Letter No. 352 Determination Letter acquired by the Scranton Times-Tribune via Right-To-Know Law request. Order: Atlas Miller 42 and 43 gas wells; Aug 2007 investigation; supplied temporary buffalo for two springs, ordered to permanently replace
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Microseismic events are often used to map the horizontal and vertical extent of the fracturing. A better understanding of the geology of the area being fracked and used for injection wells can be helpful in mitigating the potential for significant seismic events.
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The Times reviewed more than 30,000 pages of documents obtained through open records requests of state and federal agencies and by visiting various regional offices that oversee drilling in Pennsylvania. Some of the documents were leaked by state or federal
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In 2012, Vermont became the first state in the United States to ban hydraulic fracturing. On 17 December 2014, New York became the second state to issue a complete ban on any hydraulic fracturing due to potential risks to human health and the environment.
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These completion techniques may allow for more than 30 stages to be pumped into the horizontal section of a single well if required, which is far more than would typically be pumped into a vertical well that had far fewer feet of producing zone exposed.
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example, plastic pellets coated with 10 GBq of Ag-110mm may be added to the proppant, or sand may be labelled with Ir-192, so that the proppant's progress can be monitored. Radiotracers such as Tc-99m and I-131 are also used to measure flow rates. The
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using one of several activation techniques and the first stage gets pumped. Once finished, the next sleeve is opened, concurrently isolating the previous stage, and the process repeats. For the sliding sleeve method, wireline is usually not required.
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shales are drilled horizontally through the producing intervals, completed and fractured. The method by which the fractures are placed along the wellbore is most commonly achieved by one of two methods, known as "plug and perf" and "sliding sleeve".
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For slickwater fluids the use of sweeps is common. Sweeps are temporary reductions in the proppant concentration, which help ensure that the well is not overwhelmed with proppant. As the fracturing process proceeds, viscosity-reducing agents such as
934:(EPA), hydraulic fracturing is a process to stimulate a natural gas, oil, or geothermal well to maximize extraction. The EPA defines the broader process to include acquisition of source water, well construction, well stimulation, and waste disposal.
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More than a quarter-century of efforts by some lawmakers and regulators to force the federal government to police the industry better have been thwarted, as E.P.A. studies have been repeatedly narrowed in scope and important findings have been
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The Energy Information Administration of the US Department of Energy estimates that 45% of US gas supply will come from shale gas by 2035 (with the vast majority of this replacing conventional gas, which has a lower greenhouse-gas footprint).
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In our work to oppose fracking, the Park Foundation has simply helped to fuel an army of courageous individuals and NGOs,' or non-governmental organizations, said Adelaide Park Gomer, foundation president and Park heir, in a speech late last
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in North Dakota. In contrast, a vertical well only accesses the thickness of the rock layer, typically 50–300 feet (15–91 m). Horizontal drilling reduces surface disruptions as fewer wells are required to access the same volume of rock.
1762:, employees trained in the Middle East have been valuable to Range Resources in Pennsylvania, when dealing with emotionally charged township meetings and advising townships on zoning and local ordinances dealing with hydraulic fracturing.
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have lifted their bans, choosing to focus on regulation instead of outright prohibition. Germany has announced draft regulations that would allow using hydraulic fracturing for the exploitation of shale gas deposits with the exception of
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pediatric nurses in the US said that hydraulic fracturing had a potential negative impact on public health and that pediatric nurses should be prepared to gather information on such topics so as to advocate for improved community health.
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Additionally, the extraction workforce is at increased risk for radiation exposure. Fracking activities often require drilling into rock that contains naturally occurring radioactive material (NORM), such as radon, thorium, and uranium.
1667:, the remaining technically recoverable resources of shale gas are estimated to amount to 208 trillion cubic metres (7,300 trillion cubic feet), tight gas to 76 trillion cubic metres (2,700 trillion cubic feet), and
9735:
Rabinowitz, Peter M.; Rabinowitz, Ilya B.; Slizovskiy, Vanessa; Lamers, Sally J.; Trufan, Theodore R.; Holford, James D.; Dziura, Peter N.; Peduzzi, Michael J.; Kane, John S.; Reif, John; Weiss, Theresa R.; Stowe1, Meredith H. (2014).
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The main purposes of fracturing fluid are to extend fractures, add lubrication, change gel strength, and to carry proppant into the formation. There are two methods of transporting proppant in the fluid – high-rate and
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Fracturing as a method to stimulate shallow, hard rock oil wells dates back to the 1860s. Dynamite or nitroglycerin detonations were used to increase oil and natural gas production from petroleum bearing formations. On 24 April 1865,
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During much of the fracking boom, the US economy grew and emissions declined. One study found that between 2005 and 2012, fracking created 725,000 jobs. That's largely due to natural gas from fracking displacing coal in electricity
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involves wellbores with a terminal drillhole completed as a "lateral" that extends parallel with the rock layer containing the substance to be extracted. For example, laterals extend 1,500 to 5,000 feet (460 to 1,520 m) in the
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In 2022 the USA experienced a fracking boom, when the war in Ukraine led to a massive increase in approval of new drillings. Planned drillings will release 140 billion tons of carbon, 4 times more that the annual global emissions.
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salts – are known to crosslink guar-based gels. The crosslinking mechanism is not reversible, so once the proppant is pumped down along with cross-linked gel, the fracturing part is done. The gels are broken down with appropriate
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The shale-drilling frenzy in the Permian has enabled the United States not only to reduce crude-oil imports, but even to become a major exporter New technologies for drilling and hydraulic fracturing helped bring the break-even
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suggested that Russia saw its natural gas exports to Europe as a key element of its geopolitical influence, and that this market would diminish if hydraulic fracturing is adopted in Eastern Europe, as it opens up significant
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solution). These gels have higher viscosity at pH 9 onwards and are used to carry proppant. After the fracturing job, the pH is reduced to 3–4 so that the cross-links are broken, and the gel is less viscous and can be pumped
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suspension; while less-viscous and lower-friction fluids, such as slickwater, allow fluid to be pumped at higher rates, to create fractures farther out from the wellbore. Important material properties of the fluid include
434:, has dramatically increased. Increased oil and gas production from the decade-long fracking boom has led to lower prices for consumers, with near-record lows of the share of household income going to energy expenditures.
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publishes guidelines which list a wide range of radioactive materials in solid, liquid and gaseous forms that may be used as tracers and limit the amount that may be used per injection and per well of each radionuclide.
7555:. Conceptual model development using a generic Features, Events, and Processes (FEP) database for assessing the potential impact of hydraulic fracturing on groundwater aquifers, Advances in Geosciences, v.45, p185-192.
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Laubach, S. E.; Reed, R. M.; Olson, J. E.; Lander, R. H.; Bonnell, L. M. (2004). "Coevolution of crack-seal texture and fracture porosity in sedimentary rocks: cathodoluminescence observations of regional fractures".
1976:. The film covers the politics, spiritual, scientific, medical and professional points of view on hydraulic fracturing. It also digs into the way the gas industry portrays hydraulic fracturing in their advertising.
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is improved by sensors placed in multiple azimuths from the monitored borehole. In a downhole array location, accuracy of events is improved by being close to the monitored borehole (high signal-to-noise ratio).
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process was issued in 1949 and an exclusive license was granted to the Halliburton Oil Well Cementing Company. On 17 March 1949, Halliburton performed the first two commercial hydraulic fracturing treatments in
9883:
1434:
Different methods have different location errors and advantages. Accuracy of microseismic event mapping is dependent on the signal-to-noise ratio and the distribution of sensors. Accuracy of events located by
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Since the late 1970s, hydraulic fracturing has been used, in some cases, to increase the yield of drinking water from wells in a number of countries, including the United States, Australia, and South Africa.
7257:
Li, Longxiang; Dominici, Francesca; Blomberg, Annelise J.; Bargagli-Stoffi, Falco J.; Schwartz, Joel D.; Coull, Brent A.; Spengler, John D.; Wei, Yaguang; Lawrence, Joy; Koutrakis, Petros (27 January 2022).
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The location of one or more fractures along the length of the borehole is strictly controlled by various methods that create or seal holes in the side of the wellbore. Hydraulic fracturing is performed in
9643:(Report). U. S. Geological Survey, Arkansas Water Science Center Arkansas Water Resources Center, American Water Resources Association, Arkansas State Section Fayetteville Shale Symposium 2012. p. 12
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Two alternatives to transport the proppant can be used, either a high viscosity fluid or a high flow rate. The first one generates large fractures while the second one causes small micro fractures in the
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924:
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Survey reported that up to 7.9 million people in several states have a similar earthquake risk to that of California, with hydraulic fracturing and similar practices being a prime contributing factor.
789:, US in 1968. The definition of massive hydraulic fracturing varies, but generally refers to treatments injecting over 150 short tons, or approximately 300,000 pounds (136 metric tonnes), of proppant.
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the consumer and industrial sectors due to the significantly reduced prices for natural gas. Other studies have suggested that the economic benefits are outweighed by the externalities and that the
9717:"Are Fracking Wastewater Wells Poisoning the Ground beneath Our Feet? Leaking injection wells may pose a risk – and the science has not kept pace with the growing glut of wastewater"
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and discharge, self-contained systems at well sites or fields, and recycling to fracture future wells. Typically less than half of the produced water used to fracture the formation is recovered.
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and local wildlife. In addition, noise is created by continuous truck traffic (sand, etc.) needed in hydraulic fracturing. Research is underway to determine if human health has been affected by
2063:) identified exposure to airborne silica as a health hazard to workers conducting some hydraulic fracturing operations. NIOSH and OSHA issued a joint hazard alert on this topic in June 2012.
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In 2014 a number of European officials suggested that several major European protests against hydraulic fracturing (with mixed success in Lithuania and Ukraine) may be partially sponsored by
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development (UOGD) -- which involves extraction methods including fracking—are at greater risk of experiencing early death compared with elderly persons who don't live near such operations.
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Hydraulic fracturing is used to increase the rate at which substances such as petroleum or natural gas can be recovered from subterranean natural reservoirs. Reservoirs are typically porous
853:
Hydraulic fracturing of shales goes back at least to 1965, when some operators in the Big Sandy gas field of eastern Kentucky and southern West Virginia started hydraulically fracturing the
9827:
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depths where pressure and stresses on fractures are higher. The propped fracture is permeable enough to allow the flow of gas, oil, salt water and hydraulic fracturing fluids to the well.
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Hydraulic fracturing operations have grown exponentially since the mid-1990s, when technologic advances and increases in the price of natural gas made this technique economically viable.
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scrutiny, restricted in some countries, and banned altogether in others. The European Union is drafting regulations that would permit the controlled application of hydraulic fracturing.
2829:... hydraulic fracturing techniques spurred a historic U.S. production boom during the decade that has driven down consumer prices, buoyed the national economy and reshaped geopolitics.
2090:
1794:
show that, as part of this project, U.S. officials convened conferences for foreign government officials that featured presentations by major oil and gas company representatives and by
7806:
Taherdangkoo, Reza; Tatomir, Alexandru; Anighoro, Tega; Sauter, Martin (February 2019). "Modeling fate and transport of hydraulic fracturing fluid in the presence of abandoned wells".
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and air can be injected. Typically, 90% of the fluid is water and 9.5% is sand with chemical additives accounting to about 0.5%. However, fracturing fluids have been developed using
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was in progress during mid-2013. The considerable opposition against hydraulic fracturing activities in local townships in the United States has led companies to adopt a variety of
6923:
Kibble, A.; Cabianca, T.; Daraktchieva, Z.; Gooding, T.; Smithard, J.; Kowalczyk, G.; McColl, N. P.; Singh, M.; Mitchem, L.; Lamb, P.; Vardoulakis, S.; Kamanyire, R. (June 2014).
3141:"A Systematic Review of the Epidemiologic Literature Assessing Health Outcomes in Populations Living near Oil and Natural Gas Operations: Study Quality and Future Recommendations"
2365:. Some other countries such as Scotland have placed a temporary moratorium on the practice due to public health concerns and strong public opposition. Countries like England and
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1155:
and other friction reducers decrease turbulence in fluid flow and pipe friction, thus allowing the pumps to pump at a higher rate without having greater pressure on the surface.
1500:
The wellbore for a plug-and-perf job is generally composed of standard steel casing, cemented or uncemented, set in the drilled hole. Once the drilling rig has been removed, a
508:
associated with hydraulic fracturing is uncertain, and there is some evidence that leakage may cancel out any greenhouse gas emissions benefit of natural gas relative to other
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4881:
988:
requires higher pressures than low-volume fracturing; the higher pressures are needed to push out larger volumes of fluid and proppant that extend farther from the borehole.
8992:
McKenzie, Lisa; Witter, Roxana; Newman, Lee; Adgate, John (2012). "Human health risk assessment of air emissions from development of unconventional natural gas resources".
3535:"Commission recommendation on minimum principles for the exploration and production of hydrocarbons (such as shale gas) using high-volume hydraulic fracturing (2014/70/EU)"
1387:
fracturing fluid different parts of the well use as well as how much natural gas or oil they collect, during hydraulic fracturing operation and when the well is producing.
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into a wellbore at a rate sufficient to increase pressure at the target depth (determined by the location of the well casing perforations), to exceed that of the fracture
865:
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of the material. Fractures formed in this way are generally oriented in a plane perpendicular to the minimum principal stress, and for this reason, hydraulic fractures in
1834:
reserves in the region. Russian officials have on numerous occasions made public statements to the effect that hydraulic fracturing "poses a huge environmental problem".
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9144:
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aired advertisements during 2011 and 2012 that claimed to describe the economic and environmental benefits of natural gas and argue that hydraulic fracturing was safe.
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can be used to determine the orientation of stresses. In natural examples, such as dikes or vein-filled fractures, the orientations can be used to infer past states of
1774:
that had been placed where a pipeline was to be constructed, which local authorities said would have caused a "catastrophe" had they not discovered and detonated it.
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in a nearby wellbore. By mapping the location of any small seismic events associated with the growing fracture, the approximate geometry of the fracture is inferred.
9953:
Hydraulic Fracturing Distributions and Treatment Fluids, Additives, Proppants, and Water Volumes Applied to Wells Drilled in the United States from 1947 through 2010
5882:"Fracking Has a Bad Rep, but Its Tech Is Powering a Clean Energy Shift Texas start-ups are harnessing know-how born of the shale boom in pursuit of a greener future"
2307:
In July 2013, the US Federal Railroad Administration listed oil contamination by hydraulic fracturing chemicals as "a possible cause" of corrosion in oil tank cars.
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4144:
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Support to the identification of potential risks for the environment and human health arising from hydrocarbons operations involving hydraulic fracturing in Europe
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was drilled in 1991, but was not widely done in the Barnett until it was demonstrated that gas could be economically extracted from vertical wells in the Barnett.
883:), applied the slickwater fracturing technique, using more water and higher pump pressure than previous fracturing techniques, which was used in East Texas in the
673:. Later still the same method was applied to water and gas wells. Stimulation of wells with acid, instead of explosive fluids, was introduced in the 1930s. Due to
8440:
3407:
223:
7165:
Lauver LS (August 2012). "Environmental health advocacy: an overview of natural gas drilling in northeast Pennsylvania and implications for pediatric nursing".
6251:
10834:
9546:
9224:
6297:
5995:
Phillips. K. (2012). What is the True Cost of Hydraulic Fracturing? Incorporating Negative Externalities into the Cost of America's Latest Energy Alternative.
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2904:
501:, severe fatigue, asthma exacerbations and psychological stress. Adherence to regulation and safety procedures are required to avoid further negative impacts.
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8354:
Roberts JS Testimony of J.Scott Roberts, Deputy Secretary for Mineral Resources Management, Department of Environmental Protection (Pennsylvania) 20 May 2010.
5203:"Consolidated Guidance About Materials Licenses: Program-Specific Guidance About Well Logging, Tracer, and Field Flood Study Licenses (NUREG-1556, Volume 14)"
6431:
3288:
Costa, D; Jesus, J; Branco, D; Danko, A; Fiúza, A (June 2017). "Extensive review of shale gas environmental impacts from scientific literature (2010-2015)".
2060:
205:
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found that "additional well pads drilled within 1 kilometer of a community water system intake increases shale gas-related contaminants in drinking water."
1892:(COGCC) offered to be interviewed as part of the film if he could review what was included from the interview in the final film but Fox declined the offer.
5266:"Stress Control of seismicity patterns observed during hydraulic fracturing experiments at the Fenton Hill hot dry rock geothermal energy site, New Mexico"
1986:
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4646:
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C.R. Fast, G.B. Holman, and R. J. Covlin, "The application of massive hydraulic fracturing to the tight Muddy 'J' Formation, Wattenberg Field, Colorado",
11679:
7579:"Hydraulic Fracturing for Oil and Gas: Impacts from the Hydraulic Fracturing Water Cycle on Drinking Water Resources in the United States (Final Report)"
6272:
2268:). The possibility of groundwater contamination from brine and fracturing fluid leakage through old abandoned wells is low. Produced water is managed by
741:. Since then, hydraulic fracturing has been used to stimulate approximately one million oil and gas wells in various geologic regimes with good success.
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along with industrial emissions from equipment used in the extraction process. Modern UK and EU regulation requires zero emissions of methane, a potent
555:
due to the weight of the overlying rock strata and the cementation of the formation. This suppression process is particularly significant in "tensile" (
9934:"The Alarming Research Behind New York's Fracking Ban – an analysis of the findings in Governor Andrew Cuomo's 184-page review of hydraulic fracturing"
9299:"Natural gas cracked out of shale deposits may mean the U.S. has a stable supply for a century – but at what cost to the environment and human health?"
4990:
2473:
Hydraulic Fracturing for Oil and Gas: Impacts from the Hydraulic Fracturing Water Cycle on Drinking Water Resources in the United States (Final Report)
2047:
A 2022 study conduced by Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and published in Nature Energy found that elderly people living near or downwind of
792:
American geologists gradually became aware that there were huge volumes of gas-saturated sandstones with permeability too low (generally less than 0.1
6356:"How Hillary Clinton's State Department Sold Fracking to the World: A Trove of Secret Documents Details the US Government's Global Push for Shale Gas"
2019:
disclosure of chemicals used for hydraulic fracturing and drilling as many have immediate health effects, and many may have long-term health effects.
1039:. High-viscosity fracturing tends to cause large dominant fractures, while high-rate (slickwater) fracturing causes small spread-out micro-fractures.
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While environmentalists have aggressively lobbied the agency to broaden the scope of the study, industry has lobbied the agency to narrow this focus
6514:
5327:
5311:
Le Calvez, Joel (2007). "Real-time microseismic monitoring of hydraulic fracture treatment: A tool to improve completion and reservoir management".
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9933:
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4004:
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Spills while handling fracking fluids and chemicals that result in large volumes or high concentrations of chemicals reaching groundwater resources
2958:
2304:, and rigorous following of safety procedures and regulation is required to avoid harm and to manage the risk of accidents that could cause harm.
10188:
9866:
9785:
9653:...each well requires between 3 and 7 million gallons of water for hydraulic fracturing and the number of wells is expected to grow in the future
6925:
Review of the Potential Public Health Impacts of Exposures to Chemical and Radioactive Pollutants as a Result of the Shale Gas Extraction Process
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1576:
While the main industrial use of hydraulic fracturing is in stimulating production from oil and gas wells, hydraulic fracturing is also applied:
1399:
monitoring is sometimes used to estimate the size and orientation of induced fractures. Microseismic activity is measured by placing an array of
260:
7130:"EU Commission minimum principles for the exploration and production of hydrocarbons (such as shale gas) using high-volume hydraulic fracturing"
4372:
2378:
for hydraulic fracturing fluids funded by oil and gas trade groups and the U.S. Department of Energy. Hydraulic fracturing is excluded from the
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exposure to silica dust generated from rock drilling and the handling of sand). The U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (
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became a center of opposition to hydraulic fracturing of shale. The movie presented problems with groundwater contamination near well sites in
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The proppant is a granular material that prevents the created fractures from closing after the fracturing treatment. Types of proppant include
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as well as the principle of preventive and corrective action of environmental hazards. The ban was upheld by an October 2013 ruling of the
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activities can impact drinking water resources. A few of the main reasons why drinking water can be contaminated according to the EPA are:
1201:
and other water-soluble gelling agents—increases viscosity of the fracturing fluid to deliver proppant into the formation more efficiently.
474:
9498:
Smith, S. (1 August 2014). "Respirators Are Not Enough: New Study Examines Worker Exposure to Silica in Hydraulic Fracturing Operations".
9047:
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by a pressurized liquid. The process involves the high-pressure injection of "fracking fluid" (primarily water, containing sand or other
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6204:
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storage and handling of proppant, high-pressure treating iron, a chemical additive unit (used to accurately monitor chemical addition),
10774:
10162:
7005:
Centner, Terence J. (September 2013). "Oversight of shale gas production in the United States and the disclosure of toxic substances".
4550:
Penny, Glenn S.; Conway, Michael W.; Lee, Wellington (June 1985). "Control and Modeling of Fluid Leakoff During Hydraulic Fracturing".
4233:
4145:"Awakening the Slumbering Giant: How Horizontal Drilling Technology Brought the Endangered Species Act to Bear on Hydraulic Fracturing"
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and in formation stress combine and affect weaknesses near the hydraulic fracture, like natural fractures, joints, and bedding planes.
1062:
1029:
244:
8217:
6879:
Finkel, M.L.; Hays, J. (October 2013). "The implications of unconventional drilling for natural gas: a global public health concern".
3369:"Quantifying methane emissions from the largest oil producing basin in the U.S. from space - Methane Emissions from the Permian Basin"
2286:
In the United States over 12 million acres are being used for fossil fuels. About 3.6 hectares (8.9 acres) of land is needed per each
9418:"Estrogen and Androgen Receptor Activities of Hydraulic Fracturing Chemicals and Surface and Ground Water in a Drilling-Dense Region"
9267:
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were unusual until the late 1980s. Then, operators in Texas began completing thousands of oil wells by drilling horizontally in the
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natural gas, 14% from coal, and 9% from nuclear sources, with only 11% supplied by renewable energy, such as wind and solar power.
1889:
1766:
drive-by shooting at a well site, in which someone shot two rounds of a small-caliber rifle in the direction of a drilling rig. In
911:
As of 2013, massive hydraulic fracturing is being applied on a commercial scale to shales in the United States, Canada, and China.
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9242:
11141:
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2248:, greater volumes of fracturing fluids are required in Europe, where the shale depths average 1.5 times greater than in the U.S.
1546:
9102:
Colborn, Theo; Kwiatkowski, Carol; Schultz, Kim; Bachran, Mary (2011). "Natural gas operations from public health perspective".
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122:
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1364:
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2215:
Injection of fracking fluids into wells when mishandling machinery, allowing gases or liquids to move to groundwater resources
1049:
10423:
9738:"Proximity to Natural Gas Wells and Reported Health Status: Results of a Household Survey in Washington County, Pennsylvania"
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4038:
3901:"Fracking Legend Harold Hamm – Next Secretary of Energy?", Marcellus Drilling News, 22 June 2016. Retrieved 20 February 2018.
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by Stanolind. For the well treatment, 1,000 US gallons (3,800 L; 830 imp gal) of gelled gasoline (essentially
8417:
796:) to recover the gas economically. Starting in 1973, massive hydraulic fracturing was used in thousands of gas wells in the
437:
Hydraulic fracturing is highly controversial. Its proponents highlight the economic benefits of more extensively accessible
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10388:
9522:
9141:
Marcellus Shale Wastewater Issues in Pennsylvania – Current and Emerging Treatment and Disposal Technologies
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1917:, takes on hydraulic fracturing. The gas industry countered the film's criticisms of hydraulic fracturing with flyers, and
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Water Withdrawals for Development of Marcellus Shale Gas in Pennsylvania. Introduction to Pennsylvania's Water Resources
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along with the fracturing fluid is sometimes used to determine the injection profile and location of created fractures.
925:
Unconventional (oil & gas) reservoir § Essential differences between conventional and unconventional reservoirs
904:
has been called the "father of fracking" because of his role in applying it in shales. The first horizontal well in the
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10922:
8840:
8271:
7909:
5653:
Banks, David; Odling, N. E.; Skarphagen, H.; Rohr-Torp, E. (May 1996). "Permeability and stress in crystalline rocks".
3534:
2965:
2499:
An overview of hydraulic fracturing and other formation stimulation technologies for shale gas production – Update 2015
2409:
2351:
1803:, for example, agreed to permit fracking by the major oil and gas corporations on nearly a third of its territory. The
303:
9298:
8368:
7934:
Moran, Matthew D. (8 January 2015). "Habitat Loss and Modification Due to Gas Development in the Fayetteville Shale".
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Bamber, AM; Hasanali, SH; Nair, AS; Watkins, SM; Vigil, DI; Van Dyke, M; McMullin, TS; Richardson, K (15 June 2019).
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1783:
709:
94:
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8813:
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6307:
3887:"Government Roads, Subsidies, and the Costs of Fracking", Mises Institute, 19 June 2014. Retrieved 20 February 2018.
861:, using relatively small fracs. The frac jobs generally increased production, especially from lower-yielding wells.
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10711:
10408:
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10214:
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3368:
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1807:, an agency of the US government, provided $ 4.7 billion in financing for fracking operations set up since 2010 in
1139:
is used in the pre-fracturing stage for cleaning the perforations and initiating fissure in the near-wellbore rock.
1103:
USGS map of water use from hydraulic fracturing between 2011 and 2014. One cubic meter of water is 264.172 gallons.
191:
8236:
5100:(Report). Committee on Energy and Commerce U.S. House of Representatives. 18 April 2011. p. ?. Archived from
3394:
2959:"Cost and performance baseline for fossil energy plants, Volume 1: Bituminous coal and natural gas to electricity"
868:, which included numerous public-private hydraulic fracturing demonstration projects. During the same period, the
11221:
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9956:
9416:
Kassotis, Christopher D.; Tillitt, Donald E.; Davis, J. Wade; Hormann, Annette M.; Nagel, Susan C. (March 2014).
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2347:
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1767:
1614:
912:
7767:"Numerical investigations of upward migration of fracking fluid along a fault zone during and after stimulation"
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823:
gas-bearing sandstones in Germany, Netherlands (onshore and offshore gas fields), and the United Kingdom in the
11689:
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11126:
10679:
10597:
10524:
10157:
8275:
7985:
Moran, Matthew D (2017). "Land-use and ecosystem services costs of unconventional US oil and gas development".
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5049:
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2424:
2224:
Disposal or storage of fracking wastewater in unlined pits resulting in contamination of groundwater resources.
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1457:
1025:
383:
355:
177:
8474:
7504:"Mapping fine-scale human disturbances in a working landscape with Landsat time series on Google Earth Engine"
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781:
Massive hydraulic fracturing (also known as high-volume hydraulic fracturing) is a technique first applied by
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8720:
6640:
The Hollywood Reporter, Mark Cuban's AXS TV Picks Up Pro-Fracking Documentary 'FrackNation', 17 December 2012
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3971:
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1605:
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1379:
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296:
182:
17:
9638:
Modeling the Effects of Non-Riparian Surface Water Diversions on Flow Conditions in the Little Red Watershed
8721:
Hydraulic Fracturing or 'Fracking': A Short Summary of Current Knowledge and Potential Environmental Impacts
7551:
Tatomir, A., McDermott, C., Bensabat, J., Class, H., Edlmann, K., Taherdangkoo, R., & Sauter, M. (2018)
5366:
4187:
McDermott-Levy, Ruth; Kaktins, Nina; Sattler, Barbara (June 2013). "Fracking, the Environment, and Health".
2201:. Escape of methane is a bigger problem in older wells than in ones built under more recent EU legislation.
1880:, an oil and gas industry lobbying group, called the film's facts into question. In response, a rebuttal of
1786:
established the Global Shale Gas Initiative to persuade governments around the world to give concessions to
11669:
11664:
11201:
11186:
10635:
7721:
7147:
5921:
Williamson, WH (1982), "The use of hydraulic techniques to improve the yield of bores in fractured rocks",
5813:
5629:
4889:
4700:
2040:
6605:
6129:
5728:"Remediation of low permeability subsurface formations by fracturing enhancement of soil vapor extraction"
4813:
4096:
Robert Chancellor, "Mesaverde hydraulic fracture stimulation, northern Piceance Basin – progress report",
3884:
559:) fractures which require the walls of the fracture to move against this pressure. Fracturing occurs when
11793:
11783:
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9216:
8085:
7361:"Mortality from Lung and Kidney Disease in a Cohort of North American Industrial Sand Workers: An Update"
6729:
6521:
2891:
1664:
8525:
5367:"Open hole completion systems enables multi-stage fracturing and stimulation along horizontal wellbores"
5343:
5201:
Jack E. Whitten; Steven R. Courtemanche; Andrea R. Jones; Richard E. Penrod; David B. Fogl (June 2000).
4000:
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2386:
is used. The EPA assures surveillance of the issuance of drilling permits when diesel fuel is employed.
2256:
can be contaminated if the fluid is able to escape the formation being fractured (through, for example,
2185:
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measures to reassure the public, including the employment of former military personnel with training in
11729:
11271:
10872:
10857:
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Ben E. Law and Charles W. Spencer, 1993, "Gas in tight reservoirs-an emerging major source of energy",
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2048:
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geology can be used to model information such as length, width and conductivity of a propped fracture.
7260:"Exposure to unconventional oil and gas development and all-cause mortality in Medicare beneficiaries"
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765:
700:
are each considered to have pioneered hydraulic fracturing innovations toward practical applications.
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fracturing is paid for in income taxes, and in many cases is up to double the cost paid at the pump.
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to leakoff. Tensile stresses are generated ahead of the fracture's tip, generating large amounts of
599:
water to be expelled from fluid-filled fractures. This process is referred to as "seismic pumping".
10015:
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5695:
2593:
2229:
713:
167:
9526:
8475:"Fracking Wars: Federal, State, and Local Conflicts over the Regulation of Natural Gas Activities"
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6658:
2471:
712:. This study was the basis of the first hydraulic fracturing experiment, conducted in 1947 at the
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10568:
10519:
10439:
10324:
10319:
9991:
9879:"Methane contamination of drinking water accompanying gas-well drilling and hydraulic fracturing"
9422:
8934:
8290:"Methane contamination of drinking water accompanying gas-well drilling and hydraulic fracturing"
4585:
3191:
2816:
2584:
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The relationship between well performance and treatment pressures was studied by Floyd Farris of
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4001:
Analysis of Hydraulic Fracturing of High Permeability Gas Wells to Reduce Non-darcy Skin Effects
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2897:
Golden Rules for a Golden Age of Gas. World Energy Outlook Special Report on Unconventional Gas
1735:
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1407:
arrays deployed on the surface or down a well provide another technology for monitoring strain
1253:
968:
869:
782:
470:
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214:
8912:"Regulation of Hydraulic Fracturing in California: A Wastewater and Water Quality Perspective"
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4024:
3808:
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1414:. In earthquake seismology, seismometers scattered on or near the surface of the earth record
615:. In sedimentary rocks with a significant water content, fluid at fracture tip will be steam.
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McDonald, J. C.; McDonald, A. D.; Hughes, J. M.; Rando, R. J.; Weill, H. (22 February 2005).
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oils are slurried to form cross-linked gel. These are one of the first known gelling systems.
9877:
Osborn, Stephen G.; Vengosh, Avner; Warner, Nathaniel R.; Jackson, Robert B. (17 May 2011).
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Molofsky, L. J.; Connor, J. A.; Shahla, K. F.; Wylie, A. S.; Wagner, T. (5 December 2011).
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8301:
8081:
7994:
7943:
7815:
7778:
7518:
7271:
7056:
7014:
6680:
5945:
5739:
5662:
5443:
5277:
4003:, Petroleum Society of Canada, Annual Technical Meeting, 8–10 June 1998, Calgary, Alberta.
3766:
3723:
3297:
2449:
2399:
2280:
2177:
2006:
1717:
1485:
1342:
1078:
738:
717:
611:, such as dikes, propagate in the form of fluid-filled cracks. In such cases, the fluid is
9547:"Policy Memo 97-005 Policy Guidance for Direct Domestic Use of Extremely Impaired Sources"
9278:
8218:"Thanks To Fracking, Earthquake Hazards In Parts Of Oklahoma Now Comparable To California"
4948:"New Waterless Fracking Method Avoids Pollution Problems, But Drillers Slow to Embrace It"
872:, a gas industry research consortium, received approval for research and funding from the
8:
11593:
11538:
11465:
11354:
11166:
11084:
10764:
10630:
10137:
10063:
9203:
7765:
Taherdangkoo, Reza; Tatomir, Alexandru; Taylor, Robert; Sauter, Martin (September 2017).
7107:
5936:
Less, C; Andersen, N (February 1994), "Hydrofracture: state of the art in South Africa",
5780:
5484:
5126:
5026:
3814:
3428:
3395:'Induced seismicity associated with fluid injection into a deep well in Youngstown, Ohio'
3345:
2513:
2414:
2252:
may be contaminated through spillage and improperly built and maintained waste pits, and
1897:
1855:
1481:
1428:
1320:
1178:
991:
830:
650:
592:
466:
347:
172:
148:
9896:
9846:
9435:
9380:
9365:"Measurements of methane emissions at natural gas production sites in the United States"
9115:
9005:
8380:
8305:
7998:
7947:
7819:
7782:
7522:
7275:
7060:
7018:
5949:
5743:
5666:
5447:
5281:
5270:
International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts
5170:
Radiation Protection and the Management of Radioactive Waste in the Oil and Gas Industry
3770:
3727:
3301:
2919:
EMF 26: Changing the Game? Emissions and Market Implications of New Natural Gas Supplies
11767:
11440:
10862:
10472:
10372:
10230:
10142:
10048:
10038:
9984:
9915:
9878:
9858:
9762:
9737:
9696:
9668:
9602:
9577:
9399:
9364:
9345:
9318:
9127:
9035:
8332:
8289:
8252:
8198:
7967:
7839:
7659:
7534:
7479:
7454:
7313:
7300:
7259:
7234:
7201:
7072:
6755:
6185:
5674:
4200:
3782:
3321:
3219:
3167:
3140:
3116:
3089:
3065:
3040:
2726:
2694:
2311:
2237:
1825:
1660:
1656:
1568:
year or two, but the peak producing life of a well can be extended to several decades.
1501:
1489:
1374:
1370:
1016:
901:
697:
576:
541:
379:
239:
157:
10887:
8780:
5540:
5455:
2264:(the returning fluids, which also contain dissolved constituents such as minerals and
628:
591:
systems are a result of repeated natural fracturing during periods of relatively high
11588:
10716:
10691:
10494:
10479:
10068:
10053:
9920:
9767:
9607:
9478:
9461:
Chalupka, S. (October 2012). "Occupational Silica Exposure in Hydraulic Fracturing".
9449:
9404:
9350:
9228:
9027:
8701:
8674:
8376:
8337:
8319:
8202:
8190:
8053:
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7538:
7484:
7390:
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7317:
7305:
7287:
7239:
7221:
7182:
6931:
6896:
6545:
6189:
6177:
6169:
6040:
5860:
5784:
5755:
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5699:
5633:
5604:
5575:
5459:
5293:
5289:
4741:
4704:
4668:
4621:
4282:
4212:
4204:
4034:
3818:
3786:
3686:
3652:
3642:"Stress measurement in salt mines using a special hydraulic fracturing borehole tool"
3613:
3575:
3313:
3261:
3211:
3172:
3121:
3070:
2680:
2638:
2561:
2535:
2525:
2323:
with private wells to obtain outside sources of water for drinking and everyday use.
2292:
1477:
1473:
1436:
1230:
1132:
964:
809:
9862:
9250:
9131:
9039:
9023:
8904:
7971:
7843:
7530:
7076:
7026:
4882:"Freeing Up Energy. Hydraulic Fracturing: Unlocking America's Natural Gas Resources"
3838:
3325:
3223:
2676:
11415:
11136:
10739:
10657:
10575:
10413:
10294:
10078:
10073:
10043:
9910:
9900:
9850:
9757:
9749:
9597:
9589:
9470:
9439:
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9384:
9340:
9332:
9119:
9019:
8327:
8309:
8182:
8002:
7951:
7823:
7786:
7526:
7474:
7466:
7433:
7372:
7341:
7295:
7279:
7229:
7213:
7174:
7064:
7022:
6888:
6788:
6719:
6159:
6030:
6022:
5953:
5747:
5670:
5451:
5335:
5285:
4733:
4579:
Hydraulic Fracturing Considerations for Natural Gas Wells of the Fayetteville Shale
4559:
4279:
The Boom: How Fracking Ignited the American Energy Revolution and Changed the World
4196:
3930:
3774:
3731:
3641:
3376:
3305:
3253:
3203:
3162:
3152:
3111:
3103:
3060:
3052:
2672:
2517:
2273:
1929:
1795:
1751:
1465:
1174:
1099:
1000:
943:
689:
677:, fractures would not close completely resulting in further productivity increase.
674:
658:
633:
568:
564:
560:
556:
524:
359:
343:
9139:
Abdalla, Charles W.; Drohan, Joy R.; Blunk, Kristen Saacke; Edson, Jessie (2014).
7827:
7691:
777:
Well head after all the hydraulic fracturing equipment has been taken off location
11648:
11638:
11380:
11131:
11020:
10946:
10749:
10744:
10674:
10642:
10553:
10269:
10033:
9854:
9507:
9490:
9474:
9123:
8624:
7910:"7 ways oil and gas drilling is bad for the environment | The Wilderness Society"
7791:
7766:
7068:
6610:
6552:
6368:"Obama's Dirty Secret: The Fossil Fuel Projects The US Littered Around The World"
4237:
4126:
4008:
3207:
2925:
2301:
2257:
2209:
Water removal to be used for fracking in times or areas of low water availability
1759:
1705:
1668:
1542:
1238:
1234:
1158:
1142:
1053:
Example of high pressure manifold combining pump flows before injection into well
858:
815:
Massive hydraulic fracturing quickly spread in the late 1970s to western Canada,
608:
528:
505:
486:
387:
140:
127:
7412:"OSHA/NIOSH Hazard Alert: Worker Exposure to Silica During Hydraulic Fracturing"
4737:
515:
11485:
11405:
11395:
11385:
11326:
11301:
11010:
10951:
10882:
10769:
10754:
10563:
10501:
10246:
9884:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
8543:
8364:
7283:
7178:
6892:
6461:
6252:"'We're Dealing with an Insurgency,' says Energy Company Exec of Fracking Foes"
6124:. Annual Meeting of the International Water and Resource Economics Consortium.
6026:
5856:
2444:
2261:
2198:
1981:
1933:
1901:
1188:
1152:
1070:
805:
797:
729:
596:
588:
498:
458:
431:
415:
411:
9796:
Water Resources and Use for Hydraulic Fracturing in the Marcellus Shale Region
8020:
7955:
7858:
6445:
6118:
Fracking and Land Productivity: Effects of Hydraulic Fracturing on Agriculture
3735:
3309:
3192:"High-Volume Hydraulic Fracturing and Human Health Outcomes: A Scoping Review"
1589:
As a means of enhancing waste remediation, usually hydrocarbon waste or spills
11777:
11762:
11755:
11553:
11510:
11475:
11104:
10985:
10958:
10892:
10284:
10028:
9199:"Methane in Pennsylvania Water Wells Unrelated to Marcellus Shale Fracturing"
8705:
8323:
7601:
7386:
7291:
7225:
6173:
6044:
5906:
Waltz, James; Decker, Tim L (1981), "Hydro-fracturing offers many benefits",
5759:
5652:
4837:"The Fracas About Fracking- Low Risk, High Reward, but the EPA is Against it"
4515:
4208:
3778:
2758:
2722:"The 'Monster' Texas Oil Field That Made the U.S. a Star in the World Market"
2539:
2434:
2429:
2297:
2249:
2015:
1469:
1146:
996:
976:
905:
889:
884:
820:
670:
666:
490:
482:
419:
407:
9905:
9389:
8314:
8186:
7377:
7360:
7333:"Fatalities among oil and gas extraction workers – United States, 2003–2006"
4304:"Breakthrough: The Accidental Discovery That Revolutionized American Energy"
1651:
Production costs for unconventional oil and gas continue to outweigh profits
1647:
1453:
11613:
11543:
11435:
11425:
11420:
11410:
11400:
11286:
11266:
11211:
10995:
10963:
10902:
10799:
10701:
10607:
10484:
10418:
10023:
9924:
9771:
9611:
9482:
9453:
9408:
9354:
9031:
8341:
8194:
7963:
7835:
7488:
7411:
7394:
7345:
7332:
7309:
7243:
7186:
6900:
6181:
6060:"Wall Street Tells Frackers to Stop Counting Barrels, Start Making Profits"
5463:
5123:
The Modern Practices of Hydraulic Fracturing: A Focus on Canadian Resources
5079:"Hydraulic fracturing chemical spills on agricultural land need scrutiny".
4216:
3965:
Fact-Based Regulation for Environmental Protection in Shale Gas Development
3860:
3712:
3317:
3246:"Environmental Health Concerns From Unconventional Natural Gas Development"
3215:
3176:
3157:
3125:
3074:
2366:
2253:
1865:
1655:
Hydraulic fracturing has been seen as one of the key methods of extracting
1638:
1564:
1424:
1396:
1168:
897:
880:
834:
801:
749:
654:
646:
637:
509:
438:
136:
7552:
7470:
7217:
6146:
Howarth, Robert W.; Ingraffea, Anthony; Engelder, Terry (September 2011).
5957:
5828:"Geothermal Technologies Program: How an Enhanced Geothermal System Works"
4775:
3934:
1046:) increase viscosity and efficiently deliver proppant into the formation.
11583:
11505:
11455:
11276:
11246:
11191:
11181:
10867:
10546:
10529:
10447:
10309:
10279:
10274:
10099:
10083:
9593:
9444:
9417:
9336:
8901:
The Shale Dilemma: A Global Perspective on Fracking and Shale Development
8441:"Hydrofracking: Disturbances Both Geological and Political: Who Decides?"
7859:
Natural Gas and the Transformation of the U.S. Energy Sector: Electricity
7640:
Buono, Regina; Lopez-Gunn, Elena; McKay, Jennifer; Staddon, Chad (2020).
7502:
Hu, Tongxi; Toman, Elizabeth; Chen, Gang; Shao, Gang; Zhou, Yuyu (2021).
6432:"With governor's signature, Maryland becomes third state to ban fracking"
5328:"Hydraulic Fracture Monitoring to Reservoir Simulation: Maximizing Value"
2938:
2668:
Processes of tectonism, magmatism and mineralization: Lessons from Europe
2383:
2265:
2145:
2054:
Statistics collected by the U.S. Department of Labor and analyzed by the
1938:
1758:
operations. According to Matt Pitzarella, the communications director at
1493:
1283:
Borate-crosslinked fluids. These are guar-based fluids cross-linked with
1214:
1204:
1136:
1089:
693:
685:
494:
478:
454:
446:
367:
271:
79:
9753:
8625:"South Africa: International Groups Rally Against Fracking, TKAG Claims"
8288:
Osborn, S. G.; Vengosh, A.; Warner, N. R.; Jackson, R. B. (9 May 2011).
6035:
4577:
Arthur, J. Daniel; Bohm, Brian; Coughlin, Bobbi Jo; Layne, Mark (2008).
3107:
3056:
2240:
are from 6% lower to 43% higher than the emissions of conventional gas.
2236:
are 21%-47% higher than those of conventional oil, while emissions from
1700:
923:
For further information on the reasons why fracking is carried out, see
879:
In 1997, Nick Steinsberger, an engineer of Mitchell Energy (now part of
11633:
11500:
11490:
11256:
11094:
11000:
9826:
Colborn, Theo; Kwiatkowski, Carol; Schultz, Kim; Bachran, Mary (2011).
9803:
6724:
6407:"He Said I Was a Fracking Heiress. I Went to West Virginia to Find Out"
4726:"Nonconventional Fossil Energy Sources: Shale Gas and Methane Hydrates"
2244:(11,000 to 30,000 m) of water over its lifetime. According to the
1951:
1914:
1893:
1411:
1292:
1182:
893:
854:
816:
793:
8400:
5339:
5297:
2330:
leak into underground wells that store million gallons of wastewater.
1171:—used for maintaining fluid viscosity during the temperature increase.
39:
11628:
11359:
11306:
11251:
11241:
11151:
11099:
11035:
11030:
11025:
11005:
10686:
10314:
10241:
10199:
10178:
10007:
9952:
8869:"Citing Health, Environment Concerns, New York Moves To Ban Fracking"
8773:"White House official backs FracFocus as preferred disclosure method"
8006:
7438:
5125:(Report). Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers. Archived from
4776:
Unconventional Gas Shales: Development, Technology, and Policy Issues
4563:
2287:
2233:
2149:
2108:
1831:
1771:
1634:
1630:
1538:
1534:
1404:
1300:
1208:
1109:
1036:
913:
Several additional countries are planning to use hydraulic fracturing
824:
442:
423:
403:
399:
395:
371:
277:
133:
83:
9734:
8919:
University of California Center for Law, Energy, and the Environment
6164:
6147:
5727:
5265:
1972:
In 2014, Scott Cannon of Video Innovations released the documentary
11623:
11603:
11598:
11578:
11573:
11349:
11339:
11261:
11196:
10968:
10696:
10652:
10647:
10511:
6230:
5806:"Measurement of Instantaneous Shut-In Pressure in Crystalline Rock"
5571:
5057:
4617:
4373:"Interview with Dan Steward, Former Mitchell Energy Vice President"
4030:
3571:
3367:
Zhang, Yuzhong; Gautam, Ritesh; Pandey, Sudhanshu (23 April 2020).
2943:
2606:
2521:
2439:
2371:
2091:
Exemptions for hydraulic fracturing under United States federal law
2010:
Anti-fracking banner at the Clean Energy March (Philadelphia, 2016)
1922:
1873:
1851:
1743:
1738:
has emerged both internationally with involvement of international
1729:
1400:
1333:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1226:
1198:
1117:
1066:
1043:
951:
753:
662:
572:
563:
is overcome by the pressure of fluids within the rock. The minimum
552:
527:
following hydraulic fracturing along dormant or previously unknown
363:
9793:
Arthur, J. Daniel; Uretsky, Mike; Wilson, Preston (5–6 May 2010).
6631:
Kickstarter, FrackNation by Ann and Phelim Media LLC, 6 April 2012
5175:(Report). International Atomic Energy Agency. 2003. pp. 39–40
3500:"France to Keep Fracking Ban to Protect Environment, Sarkozy Says"
2221:
Leak of defective hydraulic fracturing wastewater to surface water
11750:
11291:
11281:
11161:
11156:
11071:
9319:"Blind Rush? Shale Gas Boom Proceeds Amid Human Health Questions"
9243:"How is hydraulic fracturing related to earthquakes and tremors?"
7805:
7725:
7600:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
7256:
6922:
4972:
3341:"Methane Leaks Erase Some of the Climate Benefits of Natural Gas"
3145:
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
2087:
Environmental impact of hydraulic fracturing in the United States
1918:
1869:
1860:
1820:
1787:
1742:
and nations such as France and locally in affected areas such as
1419:
1415:
1192:
1162:
1093:
427:
351:
283:
9825:
9802:. Meeting of the American Institute of Professional Geologists.
9162:
An overview of modern shale gas development in the United States
9101:
4610:
Chilingar, George V.; Robertson, John O.; Kumar, Sanjay (1989).
2562:"Kansas Geological Survey, Public Information Circular (PIC) 32"
2218:
Injection of fracking fluids directly into groundwater resources
1946:, claiming it "tells the truth about fracking for natural gas".
551:
Fracturing rocks at great depth frequently become suppressed by
11608:
11495:
11480:
11470:
11430:
11344:
8651:"Germany agrees on regulations to allow fracking for shale gas"
8035:"Induced Earthquakes Raise Chances of Damaging Shaking in 2016"
7764:
4643:"Fracking: The Controversy Over its Safety for the Environment"
4329:"US Government Role in Shale Gas Fracking History: An Overview"
3425:"Govt, Energy Industry Accused of Suppressing Fracking Dangers"
2127:
1955:
1800:
1584:
1337:
1248:
Conventional linear gels. These gels are cellulose derivative (
1058:
725:
721:
61:
8418:"US fracking boom could tip world to edge of climate disaster"
6953:"Fracking Political Support Unshaken by Doctors' Call for Ban"
5420:
4802:"From Food to Fracking: Guar Gum and International Regulation"
4516:
Ground Water Protection Council; ALL Consulting (April 2009).
3090:"Radionuclides in Fracking Wastewater: Managing a Toxic Blend"
1680:(LCOE) from less carbon and water intensive sources is lower.
410:
wells. Some hydraulic fractures can form naturally in certain
11390:
11364:
11334:
11296:
11236:
11231:
11226:
9628:
8075:
Addressing the Environmental Risks from Shale Gas Development
5434:
Mooney, Chris (18 October 2011). "The Truth about Fracking".
4066:, US Geological Survey, Professional Paper 1570, pp. 233–252.
2102:
1550:
1324:
1288:
1284:
1217:—used to winterize the chemicals to ensure it doesn't freeze.
1065:. Additionally, gels, foams, and compressed gases, including
612:
375:
9976:
8278:, 57:38–43 (2012), M. D. Zoback. Retrieved 31 December 2014.
6231:"Oil Executive: Military-Style 'Psy Ops' Experience Applied"
5225:
5223:
4186:
2809:
999:
basin in Texas, and up to 10,000 feet (3,000 m) in the
649:
veteran Col. Edward A. L. Roberts received a patent for an "
11618:
11558:
11311:
10789:
9415:
8112:"News in Science: Earthquakes may trigger fracking tremors"
8073:
Zoback, Mark; Kitasei, Saya; Copithorne, Brad (July 2010).
7639:
7358:
6976:"Health Effects of Fracking Need Study, Says CDC Scientist"
6235:
4518:
Modern Shale Gas Development in the United States: A Primer
4119:
Effective diverting in horizontal wells in the Austin Chalk
2382:'s underground injection control's regulation, except when
1554:
1269:
1128:
450:
366:
to create cracks in the deep-rock formations through which
9876:
9182:
The Legal and Regulatory Landscape of Hydraulic Fracturing
9160:
Arthur, J. Daniel; Langhus, Bruce; Alleman, David (2008).
9073:"Hydraulic Fracturing: Environmentally Friendly Practices"
8991:
8287:
8163:
Ellsworth, W. L. (2013). "Injection-Induced Earthquakes".
4240:, US Energy Research and Development Administration, 1976.
3752:"Seismic pumping—a hydrothermal fluid transport mechanism"
3290:
Environmental Science and Pollution Research International
1516:
11450:
11316:
11089:
9828:"Natural Gas Operations from a Public Health Perspective"
9578:"Unknown Quantity: Regulating Radionuclides in Tap Water"
9361:
9268:
The Future of Natural Gas: An Interdisciplinary MIT Study
9196:
8873:
8138:"Fracking tests near Blackpool 'likely cause' of tremors"
7426:"Office of radiation and indoor air: Program description"
7042:"Natural Gas Operations from a Public Health Perspective"
6466:
5220:
5215:
labeled Frac Sand...Sc-46, Br-82, Ag-110m, Sb-124, Ir-192
4121:, Society of Petroleum Engineers conference paper, 1993.
4102:
Exploration Frontiers of the Central and Southern Rockies
4081:
Exploration Frontiers of the Central and Southern Rockies
3916:"Hydraulic fracturing. History of an enduring technology"
3639:
3138:
3022:"Groundwater Contamination May End the Gas-Fracking Boom"
2928:
Report. Stanford University. Energy Modeling Forum, 2013.
2592:, Society of Petroleum Engineers, SPE 152596 – via
2071:
fracking wells may have been exposed to these chemicals.
1777:
967:
wellbores, and the zones to be fractured are accessed by
745:
fracturing may extend only a few feet from the borehole.
9617:(as well as radium, radon, and thorium) in wastewater...
8750:"Fracking Hazards Obscured in Failure to Disclose Wells"
8694:"Fracking banned in UK as government makes major U-turn"
8019:
Frederick J. Herrmann, Federal Railroad Administration,
6145:
5999:. 2,1st Edition, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC
4781:(Report). Congressional Research Service. pp. 7, 23
4264:
A review of the management of the Gas Research Institute
4054:
4052:
4050:
3914:
Montgomery, Carl T.; Smith, Michael B. (December 2010).
11079:
9138:
8526:"Article L110-1 - Code de l'environnement - Légifrance"
8237:"Oklahoma orders shutdown of 37 wells after earthquake"
8072:
7864:(Report). Joint Institute for Strategic Energy Analysis
7746:"New Research of Surface Spills in Fracking Industry".
7642:
Regulating Water Security in Unconventional Oil and Gas
6011:"The Impact of the Fracking Boom on Arab Oil Producers"
5925:, Conference Series, Australian Water Resources Council
4609:
4576:
4182:
4180:
1113:
892:, and was later applied to other shales, including the
8933:
Ridlington, Elizabeth; John Rumpler (3 October 2013).
8932:
8401:
U.S. Energy Information Administration (16 May 2018).
8272:
Managing the seismic risk posed by wastewater disposal
8235:
Egan, Matt &, Wattles, Jackie (3 September 2016).
8032:
3244:
Gorski, Irena; Schwartz, Brian S. (25 February 2019).
2785:"Fracking fluid is leaking more often than we thought"
1410:
Microseismic mapping is very similar geophysically to
11727:
6944:
4047:
3418:
3416:
3287:
1195:
that prevents pipe corrosion from microbial activity.
11680:
International Association of Oil & Gas Producers
9625:
Rachel Maddow Show: Fracking waste messes with Texas
9159:
6789:"Pressure Limits Efforts to Police Drilling for Gas"
6782:
6780:
6575:"Matt Damon Fracking Film Lights Up Petroleum Lobby"
5541:"Production Decline of a Natural Gas Well Over Time"
5232:"The Source for Hydraulic Fracture Characterization"
4732:. Springer International Publishing. pp. 3–16.
4584:(Report). ALL Consulting. p. 10. Archived from
4281:. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. 115–121.
4177:
3570:. Developments in petroleum science (2nd ed.).
3250:
Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Global Public Health
1987:
Hot Docs Canadian International Documentary Festival
9792:
8910:Kiparsky, Michael; Hein, Jayni Foley (April 2013).
8649:Nicola, Stefan; Andersen, Tino (26 February 2013).
8369:"E.P.A. Allowed Fracking Chemicals Despite Worries"
8110:Begley, Sharon; McAllister, Edward (12 July 2013).
4442:
JKX Awards Fracking Contract for Ukrainian Prospect
3493:
3491:
3447:
3445:
2810:Rebecca Elliott; Luis Santiago (17 December 2019).
2607:"State by state maps of hydraulic fracturing in US"
2496:
1790:to set up fracking operations. A document from the
1229:, while some other most widely used chemicals were
769:
Well head where fluids are injected into the ground
519:
Diagram of Hydraulic Fracking Machinery and Process
9931:
7511:ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing
7331:
7202:"Shale Gas Development and Drinking Water Quality"
6810:
6756:"Quiet foundation funds the 'anti-fracking' fight"
6381:"Russian Money Suspected Behind Fracking Protests"
4946:Brino, Anthony; Nearing, Brian (6 November 2011).
3750:
3640:Manthei, G.; Eisenblätter, J.; Kamlot, P. (2003).
3413:
3196:Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine
2886:
2884:
2310:Hydraulic fracturing has been sometimes linked to
959:fracture geometry, thereby decreasing efficiency.
864:In 1976, the United States government started the
418:. Drilling and hydraulic fracturing have made the
9516:"Waste water (flowback)from hydraulic fracturing"
8602:"U.K. Government Lifts Ban on Shale Gas Fracking"
7672:
6818:"The Debate Over the Hydrofracking Study's Scope"
6777:
6568:
6566:
6058:Lynn Cook, Bradley Olson and (13 December 2017).
5483:. North Keller Neighbors Together. Archived from
4774:Andrews, Anthony; et al. (30 October 2009).
3748:
3529:
3527:
3366:
2812:"A Decade in Which Fracking Rocked the Oil World"
2560:Suchy, Daniel R.; Newell, K.David (15 May 2012).
1814:
1770:, a contractor working on a gas pipeline found a
1181:carbonates—used for maintaining effectiveness of
11775:
9695:(Report). Scranton Times-Tribune. Archived from
9667:(Report). Scranton Times-Tribune. Archived from
9265:
8642:
8234:
8109:
8103:
7040:Colborn, Theo; et al. (20 September 2011).
6331:"Pipe Bomb Found Near Allegheny County Pipeline"
5803:
5547:. The Geology Society of America. 3 January 2012
4773:
4391:
4026:Hydraulic Proppant Fracturing and Gravel Packing
3962:
3749:Sibson, R. H.; Moore, J.; Rankin, A. H. (1975).
3488:
3442:
2964:. National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL),
2107:Schematic depiction of hydraulic fracturing for
1958:. The premiere corresponded with the release of
1730:Popular movement and civil society organizations
9623:Rachel Maddow, Terrence Henry (7 August 2012).
9554:State of California Department of Public Health
9369:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
8967:Geomechanical Study of Bowland Shale Seismicity
8795:
8764:
8518:
8500:
8294:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
7739:
7501:
6705:
5696:Julius Kruttschnitt Mineral Research Centre, UQ
5152:Environmental Control in Petroleum Engineering.
4400:"How fracking billionaires built their empires"
3913:
2939:"What is fracking and why is it controversial?"
2881:
2719:
2476:. United States Environmental Protection Agency
2056:U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1942:as a response to the statements made by Fox in
1464:In North America, shale reservoirs such as the
9143:(Report). Penn State Extension. Archived from
8965:de Pater, C.J.; Baisch, S. (2 November 2011).
8964:
8671:
8648:
8593:
6606:"Matt Damon Exposes Fracking in Promised Land"
6563:
6378:
5502:
5332:SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition
5313:SPE Hydraulic Fracturing Technology Conference
5304:
5120:
5050:"What goes in and out of Hydraulic Fracturing"
4834:
4549:
4455:Turkey's shale gas hopes draw growing interest
4421:
4295:
4138:
4136:
4134:
3810:Igneous rocks and processes: a practical guide
3524:
3243:
2995:"The Fracking Industry Deserves Our Gratitude"
2754:"The best case for and against a fracking ban"
2405:Environmental impact of electricity generation
1837:
1020:Water tanks preparing for hydraulic fracturing
10215:
9992:
8972:(Report). Cuadrilla Resources. Archived from
8806:
8741:
8438:
8416:Lakhani, Nina; Milman, Oliver (11 May 2022).
8415:
7850:
7713:
7678:
7583:United States Environmental Protection Agency
6967:
6747:
6290:
6196:
5533:
5511:"Like Fracking? You'll Love 'Super Fracking'"
4511:
4509:
4507:
4505:
4503:
4501:
4499:
4477:. June 2010. EPA/600/F-10/002. Archived from
4447:
3909:
3907:
3601:
3422:
3397:, Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth
2842:"2019 Sustainable Energy in America Factbook"
2658:
2516:; Publications Office of the European Union.
2096:Environmental Effects of Hydraulic Fracturing
1724:
932:United States Environmental Protection Agency
304:
44:Fracking the Bakken Formation in North Dakota
8909:
8257:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
8058:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
8033:Fitzpatrick, Jessica &, Petersen, Mark.
7885:"What is Shale Gas? How Does Fracking Work?"
7679:Abdalla, Charles W.; Drohan, Joy R. (2010).
7033:
6998:
6597:
6322:
6205:"The UK's anti fracking movement is growing"
5935:
5879:
5725:
5623:
5319:
5164:
5162:
5160:
4945:
4912:
4375:. The Breakthrough Institute. Archived from
4331:. The Breakthrough Institute. Archived from
1890:Colorado Oil and Gas Conservation Commission
1592:To dispose waste by injection deep into rock
680:
10189:2012–14 Romanian protests against shale gas
9806:: ALL Consulting. p. 3. Archived from
9784:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
9266:Moniz, Ernest J.; et al. (June 2011).
9070:
8439:Nolon, John R.; Polidoro, Victoria (2012).
8066:
7455:"Fracking tied to cancer-causing chemicals"
7418:
7158:
7094:
7092:
7090:
7088:
7086:
6918:
6916:
6914:
6912:
6910:
6273:"Oil-gas boom spawns Harrison safety talks"
6264:
6114:
5905:
5804:Aamodt, R. Lee; Kuriyagawa, Michio (1983).
5719:
5694:(2nd ed.). Indooroopilly, Queensland:
5559:
5508:
5257:
5144:
4991:"Hydraulic fracturing water use, 2011–2014"
4799:
4769:
4767:
4765:
4763:
4761:
4730:Alternative Energy Sources and Technologies
4131:
3841:. American Oil & Gas Historical Society
3087:
3081:
2751:
2664:
2559:
2497:Gandossi, Luca; Von Estorff, Ulrik (2015).
2014:There is concern over the possible adverse
261:2012–14 Romanian protests against shale gas
10222:
10208:
10163:List of countries by recoverable shale gas
9999:
9985:
9714:
9179:
9071:Fernandez, John Michael; Gunter, Matthew.
8860:
8616:
7664:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
7199:
7098:
6973:
6878:
6874:
6872:
6706:Deller, Steven; Schreiber, Andrew (2012).
6507:
6454:
6243:
6202:
5920:
5565:
4876:
4874:
4872:
4870:
4868:
4866:
4864:
4862:
4860:
4717:
4613:Surface Operations in Petroleum Production
4496:
4444:Natural Gas Europe, Retrieved 3 March 2013
4429:On the frontline of Poland's fracking rush
3904:
3685:. Cambridge University Press. p. 18.
3189:
3041:"Industry Issues: Putting the Heat on Gas"
2101:
1936:released a crowdfunded documentary called
1390:
1358:
1077:(LPG) and propane. This process is called
1030:List of additives for hydraulic fracturing
942:A hydraulic fracture is formed by pumping
607:Minor intrusions in the upper part of the
457:, which burns more cleanly and emits less
382:is removed from the well, small grains of
311:
297:
38:
9914:
9904:
9761:
9601:
9443:
9398:
9388:
9344:
9080:Environmentally Friendly Drilling Systems
9013:
8832:
8394:
8331:
8313:
8176:
8162:
7790:
7478:
7437:
7376:
7299:
7233:
6839:
6723:
6298:"Shots fired at W. Pa. gas drilling site"
6163:
6057:
6034:
5997:Journal of Environmental Sciences Program
5820:
5681:
5646:
5617:
5588:
5413:
5358:
5310:
5238:(Winter 2005/2006): 42–57. Archived from
5157:
5116:
5114:
4965:
4692:
4603:
4434:
4397:
4321:
3853:
3647:. In Natau, Fecker & Pimentel (ed.).
3166:
3156:
3115:
3064:
3032:
3019:
2626:
2624:
2553:
2506:Scientific and Technical Research Reports
2490:
1823:, Russia's state-controlled gas company.
1643:Hydraulic fracturing in the United States
1447:
1223:hydraulic fracturing in the United States
669:using liquid and also, later, solidified
9575:
9460:
8770:
8599:
7987:Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment
7083:
6907:
6753:
6603:
6557:Colorado Department of Natural Resources
6482:
6249:
5873:
5810:Hydraulic fracturing stress measurements
5726:Frank, U.; Barkley, N. (February 1995).
5470:
4918:
4828:
4758:
4365:
4301:
4106:Rocky Mountain Association of Geologists
4085:Rocky Mountain Association of Geologists
4018:
4016:
3956:
3831:
2637:. Paris: Editions Technip. p. 239.
2184:
2176:
2074:
2005:
1716:Placard against hydraulic fracturing at
1711:
1699:
1646:
1583:To precondition or induce rock cave-ins
1515:
1098:
1048:
1015:
772:
764:
632:Halliburton fracturing operation in the
627:
514:
27:Fracturing bedrock by pressurized liquid
11142:China National Offshore Oil Corporation
9971:Hydraulic Fracturing Litigation Summary
9951:Gallegos, T.J. and B.A. Varela (2015).
9932:Nicholas St. Fleur (19 December 2014).
9316:
8838:
8691:
8571:"Fracking, PR, and the Greening of Gas"
8363:
7615:"Unconventional Fossil Fuels Factsheet"
7553:https://www.adv-geosci.net/45/185/2018/
7406:
7404:
7039:
7004:
6869:
6699:
6572:
6222:
5842:
5797:
5597:Recent Advances in Hydraulic Fracturing
5388:
5325:
5229:
4857:
4460:
4398:Zuckerman, Gregory (15 November 2013).
4142:
3706:
3649:Geotechnical Measurements and Modelling
3633:
3338:
2630:
2599:
1979:In 2015, the Canadian documentary film
1704:Poster against hydraulic fracturing in
473:argue that these are outweighed by the
14:
11776:
11016:Unconventional (oil and gas) reservoir
10775:2020 Russia–Saudi Arabia oil price war
10229:
9296:
9180:Howe, J. Cullen; Del Percio, Stephen.
9048:"The Hydraulic Fracturing Water Cycle"
8622:
8562:
8466:
8432:
8021:letter to American Petroleum Institute
7882:
7719:
7573:
7571:
7569:
7567:
7565:
7563:
7561:
7164:
6950:
6786:
6708:"Mining and Community Economic Growth"
6539:
6328:
6270:
6228:
6110:
6108:
6106:
6008:
5848:
5594:
5433:
5427:
5263:
5196:
5194:
5111:
5095:Chemicals Used in Hydraulic Fracturing
5087:
4723:
4570:
4347:
3999:A. J. Stark, A. Settari, J. R. Jones,
3742:
3678:
3672:
3602:Price, N. J.; Cosgrove, J. W. (1990).
3540:Official Journal of the European Union
3389:
3387:
2634:Rock Mechanics: Petroleum Applications
2621:
1778:U.S. government and Corporate lobbying
1365:Hydraulic fracturing and radionuclides
1349:
1124:include one or more of the following:
1042:Water-soluble gelling agents (such as
346:technique involving the fracturing of
10203:
9980:
9686:
9658:
9544:
9497:
9275:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
8866:
8718:
8623:Hweshe, Francis (17 September 2012).
8544:"Fracking ban upheld by French court"
8472:
7984:
7933:
7856:
7452:
7200:Elaine, Hill; Lala, Ma (1 May 2017).
6681:"'Fractured Land' Doc Coming to VIFF"
6354:Mother Jones, September–October 2014
5766:
5687:
5364:
5022:"Water Use Rises as Fracking Expands"
4810:University of Pennsylvania Law School
4793:
4686:
4645:. Johnson Wright, Inc. Archived from
4543:
4529:National Energy Technology Laboratory
4468:"Hydraulic fracturing research study"
4302:Zukerman, Gregory (6 November 2013).
4231:Shale development in eastern Kentucky
4022:
4013:
3595:
3561:
3555:
3497:
3451:
3258:10.1093/acrefore/9780190632366.013.44
3038:
1884:s claims of inaccuracy was posted on
760:
11147:China National Petroleum Corporation
9835:Human and Ecological Risk Assessment
9523:Ohio Department of Natural Resources
9167:(Report). ALL Consulting. p. 21
9104:Human and Ecological Risk Assessment
8947:"DISH, Texas Exposure Investigation"
8841:"Citing perils, state bans fracking"
8814:"Gov. Cuomo Makes Sense on Fracking"
8747:
8692:Ambrose, Jillian (2 November 2019).
8600:Bakewell, Sally (13 December 2012).
8130:
7722:"Shale-Gas Boom Hits Eastern Europe"
7720:Faucon, Benoît (17 September 2012).
7401:
7049:Human and Ecological Risk Assessment
6404:
5776:Engineering Geology and Construction
5772:
4696:Advanced Well Completion Engineering
4640:
4634:
4431:The Guardian, Retrieved 3 March 2013
4276:
4270:
3806:
3800:
2582:
1846:
1792:United States diplomatic cables leak
1319:Aluminium phosphate-ester oil gels.
1299:Organometallic-crosslinked fluids –
1258:carboxymethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose
1011:
874:Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
703:
426:exporter as of 2019, but leakage of
9715:Lustgarten, Abrahm (21 June 2012).
9659:Janco, David F. (1 February 2007).
9635:
9576:Weinhold, Bob (19 September 2012).
9215:
8839:Nearing, Brian (18 December 2014).
8771:Soraghan, Mike (13 December 2013).
8712:
8473:Negro, Sorrell E. (February 2012).
7558:
7099:Broomfield, Mark (10 August 2012).
6604:Gerhardt, Tina (31 December 2012).
6379:Andrew Higgins (30 November 2014).
6366:The Guardian (UK), 1 December 2016
6250:Phillips, Susan (9 November 2011).
6103:
5972:"The economic benefits of fracking"
5830:. eere.energy.gov. 16 February 2011
5191:
5019:
4661:
4531:. pp. 56–66. DE-FG26-04NT15455
4256:
3564:"Mechanics of hydraulic fracturing"
3384:
3039:Brown, Valerie J. (February 2007).
2890:
2720:Clifford Krauss (3 February 2019).
2327:Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances
2246:Oxford Institute for Energy Studies
1624:
1571:
1452:Since the early 2000s, advances in
1085:from what was used in the process.
24:
11207:National Iranian South Oil Company
10923:Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin
9687:Janco, David F. (3 January 2008).
9317:Schmidt, Charles (1 August 2011).
8892:
7365:The Annals of Occupational Hygiene
7338:American Psychological Association
6573:Gilbert, Daniel (7 October 2012).
6083:
5880:Russell Gold (21 September 2021).
5675:10.1111/j.1365-3121.1996.tb00751.x
5205:. US Nuclear Regulatory Commission
4201:10.1097/01.naj.0000431272.83277.f4
3963:Energy Institute (February 2012).
3020:Fischetti, Mark (20 August 2013).
2966:United States Department of Energy
2868:
2410:Environmental effects of petroleum
2352:Regulation of hydraulic fracturing
2181:Clean Energy March in Philadelphia
2134:Main technologies or sub-processes
1992:
1221:The most common chemical used for
121:
68:Main technologies or sub-processes
25:
11805:
11675:Intercontinental Exchange Futures
11564:Chicago Bridge & Iron Company
11217:Oil & Gas Development Company
9964:
9742:Environmental Health Perspectives
9582:Environmental Health Perspectives
9545:Spath, David P. (November 1997).
9324:Environmental Health Perspectives
8803:, Environmental Protection Agency
8748:Hass, Benjamin (14 August 2012).
8568:
8215:
7688:The Pennsylvania State University
7585:. Environmental Protection Agency
6930:(Report). Public Health England.
6546:COGCC Gasland Correction Document
6229:Javers, Eamon (8 November 2011).
5773:Bell, Frederic Gladstone (2004).
5626:Mechanics of Hydraulic Fracturing
5456:10.1038/scientificamerican1111-80
5376:(Fracturing stimulation ed.)
5365:Seale, Rocky (July–August 2007).
4673:University of Colorado Law School
3839:"Shooters – A "Fracking" History"
3758:Journal of the Geological Society
3605:Analysis of geological structures
3095:Environmental Health Perspectives
3045:Environmental Health Perspectives
2752:Umair Irfan (13 September 2019).
2161:Stanolind Oil and Gas Corporation
1965:In April 2013, Josh Fox released
1784:United States Department of State
710:Stanolind Oil and Gas Corporation
95:Stanolind Oil and Gas Corporation
11761:
11749:
11737:
11712:
11711:
9631:. Event occurs at 9:24 – 10:35.
8994:Science of the Total Environment
8867:Brady, Jeff (18 December 2014).
8685:
8665:
8536:
8409:
8357:
8348:
8281:
8265:
8228:
8209:
8156:
8026:
8013:
7978:
7927:
7902:
7883:Köster, Vera (5 February 2013).
7876:
7808:Journal of Contaminant Hydrology
7799:
7758:
7633:
7607:
7595:
7545:
7495:
7446:
7352:
7324:
7250:
7193:
7140:
7122:
6951:Drajem, Mark (11 January 2012).
6754:Soraghan, Mike (12 March 2012).
6673:
6643:
6634:
6625:
6438:
6424:
6398:
6372:
6360:
6348:
6329:Detrow, Scott (15 August 2012).
6139:
6077:
6051:
6002:
5989:
5969:
5963:
5929:
5914:
5899:
5047:
3568:Petroleum related rock mechanics
3339:Storrow, Benjamin (5 May 2020).
3190:Wright, R; Muma, RD (May 2018).
2465: This article incorporates
2460:
2081:Environmental impact of fracking
1695:
1604:To increase injection rates for
1395:For more advanced applications,
1278:carboxymethyl hydroxypropyl guar
567:becomes tensile and exceeds the
378:will flow more freely. When the
11222:Oil and Natural Gas Corporation
9297:Biello, David (30 March 2010).
9054:. 16 March 2014. Archived from
9024:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.02.018
8728:Environmental Protection Agency
7531:10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2021.04.008
7027:10.1016/j.resourpol.2013.03.001
6306:. 12 March 2013. Archived from
6086:"Shale Gas Is Not A Revolution"
5599:. SPE Monograph. Vol. 12.
5566:Economides, Michael J. (2000).
5509:David Wethe (19 January 2012).
5072:
5041:
5013:
4983:
4939:
4641:Love, Adam H. (December 2005).
4552:Journal of Petroleum Technology
4457:Reuters, Retrieved 3 March 2013
4355:SPE production & operations
4243:
4223:
4152:Case Western Reserve Law Review
4111:
4090:
4069:
3993:
3890:
3878:
3651:. CRC Press. pp. 355–360.
3423:Jared Metzker (7 August 2013).
3400:
3360:
3332:
3281:
3237:
3183:
3132:
3013:
2987:
2968:. November 2010. Archived from
2951:
2931:
2911:
2862:
2834:
2803:
2677:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2005.07.003
2348:Hydraulic fracturing by country
2260:, fractures, and faults) or by
2159:Floyd Farris, Joseph B. Clark (
2001:
1788:the major oil and gas companies
1768:Washington County, Pennsylvania
1615:pumped storage hydroelectricity
1145:(salt)—delays breakdown of gel
971:the casing at those locations.
93:Floyd Farris, Joseph B. Clark (
11690:Society of Petroleum Engineers
11461:Port Harcourt Refining Company
11127:Abu Dhabi National Oil Company
8903:(U of Pittsburgh Press, 2018)
8899:Gamper-Rabindran, Shanti, ed.
8482:Zoning and Planning Law Report
7619:Center for Sustainable Systems
6712:The Review of Regional Studies
6271:Palmer, Mike (27 March 2013).
6128:. pp. 1–9. Archived from
6115:Naima Farah (September 2016).
6009:Kilian, Lutz (November 2017).
5732:Journal of Hazardous Materials
4919:Brainard, Curtis (June 2013).
4893:. 19 July 2010. Archived from
4427:Wasley, Andrew (1 March 2013)
4359:Society of Petroleum Engineers
3865:Society of Petroleum Engineers
3498:Patel, Tara (4 October 2011).
3454:"The French Public Says No to
2777:
2745:
2713:
2576:
2425:Fracking in the United Kingdom
2341:
1985:had its world premiere at the
1815:Alleged Russian state advocacy
1598:For electricity generation in
1595:To measure stress in the Earth
1580:To stimulate groundwater wells
1280:), mixed with other chemicals.
1026:Hydraulic fracturing proppants
384:hydraulic fracturing proppants
13:
1:
10636:Production sharing agreements
10006:
9463:Workplace Health & Safety
8403:"U.S. Energy Facts Explained"
7828:10.1016/j.jconhyd.2018.12.003
6974:Alex Wayne (4 January 2012).
5923:Groundwater in Fractured Rock
5688:Brown, Edwin Thomas (2007) .
5154:Gulf Professional Publishers.
4800:Ram Narayan (8 August 2012).
3972:University of Texas at Austin
3716:Journal of Structural Geology
3452:Patel, Tara (31 March 2011).
3088:V. J. Brown (February 2014).
2671:. Vol. 27. p. 340.
2631:Charlez, Philippe A. (1997).
2455:
2420:Fracking in the United States
2190:September 2019 climate strike
1888:website. The Director of the
1678:levelized cost of electricity
1380:Nuclear Regulatory Commission
1266:hydroxyethyl methyl cellulose
982:
623:
449:), the benefits of replacing
11670:Canadian petroleum companies
11665:American Petroleum Institute
11202:National Iranian Oil Company
11187:Kuwait Petroleum Corporation
9855:10.1080/10807039.2011.605662
9475:10.3928/21650799-20120926-70
9124:10.1080/10807039.2011.605662
7792:10.1016/j.egypro.2017.08.093
7069:10.1080/10807039.2011.605662
6787:Urbina, Ian (3 March 2011).
6405:Uhle, Amanda (28 May 2023).
6203:Jan Goodey (1 August 2013).
5855:. Sustainable World Series.
5752:10.1016/0304-3894(94)00069-S
5630:Gulf Professional Publishing
5290:10.1016/0148-9062(89)91971-2
5121:ALL Consulting (June 2012).
4890:American Petroleum Institute
4701:Gulf Professional Publishing
3208:10.1097/JOM.0000000000001278
3028:. Vol. 309, no. 3.
2849:Bloomberg New Energy Finance
2041:The American Economic Review
2029:contamination of groundwater
1663:resources. According to the
1613:To store electrical energy,
1606:geologic sequestration of CO
546:
126:Shale gas drilling rig near
7:
11685:International Energy Agency
10670:Enhanced oil recovery (EOR)
8084:. p. 9. Archived from
7644:(1st 2020 ed.). Cham.
6520:. July 2010. Archived from
5264:Fehler, Michael C. (1989).
4835:Hartnett-White, K. (2011).
4738:10.1007/978-3-319-28752-2_1
4525:DOE Office of Fossil Energy
4266:. National Academies. 1989.
4189:American Journal of Nursing
4064:The Future of Energy Gasses
3410:, accessed 8 November 2014.
2393:
2192:in Alice Springs, Australia
1838:Current fracking operations
1740:environmental organizations
1665:International Energy Agency
1600:enhanced geothermal systems
831:Horizontal oil or gas wells
390:) hold the fractures open.
224:U.S. federal law exemptions
10:
11810:
11272:PTT Public Company Limited
10873:East Midlands Oil Province
10858:List of natural gas fields
10458:Integrated asset modelling
10120:Measurement while drilling
7284:10.1038/s41560-021-00970-y
7179:10.1016/j.pedn.2011.07.012
7110:. pp. vi–xvi. ED57281
6893:10.1016/j.puhe.2013.07.005
6027:10.5547/01956574.38.6.lkil
4408:The Atlantic Media Company
4251:How is shale gas produced?
3610:Cambridge University Press
2917:Hillard Huntington et al.
2564:. Kansas Geological Survey
2345:
2084:
2078:
2049:unconventional oil and gas
1725:Politics and public policy
1628:
1362:
1023:
922:
918:
866:Eastern Gas Shales Project
618:
539:
535:
358:suspended with the aid of
11707:
11657:
11644:Weatherford International
11523:
11373:
11325:
11177:Iraq National Oil Company
11113:
11070:
11055:
11046:
10931:
10848:
10730:
10616:
10510:
10438:
10381:
10340:
10333:
10255:
10237:
10184:Balcombe drilling protest
10171:
10128:
10092:
10014:
9221:World Energy Outlook 2011
8935:"Fracking by the numbers"
8719:Healy, Dave (July 2012).
7956:10.1007/s00267-014-0440-6
7430:University of North Texas
6303:The Philadelphia Inquirer
5908:Johnson Driller's Journal
5849:Miller, Bruce G. (2005).
5691:Block Caving Geomechanics
5396:"Completion Technologies"
5230:Bennet, Les; et al.
4143:Robbins, Kalyani (2013).
4033:. pp. 173–174, 202.
3736:10.1016/j.jsg.2003.08.019
3310:10.1007/s11356-017-8970-0
2167:
2155:
2141:
2133:
2123:
2115:
2100:
1932:journalist and filmmaker
1748:Balcombe drilling protest
1547:unconventional reservoirs
1545:rocks, but also include "
1244:Typical fluid types are:
937:
848:
787:Stephens County, Oklahoma
735:Stephens County, Oklahoma
681:20th century applications
101:
89:
75:
67:
57:
49:
37:
7936:Environmental Management
7621:. University of Michigan
7206:American Economic Review
7148:"Energy and environment"
6651:"The Ethics of Fracking"
6551:5 September 2013 at the
5595:Gidley, John L. (1989).
4925:Popular Science Magazine
4724:Martín, Mariano (2016).
3779:10.1144/gsjgs.131.6.0653
3408:Produced water, overview
2924:30 November 2020 at the
2594:Kansas Geological Survey
2586:Hydraulic fracturing 101
2230:greenhouse gas emissions
1484:, and most recently the
1061:of water, proppant, and
602:
582:
11695:World Petroleum Council
11569:China Oilfield Services
10626:Petroleum fiscal regime
10325:Western Canadian Select
10320:West Texas Intermediate
9906:10.1073/pnas.1100682108
9390:10.1073/pnas.1304880110
8315:10.1073/pnas.1100682108
8187:10.1126/science.1225942
7857:Logan, Jeffrey (2012).
6847:"Natural Gas Documents"
6583:(subscription required)
6579:The Wall Street Journal
6148:"Should fracking stop?"
6064:The Wall Street Journal
5326:Cipolla, Craig (2010).
4973:"A Material Difference"
4062:David G. Howell (ed.),
4007:16 October 2013 at the
2817:The Wall Street Journal
2583:King, George E (2012),
2380:Safe Drinking Water Act
2359:precautionary principle
1528:
1391:Microseismic monitoring
1359:Radionuclide monitoring
1262:hydroxypropyl cellulose
1250:carboxymethyl cellulose
1161:—prevents formation of
1075:liquefied petroleum gas
465:), and the benefits of
394:adequate flow rates in
11172:Indian Oil Corporation
10658:Submersible pump (ESP)
10603:Underbalanced drilling
10424:of gasoline and diesel
10115:Logging while drilling
9957:U.S. Geological Survey
8530:www.legifrance.gouv.fr
8512:www.legifrance.gouv.fr
7889:www.chemistryviews.org
7346:10.1037/e458082008-002
6980:Bloomberg Businessweek
5150:Reis, John C. (1976).
4997:. USGS. Archived from
4921:"The Future of Energy"
4844:National Review Online
4669:"Hydraulic Fracturing"
4277:Gold, Russell (2014).
4125:5 October 2013 at the
4100:Harry K. Veal, (ed.),
4079:Harry K. Veal, (ed.),
4023:Mader, Detlef (1989).
3682:Reservoir geomechanics
3505:Bloomberg Businessweek
3469:Bloomberg Businessweek
3406:US Geological Survey,
3158:10.3390/ijerph16122123
2467:public domain material
2363:Constitutional Council
2193:
2182:
2011:
1974:The Ethics of Fracking
1736:anti-fracking movement
1721:
1709:
1652:
1521:
1448:Horizontal completions
1254:hydroxyethyl cellulose
1104:
1054:
1021:
870:Gas Research Institute
783:Pan American Petroleum
778:
770:
752:, the first hydraulic
653:". It was employed in
641:
520:
266:Anti-fracking movement
130:
11549:Cameron International
10991:Petrodollar recycling
10974:fossil fuel phase-out
10537:Differential sticking
10490:Reflection seismology
10463:Petroleum engineering
10305:OPEC Reference Basket
10016:Geological formations
7471:10.1503/cmaj.109-5358
7378:10.1093/annhyg/mei001
7218:10.1257/aer.p20171133
6257:National Public Radio
5958:10.1007/s100400050050
5624:Ching H. Yew (1997).
5568:Reservoir stimulation
5081:Gale Academic Onefile
4236:24 March 2018 at the
4117:C.E Bell and others,
3935:10.2118/1210-0026-JPT
3679:Zoback, M.D. (2007).
2510:Joint Research Centre
2270:underground injection
2188:
2180:
2075:Environmental effects
2024:Public Health England
2009:
1809:Queensland, Australia
1805:US Export-Import Bank
1756:psychological warfare
1715:
1703:
1650:
1519:
1102:
1092:, resin-coated sand,
1057:Fluid is typically a
1052:
1019:
837:, and giving massive
776:
768:
631:
518:
475:environmental impacts
471:Opponents of fracking
245:Uses of radioactivity
125:
11789:Hydraulic fracturing
11446:Occidental Petroleum
10760:1990 oil price shock
10586:Shale oil extraction
10559:Drilling engineering
10542:Directional drilling
10468:Reservoir simulation
10110:Hydraulic fracturing
10105:Directional drilling
9594:10.1289/ehp.120-a350
9563:on 23 September 2015
9445:10.1210/en.2013-1697
9337:10.1289/ehp.119-a348
9227:. pp. 91, 164.
9184:(Report). LexisNexis
8082:Worldwatch Institute
8023:, 17 July 2013, p.4.
5938:Applied Hydrogeology
5781:Taylor & Francis
4620:. pp. 143–152.
4249:US Dept. of Energy,
3944:on 27 September 2011
2665:Blundell D. (2005).
2450:Shale oil extraction
2400:Directional drilling
2281:wastewater treatment
2124:Industrial sector(s)
1746:in Sussex where the
1718:Extinction Rebellion
1272:or its derivatives (
1079:waterless fracturing
739:Archer County, Texas
728:) and sand from the
493:, the triggering of
328:hydraulic fracturing
192:Environmental impact
58:Industrial sector(s)
11594:Naftiran Intertrade
11539:Amec Foster Wheeler
11466:Reliance Industries
11355:Naftiran Intertrade
11167:Hindustan Petroleum
10765:2000s energy crisis
9897:2011PNAS..108.8172O
9847:2011HERA...17.1039C
9754:10.1289/ehp.1307732
9721:Scientific American
9702:on 27 December 2013
9674:on 27 December 2013
9436:2014Endoc.155..897K
9381:2013PNAS..11017768A
9303:Scientific American
9204:Oil and Gas Journal
9116:2011HERA...17.1039C
9006:2012ScTEn.424...79M
8979:on 15 February 2014
8939:Environment America
8306:2011PNAS..108.8172O
7999:2017FrEE...15..237M
7948:2015EnMan..55.1276M
7820:2019JCHyd.221...58T
7783:2017EnPro.125..126T
7748:Professional Safety
7523:2021JPRS..176..250H
7276:2022NatEn...7..177L
7108:European Commission
7061:2011HERA...17.1039C
7019:2013RePol..38..233C
6515:"Affirming Gasland"
6135:on 29 October 2016.
5950:1994HydJ....2...59L
5852:Coal Energy Systems
5744:1995JHzM...40..191F
5667:1996TeNov...8..223B
5478:"The Barnett Shale"
5448:2011SciAm.305d..80M
5436:Scientific American
5421:"Energy from Shale"
5374:Drilling Contractor
5282:1989IJRMA..26..211F
5054:Dangers of Fracking
5027:Scientific American
4952:Inside Climate News
4900:on 13 November 2012
4453:(18 February 2013)
4379:on 11 February 2019
4361:. 2005. p. 87.
4158:(4). Archived from
3815:John Wiley and Sons
3771:1975JGSoc.131..653S
3728:2004JSG....26..967L
3429:Inter Press Service
3346:Scientific American
3302:2017ESPR...2414579C
3296:(17): 14579–14594.
3108:10.1289/ehp.122-A50
3057:10.1289/ehp.115-a76
3026:Scientific American
2514:European Commission
2415:Fracking by country
2097:
1898:Chevron Corporation
1429:pore water pressure
1427:. The increases in
1371:radioactive tracers
1350:Fracture monitoring
1321:Aluminium phosphate
1287:ions (from aqueous
1118:rheological factors
992:Horizontal drilling
593:pore fluid pressure
467:energy independence
34:
11794:Unconventional oil
11784:1947 introductions
11441:Marathon Petroleum
10863:List of oil fields
10473:Reservoir modeling
10231:Petroleum industry
9813:on 20 January 2019
9636:Cothren, Jackson.
9253:on 19 October 2014
9147:on 25 October 2014
8820:. 17 December 2014
8818:The New York Times
8783:on 31 October 2020
8373:The New York Times
7914:www.wilderness.org
7136:. 8 February 2014.
6853:. 27 February 2011
6851:The New York Times
6822:The New York Times
6793:The New York Times
6725:10.52324/001c.8126
6687:. 9 September 2015
6655:Green Planet Films
6527:on 19 October 2012
6490:"Gasland Debunked"
6385:The New York Times
6015:The Energy Journal
5910:(2nd quarter): 4–9
5814:National Academies
5521:on 23 January 2012
5490:on 26 January 2021
5346:on 23 October 2018
4693:Wan Renpu (2011).
4591:on 15 October 2012
4484:on 3 December 2012
4335:on 19 January 2013
3612:. pp. 30–33.
3562:Fjaer, E. (2008).
2975:on 24 January 2014
2947:. 15 October 2018.
2875:The New York Times
2791:. 24 February 2017
2727:The New York Times
2312:induced seismicity
2293:ecosystem services
2238:unconventional gas
2194:
2183:
2095:
2012:
1856:2010 Academy Award
1826:The New York Times
1722:
1710:
1661:unconventional gas
1657:unconventional oil
1653:
1522:
1274:hydroxypropyl guar
1105:
1063:chemical additives
1055:
1022:
902:George P. Mitchell
779:
771:
761:Massive fracturing
698:George P. Mitchell
642:
542:Fracture (geology)
521:
380:hydraulic pressure
131:
32:
11725:
11724:
11703:
11702:
11589:Nabors Industries
11519:
11518:
10717:Well intervention
10692:Petroleum product
10591:Ljungström method
10495:Seismic inversion
10480:Petroleum geology
10434:
10433:
10197:
10196:
9872:on 26 April 2012.
9234:978-92-64-12413-4
8575:The International
8550:. 11 October 2013
8300:(20): 8172–8176.
8171:(6142): 1225942.
8144:. 2 November 2011
7651:978-3-030-18342-4
7453:Vogel, L (2017).
6937:978-0-85951-752-2
6661:on 1 October 2020
6495:. Energy in Depth
6158:(7364): 271–275.
5866:978-0-12-497451-7
5790:978-0-415-25939-2
5705:978-0-9803622-0-6
5639:978-0-88415-474-7
5610:978-1-55563-020-1
5581:978-0-471-49192-7
5340:10.2118/133877-MS
5245:on 25 August 2014
4977:carboceramics.com
4816:on 22 August 2012
4747:978-3-319-28750-8
4710:978-0-12-385868-9
4627:978-0-444-42677-2
4288:978-1-4516-9228-0
4040:978-0-444-87352-1
3861:"Acid fracturing"
3824:978-1-4443-3065-6
3807:Gill, R. (2010).
3692:978-0-521-14619-7
3658:978-90-5809-603-6
3619:978-0-521-31958-4
3581:978-0-444-50260-5
3543:. 22 January 2014
3512:on 8 October 2011
3267:978-0-19-063236-6
2907:. pp. 18–27.
2686:978-0-444-52233-7
2644:978-2-7108-0586-1
2609:. Fractracker.org
2531:978-92-79-53894-0
2175:
2174:
2168:Year of invention
1928:In January 2013,
1847:Documentary films
1437:seismic inversion
1231:isopropyl alcohol
1225:in 2005–2009 was
1133:hydrochloric acid
1012:Fracturing fluids
930:According to the
810:Green River Basin
714:Hugoton gas field
704:Oil and gas wells
651:exploding torpedo
360:thickening agents
321:
320:
109:
108:
102:Year of invention
16:(Redirected from
11801:
11766:
11765:
11754:
11753:
11742:
11741:
11740:
11733:
11715:
11714:
11416:Hess Corporation
11137:Bharat Petroleum
11068:
11067:
11053:
11052:
10740:1967 Oil Embargo
10576:Lost circulation
10414:Posted oil price
10338:
10337:
10295:Isthmus-34 Light
10224:
10217:
10210:
10201:
10200:
10001:
9994:
9987:
9978:
9977:
9948:
9946:
9944:
9928:
9918:
9908:
9873:
9871:
9865:. Archived from
9832:
9822:
9820:
9818:
9812:
9801:
9789:
9783:
9775:
9765:
9731:
9729:
9727:
9711:
9709:
9707:
9701:
9694:
9683:
9681:
9679:
9673:
9666:
9655:
9650:
9648:
9642:
9632:
9619:
9605:
9572:
9570:
9568:
9562:
9556:. Archived from
9551:
9541:
9539:
9537:
9531:
9525:. Archived from
9520:
9511:
9494:
9457:
9447:
9412:
9402:
9392:
9375:(44): 17768–73.
9358:
9348:
9313:
9311:
9309:
9293:
9291:
9289:
9284:on 12 March 2013
9283:
9277:. Archived from
9272:
9262:
9260:
9258:
9249:. Archived from
9238:
9212:
9193:
9191:
9189:
9176:
9174:
9172:
9166:
9156:
9154:
9152:
9135:
9098:
9096:
9094:
9088:
9082:. Archived from
9077:
9067:
9065:
9063:
9058:on 28 April 2020
9043:
9017:
8988:
8986:
8984:
8978:
8971:
8961:
8959:
8957:
8951:
8942:
8929:
8927:
8925:
8916:
8886:
8885:
8883:
8881:
8864:
8858:
8857:
8855:
8853:
8836:
8830:
8829:
8827:
8825:
8810:
8804:
8799:
8793:
8792:
8790:
8788:
8779:. Archived from
8768:
8762:
8761:
8759:
8757:
8745:
8739:
8738:
8736:
8734:
8725:
8716:
8710:
8709:
8689:
8683:
8682:
8669:
8663:
8662:
8660:
8658:
8646:
8640:
8639:
8637:
8635:
8620:
8614:
8613:
8611:
8609:
8597:
8591:
8590:
8588:
8586:
8581:on 21 March 2013
8577:. Archived from
8566:
8560:
8559:
8557:
8555:
8540:
8534:
8533:
8522:
8516:
8515:
8504:
8498:
8497:
8495:
8493:
8479:
8470:
8464:
8463:
8461:
8459:
8448:The Urban Lawyer
8445:
8436:
8430:
8429:
8427:
8425:
8413:
8407:
8406:
8398:
8392:
8391:
8389:
8387:
8367:(13 July 2021).
8361:
8355:
8352:
8346:
8345:
8335:
8317:
8285:
8279:
8269:
8263:
8262:
8256:
8248:
8246:
8244:
8239:. CNN. CNN Money
8232:
8226:
8225:
8213:
8207:
8206:
8180:
8160:
8154:
8153:
8151:
8149:
8134:
8128:
8127:
8125:
8123:
8107:
8101:
8100:
8098:
8096:
8090:
8079:
8070:
8064:
8063:
8057:
8049:
8047:
8045:
8030:
8024:
8017:
8011:
8010:
8007:10.1002/fee.1492
7982:
7976:
7975:
7942:(6): 1276–1284.
7931:
7925:
7924:
7922:
7920:
7906:
7900:
7899:
7897:
7895:
7880:
7874:
7873:
7871:
7869:
7863:
7854:
7848:
7847:
7803:
7797:
7796:
7794:
7762:
7756:
7755:
7743:
7737:
7736:
7734:
7732:
7717:
7711:
7710:
7704:
7702:
7696:
7690:. Archived from
7685:
7676:
7670:
7669:
7663:
7655:
7637:
7631:
7630:
7628:
7626:
7611:
7605:
7599:
7598:
7594:
7592:
7590:
7575:
7556:
7549:
7543:
7542:
7508:
7499:
7493:
7492:
7482:
7450:
7444:
7443:
7441:
7439:10.2172/10115876
7422:
7416:
7415:
7408:
7399:
7398:
7380:
7356:
7350:
7349:
7335:
7328:
7322:
7321:
7303:
7254:
7248:
7247:
7237:
7197:
7191:
7190:
7162:
7156:
7155:
7144:
7138:
7137:
7126:
7120:
7119:
7117:
7115:
7105:
7096:
7081:
7080:
7055:(5): 1039–1056.
7046:
7037:
7031:
7030:
7007:Resources Policy
7002:
6996:
6995:
6993:
6991:
6986:on 13 March 2012
6982:. Archived from
6971:
6965:
6964:
6962:
6960:
6948:
6942:
6941:
6929:
6920:
6905:
6904:
6876:
6867:
6866:
6860:
6858:
6843:
6837:
6836:
6831:
6829:
6814:
6808:
6807:
6801:
6799:
6784:
6775:
6774:
6768:
6766:
6751:
6745:
6744:
6742:
6740:
6734:
6728:. Archived from
6727:
6703:
6697:
6696:
6694:
6692:
6677:
6671:
6670:
6668:
6666:
6657:. Archived from
6647:
6641:
6638:
6632:
6629:
6623:
6622:
6620:
6618:
6601:
6595:
6594:
6592:
6590:
6584:
6570:
6561:
6543:
6537:
6536:
6534:
6532:
6526:
6519:
6511:
6505:
6504:
6502:
6500:
6494:
6486:
6480:
6479:
6477:
6475:
6458:
6452:
6442:
6436:
6435:
6428:
6422:
6421:
6419:
6417:
6402:
6396:
6395:
6393:
6391:
6376:
6370:
6364:
6358:
6352:
6346:
6345:
6343:
6341:
6326:
6320:
6319:
6317:
6315:
6294:
6288:
6287:
6285:
6283:
6268:
6262:
6261:
6247:
6241:
6240:
6226:
6220:
6219:
6217:
6215:
6200:
6194:
6193:
6167:
6143:
6137:
6136:
6134:
6123:
6112:
6101:
6100:
6098:
6096:
6081:
6075:
6074:
6072:
6070:
6055:
6049:
6048:
6038:
6006:
6000:
5993:
5987:
5986:
5984:
5982:
5967:
5961:
5960:
5933:
5927:
5926:
5918:
5912:
5911:
5903:
5897:
5896:
5894:
5892:
5877:
5871:
5870:
5846:
5840:
5839:
5837:
5835:
5824:
5818:
5817:
5801:
5795:
5794:
5770:
5764:
5763:
5723:
5717:
5716:
5714:
5712:
5685:
5679:
5678:
5650:
5644:
5643:
5621:
5615:
5614:
5592:
5586:
5585:
5563:
5557:
5556:
5554:
5552:
5537:
5531:
5530:
5528:
5526:
5517:. Archived from
5506:
5500:
5499:
5497:
5495:
5489:
5482:
5474:
5468:
5467:
5431:
5425:
5424:
5417:
5411:
5410:
5408:
5406:
5392:
5386:
5385:
5383:
5381:
5371:
5362:
5356:
5355:
5353:
5351:
5342:. Archived from
5323:
5317:
5316:
5308:
5302:
5301:
5276:(3–4): 211–219.
5261:
5255:
5254:
5252:
5250:
5244:
5227:
5218:
5217:
5212:
5210:
5198:
5189:
5188:
5182:
5180:
5174:
5166:
5155:
5148:
5142:
5141:
5139:
5137:
5131:
5118:
5109:
5108:
5107:on 21 July 2011.
5106:
5099:
5091:
5085:
5084:
5076:
5070:
5069:
5067:
5065:
5056:. Archived from
5045:
5039:
5038:
5036:
5034:
5020:Central, Bobby.
5017:
5011:
5010:
5008:
5006:
4987:
4981:
4980:
4969:
4963:
4962:
4960:
4958:
4943:
4937:
4936:
4934:
4932:
4916:
4910:
4909:
4907:
4905:
4899:
4886:
4878:
4855:
4854:
4852:
4850:
4841:
4832:
4826:
4825:
4823:
4821:
4812:. Archived from
4797:
4791:
4790:
4788:
4786:
4780:
4771:
4756:
4755:
4721:
4715:
4714:
4690:
4684:
4683:
4681:
4679:
4665:
4659:
4658:
4656:
4654:
4638:
4632:
4631:
4607:
4601:
4600:
4598:
4596:
4590:
4583:
4574:
4568:
4567:
4564:10.2118/12486-PA
4558:(6): 1071–1081.
4547:
4541:
4540:
4538:
4536:
4522:
4513:
4494:
4493:
4491:
4489:
4483:
4472:
4464:
4458:
4451:
4445:
4440:(7 August 2012)
4438:
4432:
4425:
4419:
4418:
4416:
4414:
4395:
4389:
4388:
4386:
4384:
4369:
4363:
4362:
4357:. Vol. 20.
4351:
4345:
4344:
4342:
4340:
4325:
4319:
4318:
4316:
4314:
4299:
4293:
4292:
4274:
4268:
4267:
4260:
4254:
4247:
4241:
4227:
4221:
4220:
4184:
4175:
4174:
4172:
4170:
4165:on 26 March 2014
4164:
4149:
4140:
4129:
4115:
4109:
4108:, 1977) 285–291.
4094:
4088:
4087:, 1977) 293–300.
4073:
4067:
4056:
4045:
4044:
4020:
4011:
3997:
3991:
3990:
3988:
3986:
3980:
3974:. Archived from
3969:
3960:
3954:
3953:
3951:
3949:
3943:
3937:. Archived from
3920:
3911:
3902:
3894:
3888:
3885:Khan, Salmaan A.
3882:
3876:
3875:
3873:
3871:
3857:
3851:
3850:
3848:
3846:
3835:
3829:
3828:
3804:
3798:
3797:
3795:
3793:
3754:
3746:
3740:
3739:
3710:
3704:
3703:
3701:
3699:
3676:
3670:
3669:
3667:
3665:
3646:
3637:
3631:
3630:
3628:
3626:
3599:
3593:
3592:
3590:
3588:
3559:
3553:
3552:
3550:
3548:
3531:
3522:
3521:
3519:
3517:
3508:. Archived from
3495:
3486:
3485:
3483:
3481:
3472:. Archived from
3463:
3457:
3449:
3440:
3439:
3437:
3435:
3420:
3411:
3404:
3398:
3391:
3382:
3381:
3377:Science Advances
3373:
3364:
3358:
3357:
3355:
3353:
3336:
3330:
3329:
3285:
3279:
3278:
3276:
3274:
3241:
3235:
3234:
3232:
3230:
3187:
3181:
3180:
3170:
3160:
3136:
3130:
3129:
3119:
3085:
3079:
3078:
3068:
3036:
3030:
3029:
3017:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3006:
2991:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2980:
2974:
2963:
2955:
2949:
2948:
2935:
2929:
2915:
2909:
2908:
2902:
2888:
2879:
2878:
2866:
2860:
2859:
2857:
2855:
2846:
2838:
2832:
2831:
2826:
2824:
2807:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2796:
2781:
2775:
2774:
2768:
2766:
2749:
2743:
2742:
2736:
2734:
2717:
2711:
2710:
2704:
2700:
2698:
2690:
2662:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2651:
2628:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2614:
2603:
2597:
2596:
2591:
2580:
2574:
2573:
2571:
2569:
2557:
2551:
2550:
2548:
2546:
2503:
2494:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2464:
2463:
2105:
2098:
2094:
2038:A 2017 study in
1882:Energy in Depth'
1796:public relations
1752:public relations
1625:Economic effects
1572:Non-oil/gas uses
1001:Bakken formation
944:fracturing fluid
720:of southwestern
690:Aubrey McClendon
634:Bakken Formation
569:tensile strength
565:principal stress
561:effective stress
525:seismic activity
477:, which include
386:(either sand or
344:well stimulation
313:
306:
299:
111:
110:
42:
35:
31:
21:
11809:
11808:
11804:
11803:
11802:
11800:
11799:
11798:
11774:
11773:
11772:
11760:
11748:
11738:
11736:
11728:
11726:
11721:
11699:
11653:
11649:John Wood Group
11639:Valaris Limited
11532:
11529:
11526:
11515:
11381:APA Corporation
11369:
11321:
11120:
11117:
11109:
11064:
11061:
11058:
11048:
11042:
10943:Classification
10927:
10850:
10844:
10780:Nationalization
10750:1979 oil crisis
10745:1973 oil crisis
10726:
10712:Water injection
10680:Steam injection
10675:Gas reinjection
10643:Artificial lift
10612:
10554:Drill stem test
10506:
10430:
10377:
10329:
10251:
10233:
10228:
10198:
10193:
10167:
10124:
10088:
10010:
10005:
9973:(22 April 2021)
9967:
9962:
9942:
9940:
9891:(20): 8172–76.
9869:
9830:
9816:
9814:
9810:
9799:
9777:
9776:
9725:
9723:
9705:
9703:
9699:
9692:
9677:
9675:
9671:
9664:
9646:
9644:
9640:
9622:
9566:
9564:
9560:
9549:
9535:
9533:
9529:
9518:
9514:
9307:
9305:
9287:
9285:
9281:
9270:
9256:
9254:
9241:
9235:
9187:
9185:
9170:
9168:
9164:
9150:
9148:
9092:
9090:
9086:
9075:
9061:
9059:
9046:
9015:10.1.1.368.4553
8982:
8980:
8976:
8969:
8955:
8953:
8949:
8945:
8923:
8921:
8914:
8895:
8893:Further reading
8890:
8889:
8879:
8877:
8865:
8861:
8851:
8849:
8837:
8833:
8823:
8821:
8812:
8811:
8807:
8800:
8796:
8786:
8784:
8769:
8765:
8755:
8753:
8746:
8742:
8732:
8730:
8723:
8717:
8713:
8690:
8686:
8670:
8666:
8656:
8654:
8647:
8643:
8633:
8631:
8621:
8617:
8607:
8605:
8598:
8594:
8584:
8582:
8569:Moore, Robbie.
8567:
8563:
8553:
8551:
8542:
8541:
8537:
8524:
8523:
8519:
8506:
8505:
8501:
8491:
8489:
8477:
8471:
8467:
8457:
8455:
8443:
8437:
8433:
8423:
8421:
8414:
8410:
8399:
8395:
8385:
8383:
8365:Tabuchi, Hiroko
8362:
8358:
8353:
8349:
8286:
8282:
8270:
8266:
8250:
8249:
8242:
8240:
8233:
8229:
8214:
8210:
8178:10.1.1.460.5560
8161:
8157:
8147:
8145:
8136:
8135:
8131:
8121:
8119:
8108:
8104:
8094:
8092:
8088:
8077:
8071:
8067:
8051:
8050:
8043:
8041:
8031:
8027:
8018:
8014:
7983:
7979:
7932:
7928:
7918:
7916:
7908:
7907:
7903:
7893:
7891:
7881:
7877:
7867:
7865:
7861:
7855:
7851:
7804:
7800:
7771:Energy Procedia
7763:
7759:
7745:
7744:
7740:
7730:
7728:
7718:
7714:
7700:
7698:
7697:on 2 March 2015
7694:
7683:
7677:
7673:
7657:
7656:
7652:
7638:
7634:
7624:
7622:
7613:
7612:
7608:
7596:
7588:
7586:
7577:
7576:
7559:
7550:
7546:
7506:
7500:
7496:
7451:
7447:
7432:. 1 June 1993.
7424:
7423:
7419:
7410:
7409:
7402:
7357:
7353:
7330:
7329:
7325:
7255:
7251:
7198:
7194:
7163:
7159:
7154:. 16 June 2023.
7146:
7145:
7141:
7128:
7127:
7123:
7113:
7111:
7103:
7097:
7084:
7044:
7038:
7034:
7003:
6999:
6989:
6987:
6972:
6968:
6958:
6956:
6949:
6945:
6940:. PHE-CRCE-009.
6938:
6927:
6921:
6908:
6887:(10): 889–893.
6877:
6870:
6856:
6854:
6845:
6844:
6840:
6827:
6825:
6816:
6815:
6811:
6797:
6795:
6785:
6778:
6764:
6762:
6752:
6748:
6738:
6736:
6732:
6704:
6700:
6690:
6688:
6679:
6678:
6674:
6664:
6662:
6649:
6648:
6644:
6639:
6635:
6630:
6626:
6616:
6614:
6611:The Progressive
6602:
6598:
6588:
6586:
6582:
6571:
6564:
6560:29 October 2010
6553:Wayback Machine
6544:
6540:
6530:
6528:
6524:
6517:
6513:
6512:
6508:
6498:
6496:
6492:
6488:
6487:
6483:
6473:
6471:
6460:
6459:
6455:
6443:
6439:
6434:. 5 April 2017.
6430:
6429:
6425:
6415:
6413:
6403:
6399:
6389:
6387:
6377:
6373:
6365:
6361:
6353:
6349:
6339:
6337:
6327:
6323:
6313:
6311:
6310:on 29 July 2013
6296:
6295:
6291:
6281:
6279:
6269:
6265:
6248:
6244:
6227:
6223:
6213:
6211:
6201:
6197:
6165:10.1038/477271a
6144:
6140:
6132:
6121:
6113:
6104:
6094:
6092:
6082:
6078:
6068:
6066:
6056:
6052:
6007:
6003:
5994:
5990:
5980:
5978:
5968:
5964:
5934:
5930:
5919:
5915:
5904:
5900:
5890:
5888:
5878:
5874:
5867:
5859:. p. 380.
5847:
5843:
5833:
5831:
5826:
5825:
5821:
5802:
5798:
5791:
5783:. p. 670.
5771:
5767:
5724:
5720:
5710:
5708:
5706:
5686:
5682:
5651:
5647:
5640:
5622:
5618:
5611:
5593:
5589:
5582:
5574:. p. P-2.
5564:
5560:
5550:
5548:
5539:
5538:
5534:
5524:
5522:
5507:
5503:
5493:
5491:
5487:
5480:
5476:
5475:
5471:
5432:
5428:
5419:
5418:
5414:
5404:
5402:
5394:
5393:
5389:
5379:
5377:
5369:
5363:
5359:
5349:
5347:
5324:
5320:
5309:
5305:
5262:
5258:
5248:
5246:
5242:
5236:Oilfield Review
5228:
5221:
5208:
5206:
5199:
5192:
5178:
5176:
5172:
5168:
5167:
5158:
5149:
5145:
5135:
5133:
5129:
5119:
5112:
5104:
5097:
5093:
5092:
5088:
5083:. 17 June 2016.
5078:
5077:
5073:
5063:
5061:
5046:
5042:
5032:
5030:
5018:
5014:
5004:
5002:
4989:
4988:
4984:
4971:
4970:
4966:
4956:
4954:
4944:
4940:
4930:
4928:
4917:
4913:
4903:
4901:
4897:
4884:
4880:
4879:
4858:
4848:
4846:
4839:
4833:
4829:
4819:
4817:
4798:
4794:
4784:
4782:
4778:
4772:
4759:
4748:
4722:
4718:
4711:
4703:. p. 424.
4691:
4687:
4677:
4675:
4667:
4666:
4662:
4652:
4650:
4639:
4635:
4628:
4616:. Vol. 2.
4608:
4604:
4594:
4592:
4588:
4581:
4575:
4571:
4548:
4544:
4534:
4532:
4520:
4514:
4497:
4487:
4485:
4481:
4470:
4466:
4465:
4461:
4452:
4448:
4439:
4435:
4426:
4422:
4412:
4410:
4396:
4392:
4382:
4380:
4371:
4370:
4366:
4353:
4352:
4348:
4338:
4336:
4327:
4326:
4322:
4312:
4310:
4300:
4296:
4289:
4275:
4271:
4262:
4261:
4257:
4248:
4244:
4238:Wayback Machine
4228:
4224:
4185:
4178:
4168:
4166:
4162:
4147:
4141:
4132:
4127:Wayback Machine
4116:
4112:
4095:
4091:
4074:
4070:
4057:
4048:
4041:
4021:
4014:
4009:Wayback Machine
3998:
3994:
3984:
3982:
3978:
3967:
3961:
3957:
3947:
3945:
3941:
3918:
3912:
3905:
3895:
3891:
3883:
3879:
3869:
3867:
3859:
3858:
3854:
3844:
3842:
3837:
3836:
3832:
3825:
3817:. p. 102.
3805:
3801:
3791:
3789:
3747:
3743:
3711:
3707:
3697:
3695:
3693:
3677:
3673:
3663:
3661:
3659:
3644:
3638:
3634:
3624:
3622:
3620:
3600:
3596:
3586:
3584:
3582:
3574:. p. 369.
3560:
3556:
3546:
3544:
3533:
3532:
3525:
3515:
3513:
3496:
3489:
3479:
3477:
3476:on 4 April 2011
3461:
3455:
3450:
3443:
3433:
3431:
3421:
3414:
3405:
3401:
3393:Kim, Won-Young
3392:
3385:
3371:
3365:
3361:
3351:
3349:
3337:
3333:
3286:
3282:
3272:
3270:
3268:
3242:
3238:
3228:
3226:
3188:
3184:
3137:
3133:
3086:
3082:
3037:
3033:
3018:
3014:
3004:
3002:
2999:National Review
2993:
2992:
2988:
2978:
2976:
2972:
2961:
2957:
2956:
2952:
2937:
2936:
2932:
2926:Wayback Machine
2916:
2912:
2900:
2894:(29 May 2012).
2889:
2882:
2871:"Drilling Down"
2867:
2863:
2853:
2851:
2844:
2840:
2839:
2835:
2822:
2820:
2808:
2804:
2794:
2792:
2789:Popular Science
2783:
2782:
2778:
2764:
2762:
2750:
2746:
2732:
2730:
2718:
2714:
2702:
2701:
2692:
2691:
2687:
2663:
2659:
2649:
2647:
2645:
2629:
2622:
2612:
2610:
2605:
2604:
2600:
2589:
2581:
2577:
2567:
2565:
2558:
2554:
2544:
2542:
2532:
2501:
2495:
2491:
2479:
2477:
2470:
2461:
2458:
2396:
2354:
2344:
2302:water pollution
2258:abandoned wells
2111:
2093:
2083:
2077:
2004:
1995:
1993:Research issues
1878:Energy in Depth
1858:nominated film
1849:
1840:
1817:
1780:
1760:Range Resources
1732:
1727:
1706:Vitoria-Gasteiz
1698:
1669:coalbed methane
1645:
1627:
1609:
1574:
1531:
1450:
1393:
1367:
1361:
1352:
1341:gel. Sometimes
1239:ethylene glycol
1235:2-butoxyethanol
1159:Ethylene glycol
1143:Sodium chloride
1032:
1024:Main articles:
1014:
985:
940:
928:
921:
859:Cleveland Shale
851:
763:
706:
683:
640:, United States
626:
621:
605:
585:
549:
544:
538:
506:methane leakage
485:contamination,
464:
388:aluminium oxide
336:hydrofracturing
326:(also known as
317:
143:
141:Alvarado, Texas
128:Alvarado, Texas
45:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
11807:
11797:
11796:
11791:
11786:
11771:
11770:
11758:
11746:
11744:Earth sciences
11723:
11722:
11720:
11719:
11708:
11705:
11704:
11701:
11700:
11698:
11697:
11692:
11687:
11682:
11677:
11672:
11667:
11661:
11659:
11655:
11654:
11652:
11651:
11646:
11641:
11636:
11631:
11626:
11621:
11616:
11611:
11606:
11601:
11596:
11591:
11586:
11581:
11576:
11571:
11566:
11561:
11556:
11551:
11546:
11541:
11535:
11533:
11524:
11521:
11520:
11517:
11516:
11514:
11513:
11508:
11503:
11498:
11493:
11488:
11486:Surgutneftegas
11483:
11478:
11473:
11468:
11463:
11458:
11453:
11448:
11443:
11438:
11433:
11428:
11423:
11418:
11413:
11408:
11406:Eneos Holdings
11403:
11398:
11396:ConocoPhillips
11393:
11388:
11386:Cenovus Energy
11383:
11377:
11375:
11371:
11370:
11368:
11367:
11362:
11357:
11352:
11347:
11342:
11337:
11331:
11329:
11327:Energy trading
11323:
11322:
11320:
11319:
11314:
11309:
11304:
11299:
11294:
11289:
11284:
11279:
11274:
11269:
11264:
11259:
11254:
11249:
11244:
11239:
11234:
11229:
11224:
11219:
11214:
11209:
11204:
11199:
11194:
11189:
11184:
11179:
11174:
11169:
11164:
11159:
11154:
11149:
11144:
11139:
11134:
11129:
11123:
11121:
11114:
11111:
11110:
11108:
11107:
11102:
11097:
11092:
11087:
11082:
11076:
11074:
11065:
11056:
11050:
11044:
11043:
11041:
11040:
11039:
11038:
11033:
11028:
11023:
11013:
11011:Swing producer
11008:
11003:
10998:
10993:
10988:
10983:
10982:
10981:
10976:
10966:
10961:
10956:
10955:
10954:
10949:
10941:
10935:
10933:
10929:
10928:
10926:
10925:
10920:
10915:
10910:
10905:
10900:
10895:
10890:
10885:
10883:Gulf of Mexico
10880:
10875:
10870:
10865:
10860:
10854:
10852:
10846:
10845:
10843:
10842:
10837:
10832:
10827:
10822:
10817:
10812:
10807:
10802:
10797:
10792:
10787:
10782:
10777:
10772:
10770:2010s oil glut
10767:
10762:
10757:
10755:1980s oil glut
10752:
10747:
10742:
10736:
10734:
10728:
10727:
10725:
10724:
10719:
10714:
10709:
10704:
10699:
10694:
10689:
10684:
10683:
10682:
10677:
10667:
10662:
10661:
10660:
10655:
10650:
10640:
10639:
10638:
10633:
10622:
10620:
10614:
10613:
10611:
10610:
10605:
10600:
10595:
10594:
10593:
10583:
10578:
10573:
10572:
10571:
10564:Drilling fluid
10561:
10556:
10551:
10550:
10549:
10539:
10534:
10533:
10532:
10522:
10516:
10514:
10508:
10507:
10505:
10504:
10502:Seismic source
10499:
10498:
10497:
10487:
10482:
10477:
10476:
10475:
10470:
10460:
10455:
10450:
10444:
10442:
10436:
10435:
10432:
10431:
10429:
10428:
10427:
10426:
10416:
10411:
10406:
10401:
10396:
10391:
10385:
10383:
10379:
10378:
10376:
10375:
10370:
10365:
10360:
10355:
10350:
10344:
10342:
10335:
10331:
10330:
10328:
10327:
10322:
10317:
10312:
10307:
10302:
10300:Japan Cocktail
10297:
10292:
10287:
10282:
10277:
10272:
10267:
10261:
10259:
10253:
10252:
10250:
10249:
10247:Primary energy
10244:
10238:
10235:
10234:
10227:
10226:
10219:
10212:
10204:
10195:
10194:
10192:
10191:
10186:
10181:
10175:
10173:
10169:
10168:
10166:
10165:
10160:
10155:
10153:United Kingdom
10150:
10145:
10140:
10134:
10132:
10126:
10125:
10123:
10122:
10117:
10112:
10107:
10102:
10096:
10094:
10090:
10089:
10087:
10086:
10081:
10076:
10071:
10066:
10061:
10056:
10051:
10046:
10041:
10036:
10031:
10026:
10020:
10018:
10012:
10011:
10004:
10003:
9996:
9989:
9981:
9975:
9974:
9966:
9965:External links
9963:
9961:
9960:
9949:
9929:
9874:
9841:(5): 1039–56.
9823:
9790:
9732:
9712:
9684:
9656:
9633:
9620:
9588:(9): A350–56.
9573:
9542:
9512:
9495:
9458:
9430:(3): 897–907.
9413:
9359:
9331:(8): a348–53.
9314:
9294:
9263:
9239:
9233:
9213:
9194:
9177:
9157:
9136:
9110:(5): 1039–56.
9099:
9089:on 27 May 2013
9068:
9044:
8989:
8962:
8943:
8930:
8907:
8896:
8894:
8891:
8888:
8887:
8859:
8831:
8805:
8794:
8763:
8740:
8711:
8684:
8664:
8641:
8629:West Cape News
8615:
8592:
8561:
8535:
8517:
8499:
8465:
8431:
8420:. The Guardian
8408:
8393:
8375:. p. B1.
8356:
8347:
8280:
8276:Earth Magazine
8264:
8227:
8216:Conca, James.
8208:
8155:
8129:
8102:
8091:on 21 May 2018
8065:
8025:
8012:
7993:(5): 237–242.
7977:
7926:
7901:
7875:
7849:
7798:
7757:
7754:(9): 18. 2013.
7738:
7712:
7708:years or more)
7671:
7650:
7632:
7606:
7557:
7544:
7494:
7465:(2): E94–E95.
7445:
7417:
7400:
7351:
7323:
7270:(2): 177–185.
7249:
7212:(5): 522–525.
7192:
7167:J Pediatr Nurs
7157:
7152:European Union
7139:
7134:European Union
7121:
7082:
7032:
7013:(3): 233–240.
6997:
6966:
6943:
6936:
6906:
6868:
6838:
6824:. 3 March 2011
6809:
6776:
6746:
6718:(2): 121–141.
6698:
6672:
6642:
6633:
6624:
6596:
6562:
6538:
6506:
6481:
6453:
6451:. 104 minutes.
6437:
6423:
6397:
6371:
6359:
6347:
6321:
6289:
6263:
6242:
6221:
6195:
6138:
6102:
6076:
6050:
6021:(6): 137–160.
6001:
5988:
5962:
5928:
5913:
5898:
5872:
5865:
5857:Academic Press
5841:
5819:
5816:. p. 139.
5796:
5789:
5765:
5738:(2): 191–201.
5718:
5704:
5680:
5661:(3): 223–235.
5645:
5638:
5616:
5609:
5587:
5580:
5558:
5532:
5501:
5469:
5426:
5412:
5387:
5357:
5318:
5303:
5256:
5219:
5190:
5156:
5143:
5132:on 18 May 2013
5110:
5086:
5071:
5060:on 3 July 2015
5040:
5012:
5001:on 3 July 2015
4982:
4964:
4938:
4911:
4856:
4827:
4792:
4757:
4746:
4716:
4709:
4685:
4660:
4633:
4626:
4602:
4569:
4542:
4495:
4459:
4446:
4433:
4420:
4390:
4364:
4346:
4320:
4294:
4287:
4269:
4255:
4242:
4222:
4176:
4130:
4110:
4089:
4068:
4046:
4039:
4012:
3992:
3981:on 12 May 2013
3955:
3903:
3889:
3877:
3852:
3830:
3823:
3799:
3765:(6): 653–659.
3741:
3722:(5): 967–982.
3705:
3691:
3671:
3657:
3632:
3618:
3594:
3580:
3554:
3523:
3487:
3441:
3412:
3399:
3383:
3359:
3331:
3280:
3266:
3236:
3202:(5): 424–429.
3182:
3131:
3102:(2): A50–A55.
3080:
3031:
3012:
2986:
2950:
2930:
2910:
2880:
2861:
2833:
2802:
2776:
2744:
2712:
2703:|journal=
2685:
2657:
2643:
2620:
2598:
2575:
2552:
2530:
2522:10.2790/379646
2488:
2487:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2452:
2447:
2445:Stranded asset
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2395:
2392:
2343:
2340:
2262:produced water
2228:The lifecycle
2226:
2225:
2222:
2219:
2216:
2213:
2210:
2199:greenhouse gas
2173:
2172:
2169:
2165:
2164:
2157:
2153:
2152:
2143:
2139:
2138:
2137:Fluid pressure
2135:
2131:
2130:
2125:
2121:
2120:
2117:
2113:
2112:
2106:
2079:Main article:
2076:
2073:
2003:
2000:
1994:
1991:
1982:Fractured Land
1934:Phelim McAleer
1930:Northern Irish
1907:The 2012 film
1902:ConocoPhillips
1848:
1845:
1839:
1836:
1816:
1813:
1779:
1776:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1697:
1694:
1626:
1623:
1618:
1617:
1611:
1607:
1602:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1587:
1581:
1573:
1570:
1530:
1527:
1502:wireline truck
1449:
1446:
1392:
1389:
1363:Main article:
1360:
1357:
1351:
1348:
1329:
1328:
1317:
1297:
1281:
1219:
1218:
1212:
1202:
1196:
1189:Glutaraldehyde
1186:
1172:
1166:
1163:scale deposits
1156:
1153:Polyacrylamide
1150:
1147:polymer chains
1140:
1120:, and others.
1071:carbon dioxide
1013:
1010:
1008:permeability.
984:
981:
939:
936:
920:
917:
850:
847:
806:Piceance Basin
798:San Juan Basin
762:
759:
730:Arkansas River
705:
702:
682:
679:
625:
622:
620:
617:
604:
601:
584:
581:
548:
545:
540:Main article:
537:
534:
499:rhinosinusitis
462:
459:carbon dioxide
432:greenhouse gas
319:
318:
316:
315:
308:
301:
293:
290:
289:
288:
287:
280:
275:
268:
263:
255:
254:
250:
249:
248:
247:
242:
234:
233:
229:
228:
227:
226:
218:
217:
211:
210:
209:
208:
203:
195:
194:
188:
187:
186:
185:
180:
178:United Kingdom
175:
170:
165:
160:
152:
151:
145:
144:
132:
118:
117:
107:
106:
103:
99:
98:
91:
87:
86:
77:
73:
72:
71:Fluid pressure
69:
65:
64:
59:
55:
54:
51:
47:
46:
43:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
11806:
11795:
11792:
11790:
11787:
11785:
11782:
11781:
11779:
11769:
11764:
11759:
11757:
11752:
11747:
11745:
11735:
11734:
11731:
11718:
11710:
11709:
11706:
11696:
11693:
11691:
11688:
11686:
11683:
11681:
11678:
11676:
11673:
11671:
11668:
11666:
11663:
11662:
11660:
11656:
11650:
11647:
11645:
11642:
11640:
11637:
11635:
11632:
11630:
11627:
11625:
11622:
11620:
11617:
11615:
11612:
11610:
11607:
11605:
11602:
11600:
11597:
11595:
11592:
11590:
11587:
11585:
11582:
11580:
11577:
11575:
11572:
11570:
11567:
11565:
11562:
11560:
11557:
11555:
11552:
11550:
11547:
11545:
11542:
11540:
11537:
11536:
11534:
11531:
11522:
11512:
11511:Valero Energy
11509:
11507:
11504:
11502:
11499:
11497:
11494:
11492:
11489:
11487:
11484:
11482:
11479:
11477:
11476:Suncor Energy
11474:
11472:
11469:
11467:
11464:
11462:
11459:
11457:
11454:
11452:
11449:
11447:
11444:
11442:
11439:
11437:
11434:
11432:
11429:
11427:
11424:
11422:
11419:
11417:
11414:
11412:
11409:
11407:
11404:
11402:
11399:
11397:
11394:
11392:
11389:
11387:
11384:
11382:
11379:
11378:
11376:
11372:
11366:
11363:
11361:
11358:
11356:
11353:
11351:
11348:
11346:
11343:
11341:
11338:
11336:
11333:
11332:
11330:
11328:
11324:
11318:
11315:
11313:
11310:
11308:
11305:
11303:
11300:
11298:
11295:
11293:
11290:
11288:
11285:
11283:
11280:
11278:
11275:
11273:
11270:
11268:
11265:
11263:
11260:
11258:
11255:
11253:
11250:
11248:
11245:
11243:
11240:
11238:
11235:
11233:
11230:
11228:
11225:
11223:
11220:
11218:
11215:
11213:
11210:
11208:
11205:
11203:
11200:
11198:
11195:
11193:
11190:
11188:
11185:
11183:
11180:
11178:
11175:
11173:
11170:
11168:
11165:
11163:
11160:
11158:
11155:
11153:
11150:
11148:
11145:
11143:
11140:
11138:
11135:
11133:
11130:
11128:
11125:
11124:
11122:
11119:
11112:
11106:
11105:TotalEnergies
11103:
11101:
11098:
11096:
11093:
11091:
11088:
11086:
11083:
11081:
11078:
11077:
11075:
11073:
11069:
11066:
11063:
11054:
11051:
11049:organisations
11047:Companies and
11045:
11037:
11034:
11032:
11029:
11027:
11024:
11022:
11019:
11018:
11017:
11014:
11012:
11009:
11007:
11004:
11002:
10999:
10997:
10994:
10992:
10989:
10987:
10986:Petrocurrency
10984:
10980:
10977:
10975:
10972:
10971:
10970:
10967:
10965:
10962:
10960:
10959:Oil shale gas
10957:
10953:
10950:
10948:
10945:
10944:
10942:
10940:
10939:Abbreviations
10937:
10936:
10934:
10930:
10924:
10921:
10919:
10916:
10914:
10911:
10909:
10906:
10904:
10901:
10899:
10898:Permian Basin
10896:
10894:
10891:
10889:
10886:
10884:
10881:
10879:
10876:
10874:
10871:
10869:
10866:
10864:
10861:
10859:
10856:
10855:
10853:
10847:
10841:
10838:
10836:
10835:United States
10833:
10831:
10828:
10826:
10823:
10821:
10818:
10816:
10813:
10811:
10808:
10806:
10803:
10801:
10798:
10796:
10795:Seven Sisters
10793:
10791:
10788:
10786:
10783:
10781:
10778:
10776:
10773:
10771:
10768:
10766:
10763:
10761:
10758:
10756:
10753:
10751:
10748:
10746:
10743:
10741:
10738:
10737:
10735:
10733:
10729:
10723:
10720:
10718:
10715:
10713:
10710:
10708:
10705:
10703:
10700:
10698:
10695:
10693:
10690:
10688:
10685:
10681:
10678:
10676:
10673:
10672:
10671:
10668:
10666:
10663:
10659:
10656:
10654:
10651:
10649:
10646:
10645:
10644:
10641:
10637:
10634:
10632:
10629:
10628:
10627:
10624:
10623:
10621:
10619:
10615:
10609:
10606:
10604:
10601:
10599:
10596:
10592:
10589:
10588:
10587:
10584:
10582:
10579:
10577:
10574:
10570:
10567:
10566:
10565:
10562:
10560:
10557:
10555:
10552:
10548:
10545:
10544:
10543:
10540:
10538:
10535:
10531:
10528:
10527:
10526:
10523:
10521:
10518:
10517:
10515:
10513:
10509:
10503:
10500:
10496:
10493:
10492:
10491:
10488:
10486:
10483:
10481:
10478:
10474:
10471:
10469:
10466:
10465:
10464:
10461:
10459:
10456:
10454:
10451:
10449:
10448:Core sampling
10446:
10445:
10443:
10441:
10437:
10425:
10422:
10421:
10420:
10417:
10415:
10412:
10410:
10407:
10405:
10402:
10400:
10397:
10395:
10392:
10390:
10387:
10386:
10384:
10380:
10374:
10371:
10369:
10366:
10364:
10361:
10359:
10356:
10354:
10351:
10349:
10346:
10345:
10343:
10339:
10336:
10332:
10326:
10323:
10321:
10318:
10316:
10313:
10311:
10308:
10306:
10303:
10301:
10298:
10296:
10293:
10291:
10288:
10286:
10285:Indian Basket
10283:
10281:
10278:
10276:
10273:
10271:
10268:
10266:
10263:
10262:
10260:
10258:
10254:
10248:
10245:
10243:
10240:
10239:
10236:
10232:
10225:
10220:
10218:
10213:
10211:
10206:
10205:
10202:
10190:
10187:
10185:
10182:
10180:
10177:
10176:
10174:
10170:
10164:
10161:
10159:
10158:United States
10156:
10154:
10151:
10149:
10146:
10144:
10141:
10139:
10136:
10135:
10133:
10131:
10127:
10121:
10118:
10116:
10113:
10111:
10108:
10106:
10103:
10101:
10098:
10097:
10095:
10091:
10085:
10082:
10080:
10077:
10075:
10072:
10070:
10067:
10065:
10062:
10060:
10057:
10055:
10052:
10050:
10047:
10045:
10042:
10040:
10037:
10035:
10032:
10030:
10027:
10025:
10022:
10021:
10019:
10017:
10013:
10009:
10002:
9997:
9995:
9990:
9988:
9983:
9982:
9979:
9972:
9969:
9968:
9958:
9954:
9950:
9939:
9935:
9930:
9926:
9922:
9917:
9912:
9907:
9902:
9898:
9894:
9890:
9886:
9885:
9880:
9875:
9868:
9864:
9860:
9856:
9852:
9848:
9844:
9840:
9836:
9829:
9824:
9809:
9805:
9798:
9797:
9791:
9787:
9781:
9773:
9769:
9764:
9759:
9755:
9751:
9747:
9743:
9739:
9733:
9722:
9718:
9713:
9698:
9691:
9685:
9670:
9663:
9657:
9654:
9639:
9634:
9630:
9626:
9621:
9618:
9613:
9609:
9604:
9599:
9595:
9591:
9587:
9583:
9579:
9574:
9559:
9555:
9548:
9543:
9532:on 8 May 2012
9528:
9524:
9517:
9513:
9509:
9505:
9501:
9496:
9492:
9488:
9484:
9480:
9476:
9472:
9468:
9464:
9459:
9455:
9451:
9446:
9441:
9437:
9433:
9429:
9425:
9424:
9423:Endocrinology
9419:
9414:
9410:
9406:
9401:
9396:
9391:
9386:
9382:
9378:
9374:
9370:
9366:
9360:
9356:
9352:
9347:
9342:
9338:
9334:
9330:
9326:
9325:
9320:
9315:
9304:
9300:
9295:
9280:
9276:
9269:
9264:
9252:
9248:
9244:
9240:
9236:
9230:
9226:
9222:
9218:
9214:
9210:
9206:
9205:
9200:
9195:
9183:
9178:
9163:
9158:
9146:
9142:
9137:
9133:
9129:
9125:
9121:
9117:
9113:
9109:
9105:
9100:
9085:
9081:
9074:
9069:
9057:
9053:
9049:
9045:
9041:
9037:
9033:
9029:
9025:
9021:
9016:
9011:
9007:
9003:
8999:
8995:
8990:
8975:
8968:
8963:
8948:
8944:
8940:
8936:
8931:
8920:
8913:
8908:
8906:
8905:online review
8902:
8898:
8897:
8876:
8875:
8870:
8863:
8848:
8847:
8842:
8835:
8819:
8815:
8809:
8802:
8798:
8782:
8778:
8774:
8767:
8751:
8744:
8729:
8722:
8715:
8707:
8703:
8699:
8695:
8688:
8680:
8676:
8668:
8652:
8645:
8630:
8626:
8619:
8603:
8596:
8580:
8576:
8572:
8565:
8549:
8545:
8539:
8531:
8527:
8521:
8513:
8509:
8503:
8487:
8483:
8476:
8469:
8453:
8449:
8442:
8435:
8419:
8412:
8404:
8397:
8382:
8378:
8374:
8370:
8366:
8360:
8351:
8343:
8339:
8334:
8329:
8325:
8321:
8316:
8311:
8307:
8303:
8299:
8295:
8291:
8284:
8277:
8273:
8268:
8260:
8254:
8238:
8231:
8223:
8219:
8212:
8204:
8200:
8196:
8192:
8188:
8184:
8179:
8174:
8170:
8166:
8159:
8143:
8139:
8133:
8117:
8113:
8106:
8087:
8083:
8076:
8069:
8061:
8055:
8040:
8036:
8029:
8022:
8016:
8008:
8004:
8000:
7996:
7992:
7988:
7981:
7973:
7969:
7965:
7961:
7957:
7953:
7949:
7945:
7941:
7937:
7930:
7915:
7911:
7905:
7890:
7886:
7879:
7860:
7853:
7845:
7841:
7837:
7833:
7829:
7825:
7821:
7817:
7813:
7809:
7802:
7793:
7788:
7784:
7780:
7776:
7772:
7768:
7761:
7753:
7749:
7742:
7727:
7723:
7716:
7709:
7693:
7689:
7682:
7675:
7667:
7661:
7653:
7647:
7643:
7636:
7620:
7616:
7610:
7603:
7602:public domain
7584:
7580:
7574:
7572:
7570:
7568:
7566:
7564:
7562:
7554:
7548:
7540:
7536:
7532:
7528:
7524:
7520:
7516:
7512:
7505:
7498:
7490:
7486:
7481:
7476:
7472:
7468:
7464:
7460:
7456:
7449:
7440:
7435:
7431:
7427:
7421:
7413:
7407:
7405:
7396:
7392:
7388:
7384:
7379:
7374:
7371:(5): 367–73.
7370:
7366:
7362:
7355:
7347:
7343:
7339:
7334:
7327:
7319:
7315:
7311:
7307:
7302:
7297:
7293:
7289:
7285:
7281:
7277:
7273:
7269:
7265:
7264:Nature Energy
7261:
7253:
7245:
7241:
7236:
7231:
7227:
7223:
7219:
7215:
7211:
7207:
7203:
7196:
7188:
7184:
7180:
7176:
7172:
7168:
7161:
7153:
7149:
7143:
7135:
7131:
7125:
7109:
7102:
7095:
7093:
7091:
7089:
7087:
7078:
7074:
7070:
7066:
7062:
7058:
7054:
7050:
7043:
7036:
7028:
7024:
7020:
7016:
7012:
7008:
7001:
6985:
6981:
6977:
6970:
6954:
6947:
6939:
6933:
6926:
6919:
6917:
6915:
6913:
6911:
6902:
6898:
6894:
6890:
6886:
6882:
6881:Public Health
6875:
6873:
6865:
6852:
6848:
6842:
6835:
6823:
6819:
6813:
6806:
6794:
6790:
6783:
6781:
6773:
6761:
6757:
6750:
6735:on 2 May 2014
6731:
6726:
6721:
6717:
6713:
6709:
6702:
6686:
6682:
6676:
6660:
6656:
6652:
6646:
6637:
6628:
6613:
6612:
6607:
6600:
6580:
6576:
6569:
6567:
6559:
6558:
6554:
6550:
6547:
6542:
6523:
6516:
6510:
6491:
6485:
6469:
6468:
6463:
6457:
6450:
6448:
6444:Documentary:
6441:
6433:
6427:
6412:
6408:
6401:
6386:
6382:
6375:
6369:
6363:
6357:
6351:
6336:
6332:
6325:
6309:
6305:
6304:
6299:
6293:
6278:
6274:
6267:
6259:
6258:
6253:
6246:
6238:
6237:
6232:
6225:
6210:
6209:The Ecologist
6206:
6199:
6191:
6187:
6183:
6179:
6175:
6171:
6166:
6161:
6157:
6153:
6149:
6142:
6131:
6127:
6120:
6119:
6111:
6109:
6107:
6091:
6087:
6084:Berman, Art.
6080:
6065:
6061:
6054:
6046:
6042:
6037:
6032:
6028:
6024:
6020:
6016:
6012:
6005:
5998:
5992:
5977:
5973:
5966:
5959:
5955:
5951:
5947:
5943:
5939:
5932:
5924:
5917:
5909:
5902:
5887:
5886:Texas Monthly
5883:
5876:
5868:
5862:
5858:
5854:
5853:
5845:
5829:
5823:
5815:
5811:
5807:
5800:
5792:
5786:
5782:
5778:
5777:
5769:
5761:
5757:
5753:
5749:
5745:
5741:
5737:
5733:
5729:
5722:
5707:
5701:
5697:
5693:
5692:
5684:
5676:
5672:
5668:
5664:
5660:
5656:
5649:
5641:
5635:
5632:. p. ?.
5631:
5627:
5620:
5612:
5606:
5603:. p. ?.
5602:
5598:
5591:
5583:
5577:
5573:
5569:
5562:
5546:
5542:
5536:
5520:
5516:
5512:
5505:
5486:
5479:
5473:
5465:
5461:
5457:
5453:
5449:
5445:
5441:
5437:
5430:
5422:
5416:
5401:
5397:
5391:
5375:
5368:
5361:
5345:
5341:
5337:
5333:
5329:
5322:
5314:
5307:
5299:
5295:
5291:
5287:
5283:
5279:
5275:
5271:
5267:
5260:
5241:
5237:
5233:
5226:
5224:
5216:
5204:
5197:
5195:
5187:
5171:
5165:
5163:
5161:
5153:
5147:
5128:
5124:
5117:
5115:
5103:
5096:
5090:
5082:
5075:
5059:
5055:
5051:
5048:Dong, Linda.
5044:
5029:
5028:
5023:
5016:
5000:
4996:
4992:
4986:
4978:
4974:
4968:
4953:
4949:
4942:
4926:
4922:
4915:
4896:
4892:
4891:
4883:
4877:
4875:
4873:
4871:
4869:
4867:
4865:
4863:
4861:
4845:
4838:
4831:
4815:
4811:
4807:
4803:
4796:
4777:
4770:
4768:
4766:
4764:
4762:
4754:
4749:
4743:
4739:
4735:
4731:
4727:
4720:
4712:
4706:
4702:
4698:
4697:
4689:
4674:
4670:
4664:
4649:on 1 May 2013
4648:
4644:
4637:
4629:
4623:
4619:
4615:
4614:
4606:
4587:
4580:
4573:
4565:
4561:
4557:
4553:
4546:
4530:
4526:
4519:
4512:
4510:
4508:
4506:
4504:
4502:
4500:
4480:
4476:
4469:
4463:
4456:
4450:
4443:
4437:
4430:
4424:
4409:
4405:
4401:
4394:
4378:
4374:
4368:
4360:
4356:
4350:
4334:
4330:
4324:
4309:
4305:
4298:
4290:
4284:
4280:
4273:
4265:
4259:
4253:, April 2013.
4252:
4246:
4239:
4235:
4232:
4226:
4218:
4214:
4210:
4206:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4190:
4183:
4181:
4161:
4157:
4153:
4146:
4139:
4137:
4135:
4128:
4124:
4120:
4114:
4107:
4103:
4099:
4093:
4086:
4082:
4078:
4072:
4065:
4061:
4055:
4053:
4051:
4042:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4027:
4019:
4017:
4010:
4006:
4002:
3996:
3977:
3973:
3966:
3959:
3940:
3936:
3932:
3929:(12): 26–41.
3928:
3924:
3917:
3910:
3908:
3900:
3899:
3893:
3886:
3881:
3866:
3862:
3856:
3840:
3834:
3826:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3811:
3803:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3759:
3753:
3745:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3709:
3694:
3688:
3684:
3683:
3675:
3660:
3654:
3650:
3643:
3636:
3621:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3606:
3598:
3583:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3558:
3542:
3541:
3536:
3530:
3528:
3511:
3507:
3506:
3501:
3494:
3492:
3475:
3471:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3448:
3446:
3430:
3426:
3419:
3417:
3409:
3403:
3396:
3390:
3388:
3379:
3378:
3370:
3363:
3348:
3347:
3342:
3335:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3284:
3269:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3240:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3186:
3178:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3135:
3127:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3096:
3091:
3084:
3076:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3035:
3027:
3023:
3016:
3001:. 5 July 2017
3000:
2996:
2990:
2971:
2967:
2960:
2954:
2946:
2945:
2940:
2934:
2927:
2923:
2920:
2914:
2906:
2899:
2898:
2893:
2887:
2885:
2876:
2872:
2869:Urbina, Ian.
2865:
2850:
2843:
2837:
2830:
2819:
2818:
2813:
2806:
2790:
2786:
2780:
2773:
2761:
2760:
2755:
2748:
2741:
2729:
2728:
2723:
2716:
2708:
2696:
2688:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2669:
2661:
2646:
2640:
2636:
2635:
2627:
2625:
2608:
2602:
2595:
2588:
2587:
2579:
2563:
2556:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2500:
2493:
2489:
2486:
2475:
2474:
2468:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2435:Nuclear power
2433:
2431:
2430:In situ leach
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2391:
2387:
2385:
2381:
2375:
2373:
2372:wetland areas
2368:
2364:
2360:
2353:
2349:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2313:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2250:Surface water
2247:
2241:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2214:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2206:
2202:
2200:
2191:
2187:
2179:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2151:
2147:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2129:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2104:
2099:
2092:
2088:
2082:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2050:
2045:
2043:
2042:
2036:
2032:
2030:
2025:
2022:In June 2014
2020:
2017:
2016:public health
2008:
1999:
1990:
1988:
1984:
1983:
1977:
1975:
1970:
1968:
1963:
1961:
1960:Promised Land
1957:
1953:
1950:premiered on
1949:
1945:
1941:
1940:
1935:
1931:
1926:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1911:
1910:Promised Land
1905:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1862:
1857:
1853:
1844:
1835:
1833:
1828:
1827:
1822:
1812:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1775:
1773:
1769:
1763:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1719:
1714:
1708:(Spain, 2012)
1707:
1702:
1696:Public debate
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1679:
1673:
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1369:Injection of
1366:
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1076:
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1068:
1064:
1060:
1051:
1047:
1045:
1040:
1038:
1031:
1027:
1018:
1009:
1005:
1002:
998:
997:Barnett Shale
993:
989:
980:
978:
977:fracking hose
972:
970:
966:
960:
956:
953:
949:
945:
935:
933:
926:
916:
914:
909:
907:
906:Barnett Shale
903:
899:
895:
891:
890:Barnett Shale
886:
885:Barnett Shale
882:
877:
875:
871:
867:
862:
860:
856:
846:
843:
840:
836:
832:
828:
826:
822:
821:Carboniferous
818:
813:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
790:
788:
784:
775:
767:
758:
755:
751:
746:
742:
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736:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
701:
699:
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691:
687:
678:
676:
672:
671:nitroglycerin
668:
667:West Virginia
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
639:
635:
630:
616:
614:
610:
600:
598:
594:
590:
587:Most mineral
580:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
543:
533:
530:
526:
523:Increases in
517:
513:
511:
507:
504:The scale of
502:
500:
496:
492:
491:air pollution
488:
484:
483:surface water
480:
476:
472:
468:
460:
456:
452:
448:
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440:
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429:
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421:
420:United States
417:
413:
409:
408:coal seam gas
405:
401:
397:
391:
389:
385:
381:
377:
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369:
365:
361:
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349:
345:
341:
340:hydrofracking
337:
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78:
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70:
66:
63:
60:
56:
52:
48:
41:
36:
30:
19:
18:Hydrofracking
11614:Schlumberger
11544:Baker Hughes
11436:Marathon Oil
11426:Imperial Oil
11421:Husky Energy
11411:Galp Energia
11401:Devon Energy
11287:Saudi Aramco
11267:Petrovietnam
11212:NNPC Limited
11116:National oil
10996:Petrofiction
10964:Orphan wells
10932:Other topics
10903:Persian Gulf
10830:Saudi Arabia
10800:Standard Oil
10608:Well logging
10485:Petrophysics
10049:Fayetteville
9941:. Retrieved
9938:The Atlantic
9937:
9888:
9882:
9867:the original
9838:
9834:
9815:. Retrieved
9808:the original
9795:
9780:cite journal
9748:(1): 21–26.
9745:
9741:
9724:. Retrieved
9720:
9704:. Retrieved
9697:the original
9676:. Retrieved
9669:the original
9652:
9647:16 September
9645:. Retrieved
9624:
9615:
9585:
9581:
9565:. Retrieved
9558:the original
9553:
9534:. Retrieved
9527:the original
9499:
9466:
9462:
9427:
9421:
9372:
9368:
9328:
9322:
9306:. Retrieved
9302:
9286:. Retrieved
9279:the original
9255:. Retrieved
9251:the original
9220:
9211:(49): 54–67.
9208:
9202:
9186:. Retrieved
9169:. Retrieved
9149:. Retrieved
9145:the original
9107:
9103:
9091:. Retrieved
9084:the original
9079:
9060:. Retrieved
9056:the original
8997:
8993:
8981:. Retrieved
8974:the original
8954:. Retrieved
8952:. Texas DSHS
8938:
8922:. Retrieved
8900:
8878:. Retrieved
8872:
8862:
8850:. Retrieved
8844:
8834:
8822:. Retrieved
8817:
8808:
8797:
8785:. Retrieved
8781:the original
8777:E&E News
8776:
8766:
8754:. Retrieved
8743:
8731:. Retrieved
8714:
8698:The Guardian
8697:
8687:
8667:
8655:. Retrieved
8644:
8632:. Retrieved
8628:
8618:
8606:. Retrieved
8595:
8583:. Retrieved
8579:the original
8574:
8564:
8552:. Retrieved
8547:
8538:
8529:
8520:
8511:
8502:
8490:. Retrieved
8485:
8481:
8468:
8456:. Retrieved
8451:
8447:
8434:
8422:. Retrieved
8411:
8396:
8384:. Retrieved
8372:
8359:
8350:
8297:
8293:
8283:
8267:
8241:. Retrieved
8230:
8221:
8211:
8168:
8164:
8158:
8146:. Retrieved
8141:
8132:
8120:. Retrieved
8115:
8105:
8093:. Retrieved
8086:the original
8068:
8042:. Retrieved
8038:
8028:
8015:
7990:
7986:
7980:
7939:
7935:
7929:
7917:. Retrieved
7913:
7904:
7892:. Retrieved
7888:
7878:
7866:. Retrieved
7852:
7811:
7807:
7801:
7774:
7770:
7760:
7751:
7747:
7741:
7731:17 September
7729:. Retrieved
7715:
7706:
7701:16 September
7699:. Retrieved
7692:the original
7674:
7641:
7635:
7623:. Retrieved
7618:
7609:
7587:. Retrieved
7582:
7547:
7514:
7510:
7497:
7462:
7458:
7448:
7429:
7420:
7414:. June 2012.
7368:
7364:
7354:
7337:
7326:
7267:
7263:
7252:
7209:
7205:
7195:
7173:(4): 383–9.
7170:
7166:
7160:
7151:
7142:
7133:
7124:
7114:29 September
7112:. Retrieved
7052:
7048:
7035:
7010:
7006:
7000:
6988:. Retrieved
6984:the original
6979:
6969:
6957:. Retrieved
6946:
6884:
6880:
6862:
6855:. Retrieved
6850:
6841:
6833:
6826:. Retrieved
6821:
6812:
6803:
6796:. Retrieved
6792:
6770:
6763:. Retrieved
6760:E&E News
6759:
6749:
6737:. Retrieved
6730:the original
6715:
6711:
6701:
6689:. Retrieved
6684:
6675:
6663:. Retrieved
6659:the original
6654:
6645:
6636:
6627:
6615:. Retrieved
6609:
6599:
6587:. Retrieved
6578:
6555:
6541:
6529:. Retrieved
6522:the original
6509:
6497:. Retrieved
6484:
6472:. Retrieved
6465:
6456:
6446:
6440:
6426:
6414:. Retrieved
6410:
6400:
6388:. Retrieved
6384:
6374:
6362:
6350:
6338:. Retrieved
6334:
6324:
6312:. Retrieved
6308:the original
6301:
6292:
6280:. Retrieved
6277:Times Leader
6276:
6266:
6255:
6245:
6234:
6224:
6212:. Retrieved
6208:
6198:
6155:
6151:
6141:
6130:the original
6125:
6117:
6093:. Retrieved
6089:
6079:
6067:. Retrieved
6063:
6053:
6036:10419/128457
6018:
6014:
6004:
5996:
5991:
5979:. Retrieved
5975:
5970:Dews, Fred.
5965:
5944:(2): 59–63,
5941:
5937:
5931:
5922:
5916:
5907:
5901:
5891:23 September
5889:. Retrieved
5885:
5875:
5851:
5844:
5832:. Retrieved
5822:
5809:
5799:
5775:
5768:
5735:
5731:
5721:
5709:. Retrieved
5690:
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5648:
5625:
5619:
5596:
5590:
5567:
5561:
5549:. Retrieved
5544:
5535:
5523:. Retrieved
5519:the original
5515:Businessweek
5514:
5504:
5492:. Retrieved
5485:the original
5472:
5442:(5): 80–85.
5439:
5435:
5429:
5415:
5405:30 September
5403:. Retrieved
5390:
5378:. Retrieved
5373:
5360:
5348:. Retrieved
5344:the original
5331:
5321:
5312:
5306:
5273:
5269:
5259:
5249:30 September
5247:. Retrieved
5240:the original
5235:
5214:
5207:. Retrieved
5184:
5177:. Retrieved
5151:
5146:
5134:. Retrieved
5127:the original
5102:the original
5089:
5080:
5074:
5062:. Retrieved
5058:the original
5053:
5043:
5031:. Retrieved
5025:
5015:
5003:. Retrieved
4999:the original
4994:
4985:
4976:
4967:
4955:. Retrieved
4951:
4941:
4929:. Retrieved
4927:. p. 59
4924:
4914:
4902:. Retrieved
4895:the original
4888:
4847:. Retrieved
4843:
4830:
4818:. Retrieved
4814:the original
4805:
4795:
4783:. Retrieved
4751:
4729:
4719:
4695:
4688:
4676:. Retrieved
4663:
4651:. Retrieved
4647:the original
4636:
4612:
4605:
4593:. Retrieved
4586:the original
4572:
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4545:
4533:. Retrieved
4486:. Retrieved
4479:the original
4462:
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4436:
4423:
4411:. Retrieved
4403:
4393:
4381:. Retrieved
4377:the original
4367:
4354:
4349:
4337:. Retrieved
4333:the original
4323:
4313:18 September
4311:. Retrieved
4308:The Atlantis
4307:
4297:
4278:
4272:
4263:
4258:
4245:
4225:
4195:(6): 45–51.
4192:
4188:
4169:18 September
4167:. Retrieved
4160:the original
4155:
4151:
4113:
4101:
4097:
4092:
4080:
4076:
4071:
4063:
4059:
4025:
3995:
3983:. Retrieved
3976:the original
3958:
3946:. Retrieved
3939:the original
3926:
3922:
3897:
3892:
3880:
3868:. Retrieved
3855:
3843:. Retrieved
3833:
3809:
3802:
3790:. Retrieved
3762:
3756:
3744:
3719:
3715:
3708:
3696:. Retrieved
3681:
3674:
3662:. Retrieved
3648:
3635:
3623:. Retrieved
3604:
3597:
3585:. Retrieved
3567:
3557:
3545:. Retrieved
3538:
3514:. Retrieved
3510:the original
3503:
3478:. Retrieved
3474:the original
3467:
3458:
3432:. Retrieved
3402:
3375:
3362:
3352:12 September
3350:. Retrieved
3344:
3334:
3293:
3289:
3283:
3271:. Retrieved
3249:
3239:
3227:. Retrieved
3199:
3195:
3185:
3151:(12): 2123.
3148:
3144:
3134:
3099:
3093:
3083:
3048:
3044:
3034:
3025:
3015:
3003:. Retrieved
2998:
2989:
2977:. Retrieved
2970:the original
2953:
2942:
2933:
2913:
2896:
2874:
2864:
2852:. Retrieved
2848:
2836:
2828:
2821:. Retrieved
2815:
2805:
2795:22 September
2793:. Retrieved
2788:
2779:
2770:
2765:21 September
2763:. Retrieved
2757:
2747:
2738:
2733:21 September
2731:. Retrieved
2725:
2715:
2667:
2660:
2648:. Retrieved
2633:
2611:. Retrieved
2601:
2585:
2578:
2566:. Retrieved
2555:
2543:. Retrieved
2505:
2492:
2478:. Retrieved
2472:
2459:
2388:
2376:
2367:South Africa
2355:
2336:
2332:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2309:
2306:
2285:
2266:brine waters
2254:ground water
2242:
2227:
2203:
2195:
2116:Process type
2069:
2065:
2053:
2046:
2039:
2037:
2033:
2021:
2013:
2002:Health risks
1996:
1980:
1978:
1973:
1971:
1966:
1964:
1959:
1947:
1943:
1937:
1927:
1908:
1906:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1866:Pennsylvania
1859:
1850:
1841:
1824:
1818:
1781:
1764:
1733:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1674:
1654:
1639:Price of oil
1619:
1575:
1560:permeability
1532:
1523:
1511:
1499:
1463:
1451:
1442:
1433:
1425:shear stress
1409:
1397:microseismic
1394:
1385:
1375:Radiotracers
1368:
1353:
1343:pH modifiers
1330:
1243:
1220:
1183:crosslinkers
1169:Borate salts
1165:in the pipe.
1122:
1106:
1087:
1083:
1056:
1041:
1033:
1006:
990:
986:
973:
961:
957:
947:
941:
929:
910:
898:Bakken Shale
881:Devon Energy
878:
863:
852:
844:
838:
835:Austin Chalk
829:
814:
802:Denver Basin
791:
780:
750:Soviet Union
747:
743:
718:Grant County
707:
684:
675:acid etching
655:Pennsylvania
647:US Civil War
643:
638:North Dakota
606:
586:
550:
522:
510:fossil fuels
503:
439:hydrocarbons
436:
392:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
322:
282:
270:
168:South Africa
137:drilling rig
114:
50:Process type
29:
11768:Environment
11584:Halliburton
11456:Phillips 66
11277:QatarEnergy
11247:Petrobangla
11182:KazMunayGas
11072:Supermajors
11021:heavy crude
10908:Prudhoe Bay
10888:Niger Delta
10868:Caspian Sea
10631:Concessions
10581:Measurement
10547:Geosteering
10530:Squeeze job
10440:Exploration
10389:Consumption
10348:Consumption
10341:Natural gas
10270:Bonny Light
10100:Geosteering
10054:Haynesville
9943:21 December
9706:27 December
9678:27 December
9469:(10): 460.
9093:29 December
8983:22 February
8846:Times Union
8824:18 December
8752:. Bloomberg
8653:. Bloomberg
8634:11 February
8604:. Bloomberg
8458:21 December
8243:17 December
8148:22 February
8122:17 December
8116:ABC Science
7777:: 126–135.
7589:17 December
7517:: 250–261.
6990:29 February
6955:. Bloomberg
6798:23 February
6589:26 December
6531:21 December
5981:21 November
5545:Geology.com
4995:News images
4957:17 November
4904:29 December
4785:22 February
4535:24 February
4488:26 December
4413:15 November
4383:31 December
4339:31 December
4229:E. O. Ray,
3985:29 February
3516:22 February
3480:22 February
3459:Le Fracking
3434:28 December
3273:20 February
3229:25 November
2823:20 December
2772:production.
2480:17 December
2384:diesel fuel
2342:Regulations
2291:effects on
2146:Natural gas
1948:FrackNation
1939:FrackNation
1913:, starring
1504:is used to
1478:Haynesville
1215:Isopropanol
1211:prevention.
1205:Citric acid
1137:acetic acid
1090:silica sand
969:perforating
686:Harold Hamm
495:earthquakes
479:groundwater
455:natural gas
447:natural gas
430:, a potent
368:natural gas
272:FrackNation
163:New Zealand
80:Natural gas
11778:Categories
11634:Transocean
11501:Tullow Oil
11491:TechnipFMC
11257:PetroChina
11095:ExxonMobil
11001:Shale band
10878:East Texas
10851:and fields
10665:Downstream
10618:Production
10525:Completion
10453:Geophysics
10394:Production
10353:Production
10290:Indonesian
10265:Argus Sour
10257:Benchmarks
10130:By country
10093:Technology
10079:New Albany
10059:Horn River
10044:Eagle Ford
9804:Pittsburgh
9726:11 October
9508:1095508837
9491:1095508837
9273:(Report).
9257:4 November
9151:11 October
9062:10 October
8880:25 January
8852:25 January
8726:(Report).
8554:16 October
8424:1 December
8386:20 October
8381:A668271858
8080:(Report).
7919:1 December
7894:4 December
7686:(Report).
7625:1 December
7106:(Report).
6959:19 January
6883:(Review).
6864:officials.
6691:20 October
6390:4 December
6126:World Bank
5834:2 November
5655:Terra Nova
5525:22 January
4753:formation.
4523:(Report).
3970:(Report).
3923:JPT Online
3870:12 October
3845:12 October
3792:5 November
3625:5 November
3051:(2): A76.
3005:26 October
2613:19 October
2508:(Report).
2456:References
2346:See also:
2278:commercial
2142:Product(s)
2119:Mechanical
2085:See also:
1952:Mark Cuban
1915:Matt Damon
1894:ExxonMobil
1629:See also:
1549:" such as
1539:limestones
1535:sandstones
1486:Eagle Ford
1458:completion
1412:seismology
1293:boric acid
1207:—used for
1116:, various
983:Well types
894:Eagle Ford
855:Ohio Shale
839:slickwater
817:Rotliegend
808:, and the
794:millidarcy
624:Precursors
441:(such as
348:formations
232:Technology
215:Regulation
149:By country
76:Product(s)
53:Mechanical
11629:TC Energy
11530:companies
11360:Trafigura
11307:Sonatrach
11252:Petrobras
11242:Pertamina
11152:Ecopetrol
11118:companies
11062:companies
11060:petroleum
11036:tight oil
11031:oil shale
11026:oil sands
11006:Shale gas
10947:sweet oil
10918:Venezuela
10893:North Sea
10849:Provinces
10840:Venezuela
10687:Midstream
10382:Petroleum
10242:Petroleum
10179:Frack Off
10064:Marcellus
10034:Conasauga
10008:Shale gas
9627:(video).
9567:7 October
9500:EHS Today
9010:CiteSeerX
9000:: 79–87.
8706:0261-3077
8488:(2): 1–14
8454:(3): 1–14
8324:0027-8424
8253:cite news
8203:206543048
8173:CiteSeerX
8118:. Reuters
7814:: 58–68.
7660:cite book
7539:236339268
7387:1475-3162
7318:246373641
7292:2058-7546
7226:0002-8282
6617:4 January
6462:"Gasland"
6190:205067220
6174:0028-0836
6045:0195-6574
5976:Brookings
5760:0304-3894
5380:1 October
5350:1 January
4931:1 January
4820:15 August
4209:0002-936X
4104:(Denver:
4083:(Denver:
3898:Marcellus
3787:129422364
2979:15 August
2705:ignored (
2695:cite book
2568:8 October
2540:1831-9424
2288:drill pad
2274:municipal
2234:shale oil
2150:petroleum
2109:shale gas
1967:Gasland 2
1886:Gasland's
1832:shale gas
1772:pipe bomb
1635:Tight oil
1631:Shale gas
1506:perforate
1482:Marcellus
1405:Tiltmeter
1401:geophones
1334:oxidizers
1316:breakers.
1301:zirconium
1209:corrosion
1179:potassium
1110:viscosity
1037:viscosity
825:North Sea
573:wellbores
547:Mechanics
443:petroleum
424:crude oil
404:tight oil
400:tight gas
396:shale gas
372:petroleum
362:) into a
356:proppants
278:Frack Off
240:Proppants
201:Additives
134:Shale gas
84:petroleum
11717:Category
11624:Subsea 7
11604:Petrofac
11599:NOV Inc.
11579:GE Power
11574:Enbridge
11528:services
11350:Mercuria
11340:Glencore
11302:Sonangol
11262:Petronas
11197:Naftogaz
10969:Peak oil
10952:sour oil
10707:Upstream
10702:Refining
10697:Pipeline
10653:Pumpjack
10648:Gas lift
10569:invasion
10512:Drilling
10399:Reserves
10358:Reserves
10172:Protests
10039:Duvernay
9925:21555547
9863:53996198
9772:25204871
9690:supplies
9612:23487846
9504:ProQuest
9487:ProQuest
9483:23054167
9454:24424034
9409:24043804
9355:21807583
9308:23 March
9219:(2011).
9132:53996198
9040:19248364
9032:22444058
8956:27 March
8787:27 March
8756:27 March
8608:26 March
8585:16 March
8342:21555547
8195:23846903
8142:BBC News
8054:cite web
7972:36628835
7964:25566834
7868:27 March
7844:59249479
7836:30679092
7489:27956395
7395:15728107
7340:. 2008.
7310:35425643
7244:29430021
7187:22703686
7077:53996198
6901:24119661
6765:27 March
6685:The Tyee
6665:27 April
6549:Archived
6411:Politico
6340:27 March
6314:27 March
6282:27 March
6182:21921896
5572:J. Wiley
5464:22125868
5209:19 April
5136:4 August
5064:27 April
4618:Elsevier
4234:Archived
4217:23702766
4123:Archived
4031:Elsevier
4005:Archived
3572:Elsevier
3547:13 March
3326:36554832
3318:28452035
3224:13653132
3216:29370009
3177:31208070
3126:24486733
3075:17384744
2944:BBC News
2922:Archived
2854:28 April
2440:Peak oil
2394:See also
2156:Inventor
1923:Facebook
1874:Colorado
1852:Josh Fox
1744:Balcombe
1553:rock or
1543:dolomite
1490:Niobrara
1454:drilling
1313:titanium
1309:antimony
1305:chromium
1227:methanol
1199:Guar gum
1067:nitrogen
1044:guar gum
952:proppant
948:gradient
754:proppant
694:Tom Ward
663:Kentucky
659:New York
553:pressure
422:a major
364:wellbore
324:Fracking
253:Politics
115:Fracking
90:Inventor
33:Fracking
11730:Portals
11292:Sinopec
11282:Rosneft
11162:Gazprom
11157:Equinor
11085:Chevron
10732:History
10598:Tracers
10520:Blowout
10409:Exports
10404:Imports
10368:Exports
10363:Imports
10148:Romania
10069:Montney
10029:Barnett
9916:3100993
9893:Bibcode
9843:Bibcode
9763:4286272
9662:request
9603:3440123
9536:29 June
9432:Bibcode
9400:3816463
9377:Bibcode
9346:3237379
9112:Bibcode
9002:Bibcode
8733:28 July
8679:2666216
8333:3100993
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8165:Science
8044:1 April
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7816:Bibcode
7779:Bibcode
7726:WSJ.com
7519:Bibcode
7480:5235941
7301:9004666
7272:Bibcode
7235:5804812
7057:Bibcode
7015:Bibcode
6805:removed
6739:3 March
6447:Gasland
6214:29 July
5946:Bibcode
5740:Bibcode
5663:Bibcode
5551:4 March
5444:Bibcode
5423:. 2011.
5298:6545065
5278:Bibcode
4806:RegBlog
4653:10 June
3767:Bibcode
3724:Bibcode
3698:6 March
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3298:Bibcode
3168:6616936
3117:3915249
3066:1817691
2512:of the
1944:Gasland
1925:posts.
1919:Twitter
1870:Wyoming
1861:Gasland
1821:Gazprom
1520:Sleeves
1474:Montney
1470:Barnett
1420:P-waves
1416:S-waves
1193:biocide
1094:bauxite
919:Process
748:In the
619:History
597:connate
536:Geology
428:methane
352:bedrock
342:) is a
332:fracing
284:Gasland
173:Ukraine
11756:Energy
11658:Others
11609:Saipem
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11496:TNK-BP
11481:Sunoco
11471:Repsol
11431:Lukoil
11374:Others
11345:Gunvor
10979:timing
10913:Russia
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1641:, and
1585:mining
1466:Bakken
1338:enzyme
1237:, and
1175:Sodium
1059:slurry
938:Method
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804:, the
737:, and
726:napalm
722:Kansas
665:, and
577:stress
557:Mode 1
529:faults
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374:, and
158:Canada
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11525:Major
11391:Cepsa
11365:Vitol
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11297:SOCAR
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