Hydrogen - Knowledge

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Apothecaries, (those being usually not free enough from rust) but such as I had a while before caus'd to be purposely fil'd off from a piece of good steel. This metalline powder being moistn'd in the viol with a little of the menstruum, was afterwards drench'd with more; whereupon the mixture grew very hot, and belch'd up copious and stinking fumes; which whether they consisted altogether of the volatile sulfur of the Mars , or of metalline steams participating of a sulfureous nature, and join'd with the saline exhalations of the menstruum, is not necessary to be here discuss'd. But whencesoever this stinking smoak proceeded, so inflammable it was, that upon the approach of a lighted candle to it, it would readily enough take fire, and burn with a blewish and somewhat greenish flame at the mouth of the viol for a good while together; and that, though with little light, yet with more strength than one would easily suspect.

4049: 2929: 2111: 2517: 3978: 2097: 2096: 2101: 2100: 2095: 4383: 2102: 4198: 4497: 2099: 2275: 12357: 4969: 5366: 1455: 7128: 6268: 6181: 2945: 13007: 53: 2937: 12916: 6264: 1786: 1511: 12956: 12928: 12990: 2505: 12848: 12973: 4760: 2098: 6267: 2659:. By some definitions, "organic" compounds are only required to contain carbon. However, most of them also contain hydrogen, and because it is the carbon-hydrogen bond that gives this class of compounds most of its particular chemical characteristics, carbon-hydrogen bonds are required in some definitions of the word "organic" in chemistry. Millions of 6269: 6055:

can use the small amount of hydrogen in the atmosphere as a source of energy when other sources are lacking, using a hydrogenase with small channels that exclude oxygen and so permits the reaction to occur even though the hydrogen concentration is very low and the oxygen concentration is as in normal

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Tracts written by the Honourable Robert Boyle containing new experiments, touching the relation betwixt flame and air, and about explosions, an hydrostatical discourse occasion'd by some objections of Dr. Henry More against some explications of new experiments made by the author of these tracts: To

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Elemental hydrogen is widely discussed in the context of energy as an energy carrier with potential to help to decarbonize economies and mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. This therefore requires hydrogen to be produced cleanly in quantities to be supplied in sectors and applications where cheaper

5150:, but the rate of hydrogen evolution depends on the metal, the pH, and the presence of alloying agents. Most often, hydrogen evolution is induced by acids. The alkali and alkaline earth metals, aluminium, zinc, manganese, and iron react readily with aqueous acids. This reaction is the basis of the 5038:

This route has a lower carbon footprint than commercial hydrogen production processes. Developing a commercial methane pyrolysis process could expedite the expanded use of hydrogen in industrial and transportation applications. Methane pyrolysis is accomplished by passing methane through a molten

4237:; the first of which had its maiden flight in 1900. Regularly scheduled flights started in 1910 and by the outbreak of World War I in August 1914, they had carried 35,000 passengers without a serious incident. Hydrogen-lifted airships were used as observation platforms and bombers during the war. 5607:

could make large-scale production of hydrogen from electricity more cost-competitive. There is potential for hydrogen produced this way to play a significant role in decarbonizing energy systems where there are challenges and limitations to replacing fossil fuels with direct use of electricity.

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to enhance the visibility of data displays, such as for painting the hands and dial-markers of watches. The watch glass prevents the small amount of radiation from escaping the case. Small amounts of tritium are produced naturally by cosmic rays striking atmospheric gases; tritium has also been

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Having provided a saline spirit , which by an uncommon way of preparation was made exceeding sharp and piercing, we put into a vial, capable of containing three or four ounces of water, a convenient quantity of filings of steel, which were not such as are commonly sold in shops to Chymists and

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states, with properties quite distinct from those of molecular hydrogen. As a plasma, hydrogen's electron and proton are not bound together, resulting in very high electrical conductivity and high emissivity (producing the light from the Sun and other stars). The charged particles are highly

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Gurov, Y. B.; Aleshkin, D. V.; Behr, M. N.; Lapushkin, S. V.; Morokhov, P. V.; Pechkurov, V. A.; Poroshin, N. O.; Sandukovsky, V. G.; Tel'kushev, M. V.; Chernyshev, B. A.; Tschurenkova, T. D. (2004). "Spectroscopy of superheavy hydrogen isotopes in stopped-pion absorption by nuclei".

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which is annex't, an hydrostatical letter, dilucidating an experiment about a way of weighing water in water, new experiments, of the positive or relative levity of bodies under water, of the air's spring on bodies under water, about the differing pressure of heavy solids and fluids

4342:, Ohio, owned by the Dayton Power & Light Co. This was justified by the high thermal conductivity and very low viscosity of hydrogen gas, thus lower drag than air. This is the most common coolant used for generators 60 MW and larger; smaller generators are usually 4441:

gas below room temperature and begins to increasingly resemble that of a monatomic gas at cryogenic temperatures. According to quantum theory, this behavior arises from the spacing of the (quantized) rotational energy levels, which are particularly wide-spaced in

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because of its low mass. These widely spaced levels inhibit equal partition of heat energy into rotational motion in hydrogen at low temperatures. Diatomic gases composed of heavier atoms do not have such widely spaced levels and do not exhibit the same effect.

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ratio (it often takes days or weeks at a given temperature to reach the equilibrium ratio, for which the data is usually given). Hydrogen detonation parameters, such as critical detonation pressure and temperature, strongly depend on the container geometry.

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of minute leaks. Applications can be found in the automotive, chemical, power generation, aerospace, and telecommunications industries. Hydrogen is an authorized food additive (E 949) that allows food package leak testing, as well as having anti-oxidizing

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Unique among the elements, distinct names are assigned to its isotopes in common use. During the early study of radioactivity, heavy radioisotopes were given their own names, but these are mostly no longer used. The symbols D and T (instead of

2458:, having higher energy than the para form by 1.455 kJ/mol, and it converts to the para form over the course of several minutes when cooled to low temperature. The thermal properties of the forms differ because they differ in their allowed 2769:

Although hydrides can be formed with almost all main-group elements, the number and combination of possible compounds varies widely; for example, more than 100 binary borane hydrides are known, but only one binary aluminium hydride. Binary

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made from atomic hydrogen, boron or carbon that is frozen into solid molecular hydrogen particles suspended in liquid helium. Upon warming, the mixture vaporizes to allow the atomic species to recombine, heating the mixture to high

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Bondi, D. K.; Connor, J. N. L.; Manz, J.; Römelt, J. (20 October 1983). "Exact quantum and vibrationally adiabatic quantum, semiclassical and quasiclassical study of the collinear reactions Cl + MuCl, Cl + HCl, Cl + DCl".

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to produce electricity or via combustion to generate heat. When hydrogen is consumed in fuel cells, the only emission at the point of use is water vapor. Combustion of hydrogen can lead to the thermal formation of harmful

2852:, cannot exist in solution or in ionic crystals because of its strong attraction to other atoms or molecules with electrons. Except at the high temperatures associated with plasmas, such protons cannot be removed from the 6484:

Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (4 May 2022).

5624:. Hydrogen used to decarbonise transportation is likely to find its largest applications in shipping, aviation and, to a lesser extent, heavy goods vehicles, through the use of hydrogen-derived synthetic fuels such as 12838: 12828: 10685: 4019:

The word "sulfureous" may be somewhat confusing, especially since Boyle did a similar experiment with iron and sulfuric acid. However, in all likelihood, "sulfureous" should here be understood to mean "combustible".

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Korsheninnikov, A.; Nikolskii, E.; Kuzmin, E.; Ozawa, A.; Morimoto, K.; Tokanai, F.; Kanungo, R.; Tanihata, I.; et al. (2003). "Experimental Evidence for the Existence of H and for a Specific Structure of He".

2454:. The equilibrium ratio of ortho- to para-hydrogen depends on temperature. At room temperature or warmer, equilibrium hydrogen gas contains about 25% of the para form and 75% of the ortho form. The ortho form is an 2311:

of the atom, in which the electron "orbits" the proton, like how Earth orbits the Sun. However, the electron and proton are held together by electrostatic attraction, while planets and celestial objects are held by

6336:, leading to cracks and explosions. Hydrogen gas leaking into external air may spontaneously ignite. Moreover, hydrogen fire, while being extremely hot, is almost invisible, and thus can lead to accidental burns. 5611:

Hydrogen fuel can produce the intense heat required for industrial production of steel, cement, glass, and chemicals, thus contributing to the decarbonisation of industry alongside other technologies, such as

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Disadvantages of hydrogen as an energy carrier include high costs of storage and distribution due to hydrogen's explosivity, its large volume compared to other fuels, and its tendency to make pipes brittle.

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Combustion of hydrogen with the oxygen in the air. When the bottom cap is removed, allowing air to enter at the bottom, the hydrogen in the container rises out of top and burns as it mixes with the air.

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and >90% by number of atoms. Most of the mass of the universe, however, is not in the form of chemical-element type matter, but rather is postulated to occur as yet-undetected forms of mass such as

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quantity of hydrogen at the anode. For hydrides other than group 1 and 2 metals, the term is quite misleading, considering the low electronegativity of hydrogen. An exception in group 2 hydrides is

11410: 3253:, due to the mass difference between the antimuon and the proton, and IUPAC nomenclature incorporates such hypothetical compounds as muonium chloride (MuCl) and sodium muonide (NaMu), analogous to 10338:

Gong, Ming; Zhou, Wu; Tsai, Mon-Che; Zhou, Jigang; Guan, Mingyun; Lin, Meng-Chang; Zhang, Bo; Hu, Yongfeng; Wang, Di-Yan; Yang, Jiang; Pennycook, Stephen J.; Hwang, Bing-Joe; Dai, Hongjie (2014).

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process is currently more expensive than creating hydrogen from methane without CCS and the efficiency of energy conversion is inherently low. Hydrogen can be produced when there is a surplus of

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Oda, Y.; Nakamura, H.; Yamazaki, T.; Nagayama, K.; Yoshida, M.; Kanaya, S.; Ikehara, M. (1992). "1H NMR studies of deuterated ribonuclease HI selectively labeled with protonated amino acids".

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through an incandescent iron tube heated in a fire. Anaerobic oxidation of iron by the protons of water at high temperature can be schematically represented by the set of following reactions:

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reproduced Cavendish's finding that water is produced when hydrogen is burned. Lavoisier produced hydrogen for his experiments on mass conservation by reacting a flux of steam with metallic

3062:, and has endured since then. Deuterium is not radioactive, and is not a significant toxicity hazard. Water enriched in molecules that include deuterium instead of normal hydrogen is called 5562:(CCS) could remove a large fraction of these emissions, the overall carbon footprint of hydrogen from natural gas is difficult to assess as of 2021, in part because of emissions (including 4267:

on 6 May 1937. The incident was broadcast live on radio and filmed. Ignition of leaking hydrogen is widely assumed to be the cause, but later investigations pointed to the ignition of the

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Hydrogen is commonly used in power stations as a coolant in generators due to a number of favorable properties that are a direct result of its light diatomic molecules. These include low

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other than methane can be used to produce synthesis gas with varying product ratios. One of the many complications to this highly optimized technology is the formation of coke or carbon:

8576: 5456:, consumes a few percent of the energy budget in the entire industry. The resulting ammonia is used to supply most of the protein consumed by humans. Hydrogenation is used to convert 2194:

was a notorious example of hydrogen combustion and the cause is still debated. The visible flames in the photographs were the result of carbon compounds in the airship skin burning.

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To avoid the implication of the naked "solvated proton" in solution, acidic aqueous solutions are sometimes considered to contain a less unlikely fictitious species, termed the "

2354:. In the quantum mechanical treatment, the electron in a ground state hydrogen atom has no angular momentum—illustrating how the "planetary orbit" differs from electron motion. 11644: 12837: 12827: 10515: 5550:. The overall lifecycle emissions of hydrogen depend on how it is produced. Nearly all the world's current supply of hydrogen is created from fossil fuels. The main method is 10396: 10677: 11193: 11232: 11076: 9403: 8286:

Okumura, A. M.; Yeh, L. I.; Myers, J. D.; Lee, Y. T. (1990). "Infrared spectra of the solvated hydronium ion: vibrational predissociation spectroscopy of mass-selected H

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for steelmaking. However, it is likely to play a larger role in providing industrial feedstock for cleaner production of ammonia and organic chemicals. For example, in

2037:, in 1766–81, identified hydrogen gas as a distinct substance and discovered its property of producing water when burned; hence its name means "water-former" in Greek. 10716: 8333:

Perdoncin, G.; Scorrano, G. (1977). "Protonation Equilibria in Water at Several Temperatures of Alcohols, Ethers, Acetone, Dimethyl Sulfide, and Dimethyl Sulfoxide".

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Lubitz, Wolfgang; Reijerse, Eduard; Van Gastel, Maurice (2007). "[NiFe] and [FeFe] Hydrogenases Studied by Advanced Magnetic Resonance Techniques".

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Even interpreting the hydrogen data (including safety data) is confounded by a number of phenomena. Many physical and chemical properties of hydrogen depend on the

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One of the first quantum effects to be explicitly noticed (but not understood at the time) was a Maxwell observation involving hydrogen, half a century before full

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of atoms and molecules, and will remain attached to them. However, the term 'proton' is sometimes used loosely and metaphorically to refer to positively charged or

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for electricity generation and as a heat source. When used in fuel cells, hydrogen's only emission at point of use is water vapor, though combustion can produce

8609: 5584:, then stored and used to generate heat or to re-generate electricity. Hydrogen created through electrolysis using renewable energy is commonly referred to as " 5109:

have been evaluated for their commercial potential to produce hydrogen and oxygen from water and heat without using electricity. A number of labs (including in

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is also powered by nickel-hydrogen batteries, which were finally replaced in May 2009, more than 19 years after launch and 13 years beyond their design life.

9599: 9502: 8833: 5797: 12450: 2879:). However, even in this case, such solvated hydrogen cations are more realistically conceived as being organized into clusters that form species closer to 12239: 6470: 11391: 9626: 7883: 6278: 1652: 11817: 7954: 12017: 6573: 2612:, hydrogen can participate in a form of medium-strength noncovalent bonding with another electronegative element with a lone pair, a phenomenon called 12524: 12166: 11790:

Durgutlu, A. (2003). "Experimental investigation of the effect of hydrogen in argon as a shielding gas on TIG welding of austenitic stainless steel".

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Electricity can be used to split water molecules, producing sustainable hydrogen, provided the electricity was generated sustainably. However, this

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Further research continues in several laboratories, including at Karlsruhe Liquid-metal Laboratory and at University of California – Santa Barbara.

4771:(SMR), the reaction of water and methane. Thus, at high temperature (1000–1400 K, 700–1100°C or 1300–2000°F), steam (water vapor) reacts with 12499: 11495: 2588:

is not very reactive under standard conditions, it does form compounds with most elements. Hydrogen can form compounds with elements that are more

6932: 6332:) associated with very cold liquids. Hydrogen dissolves in many metals and in addition to leaking out, may have adverse effects on them, such as 6292: 7052: 4751:, but three dominate commercially: steam reforming often coupled to water-gas shift, partial oxidation of hydrocarbons, and water electrolysis. 2324:

by Bohr, the electron in the Bohr model can only occupy certain allowed distances from the proton, and therefore only certain allowed energies.

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Kirchheim, R.; Mutschele, T.; Kieninger, W.; Gleiter, H.; Birringer, R.; Koble, T. (1988). "Hydrogen in amorphous and nanocrystalline metals".

4040:" and further finding in 1781 that the gas produces water when burned. He is usually given credit for the discovery of hydrogen as an element. 12394: 10803: 6886: 2260:

or air combust readily when heated to at least 500°C by a spark or flame, they do not react at room temperature in the absence of a catalyst.

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of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, US: Cambridge University Press (In Press). pp. 91–92.

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Takeshita, T.; Wallace, W. E.; Craig, R. S. (1974). "Hydrogen solubility in 1:5 compounds between yttrium or thorium and nickel or cobalt".

7844: 7503: 14347: 8840:, Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry, Chemical Nomenclature and Structure Representation Division, IUPAC. Accessed on line 3 October 2007. 8693: 8670: 5090: 10777: 9888:

Storrie-Lombardi, L. J.; Wolfe, A. M. (2000). "Surveys for z > 3 Damped Lyman-alpha Absorption Systems: the Evolution of Neutral Gas".

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and its component two protons and two electrons. Creation of hydrogen gas occurs in the transfer of reducing equivalents, produced during

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that is critical to the stability of many biological molecules. Hydrogen also forms compounds with less electronegative elements, such as

12110: 10293:"Co-production of synthetic fuels and district heat from biomass residues, carbon dioxide and electricity: Performance and cost analysis" 7305: 7223: 11944: 11559:

Le Comber, P. G.; Jones, D. I.; Spear, W. E. (1977). "Hall effect and impurity conduction in substitutionally doped amorphous silicon".

7988: 5558:, the main component of natural gas. Producing one tonne of hydrogen through this process emits 6.6–9.3 tonnes of carbon dioxide. While 4221:

in 1783. Hydrogen provided the lift for the first reliable form of air-travel following the 1852 invention of the first hydrogen-lifted

2723:, a term that is used fairly loosely. The term "hydride" suggests that the H atom has acquired a negative or anionic character, denoted 11259:"Industrial decarbonization via hydrogen: A critical and systematic review of developments, socio-technical systems and policy options" 11099: 6836: 1811: 8229:

Hibbs, D. E.; Jones, C.; Smithies, N. A. (1999). "A remarkably stable indium trihydride complex: synthesis and characterisation of ".

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reserves in the United States promised increased safety, but the U.S. government refused to sell the gas for this purpose. Therefore,

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Robert Boyle, Tracts written by the Honourable Robert Boyle containing new experiments, touching the relation betwixt flame and air...

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Anderson, P. M.; Coyne, J. W. (2002). "A lightweight, high reliability, single battery power system for interplanetary spacecraft".

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Holte, A. E.; Houck, M. A.; Collie, N. L. (2004). "Potential Role of Parasitism in the Evolution of Mutualism in Astigmatid Mites".

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Milenko, Yu. Ya.; Sibileva, R. M.; Strzhemechny, M. A. (1997). "Natural ortho-para conversion rate in liquid and gaseous hydrogen".

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Inputs and outputs of steam reforming (SMR) and water gas shift (WGS) reaction of natural gas, a process used in hydrogen production

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more rapidly than heavier gases. However, hydrogen is the third most abundant element on the Earth's surface, mostly in the form of

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is one of the most abundant ions in the universe, and it plays a notable role in the chemistry of the interstellar medium. Neutral

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Olefin production units may produce substantial quantities of byproduct hydrogen particularly from cracking light feedstocks like

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with most nonmetals, contributing to the formation of compounds like water and various organic substances. Its role is crucial in

12592: 8177: 8018: 7386: 2459: 11174: 9801: 9144: 12877: 11220: 11066: 10654: 8804: 7681: 6133: 5988: 4397:, together with the spectrum of light produced from it or absorbed by it, has been central to the development of the theory of 9866: 2600:; in these compounds hydrogen takes on a partial positive charge. When bonded to a more electronegative element, particularly 13037: 12792: 12769: 12748: 12727: 12706: 12631: 12104: 11877: 11404: 11187: 10965: 10931: 10222: 10192: 10097: 9657: 9544: 9341: 9253: 9101: 8880: 8270: 7452: 7410: 7299: 7217: 6897: 6745: 6689: 6641: 6611: 6586: 6556: 9397: 9229: 7473: 6227: 2484:

and produces enough heat to evaporate most of the liquid if not converted first to parahydrogen during the cooling process.

15286: 11901: 10708: 10424:"Optimization-based technoeconomic analysis of molten-media methane pyrolysis for reducing industrial sector CO2 emissions" 9568: 7557: 5538:

of energy rather than an energy resource, because there is no naturally occurring source of hydrogen in useful quantities.

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This reaction is favored at low pressures, Nonetheless, conducted at high pressures (2.0 MPa, 20 atm or 600

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at 1420 MHz that is detected in order to probe primordial hydrogen. The large amount of neutral hydrogen found in the

2392: 6082:(ppm) but can be 50 ppm when people with intestinal disorders consume molecules they cannot absorb during diagnostic 4419:, which followed shortly after the quantum mechanical treatment of the hydrogen atom had been developed in the mid-1920s. 2932:

The three naturally-occurring isotopes of hydrogen: hydrogen-1 (protium), hydrogen-2 (deuterium), and hydrogen-3 (tritium)

2186:; such leaks can be very dangerous. Hydrogen flames in other conditions are blue, resembling blue natural gas flames. The 12944: 11324: 11263: 7791: 6805: 6354: 12996: 8731: 8858: 7925: 6773: 6531: 2175: 1892: 1645: 7816:

Svadlenak, R. E.; Scott, A. B. (1957). "The Conversion of Ortho- to Parahydrogen on Iron Oxide-Zinc Oxide Catalysts".

6971: 111: 11258: 11046: 10150:"1934 Patent: "The manufacture of hydrogen from methane hydrocarbons by the action of steam at elevated temperature"" 10132: 9496: 9063: 8864: 8602: 8568: 7423: 7095:"Optimising air quality co-benefits in a hydrogen economy: a case for hydrogen-specific standards for NO x emissions" 4048: 3967: 2150:

Hydrogen gas forms explosive mixtures with air in concentrations from 4–74% and with chlorine at 5–95%. The hydrogen

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structure. Furthermore, study of the corresponding simplicity of the hydrogen molecule and the corresponding cation

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A depiction of a hydrogen atom with size of central proton shown, and the atomic diameter shown as about twice the

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Jannette, A. G.; Hojnicki, J. S.; McKissock, D. B.; Fincannon, J.; Kerslake, T. W.; Rodriguez, C. D. (July 2002).

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as the universe cooled and plasma had cooled enough for electrons to remain bound to protons. Hydrogen, typically

12656: 12457: 10709:"Researchers develop potentially low-cost, low-emissions technology that can convert methane without forming CO2" 8202:

Downs, A. J.; Pulham, C. R. (1994). "The hydrides of aluminium, gallium, indium, and thallium: a re-evaluation".

8130: 5500: 3249:, muonium is too unstable for observable chemistry. Nevertheless, muonium compounds are important test cases for 1624: 1231: 12286: 11755:

Peacock, P. W.; Robertson, J. (2003). "Behavior of hydrogen in high dielectric constant oxide gate insulators".

11021: 5203:, are slow to react with water because they form passivated oxide coatings of oxides. An alloy of aluminium and 11320:"Using hydrogen and ammonia for renewable energy storage: A geographically comprehensive techno-economic study" 10269: 9622: 7588: 7356: 7201: 4331: 2170:

light and with high oxygen mix are nearly invisible to the naked eye, as illustrated by the faint plume of the

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Hardy, W. N. (2003). "From H2 to cryogenic H masers to HiTc superconductors: An unlikely but rewarding path".

10982: 7875: 5620:, hydrogen could function as a clean energy carrier and also as a low-carbon catalyst, replacing coal-derived 5408:, i.e., the cleavage of bonds by hydrogen. Illustrative is the separation of sulfur from liquid fossil fuels: 3066:. Deuterium and its compounds are used as a non-radioactive label in chemical experiments and in solvents for 2739:

in 1916 for group 1 and 2 salt-like hydrides, was demonstrated by Moers in 1920 by the electrolysis of molten

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is produced by hydrogenation of carbon dioxide. It is similarly the source of hydrogen in the manufacture of

4672: 4036:"inflammable air". He speculated that "inflammable air" was in fact identical to the hypothetical substance " 2110: 12010: 10080:

Helm, H.; et al. (2003), "Coupling of Bound States to Continuum States in Neutral Triatomic Hydrogen",

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Hydrogen is sometimes produced and consumed in the same industrial process, without being separated. In the

15217: 12887: 12531: 12133: 11130: 11030: 10804:"Development of Solar-Powered Thermochemical Production of Hydrogen from Water, DOE Hydrogen Program, 2007" 8360:

Carrington, A.; McNab, I. R. (1989). "The infrared predissociation spectrum of triatomic hydrogen cation (H

6769: 6707:"Name game: The naming history of the chemical elements—part 1—from antiquity till the end of 18th century" 6217: 6125:. Efforts have been undertaken to genetically modify cyanobacterial hydrogenases to efficiently synthesize 3032: 17: 10905: 7611: 4358:

was used for the first time in 1977 aboard the U.S. Navy's Navigation technology satellite-2 (NTS-2). The

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of this isotope consists of only a single proton, it is given the descriptive but rarely used formal name

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Parmuzina, A.V.; Kravchenko, O.V. (2008). "Activation of aluminium metal to evolve hydrogen from water".

10181: 8524: 7056: 6042: 6000: 4359: 4355: 4284: 4283:. Hydrogen is still used, in preference to non-flammable but more expensive helium, as a lifting gas for 3058:

in the nucleus. Nearly all deuterium in the universe is thought to have been produced at the time of the

12486: 11484: 4322:, which consists of deuterium in the place of regular hydrogen, was discovered by Urey's group in 1932. 15251: 12906: 12311:

Kruse, O.; Rupprecht, J.; Bader, K.; Thomas-Hall, S.; Schenk, P. M.; Finazzi, G.; Hankamer, B. (2005).

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is produced in labs, often as a by-product of other reactions. Many metals react with water to produce

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are known, and they are usually formed by complicated pathways that seldom involve elemental hydrogen.

2527:, so one unit corresponds to a 10× change. The left edge corresponds to 10 Pa, or about one atmosphere. 1091: 6994: 6800: 4687:) is found in the interstellar medium, where it is generated by ionization of molecular hydrogen from 4147: 2033:

Hydrogen gas was first produced artificially in the early 16th century by reacting acids with metals.

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occurs in human breath due to the metabolic activity of hydrogenase-containing microorganisms in the

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Eisenmann, Alexander; Amann, Anton; Said, Michael; Datta, Bettina; Ledochowski, Maximilian (2008).

11491: 10810: 10740:"BASF researchers working on fundamentally new, low-carbon production processes, Methane Pyrolysis" 10179:

Press, Roman J.; Santhanam, K. S. V.; Miri, Massoud J.; Bailey, Alla V.; Takacs, Gerald A. (2008).

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V. W. Hughes; et al. (1960). "Formation of Muonium and Observation of its Larmor Precession".

7209: 6340: 5935: 5633: 4863: 4202: 3977: 2363: 2213: 2151: 2007: 1491: 1262: 12680: 12383: 10084:, Department of Molecular and Optical Physics, University of Freiburg, Germany, pp. 275–288, 9358: 6859: 5534:

alternatives are limited. These include heavy industry and long-distance transport. Hydrogen is a

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gas even in the presence of oxygen. Efforts have also been undertaken with genetically modified

6092:, in which water is decomposed into its component protons, electrons, and oxygen, occurs in the 6045:, to water. The natural cycle of hydrogen production and consumption by organisms is called the 5913:

Isotopic labeling: Deuterium compounds have applications in chemistry and biology in studies of

5009:-based catalysts in strongly alkaline solution. Platinum is a better catalyst but is expensive. 4159: 2328: 2019: 14988: 12312: 10770: 10570:"Catalytic molten metals for the direct conversion of methane to hydrogen and separable carbon" 10340:"Nanoscale nickel oxide/Nickel heterostructures for active hydrogen evolution electrocatalysis" 9836: 9278:"Three Papers, Containing Experiments on Factitious Air, by the Hon. Henry Cavendish, F. R. S." 8994: 8096:

Kirchheim, R. (1988). "Hydrogen solubility and diffusivity in defective and amorphous metals".

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and fuel cell technology. For light-duty vehicles including cars, hydrogen is far behind other

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Although less important commercially, coal can serve as a prelude to the shift reaction above:

4718: 4564: 4427: 4371: 4230: 3121: 2818: 2691: 2144: 2077: 1098: 1083: 1058: 80: 12853:

These audio files were created from a revision of this article dated 28 October 2006

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or oxygen. The thermodynamic basis of this low reactivity is the very strong H–H bond, with a

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Enriching the Earth: Fritz Haber, Carl Bosch, and the Transformation of World Food Production

9463:

Validation of international space station electrical performance model via on-orbit telemetry

7980: 6828: 6430:

However, most of the universe's mass is not in the form of baryons or chemical elements. See

6377: 6203: 6173: 5604: 5102: 5094: 4976: 4825:(PSA) purification systems work better at higher pressures. The product mixture is known as " 3242:, can also be considered a light radioisotope of hydrogen. Because muons decay with lifetime 3134: 2343: 2327:

A more accurate description of the hydrogen atom comes from a quantum analysis that uses the

2053: 11257:

Griffiths, Steve; Sovacool, Benjamin K.; Kim, Jinsoo; Bazilian, Morgan; et al. (2021).

11107: 9333: 9212: 8127:"Making society independent of fossil fuels – Danish researchers reveal new technology" 6572:

Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). "Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds".

14817: 13073: 12865: 12254: 12204: 12148: 12055: 11840: 11764: 11721: 11678: 11610: 11568: 11272: 10844: 10581: 10351: 10304: 10020: 9957: 9907: 9682: 9434: 9425:

Stockel, J.F; j.d. Dunlop; Betz, F (1980). "NTS-2 Nickel-Hydrogen Battery Performance 31".

9288: 8955: 8919: 8488: 8445: 8401: 7712: 7627: 7340: 7262: 7160: 7006: 6083: 5931: 5704: 5613: 5518: 5397: 4862:. Additional hydrogen can be recovered from the steam by using carbon monoxide through the 4367: 4178: 4155: 4064: 3130: 2923: 2786: 1638: 1528: 1443: 11631: 8126: 7132: 7127: 4197: 4032:

was the first to recognize hydrogen gas as a discrete substance, by naming the gas from a

3108:

and contains one proton and two neutrons in its nucleus. It is radioactive, decaying into

2346:

of the electron around the proton. The most complex formulas include the small effects of

8: 14895: 14859: 14750: 14662: 14405: 14395: 12043: 11103: 10243: 10001: 9832: 8635: 8479:

Urey, H. C.; Brickwedde, F. G.; Murphy, G. M. (1933). "Names for the Hydrogen Isotopes".

7758: 6893: 6365: 5748: 5175: 5151: 5129:) are developing thermochemical methods to produce hydrogen from solar energy and water. 5106: 5098: 4742: 4616: 4496: 4393:

Because of its simple atomic structure, consisting only of a proton and an electron, the

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devices. Tritium has also been used in chemical and biological labeling experiments as a

2778: 2431: 2397: 2351: 2187: 2041: 1971: 1928: 1847: 1582: 1279: 12384:"IV.E.6 Hydrogen from Water in a Novel Recombinant Oxygen-Tolerant Cyanobacteria System" 12258: 12208: 12152: 12059: 11844: 11768: 11725: 11682: 11614: 11572: 11276: 11219:

Bonheure, Mike; Vandewalle, Laurien A.; Marin, Guy B.; Van Geem, Kevin M. (March 2021).

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Committee on Alternatives and Strategies for Future Hydrogen Production and Use (2004).

7164: 7131: This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the 7010: 2022:

can be directly solved, has significantly contributed to the foundational principles of

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molecules or anions. Hydrogen's unique position as the only neutral atom for which the

1752: 1478: 1254: 1241: 12690: 12596: 12216: 11987: 11970: 11852: 11338: 11319: 8390: 8010: 7378: 4695:. The ion is relatively stable in outer space due to the low temperature and density. 3168:) are sometimes used for deuterium and tritium, but the symbol P was already used for 15246: 15073: 15055: 14935: 14761: 14579: 14574: 14560: 14472: 14467: 14400: 13924: 12788: 12765: 12744: 12738: 12723: 12717: 12702: 12627: 12341: 12270: 12224: 12100: 11992: 11873: 11694: 11636: 11545: 11533: 11513: 11400: 11343: 11288: 11183: 11140: 11042: 10961: 10887: 10650: 10611: 10599: 10447: 10381: 10369: 10320: 10218: 10188: 10128: 10093: 9983: 9927: 9805: 9739: 9725: 9653: 9554: 9540: 9492: 9378: 9337: 9249: 9197: 9148: 9107: 9097: 9069: 9059: 8971: 8876: 8777: 8541: 8504: 8461: 8421: 8266: 8111: 8082: 7732: 7643: 7448: 7419: 7295: 7213: 7176: 7151: 7120: 7022: 6867: 6741: 6685: 6637: 6607: 6582: 6552: 6527: 6502: 6394: 6079: 6078:. The concentration in the breath of fasting people at rest is typically less than 5 5947: 5896: 5843: 5695: 5686: 5653: 5473: 5270: 5243: 4661: 4605: 4515: 4508: 4488:. Antihydrogen is the only type of antimatter atom to have been produced as of 2015. 4423: 4363: 4307: 4258: 4154:, an internal combustion engine powered by a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen in 1806. 4060: 4052: 4037: 3254: 3250: 3082: 2690:

disks, but the gas's high solubility is a metallurgical problem, contributing to the

2648: 2553: 2524: 2321: 2236: 2232: 2023: 2015: 1916: 1855: 1790: 1685: 1676: 1628: 1485: 1410: 1400: 722: 13013: 12282: 11741: 11514:"Hydrogen technology is unlikely to play a major role in sustainable road transport" 10626: 10292: 9786: 9751: 9326: 9240:. The Critical Background to Modern Science, 1800–1905. Cambridge University Press. 9230:"Why did oxygen supplant phlogiston? Research programmes in the Chemical Revolution" 9023: 8808: 8789: 8553: 7673: 7327:

Schefer, E. W.; Kulatilaka, W. D.; Patterson, B. D.; Settersten, T. B. (June 2009).

7188: 6902:

Chapter 21.4.1 - This occurred when the age of the Universe was about 370,000 years.

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and coolant for nuclear reactors. Deuterium is also a potential fuel for commercial

1174:) 20.271 K (−252.879 °C, −423.182 °F) 15206: 14910: 14831: 14707: 14624: 14507: 14432: 14427: 14416: 13988: 13693: 13522: 13351: 13270: 13189: 13162: 13125: 13120: 13115: 12920: 12565: 12353: 12331: 12262: 12212: 12156: 12063: 11982: 11848: 11799: 11772: 11729: 11686: 11626: 11618: 11576: 11525: 11333: 11280: 11034: 10879: 10856: 10852: 10638: 10589: 10486: 10435: 10359: 10316: 10312: 10120: 10085: 9973: 9965: 9915: 9858: 9774: 9729: 9721: 9690: 9532: 9482: 9474: 9442: 9370: 9296: 9241: 9183: 9011: 8963: 8927: 8868: 8769: 8701: 8533: 8496: 8453: 8409: 8373: 8342: 8315: 8234: 8211: 8169: 8107: 8078: 8051: 7825: 7720: 7635: 7348: 7270: 7168: 7106: 7018: 7014: 6876: 6718: 6494: 6404: 6359: 5730: 5657: 5365: 5360: 5086: 4653: 4645:

Under ordinary conditions on Earth, elemental hydrogen exists as the diatomic gas,

4592: 4518: 3078: 2790: 2736: 2671: 2644: 2558: 2493: 2317: 2216:

of 435.7 kJ/mol. The kinetic basis of the low reactivity is the nonpolar nature of

2027: 1999: 1920: 1859: 1832: 1763: 1574: 1503: 1076: 11020:(2022). Shukla, P.R.; Skea, J.; Slade, R.; Al Khourdajie, A.; et al. (eds.). 8457: 7172: 6519: 6447:

286 kJ/mol: energy per mole of the combustible material (molecular hydrogen).

3023:

is the most common hydrogen isotope, with an abundance of >99.98%. Because the

2686:. These properties may be useful when hydrogen is purified by passage through hot 2624:, where it takes on a partial negative charge. These compounds are often known as 15102: 15003: 14845: 14589: 14584: 14497: 13110: 13105: 13100: 13095: 13090: 13085: 13080: 11867: 11803: 10089: 8837: 7912: 7469: 7274: 6910: 6388: 6371: 6321: 6239: 6145: 6089: 6071: 5959: 5923: 5766: 5757: 5682: 5457: 5351:

There is a well in Mali and deposits in several other countries, such as France.

5082: 4776: 4768: 4545: 4218: 4170: 4151: 4029: 3126: 2782: 2740: 2728: 2683: 2675: 2589: 2538: 2477: 2336: 2246:

is strongly affected by the presence of metal catalysts. Thus, while mixtures of

2073: 2045: 2034: 2011: 1975: 1836: 1611: 1429: 1375: 11911: 11622: 9572: 9471:

IECEC '02. 2002 37th Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 2002

8500: 7639: 7553: 6995:"Review and evaluation of hydrogen production methods for better sustainability" 4370:

are equipped with nickel-hydrogen batteries. In the dark part of its orbit, the

2928: 2154:, the temperature of spontaneous ignition in air, is 500 °C (932 °F). 15164: 15084: 15013: 14677: 14457: 13053: 12894: 12882: 11940: 11529: 11284: 10771:"Development of solar-powered thermochemical production of hydrogen from water" 9969: 9478: 6881: 6722: 6313: 6097: 6046: 5907: 5878: 5661: 5629: 5589: 5585: 5484: 5464:

to saturated (trans) fats and oils. The major application is the production of

5405: 4619:

because the atoms seldom collide and combine. They are the source of the 21-cm

4572: 4556: 4186: 3258: 3086: 3024: 2853: 2830: 2713: 2548: 2543: 2380: 2332: 2183: 2117:

burning hydrogen with oxygen, produces a nearly invisible flame at full thrust.

2003: 1967: 1947: 1924: 1725: 1568: 1495: 1296: 1121: 127: 11580: 10642: 9778: 9536: 9402:. New York, N.Y., National Electrical Manufacturers Association. p. 102. 9374: 8967: 8773: 7784: 6923:

Laursen, S.; Chang, J.; Medlin, W.; Gürmen, N.; Fogler, H. S. (27 July 2004).

6795: 4382: 4233:

promoted the idea of rigid airships lifted by hydrogen that later were called

15240: 15178: 15027: 14946: 14736: 14648: 14634: 14614: 14546: 14512: 14477: 14367: 14147: 12979: 12932: 12675: 11537: 11347: 11292: 11144: 10324: 9395: 9382: 9245: 8975: 8931: 8735: 8173: 7026: 6506: 6231: 6111: 6107: 6004: 5967: 5963: 5927: 5892: 5815: 5678: 5625: 5514: 5461: 5453: 5435: 5401: 5311: 5126: 4892: 4826: 4717:

can exist only in an excited form and is unstable. By contrast, the positive

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in 1919. Regular passenger service resumed in the 1920s and the discovery of

4242: 4226: 4206: 4139:

undergo a similar reaction with water leading to the production of hydrogen.

2898:

Although exotic on Earth, one of the most common ions in the universe is the

2864:" without any implication that any single protons exist freely as a species. 2744: 2613: 2520: 2455: 2425: 2388: 2269: 2061: 1963: 1950:, the formation of hydrogen's protons occurred in the first second after the 1843: 1710: 1461: 1209: 1195: 1162: 1141: 1040: 892: 12962: 12161: 10594: 10569: 9946:"Structural basis for bacterial energy extraction from atmospheric hydrogen" 9487: 9111: 9073: 9015: 8872: 7929: 6955: 5066:

The carbon may be sold as a manufacturing feedstock or fuel, or landfilled.

2860:

hydrogen attached to other species in this fashion, and as such is denoted "

2516: 2307:

The energy levels of hydrogen can be calculated fairly accurately using the

1454: 15192: 15138: 14974: 14960: 14803: 14789: 14687: 14517: 14487: 14437: 14381: 14201: 14030: 13735: 13135: 13068: 12345: 12336: 12274: 11969:

Reinsch, J.; Katz, A.; Wean, J.; Aprahamian, G.; MacFarland, J. T. (1980).

11698: 11640: 11071: 10891: 10678:"KITT/IASS – Producing CO2 Free Hydrogen From Natural Gas For Energy Usage" 10603: 10491: 10474: 10373: 9987: 9743: 9301: 9277: 9188: 9171: 8781: 8521: 8508: 8465: 7647: 7180: 5577: 5554:, in which hydrogen is produced from a chemical reaction between steam and 5386: 5340: 5012: 5002: 4453: 4339: 4315: 4182: 3993: 3985: 3981: 2944: 2824: 2656: 2489: 2473: 2294: 2290: 2287: 1908: 1221: 1064: 934: 801: 575: 11996: 11038: 8545: 7612:"The theory and practice of hyperpolarization in magnetic resonance using 6606:. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. 6498: 6380: – Technologies that relating to the production & use of hydrogen 6291: 4567:

in case of stars with very low to approximately 1 mass of the Sun and the

4240:

The first non-stop transatlantic crossing was made by the British airship

2936: 2496:

compounds, are used during hydrogen cooling to avoid this loss of liquid.

1954:; neutral hydrogen atoms only formed about 370,000 years later during the 52: 14697: 14594: 14447: 14255: 14219: 14210: 14120: 14102: 14093: 13130: 12761:

The Hype about Hydrogen, Fact and Fiction in the Race to Save the Climate

12134:"The overwhelming role of soils in the global atmospheric hydrogen cycle" 11067:"In-depth Q&A: Does the world need hydrogen to solve climate change?" 10115:

Baade, William F.; Parekh, Uday N.; Raman, Venkat S. (2001). "Hydrogen".

10028: 9902: 9096:(6th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, Inc. pp. 941–950. 9091: 9053: 8215: 6906: 6435: 6431: 6122: 6024: 5984: 5870: 5859: 5669: 5621: 5617: 5563: 5322: 5314: 4834: 4807:

Steam reforming is also used for the industrial preparation of ammonia.

4665: 4534: 4530: 4504: 4343: 4319: 4299: 4276: 4174: 3245: 3228: 3063: 2892: 2660: 2636: 2298: 2167: 2163: 2057: 2049: 1959: 1881: 1543: 1392: 976: 948: 941: 871: 857: 850: 12011:"NASA/TM—2002-211915: Solid Hydrogen Experiments for Atomic Propellants" 8854: 8377: 8346: 8319: 8055: 7905: 7829: 7291:

A Comprehensive Guide to the Hazardous Properties of Chemical Substances

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of many metals, complicating the design of pipelines and storage tanks.

14775: 14604: 14264: 14192: 14165: 14138: 13798: 13780: 13753: 13584: 13575: 13314: 12577: 11712:

Kilic, C.; Zunger, Alex (2002). "n-type doping of oxides by hydrogen".

11669:

Janotti, A.; Van De Walle, C. G. (2007). "Hydrogen multicentre bonds".

11131:"Hydrogen Is One Answer to Climate Change. Getting It Is the Hard Part" 10439: 10364: 10339: 9090:; Dewitt, David P.; Bergman, Theodore L.; Lavigne, Adrienne S. (2007). 8537: 7724: 7674:"Die Entdeckung des para-Wasserstoffs (The discovery of para-hydrogen)" 7205:

The Hydrogen Economy: Opportunities, Costs, Barriers, and R&D Needs

7111: 7094: 6487:"Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)" 6309: 6284: 6075: 5874: 5665: 4867: 4688: 4597: 4481: 4477: 4264: 3169: 3138: 3113: 2679: 2640: 2481: 2462:, resulting in different thermal properties such as the heat capacity. 2308: 2279: 983: 927: 906: 885: 624: 610: 589: 461: 454: 255: 12067: 11776: 11733: 11221:"Dream or Reality? Electrification of the Chemical Process Industries" 10883: 10475:"State of the Art of Hydrogen Production via Pyrolysis of Natural Gas" 9310: 8692:

Kendall, C.; Caldwell, E. (1998). C. Kendall; J. J. McDonnell (eds.).

8413: 6059:

Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the human body by numbers of

4972:

Inputs and outputs of the electrolysis of water production of hydrogen

3007:) have been synthesized in the laboratory but not observed in nature. 2774:

hydride has not yet been identified, although larger complexes exist.

14325: 14273: 14246: 14237: 14084: 14066: 14057: 14048: 13834: 13744: 13717: 13665: 13611: 13593: 13557: 13537: 13476: 13413: 13357: 13296: 13285: 13204: 13155: 13145: 13140: 12691:

The Hyperfine Splitting in Hydrogen - The Feynman Lectures on Physics

12193:"Soil bacteria enzyme generates electricity from hydrogen in the air" 11872:. New York, N.Y.: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers. pp. 47–56. 11690: 8238: 7755:

NASA Glenn Research Center Glenn Safety Manual, Document GRC-MQSA.001

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identified the element that came to be known as hydrogen when he and

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Hydrogen gas is colorless and transparent, here contained in a glass

2069: 1991: 1880:

or simply hydrogen. It is colorless, odorless, non-toxic, and highly

1732: 1690: 1538: 1435: 990: 969: 962: 843: 829: 822: 815: 652: 582: 561: 524: 482: 468: 440: 422: 378: 329: 285: 241: 232: 172: 12569: 10906:"Natural Hydrogen: A Potential Clean Energy Source Beneath Our Feet" 10265: 9446: 9359:"Hydrides and delayed hydrogen cracking in zirconium and its alloys" 8157: 7580: 7328: 7326: 6925:"An extremely brief introduction to computational quantum chemistry" 6374: – Procedures for safe production, handling and use of hydrogen 5207:, however, does react with water. At high pH, aluminium can produce 2052:; a smaller portion comes from energy-intensive methods such as the 14682: 14228: 14129: 14012: 13994: 13969: 13960: 13933: 13906: 13870: 13861: 13843: 13771: 13762: 13656: 13528: 13494: 13404: 13395: 13386: 13377: 13332: 13251: 13233: 12132:

Rhee, T. S.; Brenninkmeijer, C. A. M.; Röckmann, T. (19 May 2006).

11362:"Hydrogen industry must clean itself up before expanding into new…" 10986: 9919: 8125:

Christensen, C. H.; Nørskov, J. K.; Johannessen, T. (9 July 2005).

7585:) Properties, Uses, Applications: Hydrogen Gas and Liquid Hydrogen" 6967: 6308:

Hydrogen poses a number of hazards to human safety, from potential

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that helps stabilizing material properties. It is also a potential

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on a molar basis) because of its light weight, which enables it to

4635: 4485: 4438: 4234: 3239: 3109: 3059: 2837:

is often called a proton. This species is central to discussion of

2652: 2609: 2601: 2504: 2485: 2228: 2224: 2209: 1974:, which mainly involve proton exchange among soluble molecules. In 1951: 1936: 1896: 1769: 1157: (−259.16 °C, −434.49 °F) 955: 878: 787: 773: 757: 750: 729: 708: 680: 673: 659: 603: 596: 517: 415: 392: 322: 315: 308: 301: 269: 209: 195: 10580:(6365). American Association for Advancement of Science: 917–921. 9459: 8434: 8068: 5445:

to various substrates, is done on a large scale. Hydrogenation of

4386:

Hydrogen emission spectrum lines in the four visible lines of the

2682:

in metals is influenced by local distortions or impurities in the

14310: 14305: 14300: 14295: 14183: 14174: 14156: 14111: 14039: 14021: 13951: 13897: 13879: 13852: 13825: 13807: 13789: 13699: 13629: 13602: 13566: 13548: 13512: 13503: 13485: 13467: 13366: 13305: 13195: 13150: 13022: 12927: 6325: 5955: 5900: 5863: 5819: 5593: 5570: 5555: 5506: 5204: 5114: 4957: 4772: 4692: 4500: 4335: 4303: 4222: 4214: 3231: 3105: 3055: 2732: 2720: 2703: 2625: 2593: 2509: 2313: 1983: 1940: 1747: 1179: 1012: 920: 913: 899: 864: 808: 794: 743: 701: 687: 666: 645: 631: 617: 547: 496: 475: 447: 433: 406: 399: 385: 371: 292: 248: 165: 9765:

Kellerbauer, Alban (29 January 2015). "Why Antimatter Matters".

8569:"Breakthrough in Nuclear Fusion Offers Hope for Power of Future" 5174:

is slower. Because iron is widely used structural material, its

4596:

influenced by magnetic and electric fields. For example, in the

2895:

are found when water is in acidic solution with other solvents.

2274: 27:

This article is about the chemical element. For other uses, see

14075: 14003: 13888: 13816: 13726: 13708: 13674: 13638: 13620: 13449: 13440: 13431: 13323: 13276: 13242: 13224: 13179: 12696: 11218: 7253:–air lean mixtures in a vented multi-compartment environment". 6520:

Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils; Holleman, Arnold Frederick (2001).

6483: 6317: 6243: 6020: 6016: 5788: 5779: 5118: 5110: 5044: 5040: 5006: 4953: 4652:. Hydrogen gas is very rare in Earth's atmosphere (around 0.53 4631: 4609: 4522: 4247: 2857: 2794: 2771: 2766:

anion carries hydridic centers firmly attached to the Al(III).

2632: 2605: 2597: 2387:

form, the spins of the two nuclei are parallel, forming a spin

2301: 1987: 1932: 1888: 1885: 1154: 1024: 836: 780: 694: 638: 568: 554: 531: 503: 489: 357: 350: 343: 262: 225: 202: 188: 156: 12310: 9399:

A chronological history of electrical development from 600 B.C

7904:

IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology, Electronic version,

6549:

Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements

5966:, as an isotopic label in the biosciences, and as a source of 5869:

Leak detection: Pure or mixed with nitrogen (sometimes called

5652:

Hydrogen is employed to saturate broken ("dangling") bonds of

4759: 4055:, who identified the element that came to be known as hydrogen 2643:

that, due to their association with living things, are called

14289: 13978: 13683: 13341: 13215: 12938: 11387: 11170: 10536: 9086: 9058:(9th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. pp. 600–606. 8124: 6028: 5939: 5369:

Some projected uses in the medium term, but analysts disagree

5307: 5122: 5016: 4691:. This ion has also been observed in the upper atmosphere of 2845:, acids are proton donors, while bases are proton acceptors. 2798: 2617: 1979: 1912: 1900: 764: 538: 276: 181: 12240:"Implementation and interpretation of hydrogen breath tests" 11934:"Report from the Commission on Dietary Food Additive Intake" 11256: 10508:"The reaction that would give us clean fossil fuels forever" 9673:

Berman, R.; Cooke, A. H.; Hill, R. W. (1956). "Cryogenics".

8603:"Tritium radioluminescent devices, Health and Safety Manual" 5858:

is only 7% the density of air, it was once widely used as a

1978:, hydrogen can take the form of either a negatively charged 1510: 13942: 13915: 13458: 13422: 13260: 12494: 11017: 10627:"Dry reforming of methane catalyzed by molten metal alloys" 10082:

Dissociative Recombination of Molecular Ions with Electrons

9214:

The gases of the atmosphere: The history of their discovery

7702: 7529:. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (mirror). Archived from 6832: 6060: 6012: 5943: 5318: 5303: 5235:

Some metal-containing compounds react with acids to evolve

5070: 4811: 4588: 4560: 4526: 4402: 4398: 4068: 4001: 3997: 3235: 2838: 736: 715: 364: 336: 216: 12131: 11910:. Montreal, Canada: Sensistor Technologies. Archived from 10058: 9943: 7149:

Rogers, H. C. (1999). "Hydrogen Embrittlement of Metals".

4854:

Therefore, steam reforming typically employs an excess of

4829:" because it is often used directly for the production of 2223:

and its weak polarizability. It spontaneously reacts with

2182:. The detection of a burning hydrogen leak, may require a 13647: 13062: 12618:

Walker, James L.; Waltrip, John S.; Zanker, Adam (1988).

11968: 10932:"What's New On The Rungs Of Liebreich's Hydrogen Ladder?" 9708:

Charlton, Mike; Van Der Werf, Dirk Peter (1 March 2015).

8807:. Elementymology & Elements Multidict. Archived from 8158:"Investigations on the Salt Character of Lithium Hydride" 7245:

Carcassi, M. N.; Fineschi, F. (2005). "Deflagrations of H

6963: 5547: 5488: 4979:

is a conceptually simple method of producing hydrogen.

4587:

Throughout the universe, hydrogen is mostly found in the

4576: 2952:

Hydrogen has three naturally occurring isotopes, denoted

2727:; and is used when hydrogen forms a compound with a more 2532: 1904: 1851: 1134: 510: 11433:

Net Zero by 2050: A Roadmap for the Global Energy Sector

10869: 10178: 9944:

Rhys Grinter; Kropp, A.; Venugopal; et al. (2023).

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was already done and commercial hydrogen airship travel

12701:(17th ed.). Knolls Atomic Power Laboratory. 2010. 12622:. In John J. McKetta; William Aaron Cunningham (eds.). 12237: 7527:"The Atomic Nucleus and Bohr's Early Model of the Atom" 7441:

Handbook of Isotopes in the Cosmos: Hydrogen to Gallium

6954:

Presenter: Professor Jim Al-Khalili (21 January 2010).

6407: – Molecular hydrogen naturally occurring on Earth 6399:

Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

5573:) created in the production of the natural gas itself. 3269:

Table of thermal and physical properties of hydrogen (H

3120:

of 12.32 years. It is radioactive enough to be used in

1523: = 618.31 pm (at triple point) 12743:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 12620:"Lactic acid to magnesium supply-demand relationships" 10057:. Universities of Illinois and Chicago. Archived from 9621:

Hendrix, Susan (25 November 2008). Lori Tyahla (ed.).

9424: 9396:

National Electrical Manufacturers Association (1946).

7790:. National Renewable Energy Laboratory. pp. 6–9. 5302:

This process occurs during the anaerobic corrosion of

4914:

production include partial oxidation of hydrocarbons:

3031:. It is the only stable isotope with no neutrons; see 2708: 12904: 10242:. The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation. Archived from 10052: 9887: 8995:"Names for muonium and hydrogen atoms and their ions" 8944: 8039: 7139: 6684:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 183–191. 6209: 4615:

Hydrogen is found in the neutral atomic state in the

4491: 2833:

which is usually composed of one proton. That is why

2823:

Oxidation of hydrogen removes its electron and gives

2523:

of hydrogen. The temperature and pressure scales are

2434: 2400: 2140:(572 kJ/2 mol = 286 kJ/mol = 141.865 MJ/kg) 10980: 10949: 10776:. Solar Thermochemical Hydrogen Generation Project. 9707: 9623:"Extending Hubble's mission life with new batteries" 8478: 5081:

More than 200 thermochemical cycles can be used for

4902: 2208:

is unreactive compared to diatomic elements such as

12783:

The Periodic System, Its Story and Its Significance

12617: 12487:"Safety Standard for Hydrogen and Hydrogen Systems" 11668: 11558: 11459:"Steel decarbonisation gathers speed | Argus Media" 10834: 8988: 8608:. International Atomic Energy Agency. p. 2.4. 6368: – Industrial production of molecular hydrogen 6114:in which protons and electrons are reduced to form 6100:organisms. Some such organisms, including the alga 5636:, especially compared with the rate of adoption of 4263:airship, which was destroyed in a midair fire over 4004:, which results in the production of hydrogen gas. 12780: 11252: 11250: 11065:Evans, Simon; Gabbatiss, Josh (30 November 2020). 10180: 9325: 9233: 8285: 8258: 8228: 8162:Zeitschrift für Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie 6993:Dincer, Ibrahim; Acar, Canan (14 September 2015). 6362: – Using hydrogen to decarbonize more sectors 5258:) can be oxidized by the protons of water to form 5154:, which once was used as a laboratory gas source: 4540:Hydrogen is found in great abundance in stars and 3264: 2446: 2412: 1202:0.07 g/cm (solid: 0.0763 g/cm) 11023:Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change 10684:. Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies. 8694:"Chapter 2: Fundamentals of Isotope Geochemistry" 8332: 5640:, and may not play a significant role in future. 5043:. Methane is converted to hydrogen gas and solid 4325: 3178:International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry 3050:, the other stable hydrogen isotope, is known as 2576: 2293:of the electron in a hydrogen atom is −13.6 1226:13.8033 K, 7.041 kPa 15238: 12878:Basic Hydrogen Calculations of Quantum Mechanics 11754: 11485:"Hydrogen's Decarbonization Impact for Industry" 11456: 11318:Palys, Matthew J.; Daoutidis, Prodromos (2020). 10985:. Los Alamos National Laboratory. Archived from 10337: 10114: 9356: 8759: 7244: 5541:Hydrogen can be deployed as an energy source in 4158:invented the hydrogen gas blowpipe in 1819. The 2424:form the spins are antiparallel and form a spin 12757: 12626:. Vol. 28. New York: Dekker. p. 186. 11393:World Energy Transitions Outlook: 1.5°C Pathway 11247: 10117:Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology 10006:"Basic Research Needs for the Hydrogen Economy" 10000: 9827:Haubold, H.; Mathai, A. M. (15 November 2007). 9672: 8691: 8359: 7678:Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie 6266: 5404:. Many of these reactions can be classified as 4275:. But the damage to hydrogen's reputation as a 3172:and thus was not available for protium. In its 3129:. It is used in nuclear fusion, as a tracer in 2076:. Hydrogen's interaction with metals may cause 12624:Encyclopedia of Chemical Processing and Design 12530:. Praxair, Inc. September 2004. Archived from 12099:. Taylor & Francis Ltd. pp. 202–203. 11483:Blank, Thomas; Molly, Patrick (January 2020). 11317: 11212: 11064: 11060: 11058: 8428: 7949: 7947: 7928:. Sandia National Laboratories. Archived from 7815: 7666: 6892:from the original on 29 June 2021 – via 6636:. Wylie-Interscience. 2005. pp. 797–799. 4334:went into service using gaseous hydrogen as a 3996:discovered and described the reaction between 2026:through the exploration of its energetics and 14341: 13038: 12092: 11596:"Hydrogen as a cause of doping in zinc oxide" 11457:Kjellberg-Motton, Brendan (7 February 2022). 11012: 11010: 11008: 11006: 11004: 10539:"Hydrogen from methane without CO2 emissions" 10156:. United States Patent and Trademark Office. 9994: 9826: 9526: 9236:Method and appraisal in the physical sciences 8802: 7088: 7086: 7084: 7082: 7080: 7078: 6581:(86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. 6540: 1805: 1088: 12484: 12190: 11593: 11016: 10434:(9). Royal Society of Chemistry: 4598–4613. 10125:10.1002/0471238961.0825041803262116.a01.pub2 9132:. 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It consists of an 4415:brought understanding of the nature of the 2674:and is soluble in both nanocrystalline and 14348: 14334: 13045: 13031: 12480: 12478: 11482: 11001: 10237: 10208: 10206: 10204: 8596: 8594: 8353: 8089: 8062: 7075: 6992: 6929:Molecular Modeling in Chemical Engineering 6627: 6625: 6623: 6413: – Thermal decomposition of materials 6397: – Thermal decomposition of materials 6312:and fires when mixed with air to being an 5906:Nuclear fusion fuel: Deuterium is used in 5808: 4899:, hydrogen is generated from natural gas. 4559:. Hydrogen plays a vital role in powering 4349: 4192: 2789:. This function is particularly common in 1812: 1798: 1653: 1646: 1509: 51: 12335: 12160: 11986: 11903:Hydrogen as Tracer Gas for Leak Detection 11630: 11337: 11128: 10981:Chemistry Operations (15 December 2003). 10593: 10490: 10472: 10363: 10268:. Universal Industrial Gases, Inc. 2007. 10266:"Hydrogen Properties, Uses, Applications" 10053:McCall Group; Oka Group (22 April 2005). 9977: 9901: 9733: 9486: 9300: 9275: 9187: 8857:. In A. D. McNaught, A. Wilkinson (ed.). 8601:Traub, R. J.; Jensen, J. A. (June 1995). 8326: 8095: 8033: 7809: 7603: 7467: 7110: 6916: 6880: 6857: 6704: 6546: 6139: 5647: 5373: 5167:In the absence of acid, the evolution of 4377: 2651:and their study in the context of living 2379:, i.e. compounds that differ only in the 2263: 36:Chemical element with atomic number 1 (H) 12847: 12418: 12096:Hydrogen as a Fuel: Learning from Nature 12041: 11865: 11789: 11229:American Institute of Chemical Engineers 11176:Hydrogen: A renewable energy perspective 11097: 11091: 10837:International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 10421: 10079: 9934: 9758: 9323: 9227: 8755: 8753: 8638:. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 8335:Journal of the American Chemical Society 8245: 7923: 7818:Journal of the American Chemical Society 6999:International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 6735: 6729: 6634:Van Nostrand's Encyclopedia of Chemistry 6477: 6027:. These enzymes catalyze the reversible 5364: 5091:cerium(IV) oxide–cerium(III) oxide cycle 5023:also produces hydrogen as a co-product. 4967: 4758: 4495: 4381: 4290: 4196: 4047: 3976: 2943: 2935: 2927: 2707: 2515: 2503: 2273: 2109: 2092: 14145: 12895:High temperature hydrogen phase diagram 12611: 12475: 12381: 11820:. Specialty Welds. 2007. Archived from 11501:from the original on 22 September 2020. 10929: 10290: 10201: 10172: 10073: 9829:"Solar Thermonuclear Energy Generation" 9647: 9620: 9596:"Hubble servicing mission 4 essentials" 9172:"Hydrogen - Some Historical Highlights" 8591: 8279: 7873: 7610:Green, Richard A.; et al. 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It can be further transformed into 4733:) is a rare molecule in the universe. 3984:, who discovered the reaction between 1846:1. It is the lightest element and, at 14329: 14253: 14217: 14208: 14118: 14100: 14091: 13026: 12787:. New York: Oxford University Press. 12556:"'Bugs' and hydrogen embrittlement". 12400:from the original on 29 December 2016 12382:Smith, Hamilton O.; Xu, Qing (2005). 11950:from the original on 16 February 2008 11899: 11834: 11511: 11386: 11169: 10706: 10567: 10217:(5th ed.). Thomson Brooks/Cole. 9176:Chemistry-Didactics-Ecology-Metrology 9124: 8982: 8849: 8750: 8633: 8615:from the original on 6 September 2015 8566: 8384: 8257:Miessler, G. L.; Tarr, D. A. 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Maxwell observed that the 4298:was discovered in December 1931 by 2948:Deuterium discharge (spectrum) tube 2805:complexes, as well as in clustered 2666:Hydrogen is highly soluble in many 2631:Hydrogen forms many compounds with 2056:. Its main industrial uses include 1338: 24: 14226: 14127: 14010: 13992: 13967: 13958: 13931: 13904: 13859: 13841: 13769: 13760: 13654: 13526: 13492: 13402: 13384: 13375: 13355: 13330: 13052: 12650: 12485:Brown, W. J.; et al. 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This process requires an 3968:Timeline of hydrogen technologies 2985:. Other, highly unstable nuclei ( 2785:that link two metal centers in a 1998:), exhibits specific behavior in 14073: 14037: 14001: 13886: 13814: 13724: 13706: 13636: 13618: 13546: 13447: 13438: 13429: 13274: 13177: 13005: 12988: 12971: 12954: 12926: 12914: 12846: 12834: 12824: 12593:"Union Oil Amine Absorber Tower" 12584: 12549: 12517: 12443: 12412: 12375: 12304: 12231: 12184: 12086: 12035: 12023:from the original on 9 July 2021 12003: 11962: 11926: 11893: 11828: 11810: 11783: 11748: 11705: 11662: 11587: 11552: 11505: 11476: 11450: 11420: 11380: 11354: 11311: 11163: 11122: 10974: 10923: 10898: 10863: 10828: 10795: 10762: 10737: 10731: 10700: 10669: 10618: 10561: 10530: 10499: 10466: 10415: 10388: 10331: 10284: 10258: 10231: 10141: 10046: 9881: 9726:10.3184/003685015X14234978376369 9531:. 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University of Michigan. 6882:10.1103/PhysRevD.98.030001 6723:10.1007/s10698-022-09448-5 6491:Pure and Applied Chemistry 6341:parahydrogen/orthohydrogen 6143: 5982: 5958:(hydrogen-3), produced in 5940:Space Shuttle main engines 5560:carbon capture and storage 5530:and more energy-efficient 5498: 5494: 5452:to produce ammonia by the 5358: 5035:of natural gas (methane). 4833:and many other compounds. 4740: 4625:damped Lyman-alpha systems 4505:region of ionized hydrogen 4213:The first hydrogen-filled 3965: 3956: 2921: 2816: 2701: 2569: 2361: 2267: 1208:when liquid (at 1194:when liquid (at 430: 298: 238: 178: 153: 26: 14363: 14287: 13987: 13692: 13521: 13350: 13269: 13188: 13161: 13154: 13149: 13144: 13139: 13134: 13129: 13124: 13119: 13114: 13109: 13104: 13099: 13094: 13089: 13084: 13079: 13072: 13067: 13060: 12716:Newton, David E. (1994). 12676:Resources in your library 11818:"Atomic Hydrogen Welding" 11581:10.1080/14786437708232943 10643:10.1038/s41929-019-0416-2 9779:10.1017/S1062798714000532 9537:10.1109/AERO.2002.1035418 9375:10.1179/imtr.1983.28.1.92 9324:Stwertka, Albert (1996). 8968:10.1080/00268978300102491 6736:Stwertka, Albert (1996). 6160: 6155: 6103:Chlamydomonas reinhardtii 5936:liquid-propellant rockets 5851:Buoyant lifting: Because 5638:battery electric vehicles 5634:alternative fuel vehicles 4907:Other methods for CO and 4823:pressure swing adsorption 4582: 4424:quantum mechanical theory 3992:In 1671, Irish scientist 2756:lithium aluminium hydride 2754:, which is polymeric. In 2499: 2460:rotational quantum states 2340:path integral formulation 2172:Space Shuttle Main Engine 2115:Space Shuttle Main Engine 1783: 1779: 1746: 1731: 1716: 1675: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1637: 1620: 1605: 1600: 1581: 1567: 1550: 1537: 1533:0.1805 W/(m⋅K) 1527: 1502: 1484: 1474: 1469: 1452: 1442: 1428: 1409: 1399: 1374: 1369: 1295: 1278: 1274:) 0.904 kJ/mol 1261: 1240: 1230: 1220: 1206: 1192: 1178: 1161: 1140: 1120: 1115: 1107: 1097: 1082: 1070: 1057: 1038: 1018: 133: 125: 121: 95: 79: 75: 67: 62: 50: 29:Hydrogen (disambiguation) 12900:Wavefunction of hydrogen 12758:Romm, Joseph J. (2004). 12737:Rigden, John S. (2002). 12042:Bergeron, K. D. (2004). 11492:Rocky Mountain Institute 9246:10.1017/CBO9780511760013 9217:. Macmillan. p. 19. 9052:Holman, Jack P. (2002). 8932:10.1103/PhysRevLett.5.63 8732:"The Tritium Laboratory" 8394:Physics of Atomic Nuclei 8204:Chemical Society Reviews 8174:10.1002/zaac.19201130116 7926:"Metal-Hydrogen Systems" 7746:Hritz, J. (March 2006). 7210:National Academies Press 6711:Foundations of Chemistry 6682:Nature's Building Blocks 6418: 6218:Precautionary statements 6007:, usually via reactions 5891:(hydrogen-2) is used in 5346: 5223:O + 2 OH → 2 [Al(OH) 4864:water gas shift reaction 4814:) because high-pressure 4671:A molecular form called 4306:was prepared in 1934 by 3285:Specific heat (kJ/kg K) 2383:of their nuclei. In the 2364:Spin isomers of hydrogen 2214:bond dissociation energy 2157: 2152:autoignition temperature 2068:, with emerging uses in 1895:chemical element in the 12564:(3): 41. 20 July 1985. 12162:10.5194/acp-6-1611-2006 11866:Almqvist, Ebbe (2003). 11757:Applied Physics Letters 11714:Applied Physics Letters 11603:Physical Review Letters 11031:Sixth Assessment Report 10625:Clarke, Palmer (2020). 10595:10.1126/science.aao5023 10291:Hannula, Ilkka (2015). 10238:Funderburg, E. (2008). 9328:A Guide to the Elements 9232:. In Howson, C. (ed.). 9016:10.1351/pac200173020377 8911:Physical Review Letters 8873:10.1351/goldbook.M04069 8836:9 February 2016 at the 8774:10.1023/A:1010655610575 8438:Physical Review Letters 8231:Chemical Communications 7880:Kimball's Biology Pages 7748:"CH. 6 – Hydrogen" 7439:Clayton, D. D. (2003). 6801:Encyclopædia Britannica 6738:A Guide to the Elements 6052:Mycobacterium smegmatis 5824:atomic hydrogen welding 5809:Niche and evolving uses 5552:steam methane reforming 4769:steam methane reforming 4356:nickel–hydrogen battery 4350:Nickel–hydrogen battery 4193:Hydrogen-lifted airship 4181:and his invention, the 4166:were invented in 1823. 4148:François Isaac de Rivaz 1982:, where it is known as 1577: (gas, 27 °C) 1216:0.07099 g/cm 12809:Listen to this article 12525:"Liquid Hydrogen MSDS" 12391:FY2005 Progress Report 12337:10.1074/jbc.M503840200 11792:Materials & Design 11561:Philosophical Magazine 11439:. pp. 15, 75–76. 10492:10.1002/cben.202000014 10213:Oxtoby, D. W. (2002). 10148:Freyermuth, George H. 9569:"Mars Global Surveyor" 9302:10.1098/rstl.1766.0019 9189:10.2478/cdem-2020-0001 9170:Szydło, Z. A. (2020). 7757:. NASA. Archived from 7059:. 2007. Archived from 6602:Weast, Robert (1984). 6334:hydrogen embrittlement 6273: 6140:Safety and precautions 5972:radioluminescent paint 5648:Semiconductor industry 5605:hydrogen electrolyzers 5374:Petrochemical industry 5370: 4973: 4764: 4719:hydrogen molecular ion 4565:proton-proton reaction 4511: 4428:specific heat capacity 4390: 4378:Role in quantum theory 4372:Hubble Space Telescope 4231:Ferdinand von Zeppelin 4210: 4173:for the first time by 4056: 4017: 3989: 2949: 2941: 2933: 2716: 2528: 2513: 2448: 2414: 2283: 2264:Electron energy levels 2145:Enthalpy of combustion 2118: 2107: 1994:just a proton (symbol 1458: 1099:Electron configuration 81:Standard atomic weight 12779:Scerri, Eric (2007). 12719:The Chemical Elements 12698:Chart of the Nuclides 12595:. TWI. Archived from 11039:10.1017/9781009157926 10956:Smil, Vaclav (2004). 10399:. BBC. Archived from 10397:"Chemicals from salt" 10344:Nature Communications 10297:Biomass and Bioenergy 10055:"H3+ Resource Center" 9890:Astrophysical Journal 9228:Musgrave, A. (1976). 7911:19 March 2008 at the 6962:. 25:40 minutes in. 6680:Emsley, John (2001). 6499:10.1515/pac-2019-0603 6378:Hydrogen technologies 6272: 6084:hydrogen breath tests 5983:Further information: 5932:cryogenic propellants 5614:electric arc furnaces 5368: 5199:Many metals, such as 5103:copper-chlorine cycle 5095:zinc zinc-oxide cycle 4977:Electrolysis of water 4971: 4762: 4658:escape the atmosphere 4499: 4385: 4291:Deuterium and tritium 4200: 4051: 4006: 3980: 3135:self-powered lighting 3133:, and in specialized 3127:nuclear weapons tests 2947: 2939: 2931: 2817:Further information: 2711: 2639:, and even more with 2519: 2507: 2449: 2415: 2277: 2113: 2105: 2054:electrolysis of water 1457: 15267:Nuclear fusion fuels 12870:More spoken articles 11494:. pp. 2, 7, 8. 8661:Nave, C. R. (2006). 8216:10.1039/CS9942300175 7333:Combustion and Flame 7288:Patnaik, P. (2007). 6860:"Big-Bang Cosmology" 6255:(fire diamond) 6134:alga in a bioreactor 6001:anaerobic metabolism 5979:Biological reactions 5887:Neutron moderation: 5842:research, including 5519:thermal conductivity 5398:hydrodesulfurization 5378:Large quantities of 4555:are associated with 4368:Mars Global Surveyor 4179:regenerative cooling 4156:Edward Daniel Clarke 4135:Many metals such as 3131:isotope geochemistry 2924:Isotopes of hydrogen 2787:coordination complex 2432: 2398: 2393:total molecular spin 2329:Schrödinger equation 2320:postulated in early 2147:: −286 kJ/mol. 2060:processing, such as 2020:Schrödinger equation 1639:Isotopes of hydrogen 1529:Thermal conductivity 1444:Van der Waals radius 1263:Heat of vaporization 12599:on 20 November 2008 12259:2008JBR.....2d6002E 12209:2023NewSc.257...13W 12153:2006ACP.....6.1611R 12060:2004BuAtS..60a..15B 11845:2003PhyC..388....1H 11769:2003ApPhL..83.2025P 11726:2002ApPhL..81...73K 11683:2007NatMa...6...44J 11615:2000PhRvL..85.1012V 11573:1977PMag...35.1173C 11399:. pp. 12, 22. 11277:2021ERSS...8002208G 11104:Stanford University 10849:2008IJHE...33.3073P 10586:2017Sci...358..917U 10356:2014NatCo...5.4695G 10309:2015BmBe...74...26H 10034:on 13 February 2008 10025:2004APS..MAR.m1001D 9962:2023Natur.615..541G 9912:2000ApJ...543..552S 9839:on 11 December 2011 9833:Columbia University 9687:1956ARPC....7....1B 9439:1980JSpRo..17...31S 9293:1766RSPT...56..141C 9211:Ramsay, W. (1896). 9143:Winter, M. (2007). 9088:Incropera, Frank P. 8960:1983MolPh..50..467B 8924:1960PhRvL...5...63H 8738:on 28 February 2008 8493:1933Sci....78..602U 8450:2003PhRvL..90h2501K 8406:2005PAN....68..491G 8378:10.1021/ar00162a004 8347:10.1021/ja00463a035 8320:10.1021/j100372a014 8261:Inorganic Chemistry 8056:10.1021/ic50139a050 8043:Inorganic Chemistry 7981:"Organic Chemistry" 7932:on 24 February 2008 7855:on 20 February 2008 7830:10.1021/ja01577a013 7764:on 16 February 2008 7717:1997JLTP..107...77M 7632:2012PNMRS..67....1G 7345:2009CoFl..156.1234S 7267:2005Ene....30.1439C 7165:1968Sci...159.1057R 7159:(3819): 1057–1064. 7063:on 18 February 2008 7011:2015IJHE...4011094D 7005:(34): 11094–11111. 6894:Particle Data Group 6776:on 13 February 2009 6523:Inorganic chemistry 6366:Hydrogen production 6152: 6049:. Bacteria such as 5389:. Key consumers of 5176:anaerobic corrosion 5107:hybrid sulfur cycle 5099:sulfur-iodine cycle 4743:Hydrogen production 4617:interstellar medium 4034:metal-acid reaction 4000:filings and dilute 3202:to be used, though 2779:inorganic chemistry 2743:(LiH), producing a 2596:(F, Cl, Br, I), or 2447:{\displaystyle S=0} 2413:{\displaystyle S=1} 2352:vacuum polarization 2344:probability density 2297:, equivalent to an 2188:destruction of the 2042:hydrogen production 1972:acid-base reactions 1956:recombination epoch 1929:isotope of hydrogen 1868:, sometimes called 1848:standard conditions 1411:Ionization energies 1298:Vapor pressure 1280:Molar heat capacity 1116:Physical properties 1108:Electrons per shell 47: 15297:Least dense things 15292:E-number additives 15272:Airship technology 15262:Diatomic nonmetals 15257:Reactive nonmetals 14357:Hydrogen compounds 12451:"MyChem: Chemical" 12292:on 29 January 2021 11518:Nature Electronics 11463:www.argusmedia.com 11136:The New York Times 10707:Fernandez, Sonia. 10676:Gusev, Alexander. 10479:ChemBioEng Reviews 10440:10.1039/D0SE00427H 10403:on 26 October 2007 10365:10.1038/ncomms5695 10061:on 11 October 2007 9473:. pp. 45–50. 9125:Boyle, R. (1672). 8811:on 23 January 2010 8573:The New York Times 8538:10.1007/BF01875525 8156:Moers, K. (1920). 7843:Clark, J. (2002). 7725:10.1007/BF02396837 7533:on 17 October 2008 7468:NAAP Labs (2009). 7112:10.1039/D1EA00037C 6384:Hydrogen transport 6320:-free form. Also, 6274: 6150: 5930:together serve as 5917:on reaction rates. 5513:, and the highest 5483:is also used as a 5438:, the addition of 5371: 5133:Laboratory methods 4974: 4964:Water electrolysis 4897:ammonia production 4765: 4709:triatomic hydrogen 4662:chemical compounds 4606:Birkeland currents 4512: 4391: 4273:static electricity 4271:fabric coating by 4211: 4057: 3990: 3251:quantum simulation 2950: 2942: 2934: 2819:Acid–base reaction 2717: 2572:Hydrogen compounds 2529: 2514: 2444: 2410: 2348:special relativity 2284: 2119: 2108: 2066:ammonia production 1927:. The most common 1891:, hydrogen is the 1878:molecular hydrogen 1856:diatomic molecules 1791:Category: Hydrogen 1475:Natural occurrence 1465: 1459: 1022: 1008: 39: 15252:Chemical elements 15232: 15231: 14323: 14322: 14316: 14315: 14282: 14281: 12839: 12829: 12794:978-0-19-530573-9 12771:978-1-55963-703-9 12750:978-0-531-12501-4 12729:978-0-531-12501-4 12708:978-0-9843653-0-2 12657:Library resources 12633:978-0-8247-2478-8 12463:on 1 October 2018 12106:978-0-415-24242-4 12068:10.2968/060001004 11914:on 8 January 2009 11879:978-0-306-47277-0 11777:10.1063/1.1609245 11763:(10): 2025–2027. 11734:10.1063/1.1482783 11406:978-92-9260-334-2 11189:978-92-9260-151-5 10967:978-0-262-69313-4 10884:10.1021/cr050186q 10878:(10): 4331–4365. 10843:(12): 3073–3076. 10506:Cartwright, Jon. 10395:Lees, A. (2007). 10224:978-0-03-035373-4 10194:978-0-471-77985-8 10099:978-1-4613-4915-0 9956:(7952): 541–547. 9659:978-1-4298-0723-4 9575:on 10 August 2009 9546:978-0-7803-7231-3 9343:978-0-19-508083-4 9255:978-0-521-21110-9 9103:978-0-471-45728-2 8948:Molecular Physics 8882:978-0-86542-684-9 8487:(2035): 602–603. 8414:10.1134/1.1891200 8341:(21): 6983–6986. 8272:978-0-13-035471-6 7824:(20): 5385–5388. 7454:978-0-521-82381-4 7301:978-0-471-71458-3 7219:978-0-309-09163-3 6868:Physical Review D 6747:978-0-19-508083-4 6691:978-0-19-850341-5 6643:978-0-471-61525-5 6613:978-0-8493-0464-4 6588:978-0-8493-0486-6 6558:978-1-62708-155-9 6395:Methane pyrolysis 6305:Chemical compound 6303: 6302: 6204:Hazard statements 6080:parts per million 6031:reaction between 5948:rocket propellant 5873:), hydrogen is a 5844:superconductivity 5654:amorphous silicon 5474:hydrochloric acid 5271:Schikorr reaction 5244:ferrous hydroxide 5159:Zn + 2 H → Zn + H 5062:(ΔH° = 74 kJ/mol) 5027:Methane pyrolysis 4509:Triangulum Galaxy 4308:Ernest Rutherford 4177:in 1898 by using 4160:Döbereiner's lamp 4061:Antoine Lavoisier 4053:Antoine Lavoisier 4044:Antoine Lavoisier 3962:Discovery and use 3954: 3953: 3282:Density (kg/m^3) 3255:hydrogen chloride 3083:neutron moderator 2813:Protons and acids 2791:group 13 elements 2672:transition metals 2649:organic chemistry 2645:organic compounds 2554:Metallic hydrogen 2342:to calculate the 2322:quantum mechanics 2237:hydrogen fluoride 2233:hydrogen chloride 2103: 2024:quantum mechanics 2000:aqueous solutions 1990:, H. The cation, 1917:organic compounds 1826: 1825: 1775: 1774: 1629:Antoine Lavoisier 1539:Magnetic ordering 1504:Lattice constants 1486:Crystal structure 1460: 1448:120 pm 1401:Electronegativity 1370:Atomic properties 1364: 1363: 1034: 1033: 1030: 1029: 1020: 1006: 998: 997: 724:Mercury (element) 16:(Redirected from 15304: 15224: 15213: 15202: 15188: 15174: 15160: 15149: 15134: 15116: 15098: 15080: 15069: 15051: 15037: 15023: 14999: 14984: 14970: 14956: 14942: 14931: 14917: 14906: 14891: 14873: 14855: 14841: 14827: 14813: 14799: 14785: 14771: 14757: 14746: 14732: 14721: 14703: 14693: 14673: 14658: 14644: 14630: 14620: 14610: 14600: 14570: 14556: 14542: 14527: 14503: 14493: 14483: 14463: 14453: 14443: 14423: 14412: 14391: 14377: 14350: 14343: 14336: 14327: 14326: 14292: 14291: 14278: 14276: 14269: 14267: 14260: 14258: 14251: 14249: 14242: 14240: 14233: 14231: 14224: 14222: 14215: 14213: 14206: 14204: 14197: 14195: 14188: 14186: 14179: 14177: 14170: 14168: 14161: 14159: 14152: 14150: 14143: 14141: 14134: 14132: 14125: 14123: 14116: 14114: 14107: 14105: 14098: 14096: 14089: 14087: 14080: 14078: 14071: 14069: 14062: 14060: 14053: 14051: 14044: 14042: 14035: 14033: 14026: 14024: 14017: 14015: 14008: 14006: 13999: 13997: 13983: 13981: 13974: 13972: 13965: 13963: 13956: 13954: 13947: 13945: 13938: 13936: 13929: 13927: 13920: 13918: 13911: 13909: 13902: 13900: 13893: 13891: 13884: 13882: 13875: 13873: 13866: 13864: 13857: 13855: 13848: 13846: 13839: 13837: 13830: 13828: 13821: 13819: 13812: 13810: 13803: 13801: 13794: 13792: 13785: 13783: 13776: 13774: 13767: 13765: 13758: 13756: 13749: 13747: 13740: 13738: 13731: 13729: 13722: 13720: 13713: 13711: 13704: 13702: 13688: 13686: 13679: 13677: 13670: 13668: 13661: 13659: 13652: 13650: 13643: 13641: 13634: 13632: 13625: 13623: 13616: 13614: 13607: 13605: 13598: 13596: 13589: 13587: 13580: 13578: 13571: 13569: 13562: 13560: 13553: 13551: 13542: 13540: 13533: 13531: 13517: 13515: 13508: 13506: 13499: 13497: 13490: 13488: 13481: 13479: 13472: 13470: 13463: 13461: 13454: 13452: 13445: 13443: 13436: 13434: 13427: 13425: 13418: 13416: 13409: 13407: 13400: 13398: 13391: 13389: 13382: 13380: 13371: 13369: 13362: 13360: 13346: 13344: 13337: 13335: 13328: 13326: 13319: 13317: 13310: 13308: 13301: 13299: 13290: 13288: 13281: 13279: 13265: 13263: 13256: 13254: 13247: 13245: 13238: 13236: 13229: 13227: 13220: 13218: 13209: 13207: 13200: 13198: 13184: 13182: 13173: 13171: 13063: 13047: 13040: 13033: 13024: 13023: 13018: 13017:from Wikiversity 13010: 13009: 13008: 13001: 12993: 12992: 12991: 12984: 12976: 12975: 12974: 12967: 12959: 12958: 12957: 12947: 12931: 12930: 12919: 12918: 12917: 12910: 12860: 12858: 12850: 12849: 12841: 12840: 12831: 12830: 12818: 12816: 12810: 12798: 12786: 12775: 12764:. Island Press. 12754: 12733: 12712: 12645: 12644: 12642: 12640: 12615: 12609: 12608: 12606: 12604: 12588: 12582: 12581: 12553: 12547: 12546: 12544: 12542: 12536: 12529: 12521: 12515: 12514: 12512: 12510: 12504: 12491: 12482: 12473: 12472: 12470: 12468: 12462: 12456:. Archived from 12455: 12447: 12441: 12440: 12438: 12436: 12427:. The Register. 12416: 12410: 12409: 12407: 12405: 12399: 12388: 12379: 12373: 12372: 12370: 12368: 12362: 12339: 12321: 12308: 12302: 12301: 12299: 12297: 12291: 12285:. Archived from 12244: 12235: 12229: 12228: 12188: 12182: 12181: 12179: 12177: 12171: 12164: 12147:(6): 1611–1625. 12138: 12129: 12123: 12122: 12120: 12118: 12090: 12084: 12083: 12081: 12079: 12039: 12033: 12032: 12030: 12028: 12022: 12015: 12007: 12001: 12000: 11990: 11966: 11960: 11959: 11957: 11955: 11949: 11938: 11930: 11924: 11923: 11921: 11919: 11897: 11891: 11890: 11888: 11886: 11863: 11857: 11856: 11839:. 388–389: 1–6. 11832: 11826: 11825: 11824:on 16 July 2011. 11814: 11808: 11807: 11787: 11781: 11780: 11752: 11746: 11745: 11709: 11703: 11702: 11691:10.1038/nmat1795 11671:Nature Materials 11666: 11660: 11659: 11657: 11655: 11649: 11634: 11609:(5): 1012–1015. 11600: 11591: 11585: 11584: 11567:(5): 1173–1187. 11556: 11550: 11549: 11509: 11503: 11502: 11500: 11489: 11480: 11474: 11473: 11471: 11469: 11454: 11448: 11447: 11445: 11438: 11424: 11418: 11417: 11415: 11398: 11384: 11378: 11377: 11375: 11373: 11368:. 31 August 2021 11358: 11352: 11351: 11341: 11315: 11309: 11308: 11306: 11304: 11254: 11245: 11244: 11242: 11240: 11216: 11210: 11208: 11206: 11204: 11198: 11181: 11167: 11161: 11160: 11158: 11156: 11126: 11120: 11119: 11117: 11115: 11110:on 14 March 2008 11106:. Archived from 11095: 11089: 11088: 11086: 11084: 11062: 11053: 11052: 11028: 11014: 10999: 10998: 10996: 10994: 10978: 10972: 10971: 10953: 10947: 10946: 10944: 10942: 10927: 10921: 10920: 10918: 10916: 10902: 10896: 10895: 10872:Chemical Reviews 10867: 10861: 10860: 10832: 10826: 10825: 10823: 10821: 10815: 10809:. Archived from 10808: 10799: 10793: 10792: 10790: 10788: 10782: 10775: 10766: 10760: 10759: 10757: 10755: 10735: 10729: 10728: 10726: 10724: 10704: 10698: 10697: 10695: 10693: 10673: 10667: 10666: 10664: 10662: 10631:Nature Catalysis 10622: 10616: 10615: 10597: 10565: 10559: 10558: 10556: 10554: 10534: 10528: 10527: 10525: 10523: 10503: 10497: 10496: 10494: 10470: 10464: 10463: 10461: 10459: 10419: 10413: 10412: 10410: 10408: 10392: 10386: 10385: 10367: 10335: 10329: 10328: 10288: 10282: 10281: 10279: 10277: 10262: 10256: 10255: 10253: 10251: 10235: 10229: 10228: 10210: 10199: 10198: 10186: 10176: 10170: 10169: 10167: 10165: 10145: 10139: 10138: 10112: 10103: 10102: 10077: 10071: 10070: 10068: 10066: 10050: 10044: 10043: 10041: 10039: 10033: 10027:. Archived from 10010: 9998: 9992: 9991: 9981: 9941: 9932: 9931: 9905: 9903:astro-ph/0006044 9885: 9879: 9878: 9876: 9874: 9855: 9849: 9848: 9846: 9844: 9835:. Archived from 9824: 9818: 9817: 9815: 9813: 9808:on 10 April 2008 9797: 9791: 9790: 9762: 9756: 9755: 9737: 9714:Science Progress 9705: 9699: 9698: 9670: 9664: 9663: 9645: 9639: 9638: 9636: 9634: 9618: 9612: 9611: 9609: 9607: 9591: 9585: 9584: 9582: 9580: 9565: 9559: 9558: 9524: 9518: 9517: 9515: 9513: 9507: 9490: 9488:2060/20020070612 9468: 9457: 9451: 9450: 9422: 9416: 9415: 9413: 9411: 9393: 9387: 9386: 9354: 9348: 9347: 9331: 9321: 9315: 9314: 9304: 9273: 9267: 9266: 9264: 9262: 9239: 9225: 9219: 9218: 9208: 9202: 9201: 9191: 9167: 9161: 9160: 9158: 9156: 9151:on 10 April 2008 9140: 9134: 9133: 9122: 9116: 9115: 9084: 9078: 9077: 9049: 9043: 9042: 9040: 9038: 9032: 8999: 8989:W. H. Koppenol; 8986: 8980: 8979: 8942: 8936: 8935: 8905: 8899: 8898: 8896: 8894: 8863:(2nd ed.). 8847: 8841: 8827: 8821: 8820: 8818: 8816: 8800: 8794: 8793: 8757: 8748: 8747: 8745: 8743: 8728: 8722: 8721: 8719: 8717: 8712:on 14 March 2008 8708:. Archived from 8689: 8683: 8682: 8680: 8678: 8658: 8652: 8651: 8649: 8647: 8631: 8625: 8624: 8622: 8620: 8614: 8607: 8598: 8589: 8588: 8586: 8584: 8564: 8558: 8557: 8519: 8513: 8512: 8476: 8470: 8469: 8432: 8426: 8425: 8388: 8382: 8381: 8357: 8351: 8350: 8330: 8324: 8323: 8314:(9): 3416–3427. 8283: 8277: 8276: 8264: 8254: 8243: 8242: 8239:10.1039/a809279f 8226: 8220: 8219: 8199: 8193: 8192: 8190: 8188: 8182: 8168:(191): 179–228. 8153: 8147: 8146: 8144: 8142: 8122: 8116: 8115: 8093: 8087: 8086: 8077:(1–2): 457–462. 8066: 8060: 8059: 8050:(9): 2282–2283. 8037: 8031: 8030: 8028: 8026: 8007: 8001: 8000: 7998: 7996: 7977: 7971: 7970: 7968: 7966: 7951: 7942: 7941: 7939: 7937: 7921: 7915: 7902: 7896: 7895: 7893: 7891: 7871: 7865: 7864: 7862: 7860: 7851:. Archived from 7840: 7834: 7833: 7813: 7807: 7806: 7804: 7802: 7796: 7789: 7780: 7774: 7773: 7771: 7769: 7763: 7752: 7743: 7737: 7736: 7700: 7694: 7693: 7691: 7689: 7670: 7664: 7663: 7661: 7659: 7607: 7601: 7600: 7598: 7596: 7576: 7570: 7569: 7567: 7565: 7554:"Wave Mechanics" 7549: 7543: 7542: 7540: 7538: 7522: 7516: 7515: 7513: 7511: 7492: 7486: 7485: 7483: 7481: 7465: 7459: 7458: 7436: 7430: 7429: 7405: 7399: 7398: 7396: 7394: 7375: 7369: 7368: 7366: 7364: 7339:(6): 1234–1241. 7324: 7318: 7317: 7315: 7313: 7285: 7279: 7278: 7261:(8): 1439–1451. 7242: 7236: 7235: 7233: 7231: 7199: 7193: 7192: 7146: 7137: 7130: 7124: 7114: 7090: 7073: 7072: 7070: 7068: 7049: 7043: 7042: 7040: 7038: 6990: 6984: 6983: 6981: 6979: 6951: 6945: 6944: 6942: 6940: 6920: 6914: 6904: 6891: 6884: 6864: 6855: 6849: 6848: 6846: 6844: 6824: 6818: 6817: 6815: 6813: 6792: 6786: 6785: 6783: 6781: 6772:. Archived from 6766:O=CHem Directory 6758: 6752: 6751: 6733: 6727: 6726: 6702: 6696: 6695: 6677: 6648: 6647: 6629: 6618: 6617: 6599: 6593: 6592: 6580: 6569: 6563: 6562: 6544: 6538: 6537: 6517: 6511: 6510: 6481: 6475: 6474: 6463: 6448: 6445: 6439: 6428: 6405:Natural hydrogen 6400: 6360:Hydrogen economy 6294: 6287: 6280: 6265: 6245: 6241: 6237: 6233: 6229: 6225: 6211: 6183: 6153: 6149: 6131: 6120: 6069: 6037: 5998: 5960:nuclear reactors 5862:in balloons and 5857: 5837: 5822:methods such as 5803: 5794: 5785: 5776: 5763: 5754: 5745: 5736: 5727: 5714: 5701: 5692: 5675: 5658:amorphous carbon 5482: 5458:unsaturated fats 5451: 5444: 5426: 5395: 5384: 5361:Hydrogen economy 5338: 5317:and in reducing 5298: 5268: 5257: 5256: 5255: 5241: 5231: 5213: 5195: 5173: 5163: 5152:Kipp's apparatus 5149: 5142: 5087:iron oxide cycle 5061: 5056:(g) → C(s) + 2 H 4997: 4948: 4931: 4913: 4887: 4861: 4850: 4820: 4803: 4785: 4732: 4731: 4730: 4727: 4716: 4706: 4705: 4704: 4701: 4686: 4685: 4684: 4681: 4651: 4642: = 4. 4554: 4546:Molecular clouds 4519:chemical element 4475: 4474: 4473: 4467: 4464: 4463: 4448: 4436: 4413: 4412: 4411: 4408: 4285:weather balloons 4257:was used in the 4256: 4217:was invented by 4150:built the first 4131: 4108: 4085: 4015: 3988:and dilute acids 3279:Temperature (K) 3276: 3275: 3248: 3223: 3221: 3220: 3212: 3210: 3209: 3201: 3199: 3198: 3190: 3188: 3187: 3176:guidelines, the 3167: 3165: 3164: 3156: 3154: 3153: 3102: 3100: 3099: 3079:NMR spectroscopy 3076: 3074: 3073: 3048: 3046: 3045: 3021: 3019: 3018: 3006: 3004: 3003: 2995: 2993: 2992: 2984: 2982: 2981: 2973: 2971: 2970: 2962: 2960: 2959: 2909: 2908: 2907: 2904: 2890: 2878: 2863: 2851: 2836: 2827: 2793:, especially in 2783:bridging ligands 2765: 2753: 2737:Gilbert N. Lewis 2726: 2676:amorphous metals 2614:hydrogen bonding 2587: 2494:activated carbon 2471: 2453: 2451: 2450: 2445: 2419: 2417: 2416: 2411: 2374: 2318:angular momentum 2259: 2252: 2245: 2222: 2207: 2178:, which uses an 2139: 2104: 2028:chemical bonding 1966:, readily forms 1964:extreme pressure 1903:, including the 1867: 1833:chemical element 1814: 1807: 1800: 1788: 1787: 1766: 1759: 1739: 1722: 1702: 1670: 1669: 1660: 1655: 1648: 1633: 1616: 1595: 1587:12385-13-6 1562: 1560: 1513: 1470:Other properties 1390: 1384: 1376:Oxidation states 1346: 1342: 1314: 1310: 1303: 1302: 1290: 1273: 1252: 1213: 1199: 1188:0.08988 g/L 1185: 1173: 1152: 1131: 1130: 1090: 1050: 1049: 993: 986: 979: 972: 965: 958: 951: 944: 937: 930: 923: 916: 909: 902: 895: 888: 881: 874: 867: 860: 853: 846: 839: 832: 825: 818: 811: 804: 797: 790: 783: 776: 767: 760: 753: 746: 739: 732: 725: 718: 711: 704: 697: 690: 683: 676: 669: 662: 655: 648: 641: 634: 627: 620: 613: 606: 599: 592: 585: 578: 571: 564: 557: 550: 541: 534: 527: 520: 513: 506: 499: 492: 485: 478: 471: 464: 457: 450: 443: 436: 425: 418: 409: 402: 395: 388: 381: 374: 367: 360: 353: 346: 339: 332: 325: 318: 311: 304: 295: 288: 279: 272: 265: 258: 251: 244: 235: 228: 219: 212: 205: 198: 191: 184: 175: 168: 159: 150: 144: 143: 139: 138: 135: 134: 126:Hydrogen in the 109: 107: 91: 55: 48: 46: 38: 21: 15312: 15311: 15307: 15306: 15305: 15303: 15302: 15301: 15277:Reducing agents 15237: 15236: 15233: 15228: 15222: 15218: 15211: 15207: 15201: 15197: 15193: 15187: 15183: 15179: 15173: 15169: 15165: 15158: 15154: 15147: 15143: 15139: 15133: 15129: 15125: 15121: 15115: 15111: 15107: 15103: 15097: 15093: 15089: 15085: 15078: 15074: 15068: 15064: 15060: 15056: 15050: 15046: 15042: 15036: 15032: 15028: 15022: 15018: 15014: 14997: 14993: 14989: 14983: 14979: 14975: 14969: 14965: 14961: 14955: 14951: 14947: 14940: 14936: 14930: 14926: 14922: 14915: 14911: 14904: 14900: 14896: 14890: 14886: 14882: 14878: 14872: 14868: 14864: 14860: 14854: 14850: 14846: 14840: 14836: 14832: 14826: 14822: 14818: 14812: 14808: 14804: 14798: 14794: 14790: 14784: 14780: 14776: 14770: 14766: 14762: 14755: 14751: 14745: 14741: 14737: 14730: 14726: 14720: 14716: 14712: 14708: 14702: 14698: 14692: 14688: 14672: 14668: 14657: 14653: 14649: 14643: 14639: 14635: 14629: 14625: 14619: 14615: 14609: 14605: 14599: 14595: 14569: 14565: 14561: 14555: 14551: 14547: 14541: 14537: 14533: 14529: 14526: 14522: 14518: 14502: 14498: 14492: 14488: 14482: 14478: 14462: 14458: 14452: 14448: 14442: 14438: 14421: 14417: 14410: 14406: 14390: 14386: 14382: 14376: 14372: 14368: 14359: 14354: 14324: 14319: 14318: 14317: 14283: 14274: 14272: 14265: 14263: 14256: 14254: 14247: 14245: 14238: 14236: 14229: 14227: 14220: 14218: 14211: 14209: 14202: 14200: 14193: 14191: 14184: 14182: 14175: 14173: 14166: 14164: 14157: 14155: 14148: 14146: 14139: 14137: 14130: 14128: 14121: 14119: 14112: 14110: 14103: 14101: 14094: 14092: 14085: 14083: 14076: 14074: 14067: 14065: 14058: 14056: 14049: 14047: 14040: 14038: 14031: 14029: 14022: 14020: 14013: 14011: 14004: 14002: 13995: 13993: 13979: 13977: 13970: 13968: 13961: 13959: 13952: 13950: 13943: 13941: 13934: 13932: 13925: 13923: 13916: 13914: 13907: 13905: 13898: 13896: 13889: 13887: 13880: 13878: 13871: 13869: 13862: 13860: 13853: 13851: 13844: 13842: 13835: 13833: 13826: 13824: 13817: 13815: 13808: 13806: 13799: 13797: 13790: 13788: 13781: 13779: 13772: 13770: 13763: 13761: 13754: 13752: 13745: 13743: 13736: 13734: 13727: 13725: 13718: 13716: 13709: 13707: 13700: 13698: 13684: 13682: 13675: 13673: 13666: 13664: 13657: 13655: 13648: 13646: 13639: 13637: 13630: 13628: 13621: 13619: 13612: 13610: 13603: 13601: 13594: 13592: 13585: 13583: 13576: 13574: 13567: 13565: 13558: 13556: 13549: 13547: 13538: 13536: 13529: 13527: 13513: 13511: 13504: 13502: 13495: 13493: 13486: 13484: 13477: 13475: 13468: 13466: 13459: 13457: 13450: 13448: 13441: 13439: 13432: 13430: 13423: 13421: 13414: 13412: 13405: 13403: 13396: 13394: 13387: 13385: 13378: 13376: 13367: 13365: 13358: 13356: 13342: 13340: 13333: 13331: 13324: 13322: 13315: 13313: 13306: 13304: 13297: 13295: 13286: 13284: 13277: 13275: 13261: 13259: 13252: 13250: 13243: 13241: 13234: 13232: 13225: 13223: 13216: 13214: 13205: 13203: 13196: 13194: 13180: 13178: 13169: 13167: 13056: 13051: 13021: 13011: 13006: 13004: 12994: 12989: 12987: 12977: 12972: 12970: 12966:from Wiktionary 12960: 12955: 12953: 12950: 12946:sister projects 12943:at Knowledge's 12937: 12925: 12915: 12913: 12905: 12874: 12873: 12862: 12856: 12854: 12851: 12844: 12835: 12825: 12820: 12814: 12813: 12812:(2 parts, 12811: 12808: 12805: 12795: 12772: 12751: 12730: 12709: 12695: 12687: 12686: 12685: 12665: 12664: 12660: 12653: 12651:Further reading 12648: 12638: 12636: 12634: 12616: 12612: 12602: 12600: 12589: 12585: 12570:10.2307/3970088 12555: 12554: 12550: 12540: 12538: 12534: 12527: 12523: 12522: 12518: 12508: 12506: 12502: 12498:. NSS 1740.16. 12489: 12483: 12476: 12466: 12464: 12460: 12453: 12449: 12448: 12444: 12434: 12432: 12417: 12413: 12403: 12401: 12397: 12386: 12380: 12376: 12366: 12364: 12360: 12330:(40): 34170–7. 12319: 12316: 12309: 12305: 12295: 12293: 12289: 12242: 12236: 12232: 12189: 12185: 12175: 12173: 12169: 12136: 12130: 12126: 12116: 12114: 12107: 12091: 12087: 12077: 12075: 12040: 12036: 12026: 12024: 12020: 12013: 12009: 12008: 12004: 11981:(19): 9093–97. 11967: 11963: 11953: 11951: 11947: 11936: 11932: 11931: 11927: 11917: 11915: 11908:16th WCNDT 2004 11898: 11894: 11884: 11882: 11880: 11864: 11860: 11833: 11829: 11816: 11815: 11811: 11788: 11784: 11753: 11749: 11710: 11706: 11667: 11663: 11653: 11651: 11647: 11598: 11592: 11588: 11557: 11553: 11510: 11506: 11498: 11487: 11481: 11477: 11467: 11465: 11455: 11451: 11443: 11436: 11425: 11421: 11413: 11407: 11396: 11385: 11381: 11371: 11369: 11360: 11359: 11355: 11316: 11312: 11302: 11300: 11255: 11248: 11238: 11236: 11217: 11213: 11202: 11200: 11196: 11190: 11179: 11168: 11164: 11154: 11152: 11127: 11123: 11113: 11111: 11096: 11092: 11082: 11080: 11063: 11056: 11049: 11026: 11015: 11002: 10992: 10990: 10989:on 4 March 2011 10979: 10975: 10968: 10954: 10950: 10940: 10938: 10928: 10924: 10914: 10912: 10904: 10903: 10899: 10868: 10864: 10833: 10829: 10819: 10817: 10813: 10806: 10800: 10796: 10786: 10784: 10780: 10773: 10767: 10763: 10753: 10751: 10736: 10732: 10722: 10720: 10705: 10701: 10691: 10689: 10674: 10670: 10660: 10658: 10623: 10619: 10566: 10562: 10552: 10550: 10535: 10531: 10521: 10519: 10504: 10500: 10471: 10467: 10457: 10455: 10420: 10416: 10406: 10404: 10393: 10389: 10336: 10332: 10289: 10285: 10275: 10273: 10264: 10263: 10259: 10249: 10247: 10236: 10232: 10225: 10211: 10202: 10195: 10177: 10173: 10163: 10161: 10146: 10142: 10135: 10113: 10106: 10100: 10078: 10074: 10064: 10062: 10051: 10047: 10037: 10035: 10031: 10008: 10002:Dresselhaus, M. 9999: 9995: 9942: 9935: 9886: 9882: 9872: 9870: 9857: 9856: 9852: 9842: 9840: 9825: 9821: 9811: 9809: 9798: 9794: 9767:European Review 9763: 9759: 9706: 9702: 9671: 9667: 9660: 9646: 9642: 9632: 9630: 9619: 9615: 9605: 9603: 9592: 9588: 9578: 9576: 9567: 9566: 9562: 9547: 9525: 9521: 9511: 9509: 9505: 9499: 9466: 9458: 9454: 9447:10.2514/3.57704 9423: 9419: 9409: 9407: 9394: 9390: 9355: 9351: 9344: 9322: 9318: 9274: 9270: 9260: 9258: 9256: 9226: 9222: 9209: 9205: 9168: 9164: 9154: 9152: 9141: 9137: 9123: 9119: 9104: 9085: 9081: 9066: 9050: 9046: 9036: 9034: 9030: 8997: 8987: 8983: 8943: 8939: 8906: 8902: 8892: 8890: 8883: 8848: 8844: 8838:Wayback Machine 8828: 8824: 8814: 8812: 8801: 8797: 8758: 8751: 8741: 8739: 8730: 8729: 8725: 8715: 8713: 8690: 8686: 8676: 8674: 8659: 8655: 8645: 8643: 8632: 8628: 8618: 8616: 8612: 8605: 8599: 8592: 8582: 8580: 8565: 8561: 8520: 8516: 8477: 8473: 8433: 8429: 8389: 8385: 8363: 8358: 8354: 8331: 8327: 8305: 8301: 8297: 8293: 8289: 8284: 8280: 8273: 8255: 8246: 8227: 8223: 8200: 8196: 8186: 8184: 8180: 8154: 8150: 8140: 8138: 8123: 8119: 8094: 8090: 8067: 8063: 8038: 8034: 8024: 8022: 8009: 8008: 8004: 7994: 7992: 7979: 7978: 7974: 7964: 7962: 7961:on 11 June 2012 7953: 7952: 7945: 7935: 7933: 7922: 7918: 7913:Wayback Machine 7903: 7899: 7889: 7887: 7872: 7868: 7858: 7856: 7841: 7837: 7814: 7810: 7800: 7798: 7794: 7787: 7781: 7777: 7767: 7765: 7761: 7750: 7744: 7740: 7701: 7697: 7687: 7685: 7672: 7671: 7667: 7657: 7655: 7608: 7604: 7594: 7592: 7584: 7577: 7573: 7563: 7561: 7550: 7546: 7536: 7534: 7523: 7519: 7509: 7507: 7502:. 20 May 2015. 7494: 7493: 7489: 7479: 7477: 7470:"Energy Levels" 7466: 7462: 7455: 7437: 7433: 7426: 7406: 7402: 7392: 7390: 7377: 7376: 7372: 7362: 7360: 7325: 7321: 7311: 7309: 7302: 7286: 7282: 7252: 7248: 7243: 7239: 7229: 7227: 7220: 7212:. p. 240. 7200: 7196: 7147: 7140: 7091: 7076: 7066: 7064: 7051: 7050: 7046: 7036: 7034: 6991: 6987: 6977: 6975: 6953: 6952: 6948: 6938: 6936: 6921: 6917: 6911:John A. Peacock 6889: 6862: 6856: 6852: 6842: 6840: 6825: 6821: 6811: 6809: 6794: 6793: 6789: 6779: 6777: 6760: 6759: 6755: 6748: 6734: 6730: 6703: 6699: 6692: 6678: 6651: 6644: 6631: 6630: 6621: 6614: 6600: 6596: 6589: 6578: 6570: 6566: 6559: 6545: 6541: 6534: 6518: 6514: 6482: 6478: 6465: 6464: 6460: 6456: 6451: 6446: 6442: 6429: 6425: 6421: 6416: 6398: 6389:Liquid hydrogen 6372:Hydrogen safety 6350: 6322:liquid hydrogen 6306: 6299: 6298: 6297: 6296: 6289: 6282: 6275: 6271: 6263: 6220: 6206: 6192: 6176: 6148: 6146:Hydrogen safety 6142: 6130: 6126: 6119: 6115: 6094:light reactions 6090:Water splitting 6072:large intestine 6068: 6064: 6036: 6032: 5997: 5993: 5991: 5981: 5924:Liquid hydrogen 5915:isotope effects 5856: 5852: 5836: 5832: 5811: 5802: 5798: 5793: 5789: 5784: 5780: 5775: 5771: 5767: 5762: 5758: 5753: 5749: 5744: 5740: 5735: 5731: 5726: 5722: 5718: 5713: 5709: 5705: 5700: 5696: 5691: 5687: 5674: 5670: 5650: 5590:synthetic fuels 5548:nitrogen oxides 5527: 5503: 5497: 5491:to the metals. 5481: 5477: 5450: 5446: 5443: 5439: 5433: 5424: 5420: 5416: 5412: 5394: 5390: 5383: 5379: 5376: 5363: 5357: 5349: 5337: 5333: 5331: 5297: 5293: 5289: 5285: 5281: 5277: 5267: 5263: 5254: 5251: 5250: 5249: 5247: 5240: 5236: 5230: 5226: 5222: 5218: 5212: 5208: 5194: 5190: 5186: 5182: 5172: 5168: 5162: 5158: 5148: 5144: 5141: 5137: 5135: 5083:water splitting 5079: 5059: 5055: 5051: 5029: 4995: 4991: 4987: 4983: 4966: 4947: 4943: 4939: 4930: 4926: 4922: 4918: 4912: 4908: 4905: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4874: 4859: 4855: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4819: 4815: 4802: 4798: 4794: 4790: 4784: 4780: 4777:carbon monoxide 4757: 4755:Steam reforming 4750: 4745: 4739: 4728: 4725: 4724: 4722: 4715: 4711: 4702: 4699: 4698: 4696: 4682: 4679: 4678: 4676: 4650: 4646: 4604:giving rise to 4585: 4553: 4549: 4494: 4472: 4470: 4469: 4468: 4465: 4462: 4460: 4459: 4458: 4457: 4447: 4443: 4435: 4431: 4409: 4406: 4405: 4403: 4380: 4352: 4328: 4293: 4255: 4251: 4229:. German count 4219:Jacques Charles 4195: 4189:the next year. 4152:de Rivaz engine 4145: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4091: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4046: 4030:Henry Cavendish 4026: 4024:Henry Cavendish 4016: 4013: 3975: 3970: 3964: 3959: 3300:Prandtl Number 3272: 3267: 3243: 3224:are preferred. 3219: 3217: 3216: 3215: 3214: 3208: 3206: 3205: 3204: 3203: 3197: 3195: 3194: 3193: 3192: 3186: 3184: 3183: 3182: 3181: 3163: 3161: 3160: 3159: 3158: 3152: 3150: 3149: 3148: 3147: 3098: 3096: 3095: 3094: 3093: 3072: 3070: 3069: 3068: 3067: 3044: 3042: 3041: 3040: 3039: 3017: 3015: 3014: 3013: 3012: 3002: 3000: 2999: 2998: 2997: 2991: 2989: 2988: 2987: 2986: 2980: 2978: 2977: 2976: 2975: 2969: 2967: 2966: 2965: 2964: 2958: 2956: 2955: 2954: 2953: 2926: 2920: 2905: 2902: 2901: 2899: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2861: 2854:electron clouds 2849: 2848:A bare proton, 2834: 2825: 2821: 2815: 2763: 2759: 2752: 2748: 2741:lithium hydride 2735:, suggested by 2729:electropositive 2724: 2706: 2700: 2684:crystal lattice 2590:electronegative 2586: 2582: 2579: 2574: 2568: 2539:Liquid hydrogen 2502: 2478:liquid hydrogen 2476:and storage of 2470: 2466: 2433: 2430: 2429: 2399: 2396: 2395: 2373: 2369: 2366: 2360: 2272: 2266: 2258: 2254: 2251: 2247: 2244: 2240: 2221: 2217: 2206: 2202: 2200: 2164:hydrogen-oxygen 2160: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2093: 2091: 2086: 2074:nitrogen oxides 2046:steam reforming 2044:occurs through 2035:Henry Cavendish 2014:by surrounding 2012:electric charge 2004:ionic compounds 1976:ionic compounds 1925:molecular forms 1923:, and in other 1866: 1862: 1818: 1793: 1762: 1757: 1737: 1720: 1700: 1693: 1686:abundance 1659: 1641: 1631: 1627: 1614: 1612:Henry Cavendish 1594: 1590: 1588: 1558: 1556: 1519: 1514: 1430:Covalent radius 1424: 1386: 1380: 1365: 1344: 1312: 1289: 1285: 1272: 1268: 1251: 1247: 1207: 1193: 1183: 1172: 1168: 1151: 1147: 1124: 1043: 1039: 1011: 1009: 1005: 1003: 999: 991: 984: 977: 970: 963: 956: 949: 942: 935: 928: 921: 914: 907: 900: 893: 886: 879: 872: 865: 858: 851: 844: 837: 830: 823: 816: 809: 802: 795: 788: 781: 774: 765: 758: 751: 744: 737: 730: 723: 716: 709: 702: 695: 688: 681: 674: 667: 660: 653: 646: 639: 632: 625: 618: 611: 604: 597: 590: 583: 576: 569: 562: 555: 548: 539: 532: 525: 518: 511: 504: 497: 490: 483: 476: 469: 462: 455: 448: 441: 434: 423: 416: 407: 400: 393: 386: 379: 372: 365: 358: 351: 344: 337: 330: 323: 316: 309: 302: 293: 286: 277: 270: 263: 256: 249: 242: 233: 226: 217: 210: 203: 196: 189: 182: 173: 166: 157: 148: 117: 105: 103: 89: 83: 58: 44: 41:Hydrogen, 40: 37: 32: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 15310: 15300: 15299: 15294: 15289: 15284: 15279: 15274: 15269: 15264: 15259: 15254: 15249: 15230: 15229: 15227: 15226: 15220: 15215: 15209: 15204: 15199: 15195: 15190: 15185: 15181: 15176: 15171: 15167: 15162: 15156: 15151: 15145: 15141: 15136: 15131: 15127: 15123: 15118: 15113: 15109: 15105: 15100: 15095: 15091: 15087: 15082: 15076: 15071: 15066: 15062: 15058: 15053: 15048: 15044: 15039: 15034: 15030: 15025: 15020: 15016: 15011: 15006: 15001: 14995: 14991: 14986: 14981: 14977: 14972: 14967: 14963: 14958: 14953: 14949: 14944: 14938: 14933: 14928: 14924: 14919: 14913: 14908: 14902: 14898: 14893: 14888: 14884: 14880: 14875: 14870: 14866: 14862: 14857: 14852: 14848: 14843: 14838: 14834: 14829: 14824: 14820: 14815: 14810: 14806: 14801: 14796: 14792: 14787: 14782: 14778: 14773: 14768: 14764: 14759: 14753: 14748: 14743: 14739: 14734: 14728: 14723: 14718: 14714: 14710: 14705: 14700: 14695: 14690: 14685: 14680: 14675: 14670: 14665: 14660: 14655: 14651: 14646: 14641: 14637: 14632: 14627: 14622: 14617: 14612: 14607: 14602: 14597: 14592: 14587: 14582: 14577: 14572: 14567: 14563: 14558: 14553: 14549: 14544: 14539: 14535: 14531: 14524: 14520: 14515: 14510: 14505: 14500: 14495: 14490: 14485: 14480: 14475: 14470: 14465: 14460: 14455: 14450: 14445: 14440: 14435: 14430: 14425: 14419: 14414: 14408: 14403: 14398: 14393: 14388: 14384: 14379: 14374: 14370: 14364: 14361: 14360: 14353: 14352: 14345: 14338: 14330: 14321: 14320: 14314: 14313: 14308: 14303: 14298: 14290: 14288: 14285: 14284: 14280: 14279: 14270: 14261: 14252: 14243: 14234: 14225: 14216: 14207: 14198: 14189: 14180: 14171: 14162: 14153: 14144: 14135: 14126: 14117: 14108: 14099: 14090: 14081: 14072: 14063: 14054: 14045: 14036: 14027: 14018: 14009: 14000: 13991: 13985: 13984: 13975: 13966: 13957: 13948: 13939: 13930: 13921: 13912: 13903: 13894: 13885: 13876: 13867: 13858: 13849: 13840: 13831: 13822: 13813: 13804: 13795: 13786: 13777: 13768: 13759: 13750: 13741: 13732: 13723: 13714: 13705: 13696: 13690: 13689: 13680: 13671: 13662: 13653: 13644: 13635: 13626: 13617: 13608: 13599: 13590: 13581: 13572: 13563: 13554: 13545: 13543: 13534: 13525: 13519: 13518: 13509: 13500: 13491: 13482: 13473: 13464: 13455: 13446: 13437: 13428: 13419: 13410: 13401: 13392: 13383: 13374: 13372: 13363: 13354: 13348: 13347: 13338: 13329: 13320: 13311: 13302: 13293: 13291: 13282: 13273: 13267: 13266: 13257: 13248: 13239: 13230: 13221: 13212: 13210: 13201: 13192: 13186: 13185: 13176: 13174: 13165: 13159: 13158: 13153: 13148: 13143: 13138: 13133: 13128: 13123: 13118: 13113: 13108: 13103: 13098: 13093: 13088: 13083: 13078: 13076: 13071: 13066: 13061: 13058: 13057: 13054:Periodic table 13050: 13049: 13042: 13035: 13027: 13020: 13019: 13002: 13000:from Wikibooks 12985: 12968: 12939: 12936: 12935: 12923: 12903: 12902: 12897: 12892: 12880: 12863: 12852: 12845: 12843: 12842: 12832: 12821: 12807: 12806: 12804: 12803:External links 12801: 12800: 12799: 12793: 12776: 12770: 12755: 12749: 12734: 12728: 12713: 12707: 12693: 12684: 12683: 12678: 12673: 12667: 12666: 12655: 12654: 12652: 12649: 12647: 12646: 12632: 12610: 12583: 12548: 12537:on 27 May 2008 12516: 12474: 12442: 12411: 12374: 12314: 12303: 12230: 12183: 12124: 12105: 12085: 12034: 12002: 11961: 11941:European Union 11925: 11892: 11878: 11858: 11827: 11809: 11782: 11747: 11704: 11661: 11586: 11551: 11504: 11475: 11449: 11419: 11405: 11379: 11353: 11310: 11246: 11211: 11188: 11162: 11121: 11090: 11054: 11047: 11000: 10973: 10966: 10948: 10922: 10897: 10862: 10827: 10816:on 27 May 2010 10794: 10761: 10730: 10699: 10668: 10617: 10560: 10529: 10498: 10465: 10414: 10387: 10330: 10283: 10257: 10230: 10223: 10200: 10193: 10171: 10140: 10133: 10104: 10098: 10072: 10045: 9993: 9933: 9920:10.1086/317138 9896:(2): 552–576. 9880: 9850: 9819: 9792: 9757: 9700: 9665: 9658: 9640: 9613: 9586: 9560: 9545: 9519: 9497: 9452: 9417: 9388: 9349: 9342: 9316: 9268: 9254: 9220: 9203: 9162: 9135: 9117: 9102: 9079: 9064: 9044: 9010:(2): 377–380. 8981: 8954:(3): 467–488. 8937: 8900: 8881: 8842: 8822: 8795: 8749: 8723: 8684: 8653: 8626: 8590: 8559: 8514: 8471: 8427: 8383: 8372:(6): 218–222. 8361: 8352: 8325: 8303: 8299: 8295: 8291: 8287: 8278: 8271: 8244: 8233:(2): 185–186. 8221: 8210:(3): 175–184. 8194: 8148: 8117: 8106:(4): 262–325. 8088: 8061: 8032: 8015:Dictionary.com 8011:"Biochemistry" 8002: 7985:Dictionary.com 7972: 7943: 7916: 7897: 7866: 7835: 7808: 7775: 7738: 7711:(1–2): 77–92. 7695: 7665: 7602: 7582: 7579:Staff (2003). 7571: 7544: 7517: 7487: 7460: 7453: 7431: 7424: 7400: 7370: 7319: 7300: 7280: 7250: 7246: 7237: 7218: 7194: 7138: 7105:(5): 201–207. 7074: 7044: 6985: 6946: 6915: 6907:Keith A. Olive 6850: 6819: 6787: 6753: 6746: 6728: 6697: 6690: 6649: 6642: 6619: 6612: 6594: 6587: 6564: 6557: 6539: 6533:978-0123526519 6532: 6512: 6476: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6449: 6440: 6422: 6420: 6417: 6415: 6414: 6408: 6402: 6401:(for hydrogen) 6392: 6386: 6381: 6375: 6369: 6363: 6357: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6304: 6301: 6300: 6290: 6283: 6276: 6261: 6260: 6259: 6258: 6256: 6247: 6246: 6221: 6216: 6213: 6212: 6207: 6202: 6199: 6198: 6193: 6188: 6185: 6184: 6177: 6172: 6169: 6168: 6158: 6157: 6144:Main article: 6141: 6138: 6128: 6117: 6112:dark reactions 6098:photosynthetic 6066: 6047:hydrogen cycle 6034: 6005:microorganisms 5995: 5980: 5977: 5976: 5975: 5968:beta radiation 5964:hydrogen bombs 5954:Tritium uses: 5952: 5919: 5918: 5911: 5908:nuclear fusion 5904: 5884: 5883: 5867: 5854: 5848: 5847: 5834: 5828: 5827: 5810: 5807: 5800: 5791: 5782: 5773: 5769: 5760: 5751: 5742: 5733: 5724: 5720: 5711: 5707: 5698: 5689: 5672: 5662:electron donor 5649: 5646: 5603:Innovation in 5586:green hydrogen 5537: 5526: 5525:Energy carrier 5523: 5521:of all gases. 5499:Main article: 5496: 5493: 5485:reducing agent 5479: 5448: 5441: 5432: 5429: 5428: 5427: 5422: 5418: 5414: 5406:hydrogenolysis 5392: 5381: 5375: 5372: 5356: 5353: 5348: 5345: 5335: 5330: 5327: 5300: 5299: 5295: 5291: 5287: 5283: 5279: 5265: 5252: 5238: 5233: 5232: 5228: 5224: 5220: 5210: 5197: 5196: 5192: 5188: 5184: 5170: 5165: 5164: 5160: 5146: 5139: 5134: 5131: 5078: 5077:Thermochemical 5075: 5064: 5063: 5057: 5053: 5028: 5025: 4999: 4998: 4993: 4989: 4985: 4965: 4962: 4950: 4949: 4945: 4941: 4933: 4932: 4928: 4924: 4920: 4910: 4904: 4901: 4889: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4876: 4857: 4852: 4851: 4847: 4843: 4817: 4805: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4782: 4756: 4753: 4748: 4741:Main article: 4738: 4735: 4713: 4648: 4584: 4581: 4573:nuclear fusion 4557:star formation 4551: 4493: 4490: 4471: 4461: 4445: 4433: 4379: 4376: 4351: 4348: 4327: 4324: 4292: 4289: 4253: 4194: 4191: 4187:solid hydrogen 4185:. He produced 4144: 4141: 4133: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4110: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4087: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4045: 4042: 4025: 4022: 4011: 3974: 3971: 3966:Main article: 3963: 3960: 3958: 3955: 3952: 3951: 3948: 3945: 3942: 3939: 3936: 3933: 3930: 3926: 3925: 3922: 3919: 3916: 3913: 3910: 3907: 3904: 3900: 3899: 3896: 3893: 3890: 3887: 3884: 3881: 3878: 3874: 3873: 3870: 3867: 3864: 3861: 3858: 3855: 3852: 3848: 3847: 3844: 3841: 3838: 3835: 3832: 3829: 3826: 3822: 3821: 3818: 3815: 3812: 3809: 3806: 3803: 3800: 3796: 3795: 3792: 3789: 3786: 3783: 3780: 3777: 3774: 3770: 3769: 3766: 3763: 3760: 3757: 3754: 3751: 3748: 3744: 3743: 3740: 3737: 3734: 3731: 3728: 3725: 3722: 3718: 3717: 3714: 3711: 3708: 3705: 3702: 3699: 3696: 3692: 3691: 3688: 3685: 3682: 3679: 3676: 3673: 3670: 3666: 3665: 3662: 3659: 3656: 3653: 3650: 3647: 3644: 3640: 3639: 3636: 3633: 3630: 3627: 3624: 3621: 3618: 3614: 3613: 3610: 3607: 3604: 3601: 3598: 3595: 3592: 3588: 3587: 3584: 3581: 3578: 3575: 3572: 3569: 3566: 3562: 3561: 3558: 3555: 3552: 3549: 3546: 3543: 3540: 3536: 3535: 3532: 3529: 3526: 3523: 3520: 3517: 3514: 3510: 3509: 3506: 3503: 3500: 3497: 3494: 3491: 3488: 3484: 3483: 3480: 3477: 3474: 3471: 3468: 3465: 3462: 3458: 3457: 3454: 3451: 3448: 3445: 3442: 3439: 3436: 3432: 3431: 3428: 3425: 3422: 3419: 3416: 3413: 3410: 3406: 3405: 3402: 3399: 3396: 3393: 3390: 3387: 3384: 3380: 3379: 3376: 3373: 3370: 3367: 3364: 3361: 3358: 3354: 3353: 3350: 3347: 3344: 3341: 3338: 3335: 3332: 3328: 3327: 3324: 3321: 3318: 3315: 3312: 3309: 3306: 3302: 3301: 3298: 3295: 3292: 3289: 3286: 3283: 3280: 3270: 3266: 3263: 3261:respectively. 3259:sodium hydride 3218: 3207: 3196: 3185: 3162: 3151: 3143: 3142: 3122:luminous paint 3097: 3090: 3087:nuclear fusion 3071: 3043: 3036: 3016: 3001: 2990: 2979: 2968: 2957: 2922:Main article: 2919: 2916: 2910:ion, known as 2886: 2882: 2874: 2814: 2811: 2801:hydrides) and 2761: 2750: 2745:stoichiometric 2714:sodium hydride 2702:Main article: 2699: 2696: 2584: 2578: 2575: 2570:Main article: 2567: 2564: 2563: 2562: 2556: 2551: 2549:Solid hydrogen 2546: 2544:Slush hydrogen 2541: 2536: 2501: 2498: 2468: 2443: 2440: 2437: 2409: 2406: 2403: 2375:exists as two 2371: 2362:Main article: 2359: 2356: 2333:Dirac equation 2268:Main article: 2265: 2262: 2256: 2249: 2242: 2219: 2204: 2199: 2196: 2184:flame detector 2159: 2156: 2142: 2141: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2090: 2087: 2085: 2082: 1968:covalent bonds 1948:early universe 1864: 1824: 1823: 1817: 1816: 1809: 1802: 1794: 1781: 1780: 1777: 1776: 1773: 1772: 1767: 1760: 1755: 1750: 1744: 1743: 1740: 1735: 1729: 1728: 1723: 1718: 1714: 1713: 1708: 1703: 1698: 1688: 1683: 1680: 1679: 1674: 1673:Main isotopes 1666: 1665: 1662: 1661: 1658: 1657: 1650: 1642: 1635: 1634: 1622: 1618: 1617: 1609: 1603: 1602: 1598: 1597: 1592: 1585: 1579: 1578: 1571: 1569:Speed of sound 1565: 1564: 1554: 1548: 1547: 1541: 1535: 1534: 1531: 1525: 1524: 1508: 1506: 1500: 1499: 1490: 1488: 1482: 1481: 1476: 1472: 1471: 1467: 1466: 1462:Spectral lines 1450: 1449: 1446: 1440: 1439: 1432: 1426: 1425: 1423: 1422: 1419: 1415: 1413: 1407: 1406: 1403: 1397: 1396: 1378: 1372: 1371: 1367: 1366: 1362: 1361: 1358: 1355: 1353: 1351: 1349: 1347: 1334: 1333: 1330: 1327: 1324: 1321: 1318: 1315: 1301: 1293: 1292: 1287: 1282: 1276: 1275: 1270: 1265: 1259: 1258: 1249: 1244: 1242:Heat of fusion 1238: 1237: 1234: 1232:Critical point 1228: 1227: 1224: 1218: 1217: 1214: 1204: 1203: 1200: 1190: 1189: 1186: 1176: 1175: 1170: 1165: 1159: 1158: 1149: 1144: 1138: 1137: 1132: 1118: 1117: 1113: 1112: 1109: 1105: 1104: 1101: 1095: 1094: 1086: 1080: 1079: 1074: 1068: 1067: 1061: 1055: 1054: 1051: 1036: 1035: 1032: 1031: 1028: 1027: 1016: 1015: 1000: 996: 995: 988: 981: 974: 967: 960: 953: 946: 939: 932: 925: 918: 911: 904: 897: 890: 883: 876: 869: 862: 855: 848: 841: 834: 827: 820: 813: 806: 799: 792: 785: 778: 770: 769: 762: 755: 748: 741: 734: 727: 720: 713: 706: 699: 692: 685: 678: 671: 664: 657: 650: 643: 636: 629: 622: 615: 608: 601: 594: 587: 580: 573: 566: 559: 552: 544: 543: 536: 529: 522: 515: 508: 501: 494: 487: 480: 473: 466: 459: 452: 445: 438: 431: 429: 427: 420: 412: 411: 404: 397: 390: 383: 376: 369: 362: 355: 348: 341: 334: 327: 320: 313: 306: 299: 297: 290: 282: 281: 274: 267: 260: 253: 246: 239: 237: 230: 222: 221: 214: 207: 200: 193: 186: 179: 177: 170: 162: 161: 154: 152: 142: 131: 130: 128:periodic table 123: 122: 119: 118: 116: 115: 101: 98: 96: 93: 92: 87: 77: 76: 73: 72: 69: 65: 64: 60: 59: 56: 42: 35: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 15309: 15298: 15295: 15293: 15290: 15288: 15285: 15283: 15280: 15278: 15275: 15273: 15270: 15268: 15265: 15263: 15260: 15258: 15255: 15253: 15250: 15248: 15245: 15244: 15242: 15235: 15225: 15216: 15214: 15205: 15203: 15191: 15189: 15177: 15175: 15163: 15161: 15152: 15150: 15137: 15135: 15119: 15117: 15101: 15099: 15083: 15081: 15072: 15070: 15054: 15052: 15040: 15038: 15026: 15024: 15012: 15010: 15007: 15005: 15002: 15000: 14987: 14985: 14973: 14971: 14959: 14957: 14945: 14943: 14934: 14932: 14920: 14918: 14909: 14907: 14894: 14892: 14876: 14874: 14858: 14856: 14844: 14842: 14830: 14828: 14816: 14814: 14802: 14800: 14788: 14786: 14774: 14772: 14760: 14758: 14749: 14747: 14735: 14733: 14724: 14722: 14706: 14704: 14696: 14694: 14686: 14684: 14681: 14679: 14676: 14674: 14666: 14664: 14661: 14659: 14647: 14645: 14633: 14631: 14623: 14621: 14613: 14611: 14603: 14601: 14593: 14591: 14588: 14586: 14583: 14581: 14578: 14576: 14573: 14571: 14559: 14557: 14545: 14543: 14516: 14514: 14511: 14509: 14506: 14504: 14496: 14494: 14486: 14484: 14476: 14474: 14471: 14469: 14466: 14464: 14456: 14454: 14446: 14444: 14436: 14434: 14431: 14429: 14426: 14424: 14415: 14413: 14404: 14402: 14399: 14397: 14394: 14392: 14380: 14378: 14366: 14365: 14362: 14358: 14351: 14346: 14344: 14339: 14337: 14332: 14331: 14328: 14312: 14309: 14307: 14304: 14302: 14299: 14297: 14294: 14293: 14286: 14277: 14268: 14259: 14250: 14241: 14232: 14223: 14214: 14205: 14196: 14187: 14178: 14169: 14160: 14151: 14142: 14133: 14124: 14115: 14106: 14097: 14088: 14079: 14070: 14061: 14052: 14043: 14034: 14025: 14016: 14007: 13998: 13990: 13986: 13982: 13973: 13964: 13955: 13946: 13937: 13928: 13919: 13910: 13901: 13892: 13883: 13874: 13865: 13856: 13847: 13838: 13829: 13820: 13811: 13802: 13793: 13784: 13775: 13766: 13757: 13748: 13739: 13730: 13721: 13712: 13703: 13695: 13691: 13687: 13678: 13669: 13660: 13651: 13642: 13633: 13624: 13615: 13606: 13597: 13588: 13579: 13570: 13561: 13552: 13541: 13532: 13524: 13520: 13516: 13507: 13498: 13489: 13480: 13471: 13462: 13453: 13444: 13435: 13426: 13417: 13408: 13399: 13390: 13381: 13370: 13361: 13353: 13349: 13345: 13336: 13327: 13318: 13309: 13300: 13289: 13280: 13272: 13268: 13264: 13255: 13246: 13237: 13228: 13219: 13208: 13199: 13191: 13187: 13183: 13172: 13164: 13160: 13157: 13152: 13147: 13142: 13137: 13132: 13127: 13122: 13117: 13112: 13107: 13102: 13097: 13092: 13087: 13082: 13075: 13070: 13065: 13064: 13059: 13055: 13048: 13043: 13041: 13036: 13034: 13029: 13028: 13025: 13016: 13015: 13003: 12999: 12998: 12986: 12982: 12981: 12969: 12965: 12964: 12952: 12951: 12948: 12942: 12934: 12929: 12924: 12922: 12912: 12911: 12908: 12901: 12898: 12896: 12893: 12890: 12889: 12884: 12881: 12879: 12876: 12875: 12871: 12867: 12833: 12823: 12822: 12796: 12790: 12785: 12784: 12777: 12773: 12767: 12763: 12762: 12756: 12752: 12746: 12742: 12741: 12735: 12731: 12725: 12721: 12720: 12714: 12710: 12704: 12700: 12699: 12694: 12692: 12689: 12688: 12682: 12679: 12677: 12674: 12672: 12669: 12668: 12663: 12658: 12635: 12629: 12625: 12621: 12614: 12598: 12594: 12587: 12579: 12575: 12571: 12567: 12563: 12559: 12552: 12533: 12526: 12520: 12501: 12497: 12496: 12488: 12481: 12479: 12459: 12452: 12446: 12430: 12426: 12422: 12415: 12396: 12392: 12385: 12378: 12359: 12355: 12351: 12347: 12343: 12338: 12333: 12329: 12325: 12318: 12307: 12288: 12284: 12280: 12276: 12272: 12268: 12264: 12260: 12256: 12253:(4): 046002. 12252: 12248: 12241: 12234: 12226: 12222: 12218: 12214: 12210: 12206: 12202: 12198: 12197:New Scientist 12194: 12187: 12168: 12163: 12158: 12154: 12150: 12146: 12142: 12135: 12128: 12112: 12108: 12102: 12098: 12097: 12089: 12073: 12069: 12065: 12061: 12057: 12053: 12049: 12045: 12038: 12019: 12012: 12006: 11998: 11994: 11989: 11984: 11980: 11976: 11975:J. Biol. Chem 11972: 11965: 11946: 11942: 11935: 11929: 11913: 11909: 11905: 11904: 11896: 11881: 11875: 11871: 11870: 11862: 11854: 11850: 11846: 11842: 11838: 11831: 11823: 11819: 11813: 11805: 11801: 11797: 11793: 11786: 11778: 11774: 11770: 11766: 11762: 11758: 11751: 11743: 11739: 11735: 11731: 11727: 11723: 11719: 11715: 11708: 11700: 11696: 11692: 11688: 11684: 11680: 11676: 11672: 11665: 11646: 11642: 11638: 11633: 11628: 11624: 11620: 11616: 11612: 11608: 11604: 11597: 11590: 11582: 11578: 11574: 11570: 11566: 11562: 11555: 11547: 11543: 11539: 11535: 11531: 11527: 11523: 11519: 11515: 11508: 11497: 11493: 11486: 11479: 11464: 11460: 11453: 11442: 11435: 11434: 11429: 11423: 11412: 11408: 11402: 11395: 11394: 11389: 11383: 11367: 11363: 11357: 11349: 11345: 11340: 11335: 11331: 11327: 11326: 11321: 11314: 11298: 11294: 11290: 11286: 11282: 11278: 11274: 11270: 11266: 11265: 11260: 11253: 11251: 11234: 11230: 11226: 11222: 11215: 11195: 11191: 11185: 11182:. p. 9. 11178: 11177: 11172: 11166: 11150: 11146: 11142: 11138: 11137: 11132: 11125: 11109: 11105: 11101: 11094: 11078: 11074: 11073: 11068: 11061: 11059: 11050: 11048:9781009157926 11044: 11040: 11036: 11032: 11025: 11024: 11019: 11013: 11011: 11009: 11007: 11005: 10988: 10984: 10977: 10969: 10963: 10959: 10952: 10937: 10936:CleanTechnica 10933: 10926: 10911: 10907: 10901: 10893: 10889: 10885: 10881: 10877: 10873: 10866: 10858: 10854: 10850: 10846: 10842: 10838: 10831: 10812: 10805: 10798: 10779: 10772: 10765: 10749: 10745: 10741: 10734: 10718: 10714: 10710: 10703: 10687: 10683: 10679: 10672: 10656: 10652: 10648: 10644: 10640: 10636: 10632: 10628: 10621: 10613: 10609: 10605: 10601: 10596: 10591: 10587: 10583: 10579: 10575: 10571: 10564: 10548: 10544: 10540: 10533: 10517: 10513: 10512:New Scientist 10509: 10502: 10493: 10488: 10484: 10480: 10476: 10469: 10453: 10449: 10445: 10441: 10437: 10433: 10429: 10425: 10418: 10402: 10398: 10391: 10383: 10379: 10375: 10371: 10366: 10361: 10357: 10353: 10349: 10345: 10341: 10334: 10326: 10322: 10318: 10314: 10310: 10306: 10302: 10298: 10294: 10287: 10271: 10267: 10261: 10246:on 9 May 2001 10245: 10241: 10234: 10226: 10220: 10216: 10209: 10207: 10205: 10196: 10190: 10185: 10184: 10175: 10159: 10155: 10151: 10144: 10136: 10134:9780471484943 10130: 10126: 10122: 10118: 10111: 10109: 10101: 10095: 10091: 10087: 10083: 10076: 10060: 10056: 10049: 10030: 10026: 10022: 10018: 10014: 10007: 10003: 9997: 9989: 9985: 9980: 9975: 9971: 9967: 9963: 9959: 9955: 9951: 9947: 9940: 9938: 9929: 9925: 9921: 9917: 9913: 9909: 9904: 9899: 9895: 9891: 9884: 9868: 9864: 9863:mysite.du.edu 9860: 9854: 9838: 9834: 9830: 9823: 9807: 9803: 9796: 9788: 9784: 9780: 9776: 9772: 9768: 9761: 9753: 9749: 9745: 9741: 9736: 9731: 9727: 9723: 9719: 9715: 9711: 9704: 9696: 9692: 9688: 9684: 9680: 9676: 9669: 9661: 9655: 9651: 9644: 9628: 9624: 9617: 9601: 9597: 9590: 9574: 9570: 9564: 9556: 9552: 9548: 9542: 9538: 9534: 9530: 9523: 9504: 9500: 9498:0-7803-7296-4 9494: 9489: 9484: 9480: 9476: 9472: 9465: 9464: 9456: 9448: 9444: 9440: 9436: 9432: 9428: 9421: 9405: 9401: 9400: 9392: 9384: 9380: 9376: 9372: 9369:(1): 92–121. 9368: 9364: 9360: 9353: 9345: 9339: 9335: 9330: 9329: 9320: 9312: 9308: 9303: 9298: 9294: 9290: 9286: 9282: 9279: 9272: 9257: 9251: 9247: 9243: 9238: 9237: 9231: 9224: 9216: 9215: 9207: 9199: 9195: 9190: 9185: 9182:(1–2): 5–34. 9181: 9177: 9173: 9166: 9150: 9146: 9139: 9131: 9130: 9121: 9113: 9109: 9105: 9099: 9095: 9094: 9089: 9083: 9075: 9071: 9067: 9065:0-07-240655-0 9061: 9057: 9056: 9055:Heat transfer 9048: 9029: 9025: 9021: 9017: 9013: 9009: 9005: 9004: 8996: 8992: 8985: 8977: 8973: 8969: 8965: 8961: 8957: 8953: 8949: 8941: 8933: 8929: 8925: 8921: 8917: 8913: 8912: 8904: 8888: 8884: 8878: 8874: 8870: 8866: 8862: 8861: 8856: 8852: 8846: 8839: 8835: 8832: 8826: 8810: 8806: 8799: 8791: 8787: 8783: 8779: 8775: 8771: 8768:(2): 97–107. 8767: 8763: 8756: 8754: 8737: 8733: 8727: 8711: 8707: 8703: 8699: 8695: 8688: 8672: 8668: 8664: 8657: 8641: 8637: 8630: 8611: 8604: 8597: 8595: 8578: 8574: 8570: 8563: 8555: 8551: 8547: 8543: 8539: 8535: 8532:(2): 137–47. 8531: 8527: 8526: 8518: 8510: 8506: 8502: 8498: 8494: 8490: 8486: 8482: 8475: 8467: 8463: 8459: 8455: 8451: 8447: 8444:(8): 082501. 8443: 8439: 8431: 8423: 8419: 8415: 8411: 8407: 8403: 8400:(3): 491–97. 8399: 8395: 8387: 8379: 8375: 8371: 8367: 8356: 8348: 8344: 8340: 8336: 8329: 8321: 8317: 8313: 8309: 8282: 8274: 8268: 8263: 8262: 8253: 8251: 8249: 8240: 8236: 8232: 8225: 8217: 8213: 8209: 8205: 8198: 8179: 8175: 8171: 8167: 8163: 8159: 8152: 8136: 8132: 8128: 8121: 8113: 8109: 8105: 8101: 8100: 8092: 8084: 8080: 8076: 8072: 8065: 8057: 8053: 8049: 8045: 8044: 8036: 8020: 8016: 8012: 8006: 7990: 7986: 7982: 7976: 7960: 7956: 7950: 7948: 7931: 7927: 7920: 7914: 7910: 7907: 7906:Hydrogen Bond 7901: 7885: 7881: 7877: 7870: 7854: 7850: 7846: 7839: 7831: 7827: 7823: 7819: 7812: 7793: 7786: 7779: 7760: 7756: 7749: 7742: 7734: 7730: 7726: 7722: 7718: 7714: 7710: 7706: 7699: 7683: 7680:(in German). 7679: 7675: 7669: 7653: 7649: 7645: 7641: 7637: 7633: 7629: 7625: 7621: 7617: 7615: 7606: 7590: 7586: 7575: 7559: 7555: 7548: 7532: 7528: 7521: 7505: 7501: 7500:Wolfram Alpha 7497: 7491: 7475: 7471: 7464: 7456: 7450: 7446: 7442: 7435: 7427: 7425:0-8493-0487-3 7421: 7417: 7413: 7412: 7404: 7388: 7384: 7380: 7374: 7358: 7354: 7350: 7346: 7342: 7338: 7334: 7330: 7323: 7307: 7303: 7297: 7293: 7292: 7284: 7276: 7272: 7268: 7264: 7260: 7256: 7241: 7225: 7221: 7215: 7211: 7207: 7206: 7198: 7190: 7186: 7182: 7178: 7174: 7170: 7166: 7162: 7158: 7154: 7153: 7145: 7143: 7136: 7134: 7129: 7122: 7118: 7113: 7108: 7104: 7100: 7096: 7089: 7087: 7085: 7083: 7081: 7079: 7062: 7058: 7054: 7048: 7032: 7028: 7024: 7020: 7016: 7012: 7008: 7004: 7000: 6996: 6989: 6973: 6969: 6965: 6961: 6957: 6950: 6934: 6930: 6926: 6919: 6912: 6908: 6903: 6899: 6895: 6888: 6883: 6878: 6874: 6870: 6869: 6861: 6854: 6838: 6834: 6830: 6823: 6807: 6803: 6802: 6797: 6791: 6775: 6771: 6767: 6763: 6757: 6749: 6743: 6739: 6732: 6724: 6720: 6716: 6712: 6708: 6701: 6693: 6687: 6683: 6676: 6674: 6672: 6670: 6668: 6666: 6664: 6662: 6660: 6658: 6656: 6654: 6645: 6639: 6635: 6628: 6626: 6624: 6615: 6609: 6605: 6598: 6590: 6584: 6577: 6576: 6568: 6560: 6554: 6550: 6543: 6535: 6529: 6525: 6524: 6516: 6508: 6504: 6500: 6496: 6492: 6488: 6480: 6472: 6468: 6462: 6458: 6444: 6437: 6433: 6427: 6423: 6412: 6409: 6406: 6403: 6396: 6393: 6390: 6387: 6385: 6382: 6379: 6376: 6373: 6370: 6367: 6364: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6352: 6345: 6342: 6337: 6335: 6331: 6327: 6323: 6319: 6316:in its pure, 6315: 6311: 6295: 6288: 6281: 6257: 6254: 6253: 6249: 6248: 6222: 6219: 6215: 6214: 6208: 6205: 6201: 6200: 6197: 6194: 6191: 6187: 6186: 6182: 6178: 6175: 6171: 6170: 6166: 6164: 6159: 6154: 6147: 6137: 6135: 6124: 6113: 6109: 6108:cyanobacteria 6105: 6104: 6099: 6095: 6091: 6087: 6085: 6081: 6077: 6073: 6062: 6057: 6054: 6053: 6048: 6044: 6041: 6030: 6026: 6022: 6018: 6014: 6010: 6006: 6002: 5990: 5986: 5973: 5969: 5965: 5961: 5957: 5953: 5949: 5945: 5941: 5937: 5933: 5929: 5928:liquid oxygen 5925: 5922:Rocket fuel: 5921: 5920: 5916: 5912: 5909: 5905: 5902: 5898: 5894: 5890: 5886: 5885: 5880: 5876: 5872: 5868: 5865: 5861: 5850: 5849: 5845: 5841: 5830: 5829: 5825: 5821: 5817: 5816:shielding gas 5813: 5812: 5806: 5804: 5795: 5786: 5777: 5764: 5755: 5746: 5737: 5728: 5715: 5702: 5693: 5684: 5680: 5676: 5667: 5663: 5659: 5655: 5645: 5641: 5639: 5635: 5631: 5627: 5623: 5619: 5615: 5609: 5606: 5601: 5599: 5595: 5591: 5587: 5583: 5579: 5574: 5572: 5569: 5565: 5561: 5557: 5553: 5549: 5544: 5539: 5535: 5533: 5522: 5520: 5516: 5515:specific heat 5512: 5508: 5502: 5492: 5490: 5486: 5475: 5471: 5467: 5463: 5459: 5455: 5454:Haber process 5437: 5436:Hydrogenation 5431:Hydrogenation 5411: 5410: 5409: 5407: 5403: 5402:hydrocracking 5399: 5388: 5367: 5362: 5352: 5344: 5342: 5326: 5324: 5320: 5316: 5313: 5309: 5305: 5276: 5275: 5274: 5272: 5261: 5245: 5217: 5216: 5215: 5206: 5202: 5181: 5180: 5179: 5177: 5157: 5156: 5155: 5153: 5130: 5128: 5127:United States 5124: 5120: 5116: 5112: 5108: 5104: 5100: 5096: 5092: 5088: 5084: 5074: 5072: 5067: 5050: 5049: 5048: 5046: 5042: 5036: 5034: 5024: 5022: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5008: 5004: 5003:electrolyzers 4982: 4981: 4980: 4978: 4970: 4961: 4959: 4955: 4938: 4937: 4936: 4917: 4916: 4915: 4900: 4898: 4894: 4893:Haber process 4873: 4872: 4871: 4869: 4865: 4840: 4839: 4838: 4836: 4832: 4828: 4827:synthesis gas 4824: 4813: 4808: 4789: 4788: 4787: 4778: 4774: 4770: 4761: 4752: 4744: 4734: 4720: 4710: 4694: 4690: 4674: 4669: 4667: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4643: 4641: 4637: 4633: 4630: 4626: 4622: 4621:hydrogen line 4618: 4613: 4611: 4607: 4603: 4602:magnetosphere 4599: 4594: 4590: 4580: 4578: 4574: 4570: 4566: 4562: 4558: 4547: 4543: 4538: 4536: 4532: 4528: 4524: 4523:normal matter 4520: 4517: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4489: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4455: 4451: 4440: 4429: 4425: 4420: 4418: 4417:chemical bond 4414: 4400: 4396: 4395:hydrogen atom 4389: 4388:Balmer series 4384: 4375: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4347: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4323: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4312:Mark Oliphant 4309: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4288: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4261: 4249: 4245: 4244: 4238: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4227:Henri Giffard 4224: 4220: 4216: 4208: 4207:New York City 4204: 4199: 4190: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4169:Hydrogen was 4167: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4140: 4138: 4112: 4111: 4089: 4088: 4081:O → FeO + H 4074: 4073: 4072: 4070: 4066: 4062: 4054: 4050: 4041: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4021: 4010: 4005: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3969: 3949: 3946: 3943: 3940: 3937: 3934: 3931: 3928: 3927: 3923: 3920: 3917: 3914: 3911: 3908: 3905: 3902: 3901: 3897: 3894: 3891: 3888: 3885: 3882: 3879: 3876: 3875: 3871: 3868: 3865: 3862: 3859: 3856: 3853: 3850: 3849: 3845: 3842: 3839: 3836: 3833: 3830: 3827: 3824: 3823: 3819: 3816: 3813: 3810: 3807: 3804: 3801: 3798: 3797: 3793: 3790: 3787: 3784: 3781: 3778: 3775: 3772: 3771: 3767: 3764: 3761: 3758: 3755: 3752: 3749: 3746: 3745: 3741: 3738: 3735: 3732: 3729: 3726: 3723: 3720: 3719: 3715: 3712: 3709: 3706: 3703: 3700: 3697: 3694: 3693: 3689: 3686: 3683: 3680: 3677: 3674: 3671: 3668: 3667: 3663: 3660: 3657: 3654: 3651: 3648: 3645: 3642: 3641: 3637: 3634: 3631: 3628: 3625: 3622: 3619: 3616: 3615: 3611: 3608: 3605: 3602: 3599: 3596: 3593: 3590: 3589: 3585: 3582: 3579: 3576: 3573: 3570: 3567: 3564: 3563: 3559: 3556: 3553: 3550: 3547: 3544: 3541: 3538: 3537: 3533: 3530: 3527: 3524: 3521: 3518: 3515: 3512: 3511: 3507: 3504: 3501: 3498: 3495: 3492: 3489: 3486: 3485: 3481: 3478: 3475: 3472: 3469: 3466: 3463: 3460: 3459: 3455: 3452: 3449: 3446: 3443: 3440: 3437: 3434: 3433: 3429: 3426: 3423: 3420: 3417: 3414: 3411: 3408: 3407: 3403: 3400: 3397: 3394: 3391: 3388: 3385: 3382: 3381: 3377: 3374: 3371: 3368: 3365: 3362: 3359: 3356: 3355: 3351: 3348: 3345: 3342: 3339: 3336: 3333: 3330: 3329: 3325: 3322: 3319: 3316: 3313: 3310: 3307: 3304: 3303: 3299: 3296: 3293: 3290: 3287: 3284: 3281: 3278: 3277: 3274: 3262: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3247: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3230: 3225: 3179: 3175: 3174:nomenclatural 3171: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3091: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3037: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3010: 3009: 3008: 2946: 2938: 2930: 2925: 2915: 2913: 2896: 2894: 2870: 2865: 2859: 2855: 2846: 2844: 2840: 2832: 2828: 2820: 2810: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2775: 2773: 2767: 2757: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2733:hydride anion 2730: 2722: 2715: 2710: 2705: 2695: 2693: 2692:embrittlement 2689: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2664: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2629: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2573: 2560: 2557: 2555: 2552: 2550: 2547: 2545: 2542: 2540: 2537: 2534: 2531: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2521:Phase diagram 2518: 2511: 2506: 2497: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2463: 2461: 2457: 2456:excited state 2441: 2438: 2435: 2427: 2426:singlet state 2423: 2407: 2404: 2401: 2394: 2390: 2389:triplet state 2386: 2385:orthohydrogen 2382: 2378: 2365: 2355: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2325: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2310: 2305: 2303: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2289: 2281: 2276: 2271: 2270:Hydrogen atom 2261: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2215: 2211: 2195: 2193: 2191: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2155: 2153: 2148: 2146: 2124: 2123: 2122: 2116: 2112: 2081: 2079: 2078:embrittlement 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2062:hydrocracking 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2038: 2036: 2031: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1962:except under 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1944: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1893:most abundant 1890: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1844:atomic number 1841: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1822: 1819: | 1815: 1810: 1808: 1803: 1801: 1796: 1795: 1792: 1782: 1778: 1771: 1768: 1765: 1761: 1754: 1749: 1745: 1734: 1730: 1727: 1715: 1712: 1711:product 1709: 1707: 1704: 1697: 1692: 1689: 1687: 1684: 1682: 1681: 1678: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1656: 1651: 1649: 1644: 1643: 1640: 1636: 1630: 1626: 1623: 1621:Named by 1619: 1613: 1610: 1608: 1604: 1599: 1586: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1570: 1566: 1555: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1542: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1517: 1512: 1507: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1487: 1483: 1480: 1477: 1473: 1468: 1463: 1456: 1451: 1447: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1431: 1427: 1420: 1417: 1416: 1414: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1389: 1383: 1379: 1377: 1373: 1368: 1359: 1356: 1354: 1352: 1350: 1348: 1341: 1336: 1335: 1331: 1328: 1325: 1322: 1319: 1316: 1309: 1305: 1304: 1300: 1299: 1294: 1283: 1281: 1277: 1266: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1253:) 0.117 1245: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1191: 1187: 1184:(at STP) 1181: 1177: 1166: 1164: 1163:Boiling point 1160: 1156: 1153:) 13.99 1145: 1143: 1142:Melting point 1139: 1136: 1133: 1129: 1123: 1119: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1100: 1096: 1093: 1087: 1085: 1081: 1078: 1077:period 1 1075: 1073: 1069: 1066: 1065:alkali metals 1062: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1047: 1042: 1041:Atomic number 1037: 1026: 1017: 1014: 1001: 994: 989: 987: 982: 980: 975: 973: 968: 966: 961: 959: 954: 952: 947: 945: 940: 938: 933: 931: 926: 924: 919: 917: 912: 910: 905: 903: 898: 896: 894:Rutherfordium 891: 889: 884: 882: 877: 875: 870: 868: 863: 861: 856: 854: 849: 847: 842: 840: 835: 833: 828: 826: 821: 819: 814: 812: 807: 805: 800: 798: 793: 791: 786: 784: 779: 777: 772: 771: 768: 763: 761: 756: 754: 749: 747: 742: 740: 735: 733: 728: 726: 721: 719: 714: 712: 707: 705: 700: 698: 693: 691: 686: 684: 679: 677: 672: 670: 665: 663: 658: 656: 651: 649: 644: 642: 637: 635: 630: 628: 623: 621: 616: 614: 609: 607: 602: 600: 595: 593: 588: 586: 581: 579: 574: 572: 567: 565: 560: 558: 553: 551: 546: 545: 542: 537: 535: 530: 528: 523: 521: 516: 514: 509: 507: 502: 500: 495: 493: 488: 486: 481: 479: 474: 472: 467: 465: 460: 458: 453: 451: 446: 444: 439: 437: 432: 428: 426: 421: 419: 414: 413: 410: 405: 403: 398: 396: 391: 389: 384: 382: 377: 375: 370: 368: 363: 361: 356: 354: 349: 347: 342: 340: 335: 333: 328: 326: 321: 319: 314: 312: 307: 305: 300: 296: 291: 289: 284: 283: 280: 275: 273: 268: 266: 261: 259: 254: 252: 247: 245: 240: 236: 231: 229: 224: 223: 220: 215: 213: 208: 206: 201: 199: 194: 192: 187: 185: 180: 176: 171: 169: 164: 163: 160: 155: 151: 146: 145: 141: 140: 137: 136: 132: 129: 124: 120: 113: 102: 100: 99: 97: 94: 86: 82: 78: 74: 71:Colorless gas 70: 66: 61: 54: 49: 34: 30: 19: 15282:Refrigerants 15234: 15219:H[Co(CO) 13168: 13012: 12995: 12983:from Commons 12978: 12961: 12940: 12886: 12782: 12760: 12739: 12718: 12697: 12671:Online books 12661: 12637:. 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Retrieved 6774:the original 6765: 6762:"Dihydrogen" 6756: 6737: 6731: 6717:(1): 29–51. 6714: 6710: 6700: 6681: 6633: 6632:"Hydrogen". 6603: 6597: 6574: 6567: 6548: 6542: 6522: 6515: 6490: 6479: 6461: 6443: 6426: 6338: 6307: 6251: 6195: 6162: 6101: 6088: 6058: 6050: 6043:fermentation 6025:hydrogenases 6019:-containing 5992: 5951:temperature. 5938:, as in the 5651: 5642: 5610: 5602: 5578:electrolysis 5575: 5540: 5528: 5504: 5434: 5387:fossil fuels 5377: 5355:Applications 5350: 5341:fermentation 5332: 5301: 5234: 5198: 5166: 5136: 5080: 5068: 5065: 5037: 5030: 5013:Electrolysis 5011: 5000: 4975: 4951: 4934: 4927:→ 2 CO + 4 H 4906: 4890: 4853: 4835:Hydrocarbons 4809: 4806: 4799:O → CO + 3 H 4766: 4746: 4670: 4666:hydrocarbons 4644: 4639: 4629:cosmological 4614: 4586: 4563:through the 4539: 4513: 4454:Antihydrogen 4452: 4421: 4392: 4364:Mars Odyssey 4353: 4329: 4316:Paul Harteck 4294: 4259: 4241: 4239: 4212: 4183:vacuum flask 4168: 4146: 4143:19th century 4134: 4058: 4027: 4018: 4007: 3994:Robert Boyle 3991: 3986:iron filings 3982:Robert Boyle 3973:Robert Boyle 3268: 3226: 3144: 3125:released in 3104:is known as 3092: 3038: 3028: 3011: 2951: 2897: 2893:oxonium ions 2866: 2847: 2841:. Under the 2822: 2776: 2768: 2718: 2712:A sample of 2665: 2661:hydrocarbons 2657:biochemistry 2637:hydrocarbons 2630: 2580: 2490:ferric oxide 2474:liquefaction 2464: 2428:having spin 2422:parahydrogen 2421: 2384: 2377:spin isomers 2367: 2358:Spin isomers 2326: 2306: 2291:energy level 2288:ground state 2285: 2201: 2189: 2166:flames emit 2161: 2149: 2143: 2120: 2039: 2032: 1995: 1945: 1909:plasma state 1877: 1874:hydrogen gas 1873: 1869: 1839: 1828: 1827: 1758:12.32 y 1695: 1632: (1787) 1615: (1766) 1520: 1515: 1387: 1381: 1339: 1307: 1297: 1222:Triple point 1045: 936:Darmstadtium 803:Protactinium 577:Praseodymium 147: 84: 33: 18:Hydrogen gas 12963:Definitions 12296:26 December 12117:3 September 11524:(1): 8–10. 11468:7 September 10802:Perret, R. 10787:21 December 9843:12 February 9800:Gagnon, S. 9512:11 November 9287:: 141–184. 9037:15 November 8893:15 November 8815:20 December 8646:12 February 8583:12 February 7537:20 December 7312:3 September 7249:–air and CH 7230:3 September 6812:25 December 6436:dark energy 6432:dark matter 6310:detonations 6190:Signal word 6123:chloroplast 5985:Biohydrogen 5882:properties. 5871:forming gas 5860:lifting gas 5838:is used in 5618:steelmaking 5329:Biohydrogen 5323:water table 5315:groundwater 5312:oxygen-free 5001:Commercial 4689:cosmic rays 4668:and water. 4535:dark energy 4531:dark matter 4320:Heavy water 4300:Harold Urey 4277:lifting gas 4175:James Dewar 3229:exotic atom 3064:heavy water 2678:. Hydrogen 2641:heteroatoms 2635:called the 2525:logarithmic 2381:spin states 2299:ultraviolet 2168:ultraviolet 2058:fossil fuel 2050:natural gas 1960:nonmetallic 1882:combustible 1589:1333-74-0 ( 1544:diamagnetic 1464:of hydrogen 1332:100 k 978:Livermorium 950:Copernicium 943:Roentgenium 873:Mendelevium 859:Einsteinium 852:Californium 15241:Categories 12866:Audio help 12857:2006-10-28 12603:29 January 12591:Hayes, B. 11954:5 February 11332:: 106785. 11203:17 October 11100:"Hydrogen" 11083:1 December 10993:5 February 10983:"Hydrogen" 10915:27 January 10754:19 October 10723:19 October 10692:30 October 10661:31 October 10553:30 October 10522:30 October 10458:31 October 10164:30 October 10065:5 February 10038:5 February 9859:"Hydrogen" 9812:5 February 9802:"Hydrogen" 9410:9 February 9261:22 October 9155:5 February 8805:"Hydrogen" 7876:"Hydrogen" 7768:5 February 7688:9 November 7595:5 February 7067:5 February 7037:4 February 6978:9 February 6875:(3): 358. 6843:5 February 6796:"Hydrogen" 6454:References 6314:asphyxiant 6174:Pictograms 5910:reactions. 5875:tracer gas 5543:fuel cells 5532:mitigation 5359:See also: 5321:below the 5219:2 Al + 6 H 5187:O → Fe(OH) 5125:, and the 4988:O(l) → 2 H 4944:O → CO + H 4870:catalyst: 4868:iron oxide 4737:Production 4598:solar wind 4503:, a giant 4482:antiproton 4478:antimatter 4344:air-cooled 4330:The first 4269:aluminized 4265:New Jersey 4260:Hindenburg 4203:Hindenburg 4038:phlogiston 3170:phosphorus 3139:radiolabel 3114:beta decay 2807:carboranes 2680:solubility 2668:rare earth 2655:is called 2622:metalloids 2592:, such as 2482:exothermic 2368:Molecular 2309:Bohr model 2280:Bohr model 2190:Hindenburg 2089:Combustion 2084:Properties 2070:fuel cells 1921:dihydrogen 1870:dihydrogen 1821:references 1583:CAS Number 1479:primordial 1434:31±5 1393:amphoteric 1329:10 k 985:Tennessine 929:Meitnerium 908:Seaborgium 887:Lawrencium 626:Dysprosium 612:Gadolinium 591:Promethium 463:Technetium 456:Molybdenum 257:Phosphorus 68:Appearance 14901:[PtCl 13014:Resources 12997:Textbooks 12921:Chemistry 12467:1 October 12367:24 August 12225:257625443 12176:24 August 11546:246465284 11538:2520-1131 11348:0098-1354 11293:2214-6296 11145:0362-4331 10910:Yale E360 10651:210862772 10637:: 83–89. 10612:206663568 10448:225676190 10382:205329127 10325:0961-9534 10303:: 26–46. 9928:120150880 9555:108678345 9433:: 31–34. 9383:0308-4590 9198:231776282 8976:0026-8976 8855:"Muonium" 8636:"Tritium" 8422:122902571 8187:24 August 7849:Chemguide 7733:120832814 7658:28 August 7616:hydrogen" 7416:CRC Press 7133:CC BY 3.0 7121:236732702 7027:0360-3199 6507:1365-3075 6411:Pyrolysis 6330:frostbite 6165:labelling 6151:Hydrogen 6009:catalyzed 5897:moderator 5889:Deuterium 5879:detection 5840:cryogenic 5511:viscosity 5466:margarine 5260:magnetite 5201:aluminium 5033:pyrolysis 5019:to yield 4846:→ C + 2 H 4775:to yield 4569:CNO cycle 4544:planets. 4542:gas giant 4476:) is the 4296:Deuterium 4235:Zeppelins 4171:liquefied 4164:limelight 4137:zirconium 4059:In 1783, 4028:In 1766, 3947:3.98E-03 3941:2.63E-03 3938:3.18E-05 3921:3.73E-03 3915:2.40E-03 3912:3.07E-05 3895:3.44E-03 3889:2.19E-03 3886:2.96E-05 3869:3.13E-03 3863:1.99E-03 3860:2.85E-05 3843:2.82E-03 3837:1.80E-03 3834:2.74E-05 3817:2.53E-03 3811:1.63E-03 3808:2.63E-05 3791:2.23E-03 3785:1.45E-03 3782:2.51E-05 3765:1.96E-03 3759:1.28E-03 3756:2.39E-05 3739:1.70E-03 3733:1.12E-03 3730:2.26E-05 3713:1.46E-03 3707:9.66E-04 3704:2.13E-05 3687:1.23E-03 3681:8.30E-04 3678:2.01E-05 3661:1.02E-03 3655:6.90E-04 3652:1.88E-05 3635:8.56E-04 3629:5.69E-04 3626:1.74E-05 3609:6.90E-04 3603:4.55E-04 3600:1.59E-05 3583:5.31E-04 3577:3.50E-04 3574:1.43E-05 3557:4.52E-04 3551:3.02E-04 3548:1.35E-05 3531:3.82E-04 3525:2.57E-04 3522:1.26E-05 3505:3.16E-04 3499:2.16E-04 3496:1.18E-05 3479:2.57E-04 3473:1.77E-04 3470:1.09E-05 3453:2.03E-04 3447:1.42E-04 3444:9.95E-06 3427:1.55E-04 3421:1.10E-04 3418:8.96E-06 3401:1.13E-04 3395:8.06E-05 3392:7.92E-06 3375:7.72E-05 3369:5.55E-05 3366:6.81E-06 3349:4.75E-05 3343:3.42E-05 3340:5.60E-06 3323:2.46E-05 3320:6.70E-02 3317:1.74E-05 3314:4.21E-06 3244:2.2 3118:half-life 3052:deuterium 2869:hydronium 2803:aluminium 2688:palladium 2653:organisms 2566:Compounds 2486:Catalysts 2420:; in the 2391:having a 2198:Reactants 2134:(g) → 2 H 2008:screening 2006:involves 1939:, and no 1858:with the 1835:; it has 1691:half-life 1607:Discovery 1492:hexagonal 1391:(an 1326:1 k 1019:(none) ← 992:Oganesson 971:Moscovium 964:Flerovium 845:Berkelium 831:Americium 824:Plutonium 817:Neptunium 654:Ytterbium 584:Neodymium 563:Lanthanum 526:Tellurium 484:Palladium 470:Ruthenium 442:Zirconium 424:Strontium 380:Germanium 331:Manganese 287:Potassium 243:Aluminium 234:Magnesium 174:Beryllium 90:°(H) 15247:Hydrogen 14994:[SiF 14418:H[BF 12941:Hydrogen 12883:Hydrogen 12868: · 12662:Hydrogen 12541:16 April 12500:Archived 12435:24 March 12429:Archived 12404:6 August 12395:Archived 12358:Archived 12346:16100118 12283:31706721 12275:21386189 12167:Archived 12111:Archived 12078:13 April 12072:Archived 12018:Archived 11945:Archived 11918:25 March 11742:96415065 11699:17143265 11654:1 August 11645:Archived 11641:10991462 11496:Archived 11441:Archived 11430:(2021). 11411:Archived 11390:(2021). 11297:Archived 11233:Archived 11194:Archived 11173:(2019). 11149:Archived 11114:14 March 11077:Archived 10941:10 March 10892:17845059 10778:Archived 10748:Archived 10746:. BASF. 10717:Archived 10713:Phys-Org 10686:Archived 10655:Archived 10604:29146810 10547:Archived 10543:Phys.Org 10516:Archived 10452:Archived 10407:11 March 10374:25146255 10350:: 4695. 10276:11 March 10270:Archived 10250:11 March 10158:Archived 9988:36890228 9979:10017518 9873:20 April 9867:Archived 9787:58906869 9752:23581065 9744:25942774 9735:10365473 9681:: 1–20. 9627:Archived 9625:. NASA. 9600:Archived 9598:. NASA. 9503:Archived 9404:Archived 9112:62532755 9074:46959719 9028:Archived 9024:97138983 8993:(2001). 8887:Archived 8853:(1997). 8834:Archived 8790:13159020 8782:11513367 8671:Archived 8640:Archived 8610:Archived 8577:Archived 8554:28027551 8509:17797765 8466:12633420 8178:Archived 8135:Archived 8025:23 March 8019:Archived 7995:23 March 7989:Archived 7965:23 March 7936:23 March 7909:Archived 7884:Archived 7792:Archived 7682:Archived 7652:Archived 7648:23101588 7626:: 1–48. 7589:Archived 7564:16 April 7558:Archived 7504:Archived 7474:Archived 7393:29 March 7387:Archived 7357:Archived 7306:Archived 7224:Archived 7189:19429952 7181:17775040 7135:license. 7031:Archived 6972:Archived 6968:BBC Four 6933:Archived 6887:Archived 6837:Archived 6806:Archived 6348:See also 6252:NFPA 704 6156:Hazards 6040:pyruvate 5901:neutrons 5899:to slow 5864:airships 5846:studies. 5630:methanol 5598:methanol 5592:such as 5568:fugitive 5470:Methanol 5425:S + 2 RH 5396:include 5278:3 Fe(OH) 5183:Fe + 2 H 5021:chlorine 4831:methanol 4664:such as 4636:redshift 4632:baryonic 4608:and the 4516:abundant 4486:positron 4439:diatomic 4366:and the 4119:O → Fe 4115:Fe + 4 H 4096:O → Fe 4092:Fe + 3 H 4012:— 3802:0.01616 3776:0.01732 3750:0.01865 3698:0.02204 3672:0.02424 3646:0.02723 3594:0.03492 3568:0.04085 3542:0.04469 3516:0.04918 3490:0.05462 3464:0.06135 3438:0.07016 3412:0.08185 3386:0.09819 3334:0.16371 3308:0.24255 3240:electron 3112:through 3110:helium-3 3060:Big Bang 3033:diproton 2918:Isotopes 2891:. Other 2858:cationic 2760:[AlH 2721:hydrides 2698:Hydrides 2626:hydrides 2610:nitrogen 2602:fluorine 2594:halogens 2561:hydrogen 2535:hydrogen 2231:to form 2229:fluorine 2225:chlorine 2210:halogens 1952:Big Bang 1941:neutrons 1937:electron 1897:universe 1829:Hydrogen 1721:99.9855% 1337:at 1125:at 1021:hydrogen 957:Nihonium 880:Nobelium 789:Actinium 775:Francium 759:Astatine 752:Polonium 731:Thallium 710:Platinum 682:Tungsten 675:Tantalum 661:Lutetium 605:Europium 598:Samarium 519:Antimony 417:Rubidium 394:Selenium 324:Chromium 317:Vanadium 310:Titanium 303:Scandium 271:Chlorine 211:Fluorine 197:Nitrogen 149:Hydrogen 112:abridged 63:Hydrogen 14311:p-block 14306:d-block 14301:f-block 14296:s-block 12907:Portals 12855: ( 12817:minutes 12578:3970088 12509:12 July 12425:Science 12354:5373909 12255:Bibcode 12205:Bibcode 12149:Bibcode 12056:Bibcode 11997:7410413 11841:Bibcode 11765:Bibcode 11722:Bibcode 11679:Bibcode 11611:Bibcode 11569:Bibcode 11372:5 April 11273:Bibcode 11155:14 July 10845:Bibcode 10582:Bibcode 10574:Science 10352:Bibcode 10305:Bibcode 10021:Bibcode 9958:Bibcode 9908:Bibcode 9683:Bibcode 9579:6 April 9435:Bibcode 9289:Bibcode 8956:Bibcode 8920:Bibcode 8742:8 March 8716:8 March 8677:8 March 8546:1330130 8489:Bibcode 8481:Science 8446:Bibcode 8402:Bibcode 7890:4 March 7859:9 March 7713:Bibcode 7628:Bibcode 7363:30 June 7341:Bibcode 7263:Bibcode 7161:Bibcode 7152:Science 7007:Bibcode 6780:6 April 6473:. 2009. 6326:cryogen 6096:in all 6023:called 6021:enzymes 5956:Tritium 5820:welding 5626:ammonia 5594:ammonia 5571:methane 5556:methane 5536:carrier 5507:density 5495:Coolant 5417:S + 2 H 5227:] + 3 H 5205:gallium 5115:Germany 4992:(g) + O 4958:propane 4773:methane 4693:Jupiter 4507:in the 4501:NGC 604 4484:with a 4336:coolant 4304:tritium 4223:airship 4215:balloon 4209:in 1937 4065:Laplace 3957:History 3932:0.0121 3906:0.0128 3880:0.0135 3854:0.0143 3828:0.0152 3724:0.0202 3649:14.821 3623:14.675 3620:0.0306 3597:14.574 3571:14.537 3545:14.532 3519:14.507 3493:14.499 3467:14.491 3441:14.436 3415:14.314 3398:0.1561 3389:14.059 3372:0.1282 3360:0.1227 3346:0.0981 3337:12.602 3238:and an 3232:muonium 3116:with a 3106:tritium 3056:neutron 3029:protium 3025:nucleus 2831:nucleus 2795:boranes 2704:Hydride 2533:Gaseous 2510:ampoule 2337:Feynman 2314:gravity 2192:airship 2130:(g) + O 2010:of its 2002:and in 1992:usually 1984:hydride 1946:In the 1860:formula 1850:, is a 1742:stable 1738:0.0145% 1601:History 1494: ( 1180:Density 1092:s-block 922:Hassium 915:Bohrium 901:Dubnium 866:Fermium 810:Uranium 796:Thorium 745:Bismuth 703:Iridium 689:Rhenium 668:Hafnium 647:Thulium 633:Holmium 619:Terbium 549:Caesium 498:Cadmium 477:Rhodium 449:Niobium 435:Yttrium 408:Krypton 401:Bromine 387:Arsenic 373:Gallium 294:Calcium 250:Silicon 167:Lithium 110: ( 12933:Energy 12791: 12768: 12747: 12726: 12705: 12659:about 12639:20 May 12630: 12576: 12352: 12344: 12281: 12273: 12223: 12103: 12027:2 July 11995: 11885:20 May 11876: 11740: 11697: 11639: 11544: 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