40:
424:
476:. Hypoxia in diving can result from sudden surfacing. The partial pressures of gases increases when diving by one ATM every ten metres. This means that a partial pressure of oxygen sufficient to maintain good carriage by hemoglobin is possible at depth, even if it is insufficient at the surface. A diver that remains underwater will slowly consume their oxygen, and when surfacing, the partial pressure of oxygen may be insufficient (
310:, which influence the rate of breathing and the depth of each breath. This is influenced by the blood level of carbon dioxide, as determined by central and peripheral chemoreceptors located in the central nervous system and carotid and aortic bodies, respectively. Hypoxia occurs when the breathing center doesn't function correctly or when the signal is not appropriate:
687:
out of the circulation. After training, the capillary volume is still the same however cardiac output is increased, resulting in a decreased capillary transit time, reducing to around 0.16s in trained individuals at maximal work rates. This does not give sufficient time for gas diffusion and results
658:
Exercise-induced arterial hypoxemia occurs during exercise when a trained individual exhibits an arterial oxygen saturation below 93%. It occurs in fit, healthy individuals of varying ages and genders. Adaptations due to training include an increased cardiac output from cardiac hypertrophy, improved
532:
This refers to a disruption in the ventilation/perfusion equilibrium. Oxygen entering the lungs typically diffuses across the alveolar-capillary membrane into blood. However this equilibration does not occur when the alveolus is insufficiently ventilated, and as a consequence the blood exiting that
533:
alveolus is relatively hypoxemic. When such blood is added to blood from well ventilated alveoli, the mix has a lower oxygen partial pressure than the alveolar air, and so the A-a difference develops. Examples of states that can cause a ventilation-perfusion mismatch include:
594:
refers to blood that bypasses the pulmonary circulation, meaning that the blood does not receive oxygen from the alveoli. In general, a shunt may be within the heart or lungs, and cannot be corrected by administering oxygen alone. Shunting may occur in normal states:
537:
Exercise. Whilst modest activity and exercise improves ventilation-perfusion matching, hypoxemia may develop during intense exercise as a result of preexisting lung diseases. During exercise, almost half of the hypoxemia is due to diffusion limitations (again, on
356:
followed by prolonged breath-holding. This hyperventilation, attempted by some swimmers, reduces the amount of carbon dioxide in the lungs. This reduces the urge to breathe. However, it also means that falling blood oxygen levels are not sensed, and can result in
294:
ventilation is low, there will not be enough oxygen delivered to the alveoli for the body's use. This can cause hypoxemia even if the lungs are normal, as the cause is in the brainstem's control of ventilation or in the body's inability to breathe effectively.
144:
measurement which shows that the partial pressure of oxygen is lower than normal constitutes hypoxemia, there is less agreement concerning whether the oxygen content of blood is relevant in determining hypoxemia. This definition would include oxygen carried by
694:
are dormant capillaries within the lungs that become recruited when venous pressures become too high. They are normally located within deadspace area where gas diffusion does not occur, thus the blood passing through does not become oxygenated resulting in a
610:
Physiological shunts, occur due to the effect of gravity. The highest concentration of blood in the pulmonary circulation occurs in the bases of the pulmonary tree compared to the highest pressure of gas in the apexes of the lungs.
1806:
682:
due to an increased blood flow within the pulmonary capillary. Capillary transit time (tc), at rest is around 0.8s, allowing plenty of time for the diffusion of oxygen into the circulation and the diffusion of
626:(ARDS). Alveolar collapse, which can increase the amount of physiological shunting, may be managed through a combination of increasing oxygenation as well as positive pressure to recruit collapsed alveoli.
722:. The oxygen contained in the alveolar air can be calculated because it will be directly proportional to its fractional composition in air. Since the airways humidify (and so dilute) the inhaled air, the
466:
and other peaks of extreme altitude. For example, at the peak of Mount
Everest, the partial pressure of oxygen is just 43 mmHg, whereas at sea level the partial pressure is 150 mmHg. For this reason,
189:, to redirect the blood to areas of the lungs which are better ventilated. However, in a chronic context, and if the lungs are not well ventilated generally, this mechanism can result in
205:
can also occur. In children, chronic hypoxemia may manifest as delayed growth, neurological development and motor development and decreased sleep quality with frequent sleep arousals.
1849:
1616:
Henry Power and
Leonard W. Sedgwick (1888) New Sydenham Society's Lexicon of Medicine and the Allied Sciences (Based on Maye's Lexicon). Vol III. London: New Sydenham Society.
869:
Del Sorbo L, Martin EL, Ranieri VM (2010). "Hypoxemic
Respiratory Failure". In Mason RJ, Broaddus VC, Martin TR, King TE, Schraufnagel D, Murray JF, Nadel JA (eds.).
1725:
227:
Serious hypoxemia typically occurs when the partial pressure of oxygen in blood is less than 60 mmHg (8.0 kPa), the beginning of the steep portion of the
181:
Chronic hypoxemia may be compensated or uncompensated. The compensation may cause symptoms to be overlooked initially, however, further disease or a stress such as
738:
The term hypoxemia was originally used to describe low blood oxygen occurring at high altitudes and was defined generally as defective oxygenation of the blood.
518:
Hypoxic or anoxic breathing gas mixtures, and exposure to a vacuum or other extreme low pressure environment will remove oxygen from the blood in the alveoli.
1411:
AgustĂ AG, Roca J, Gea J, Wagner PD, Xaubet A, Rodriguez-Roisin R (February 1991). "Mechanisms of gas-exchange impairment in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis".
645:. These states are when blood from the right side of the heart moves straight to the left side, without first passing through the lungs. This is known as a
1842:
1141:
West JB, Boyer SJ, Graber DJ, Hackett PH, Maret KH, Milledge JS, et al. (September 1983). "Maximal exercise at extreme altitudes on Mount
Everest".
350:. During sleep, the breathing centers of the brain can pause their activity, leading to prolonged periods of apnea with potentially serious consequences.
231:, where a small decrease in the partial pressure of oxygen results in a large decrease in the oxygen content of the blood. Severe hypoxia can lead to
1745:
Hess D, MacIntyre N, Mishoe S (2012). "Respiratory Care: Principles and
Practice". In Hess DR, MacIntyre NR, Mishoe SC, Galvin WF, Adams AB (eds.).
1496:
Huang YC, Fracica PJ, Simonson SG, Crapo JD, Young SL, Welty-Wolf KE, et al. (August 1996). "VA/Q abnormalities during gram negative sepsis".
544:. An increasingly poor match between ventilation and perfusion is seen with age, as well as a decreased ability to compensate for hypoxic states.
1835:
795:
1367:
Hopkins SR (2007). "Exercise
Induced Arterial Hypoxemia: The role of Ventilation-Perfusion Inequality and Pulmonary Diffusion Limitation".
576:
can be complicated by refractory hypoxemia due to high rates of blood flow through the lung, resulting in ventilation-perfusion mismatch.
247:) or any cause that influences the transfer of air from the lungs to the blood may cause hypoxemia. As well as these respiratory causes,
125:
of oxygen (mm Hg) in arterial blood, but also in terms of reduced content of oxygen (ml oxygen per dl blood) or percentage saturation of
1279:
1628:"Commercial smartwatch with pulse oximeter detects short-time hypoxemia as well as standard medical-grade device: Validation study"
243:
Hypoxemia refers to insufficient oxygen in the blood. Thus any cause that influences the rate or volume of air entering the lungs (
228:
185:
may finally unmask the existing hypoxemia. In a compensated state, blood vessels supplying less-ventilated areas of the lung may
511:
have malfunctioned, delivering low-oxygen gas mixtures to patients. Additionally, oxygen in a confined space can be consumed if
1446:
Agusti AG, Roca J, Rodriguez-Roisin R (March 1996). "Mechanisms of gas exchange impairment in patients with liver cirrhosis".
2211:
1773:
1754:
1735:
1714:
1384:
1057:
1024:
958:
924:
878:
567:
1676:
623:
551:
can also result in hypoxia, by affecting the ability of oxygen to diffuse into arteries. An example of these diseases is
1307:
1187:
1115:
848:
823:
1677:"Commercial smartwatch provides reliable blood oxygen saturation values as compared to a medical-grade pulse oximeter"
779:
435:
of oxygen has decreased, less oxygen is present in the alveoli of the lungs. The alveolar oxygen is transferred to
745:. In 2022 a research has shown smartwatches can detect short-time hypoxemia as well as standard medical devices.
490:. Decreased concentration of oxygen in inspired air caused by reduced replacement of oxygen in the breathing mix.
450:. The external partial pressure of oxygen decreases with altitude, for example in areas of high altitude or when
705:
711:
454:. This decrease results in decreased carriage of oxygen by hemoglobin. This is particularly seen as a cause of
279:
263:
149:. The oxygen content of blood is thus sometimes viewed as a measure of tissue delivery rather than hypoxemia.
2053:
1332:
Whipp BJ, Wasserman K (September 1969). "Alveolar-arterial gas tension differences during graded exercise".
562:
can result in hypoxia. These diseases can be acute in onset (such as obstruction by inhaling something or a
2217:
378:
2236:
481:
1827:
161:
110:
is an abnormally low oxygen content in any tissue or organ, or the body as a whole. Hypoxemia can cause
1764:
Samuel J, Frankling C (2008). "Hypoxemia and
Hypoxia". In Myers JA, Millikan KW, Saclarides TJ (eds.).
1371:. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Vol. 588. Boston, MA: Springer. pp. 17–30.
2153:
642:
198:
630:
718:
and is normally small. The arterial oxygen partial pressure is obtained directly from an arterial
2231:
1227:
West JB (2000). "Human limits for hypoxia. The physiological challenge of climbing Mt. Everest".
512:
374:
2148:
1953:
771:
604:
548:
477:
303:
190:
2048:
1943:
843:(3rd ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 208.
579:
763:
402:, the primary muscle for drawing new air into lungs, to function. This may be a result of a
282:(A-a gradient) whereas the other categories are associated with an increased A-a gradient.
2113:
2079:
1990:
1918:
1236:
710:
Key to understanding whether the lung is involved in a particular case of hypoxemia is the
638:
634:
559:
555:, where even at rest a fifth of the hypoxemia is due to diffusion limitations (on average).
467:
407:
182:
175:
167:
2244:
1815:
515:
are used without sufficient attention to supplementing the oxygen which has been consumed.
8:
2330:
1997:
723:
646:
508:
347:
337:
322:
267:
232:
174:, an increased rate of breathing, use of the chest and abdominal muscles to breathe, and
1240:
152:
Just as extreme hypoxia can be called anoxia, extreme hypoxemia can be called anoxemia.
2272:
2084:
2063:
2058:
2043:
1883:
1862:
1858:
1652:
1627:
1599:
1556:
1531:
Thompson BT, Chambers RC, Liu KD (August 2017). "Acute
Respiratory Distress Syndrome".
1303:
1280:"Airlines are cutting costs – Are patients with respiratory diseases paying the price?"
1260:
1248:
1186:
Grocott MP, Martin DS, Levett DZ, McMorrow R, Windsor J, Montgomery HE (January 2009).
789:
675:. Hypoxemia occurs in these individuals due to increased pulmonary blood flow causing:
672:
612:
552:
399:
330:
291:
141:
66:
1459:
1769:
1750:
1731:
1710:
1657:
1591:
1548:
1513:
1509:
1463:
1428:
1390:
1380:
1349:
1252:
1209:
1168:
1096:
1091:
1074:
1053:
1030:
1020:
997:
954:
920:
874:
844:
819:
775:
764:
563:
473:
459:
443:, with an efficiency that decreases with the partial pressure of oxygen in the air.
307:
111:
92:
52:
1264:
1075:"Summary of 58 cases of loss of consciousness during underwater swimming and diving"
423:
2304:
2002:
1647:
1639:
1603:
1583:
1560:
1540:
1505:
1455:
1420:
1372:
1341:
1244:
1199:
1158:
1150:
1086:
987:
600:
455:
432:
353:
213:
186:
122:
2291:
2283:
2200:
2195:
2118:
2007:
1587:
591:
259:
252:
1376:
1345:
1154:
1913:
1424:
992:
976:"Recommendations for long-term home oxygen therapy in children and adolescents"
975:
818:(2nd ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. xxvi.
603:, which provides blood to the tissues of the lung. Shunting also occurs by the
440:
341:
248:
134:
1643:
1574:
Dempsey JA, Wagner PD (December 1999). "Exercise-induced arterial hypoxemia".
899:
Clinical
Pulmonary Function Testing. A manual of uniform laboratory procedures
114:(hypoxemic hypoxia), but hypoxia can also occur via other mechanisms, such as
2324:
2309:
2165:
463:
377:, or bedclothes may interfere with breathing in infants, a putative cause of
366:
A variety of conditions that physically limit airflow can lead to hypoxemia.
326:
194:
1311:
1119:
1034:
431:
In conditions where the proportion of oxygen in the air is low, or when the
39:
2297:
2278:
1948:
1933:
1928:
1870:
1661:
1595:
1552:
1394:
1256:
1213:
1001:
403:
202:
1544:
1517:
1467:
1432:
1353:
1204:
1172:
496:. Low partial pressure of oxygen in the lungs when switching from inhaled
2258:
1878:
1857:
1100:
501:
493:
487:
57:
1798:
741:
In modern times there are a lot of tools to detects hypoxemia including
216:, and symptoms that may relate to the cause of the hypoxemia, including
95:
as the blood is not supplying enough oxygen to the tissues of the body.
2264:
2250:
2185:
2143:
2103:
1163:
742:
727:
659:
venous return, and metabolic vasodilation of muscles, and an increased
497:
436:
221:
146:
126:
1188:"Arterial blood gases and oxygen content in climbers on Mount Everest"
106:
refers to the low level of oxygen in blood, and the more general term
2190:
2098:
2093:
2089:
2027:
2017:
2012:
1970:
1810:
719:
582:, in which fat droplets are deposited in the pulmonary capillary bed.
573:
385:
2170:
2158:
2108:
2022:
1958:
1923:
1898:
451:
447:
395:
389:
373:, including temporary interruption or cessation of breathing as in
370:
318:
209:
171:
166:
In an acute context, hypoxemia can cause symptoms such as those in
70:
2123:
1908:
1903:
1888:
1674:
660:
130:
1626:
Rafl J, Bachman TE, Rafl-Huttova V, Walzel S, Rozanek M (2022).
2225:
2205:
2180:
1893:
974:
Adde FV, Alvarez AE, Barbisan BN, Guimarães BR (Jan–Feb 2013).
410:, or an acquired condition, such as fatigue in severe cases of
314:
137:) with oxygen, which is either found singly or in combination.
115:
88:
80:
712:
difference between the alveolar and the arterial oxygen levels
2175:
1985:
1625:
816:
All you really need to know to interpret arterial blood gases
541:
325:
that generates rhythmic impulses and transmit them along the
217:
84:
973:
953:(21st ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier.
507:
Air depleted of oxygen has also proven fatal. In the past,
1185:
411:
193:, overloading the right ventricle of the heart and causing
1445:
671:
thus a necessity to clear the carbon dioxide to prevent a
1495:
321:
and cervical neck fractures can all damage the medullary
1118:. Apex (Altitude Physiology Expeditions). Archived from
896:
336:
A decreased respiratory drive can also be the result of
1727:
Mosby's
Medical, Nursing & Allied Health Dictionary
1481:
Adeyinka A, Pierre L (September 2022). "Fat Embolism".
1140:
868:
470:
is maintained at 5,000 to 6,000 feet (1500 to 1800 m).
258:
Hypoxemia is caused by five categories of etiologies:
948:
892:
890:
871:
Murray & Nadel's Textbook of Respiratory Medicine
1788:
1744:
1709:(8th ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
1530:
1410:
1019:. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
1014:
706:
Hypoxia (medical) § Physiological compensation
392:, which can restrict breathing and lead to hypoxia.
91:blood. Hypoxemia has many causes, and often causes
47:
Blood with higher oxygen content appears bright red
887:
949:Colledge NR, Walker BR, Ralston SH, eds. (2010).
873:(5th ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier.
864:
862:
860:
761:
527:
278:and hypoventilation are associated with a normal
121:Hypoxemia is usually defined in terms of reduced
2322:
1406:
1404:
1131:– Online interactive oxygen delivery calculator.
1052:(17th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical.
1008:
914:
87:. More specifically, it is oxygen deficiency in
1763:
1749:(2nd ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning.
1041:
944:
942:
940:
938:
936:
897:Morris A, Kanner R, Crapo R, Gardner R (1984).
667:. There must be a corresponding increase in VCO
607:, which empty directly into the left ventricle.
333:, the muscle that is responsible for breathing.
1485:. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing.
1480:
1331:
951:Davidson's principles and practice of medicine
910:
908:
857:
714:; this A-a difference is often called the A-a
1843:
1573:
1401:
1047:
766:The encyclopedia of sleep and sleep disorders
384:Structural deformities of the chest, such as
1768:(2nd ed.). Springer. pp. 391–394.
1524:
933:
915:Wilson WC, Grande CM, Hoyt DB, eds. (2007).
809:
807:
805:
1017:Respiratory Physiology: A Clinical Approach
905:
730:is reduced by the vapor pressure of water.
619:Shunting may also occur in disease states:
615:may not be ventilated in shallow breathing.
162:Hypoxia (medical) § Signs and symptoms
16:Abnormally low level of oxygen in the blood
1850:
1836:
1413:The American Review of Respiratory Disease
1229:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
1113:
1050:Harrison's principles of internal medicine
794:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
38:
1707:Pulmonary Pathophysiology: The Essentials
1651:
1277:
1203:
1162:
1090:
991:
802:
558:Diseases that result in acute or chronic
140:While there is general agreement that an
1723:
1310:. www.geoffreylandis.com. Archived from
427:Oxygen-Hemoglobin Dissassociation Curve.
422:
208:Other symptoms of hypoxemia may include
1675:Charles University Environment Center.
1366:
1107:
967:
418:
2323:
1302:
1296:
838:
813:
770:(3rd ed.). New York, NY. p.
762:Pollak CP, Thorpy MJ, Yager J (2010).
649:, which is often congenital in origin.
1831:
1072:
841:Professional guide to pathophysiology
599:Anatomic shunting, occurring via the
568:chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
398:, which may limit the ability of the
155:
1704:
1226:
1048:Harrison TR, Fauci AS, eds. (2008).
298:
229:oxygen–hemoglobin dissociation curve
1533:The New England Journal of Medicine
1192:The New England Journal of Medicine
1015:Schwartzstein R, Parker MJ (2006).
692:Intrapulmonary arteriovenous shunts
624:Acute respiratory distress syndrome
13:
1697:
1249:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06173.x
361:
270:, diffusion impairment, and low PO
14:
2342:
1784:
480:). This may manifest at depth as
1092:10.1249/00005768-197600830-00007
919:. New York: Informa Healthcare.
1668:
1619:
1610:
1567:
1489:
1474:
1439:
1360:
1325:
1271:
1220:
1179:
1134:
1066:
500:to atmospheric air, due to the
1079:Medicine and Science in Sports
832:
755:
680:Reduced capillary transit time
528:Ventilation-perfusion mismatch
285:
264:ventilation/perfusion mismatch
255:may also result in hypoxemia.
79:is an abnormally low level of
1:
1576:Journal of Applied Physiology
1460:10.1016/s0272-5231(05)70298-7
1334:Journal of Applied Physiology
1143:Journal of Applied Physiology
748:
699:
183:any increase in oxygen demand
98:
1730:(6th ed.). C.V. Mosby.
1588:10.1152/jappl.1999.87.6.1997
1510:10.1016/0034-5687(96)00039-4
1116:"Altitude oxygen calculator"
629:Pathological shunts such as
522:
7:
1377:10.1007/978-0-387-34817-9_3
1346:10.1152/jappl.1969.27.3.361
1155:10.1152/jappl.1983.55.3.688
653:
586:
439:, a carrier protein inside
10:
2347:
1747:Jones and Bartlet Learning
1308:"Human Exposure to Vacuum"
993:10.1016/j.jped.2013.02.003
733:
703:
643:ventricular septal defects
468:cabin pressure in aircraft
280:alveolar–arterial gradient
159:
64:
2154:Precordial catch syndrome
2136:
2072:
2054:Cheyne–Stokes respiration
2036:
1978:
1969:
1869:
1792:
1644:10.1177/20552076221132127
1448:Clinics in Chest Medicine
547:Diseases that affect the
304:Respiration is controlled
238:
199:right sided heart failure
51:
46:
37:
29:
24:
1766:Common Surgical Diseases
1425:10.1164/ajrccm/143.2.219
631:patent ductus arteriosus
513:carbon dioxide scrubbers
65:Not to be confused with
2237:Charcot–Leyden crystals
720:blood gas determination
504:, or diffusion hypoxia.
375:obstructive sleep apnea
340:, a state of decreased
1954:Whispered pectoriloquy
1498:Respiration Physiology
1114:Baillie K, Simpson A.
1073:Craig AB (Fall 1976).
605:smallest cardiac veins
566:) or chronic (such as
549:pulmonary interstitium
478:shallow water blackout
428:
191:pulmonary hypertension
1638:: 20552076221132127.
1545:10.1056/NEJMra1608077
1205:10.1056/NEJMoa0801581
639:atrial septal defects
601:bronchial circulation
580:Fat embolism syndrome
426:
2232:Curschmann's spirals
2080:Respiratory distress
1919:Pleural friction rub
1724:Anderson KN (2002).
1369:Hypoxia and Exercise
635:patent foramen ovale
560:respiratory distress
419:Environmental oxygen
408:motor neuron disease
187:selectively contract
168:respiratory distress
129:(the oxygen-binding
1304:Landis, Geoffrey A.
1241:2000NYASA.899...15W
980:Jornal de Pediatria
724:barometric pressure
647:right-to-left shunt
509:anesthesia machines
482:deep water blackout
348:Central sleep apnea
338:metabolic alkalosis
323:respiratory centres
268:right-to-left shunt
233:respiratory failure
2273:pulmonary embolism
2245:chronic bronchitis
2085:Respiratory arrest
2064:Ataxic respiration
2059:Kussmaul breathing
2049:Biot's respiration
2044:Agonal respiration
1940:Elicited findings
1884:Respiratory sounds
1863:respiratory system
1859:Signs and symptoms
673:metabolic acidosis
553:pulmonary fibrosis
429:
404:congenital disease
306:by centers in the
156:Signs and symptoms
142:arterial blood gas
67:Hypoxia (medicine)
2318:
2317:
2132:
2131:
1825:
1824:
1775:978-0-387-75245-7
1756:978-0-7637-6003-8
1737:978-0-323-01430-4
1716:978-1-4511-0713-5
1681:medicalxpress.com
1386:978-0-387-34816-2
1306:(7 August 2007).
1059:978-0-07-147692-8
1026:978-0-7817-5748-5
960:978-0-7020-3085-7
926:978-0-8247-2920-2
880:978-1-4160-4710-0
839:Eckman M (2010).
814:Martin L (1999).
564:pulmonary embolus
460:mountain sickness
299:Respiratory drive
63:
62:
19:Medical condition
2338:
2003:Hyperventilation
1976:
1975:
1861:relating to the
1852:
1845:
1838:
1829:
1828:
1790:
1789:
1779:
1760:
1741:
1720:
1705:West JB (2012).
1691:
1690:
1688:
1687:
1672:
1666:
1665:
1655:
1623:
1617:
1614:
1608:
1607:
1582:(6): 1997–2006.
1571:
1565:
1564:
1528:
1522:
1521:
1504:(1–2): 109–121.
1493:
1487:
1486:
1478:
1472:
1471:
1443:
1437:
1436:
1408:
1399:
1398:
1364:
1358:
1357:
1329:
1323:
1322:
1320:
1319:
1300:
1294:
1293:
1291:
1290:
1275:
1269:
1268:
1224:
1218:
1217:
1207:
1183:
1177:
1176:
1166:
1138:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1127:
1111:
1105:
1104:
1094:
1070:
1064:
1063:
1045:
1039:
1038:
1012:
1006:
1005:
995:
971:
965:
964:
946:
931:
930:
912:
903:
902:
894:
885:
884:
866:
855:
854:
836:
830:
829:
811:
800:
799:
793:
785:
769:
759:
456:cerebral hypoxia
433:partial pressure
354:Hyperventilation
214:digital clubbing
170:. These include
123:partial pressure
42:
22:
21:
2346:
2345:
2341:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2336:
2335:
2321:
2320:
2319:
2314:
2292:pulmonary edema
2284:Westermark sign
2201:Post-nasal drip
2196:Silhouette sign
2128:
2119:Mouth breathing
2068:
2032:
2008:Hypoventilation
1965:
1865:
1856:
1826:
1821:
1820:
1801:
1787:
1782:
1776:
1757:
1738:
1717:
1700:
1698:Further reading
1695:
1694:
1685:
1683:
1673:
1669:
1624:
1620:
1615:
1611:
1572:
1568:
1529:
1525:
1494:
1490:
1479:
1475:
1444:
1440:
1409:
1402:
1387:
1365:
1361:
1330:
1326:
1317:
1315:
1301:
1297:
1288:
1286:
1278:Administrator.
1276:
1272:
1225:
1221:
1184:
1180:
1139:
1135:
1125:
1123:
1112:
1108:
1071:
1067:
1060:
1046:
1042:
1027:
1013:
1009:
972:
968:
961:
947:
934:
927:
913:
906:
901:(2nd ed.).
895:
888:
881:
867:
858:
851:
837:
833:
826:
812:
803:
787:
786:
782:
760:
756:
751:
736:
708:
702:
688:in a hypoxemia.
686:
670:
664:
656:
589:
530:
525:
462:in climbers of
441:red blood cells
421:
396:Muscle weakness
364:
362:Physical states
301:
288:
277:
273:
260:hypoventilation
251:causes such as
241:
164:
158:
135:red blood cells
101:
74:
20:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2344:
2334:
2333:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2301:
2300:
2288:
2287:
2286:
2281:
2269:
2268:
2267:
2255:
2254:
2253:
2241:
2240:
2239:
2234:
2222:
2221:
2220:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2162:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2140:
2138:
2134:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2114:Breath holding
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2087:
2082:
2076:
2074:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2040:
2038:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1994:
1993:
1982:
1980:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1963:
1962:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1938:
1937:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1881:
1875:
1873:
1867:
1866:
1855:
1854:
1847:
1840:
1832:
1823:
1822:
1819:
1818:
1802:
1797:
1796:
1794:
1793:Classification
1786:
1785:External links
1783:
1781:
1780:
1774:
1761:
1755:
1742:
1736:
1721:
1715:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1693:
1692:
1667:
1632:Digital Health
1618:
1609:
1566:
1539:(6): 562–572.
1523:
1488:
1473:
1438:
1419:(2): 219–225.
1400:
1385:
1359:
1340:(3): 361–365.
1324:
1295:
1284:www.ersnet.org
1270:
1219:
1198:(2): 140–149.
1178:
1149:(3): 688–698.
1133:
1106:
1085:(3): 171–175.
1065:
1058:
1040:
1025:
1007:
966:
959:
932:
925:
904:
886:
879:
856:
850:978-1605477664
849:
831:
825:978-0683306040
824:
801:
780:
753:
752:
750:
747:
735:
732:
704:Main article:
701:
698:
697:
696:
689:
684:
668:
662:
655:
652:
651:
650:
627:
617:
616:
608:
588:
585:
584:
583:
577:
571:
556:
545:
539:
529:
526:
524:
521:
520:
519:
516:
505:
491:
485:
471:
420:
417:
416:
415:
393:
382:
363:
360:
359:
358:
351:
345:
342:carbon dioxide
334:
300:
297:
287:
284:
275:
271:
249:cardiovascular
240:
237:
172:breathlessness
160:Main article:
157:
154:
100:
97:
61:
60:
55:
49:
48:
44:
43:
35:
34:
31:
27:
26:
18:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2343:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2311:
2310:Golden S sign
2308:
2306:
2305:Hamman's sign
2303:
2299:
2296:
2295:
2294:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2275:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2261:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2247:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2229:
2228:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2218:Hoover's sign
2216:
2215:
2214:
2213:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2166:Nail clubbing
2164:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2146:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2139:
2135:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2041:
2039:
2035:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1968:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1886:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1853:
1848:
1846:
1841:
1839:
1834:
1833:
1830:
1817:
1813:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1803:
1800:
1795:
1791:
1777:
1771:
1767:
1762:
1758:
1752:
1748:
1743:
1739:
1733:
1729:
1728:
1722:
1718:
1712:
1708:
1703:
1702:
1682:
1678:
1671:
1663:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1622:
1613:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1570:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1527:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1492:
1484:
1477:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1442:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1407:
1405:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1363:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1328:
1314:on 2009-07-21
1313:
1309:
1305:
1299:
1285:
1281:
1274:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1223:
1215:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1182:
1174:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1137:
1122:on 2017-06-11
1121:
1117:
1110:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1069:
1061:
1055:
1051:
1044:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1022:
1018:
1011:
1003:
999:
994:
989:
985:
981:
977:
970:
962:
956:
952:
945:
943:
941:
939:
937:
928:
922:
918:
917:Critical care
911:
909:
900:
893:
891:
882:
876:
872:
865:
863:
861:
852:
846:
842:
835:
827:
821:
817:
810:
808:
806:
797:
791:
783:
781:9780816068333
777:
773:
768:
767:
758:
754:
746:
744:
739:
731:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
707:
693:
690:
681:
678:
677:
676:
674:
666:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
625:
622:
621:
620:
614:
609:
606:
602:
598:
597:
596:
593:
581:
578:
575:
572:
569:
565:
561:
557:
554:
550:
546:
543:
540:
536:
535:
534:
517:
514:
510:
506:
503:
499:
495:
492:
489:
486:
483:
479:
475:
472:
469:
465:
464:Mount Everest
461:
457:
453:
449:
446:
445:
444:
442:
438:
434:
425:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
394:
391:
387:
383:
380:
376:
372:
369:
368:
367:
355:
352:
349:
346:
343:
339:
335:
332:
328:
327:phrenic nerve
324:
320:
316:
313:
312:
311:
309:
305:
296:
293:
283:
281:
274:. Low PO
269:
265:
261:
256:
254:
250:
246:
236:
234:
230:
225:
223:
219:
215:
211:
206:
204:
200:
196:
195:cor pulmonale
192:
188:
184:
179:
177:
173:
169:
163:
153:
150:
148:
143:
138:
136:
132:
128:
124:
119:
117:
113:
109:
105:
96:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
72:
68:
59:
56:
54:
50:
45:
41:
36:
32:
28:
23:
2298:Kerley lines
2290:
2279:Hampton hump
2271:
2257:
2243:
2224:
2210:
1949:Pectoriloquy
1934:Death rattle
1929:Bronchophony
1871:Auscultation
1805:
1765:
1746:
1726:
1706:
1684:. Retrieved
1680:
1670:
1635:
1631:
1621:
1612:
1579:
1575:
1569:
1536:
1532:
1526:
1501:
1497:
1491:
1482:
1476:
1454:(1): 49–66.
1451:
1447:
1441:
1416:
1412:
1368:
1362:
1337:
1333:
1327:
1316:. Retrieved
1312:the original
1298:
1287:. Retrieved
1283:
1273:
1235:(1): 15–27.
1232:
1228:
1222:
1195:
1191:
1181:
1146:
1142:
1136:
1124:. Retrieved
1120:the original
1109:
1082:
1078:
1068:
1049:
1043:
1016:
1010:
983:
979:
969:
950:
916:
898:
870:
840:
834:
815:
765:
757:
743:smartwatches
740:
737:
715:
709:
691:
679:
657:
618:
590:
531:
494:Anaesthetics
430:
365:
344:in the blood
302:
289:
257:
244:
242:
226:
207:
203:Polycythemia
180:
165:
151:
139:
120:
107:
103:
102:
76:
75:
2259:sarcoidosis
2149:In children
1991:Prematurity
1879:Stethoscope
1483:StatPearls
1164:2434/176393
986:(1): 6–17.
502:Fink effect
488:Suffocation
371:Suffocation
286:Ventilation
245:ventilation
176:lip pursing
58:Pulmonology
30:Other names
2331:Physiology
2265:Kveim test
2251:Reid index
2186:Hemoptysis
2144:Chest pain
2104:Aerophagia
1944:Percussion
1686:2022-11-17
1318:2012-04-25
1289:2016-06-17
1126:2006-08-10
749:References
728:atmosphere
700:Physiology
695:hypoxemia.
498:anesthesia
437:hemoglobin
406:, such as
357:hypoxemia.
222:hemoptysis
147:hemoglobin
127:hemoglobin
99:Definition
33:Hypoxaemia
2191:Epistaxis
2099:Trepopnea
2094:Platypnea
2090:Orthopnea
2028:Bradypnea
2018:Tachypnea
2013:Hyperpnea
1971:Breathing
790:cite book
574:Cirrhosis
538:average).
523:Perfusion
400:diaphragm
386:scoliosis
331:diaphragm
104:Hypoxemia
77:Hypoxemia
53:Specialty
25:Hypoxemia
2325:Category
2171:Cyanosis
2159:Pleurisy
2109:Asphyxia
2023:Hypopnea
1959:Egophony
1924:Fremitus
1899:Crackles
1662:36249475
1596:10601141
1553:28792873
1395:17089876
1265:21863823
1257:10863526
1214:19129527
1035:62302095
1002:23544805
716:gradient
654:Exercise
592:Shunting
587:Shunting
448:Altitude
390:kyphosis
319:epilepsy
292:alveolar
210:cyanosis
89:arterial
71:Hypopnea
2124:Snoring
2037:Pattern
1998:Dyspnea
1909:Stertor
1904:Rhonchi
1889:Stridor
1653:9554125
1604:6788078
1561:4909513
1518:8897657
1468:8665790
1433:1990931
1354:5804133
1237:Bibcode
1173:6415008
734:History
726:of the
613:Alveoli
329:to the
315:Strokes
308:medulla
290:If the
133:within
131:protein
112:hypoxia
108:hypoxia
93:hypoxia
83:in the
2226:asthma
2206:Hiccup
2181:Sputum
1914:Squawk
1894:Wheeze
1816:R09.02
1772:
1753:
1734:
1713:
1660:
1650:
1602:
1594:
1559:
1551:
1516:
1466:
1431:
1393:
1383:
1352:
1263:
1255:
1212:
1171:
1101:979564
1099:
1056:
1033:
1023:
1000:
957:
923:
877:
847:
822:
778:
637:, and
474:Diving
452:flying
253:shunts
239:Causes
116:anemia
81:oxygen
2176:Cough
2137:Other
2073:Other
1986:Apnea
1811:10-CM
1600:S2CID
1557:S2CID
1261:S2CID
542:Aging
218:cough
85:blood
2212:COPD
1979:Rate
1770:ISBN
1751:ISBN
1732:ISBN
1711:ISBN
1658:PMID
1592:PMID
1549:PMID
1514:PMID
1464:PMID
1429:PMID
1391:PMID
1381:ISBN
1350:PMID
1253:PMID
1210:PMID
1169:PMID
1097:PMID
1054:ISBN
1031:OCLC
1021:ISBN
998:PMID
955:ISBN
921:ISBN
875:ISBN
845:ISBN
820:ISBN
796:link
776:ISBN
458:and
412:COPD
388:and
379:SIDS
220:and
197:and
1807:ICD
1648:PMC
1640:doi
1584:doi
1541:doi
1537:377
1506:doi
1502:105
1456:doi
1421:doi
1417:143
1373:doi
1342:doi
1245:doi
1233:899
1200:doi
1196:360
1159:hdl
1151:doi
1087:doi
988:doi
772:104
665:max
641:or
69:or
2327::
1814::
1679:.
1656:.
1646:.
1634:.
1630:.
1598:.
1590:.
1580:87
1578:.
1555:.
1547:.
1535:.
1512:.
1500:.
1462:.
1452:17
1450:.
1427:.
1415:.
1403:^
1389:.
1379:.
1348:.
1338:27
1336:.
1282:.
1259:.
1251:.
1243:.
1231:.
1208:.
1194:.
1190:.
1167:.
1157:.
1147:55
1145:.
1095:.
1081:.
1077:.
1029:.
996:.
984:89
982:.
978:.
935:^
907:^
889:^
859:^
804:^
792:}}
788:{{
774:.
683:CO
661:VO
633:,
570:).
317:,
266:,
262:,
235:.
224:.
212:,
201:.
178:.
118:.
2092:/
1851:e
1844:t
1837:v
1809:-
1799:D
1778:.
1759:.
1740:.
1719:.
1689:.
1664:.
1642::
1636:8
1606:.
1586::
1563:.
1543::
1520:.
1508::
1470:.
1458::
1435:.
1423::
1397:.
1375::
1356:.
1344::
1321:.
1292:.
1267:.
1247::
1239::
1216:.
1202::
1175:.
1161::
1153::
1129:.
1103:.
1089::
1083:8
1062:.
1037:.
1004:.
990::
963:.
929:.
883:.
853:.
828:.
798:)
784:.
685:2
669:2
663:2
484:.
414:.
381:.
276:2
272:2
73:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
