461:
261:
469:
33:
549:— was himself distressed by the news; in spring 1919, his wife Ileana Pralea wrote to Rozalia Frimu a letter of condolence, in which she said "I am in a position to add that one of my companion's greatest hopes has extinguished with Frimu." As the Socialist Party was split into the moderate groups and the newly formed
496:
defended the arrested workers at trial. During the trial, the royal commissioner could not produce proof to back up his opening statement and thus the indictments, except against the
Communist agitators, whom the Martial Court sentenced to 5 years imprisonment. The other workers were acquitted in
516:
bacteria. As a result of beating and torture by police during his arrest, Frimu's liver and kidneys were heavily damaged, as reportedly indicated by the physician
Cristodulo, who was the last to consult him. Under heavy guard, Frimu, in agony, was transported to the hospital, as a large group of
240:
In
December 1896, the Union of Guild Syndicates (USB) was founded, marking a crucial step in the centralization of workers' syndicate organisations. Frimu was elected president of the USB in 1898. In 1899 the PSDMR disbanded when various factions broke away (among them, that led by Morțun). The
403:
That day, the capital's nearly 600 typesetters went on strike and moved toward the
Ministry of Industry and Commerce, accompanying the delegation which they had designated to present their grievances. Workers from other Bucharest factories and plants joined the typographers in solidarity. The
282:. In March 1905, I. C. Frimu helped establish the Bucharest Carpenters' Union (being elected its president), and, in 1907, joined the leadership of the Socialist Union of Romania — the embryo of the post-1910 PSDR. The Socialist Union's creation came at the same time as the
395:
December 26), a large socialist demonstration of
Bucharest workers took place. Its principal organisers were Rakovsky, the typographers Iancu Luchwig and Sami Steinberg, the bootmaker Marcus Iancu, the proofreader Marcel Blumenfeld, Ilie Moscovici, Frimu,
529:, who was then in government, wrote that "the police arrested all the movement's leaders and beat them so severely that one of the most important socialists, Frimu, died a few days later due to the wounds he received".
439:
The forces of public order fired into the crowd; in the
National Theatre Square 16 were killed and tens were wounded among the workers. Important figures from the cultural, artistic and political realms, such as
901:
523:. Cristodulo himself contracted typhus and died two weeks after his patient. Thousands of workers took part in Frimu's funeral, asking that those responsible for his death be punished.
541:
adversaries. The moderate
Constantin Titel Petrescu praised Frimu as "that admirable human example of honesty, goodness and kindliness". Rakovsky — who had since affiliated with
557:(" Frimu, who had seen the Russian Revolution a year and a half of its activity, never did completely agree with its methods"), and, making reference to the communist activist
452:, harshly condemned the government's repressive action. Hundreds of workers and members of the trade union movement and the Social Democratic Party were arrested and tortured.
569:
161:
425:, commanded by police prefect General Ștefănescu and by the head of the Bucharest garrison, General Mărgineanu. These forces had gathered on Ion Câmpineanu Street, in
242:
318:
946:
429:, with their commanders being located in the police station inside the passage. From inside the passage, General Mărgineanu placed a telephone call to
426:
966:
411:
As soon as the columns of workers reached the square in front of the
National Theatre, they were met by forces of public order, specifically the 9th
210:
157:
391:, etc.). As their demands were not met, all the typographers in Bucharest announced that they would strike a week later. On December 13, 1918 (
809:
971:
546:
489:
202:
976:
404:
protesters shouted slogans such as "Down with the army! Down with the King! Long live the
Republic!", and expected to end up before the
245:
and
Rakovsky continued their activity. Around that time, he met the tailor and socialist sympathiser Rozalia (also known as Rozica), a
290:
contributors, Rakovsky among them; the Frimus maintained contact with the exiled (including the brothers Hoppe, who had settled in
387:
from the Sfetea and Minerva graphic design studios went on strike demanding better working and living conditions (a pay raise, an
931:
659:
553:, Frimu's legacy became the topic of dispute — Moscovici, who sided with the former, claimed that Frimu disapproved of the
941:
303:
222:
800:
926:
921:
916:
882:
Valeria Stan, Florian Tănăsescu, Marian Ștefan. "1871–1971. Am iubit și am admirat pe cel care se chema I. C. Frimu", in
198:
164:. He died after being beaten and contracting an illness in prison, where he was being held for his participation in the
911:
906:
961:
936:
865:
731:
283:
313:
On January 31, 1910, when the PSDR was founded, Frimu, Rakovsky (who had been allowed to return), Gheorghiu Bujor,
537:
I. C. Frimu was among the last PSDR figures of his age to be respected by both the reformist socialists and their
352:
859:
165:
146:
142:
70:
44:
241:
workers' clubs were also dissolved, with the exception of the Bucharest club, where individuals like Frimu,
667:
334:
265:
218:
576:, designed for prominent socialists and communists, and buried in the semicircle around the monument. The
876:
580:
Plants were given his name, as were a number of streets in Romania's main cities and a neighborhood in
405:
372:
182:
50:
477:
430:
584:. In 1991, when the mausoleum was deprecated, Frimu's remains were moved to Sfânta Vineri Cemetery,
550:
501:
299:
76:
413:
249:-born orphan who had settled in Bucharest during her late teens, and whom he married in 1901.
868:, Ovidiu Șincai Social Democratic Institute, Bucharest, July 9, 2003; retrieved July 19, 2007
723:
422:
342:
338:
433:
307:
278:
956:
951:
558:
460:
364:
286:— the government's suspicion of the socialist camp resulted in the expulsion of many
356:), Frimu, who was himself jailed for his anti-war propaganda, followed the authorities to
8:
500:
Frimu, who had been accused of instigation, died in a prison hospital. His last days at
554:
519:
397:
392:
314:
230:
226:
84:
656:
367:
were the Romanian delegates to the third internationalists' conference against war in
727:
720:
War on War: Lenin, the Zimmerwald Left, and the Origins of Communist Internationalism
565:
481:
322:
797:
214:
884:
804:
663:
485:
445:
418:
449:
388:
346:
295:
234:
508:, with whom he shared a cell; according to Herz, the prison was infested with
895:
186:
54:
260:
441:
246:
526:
493:
384:
330:
190:
269:
573:
505:
436:, asking for his authorization to intervene against the demonstrators.
326:
585:
572:, and he was claimed a precursor. His remains were transferred to the
201:, and worked his way up through the hierarchy. On March 31, 1893, the
108:
538:
468:
368:
206:
153:
80:
32:
581:
321:
were elected among its leaders. With Rakovsky, Gheorghiu Bujor, and
542:
357:
194:
150:
122:
112:
58:
741:
739:
577:
568:
was established, Frimu gained official status as a hero of the
561:, argued that Frimu "could not stand" the latter's "demagogy".
513:
291:
96:
337:
opponents of the war, and Rakovsky played a major part in the
736:
509:
276:
He founded and took part in the leadership of the newspaper
378:
902:
Social Democratic Party of Romania (1910–1918) politicians
272:(1915); Frimu is the third from the right in the first row
264:
Romanian socialists at the celebration of the birthday of
145:
October 4] 1871 – February 19 [
189:, was a carpenter by trade. He was active in various
345:, the PSDR was banned and Rakovsky jailed. When the
602:
600:
156:militant and politician, a leading member of the
893:
798:"Fără ură și părtinire! Istoria, așa cum a fost"
597:
341:. As Romania entered the war on the side of the
294:). In 1909, I. C. Frimu and the future novelist
702:
700:
333:, Frimu and the PSDR stood among the socialist
796:Constantin Titel Petrescu, in Ion Dodu Bălan,
517:socialist detainees, Cristescu included, sang
252:
697:
209:. Frimu was part of the leadership, as were
947:Romanian people who died in prison custody
203:Romanian Social-Democratic Workers' Party
132:carpenter, politician, and labor activist
967:Prisoners who died in Romanian detention
784:, Editura Silex, Bucharest, 1996, p. 29.
467:
459:
379:December 13, 1918 workers' demonstration
302:, after taking part in riots asking the
259:
861:110 ani de social-democraţie în România
707:110 ani de social-democraţie în România
692:110 ani de social-democrație în România
680:110 ani de social-democraţie în România
632:110 ani de social-democraţie în România
620:110 ani de social-democrație în România
371:. In late December 1918, he joined the
310:to receive Rakovsky back into Romania.
894:
325:, Frimu gave lectures at the PSDR's
464:Demonstration during Frimu's burial
363:In September 1917, I. C. Frimu and
13:
455:
166:typographic workers' demonstration
158:Social Democratic Party of Romania
14:
988:
972:Burials at Sfânta Vineri Cemetery
782:Guverne și guvernanți (1916–1938)
149:February 6] 1919) was a
18:Romanian politician (1871 - 1919)
873:Istoria stalinismului în România
31:
838:
829:
816:
787:
774:
765:
752:
472:Grave at Sfânta Vineri Cemetery
932:Romanian people of World War I
712:
685:
673:
650:
637:
625:
613:
329:school. After the outbreak of
1:
942:Deaths from typhus in Romania
850:
504:were recounted by the writer
176:
835:Moscovici, in Frunză, p. 79.
266:Constantin Dobrogeanu-Gherea
219:Constantin Dobrogeanu-Gherea
171:
7:
977:Inmates of Văcărești Prison
927:Romanian newspaper founders
771:Herz, in Stan et al., p. 5.
375:, created around the PSDR.
349:occupied southern Romania (
99:contracted while in custody
10:
993:
922:Romanian newspaper editors
917:Romanian magazine founders
668:Humanitas publishing house
373:Socialist Party of Romania
912:Romanian magazine editors
907:People from Vaslui County
780:Ion Mamina, Ioan Scurtu.
670:; retrieved July 20, 2007
570:labor movement in Romania
532:
478:Constantin Titel Petrescu
284:Romanian Peasants' Revolt
128:
118:
103:
91:
73:February 6] 1919
65:
39:
30:
23:
962:Romanian torture victims
937:Romanian trade unionists
726:, Durham, 1989, p. 284.
657:Panait Istrati's profile
591:
551:Romanian Communist Party
545:and had taken refuge in
107:Sfânta Vineri Cemetery,
47:October 4] 1871
866:Social Democratic Party
813:nr. 189/August 19, 1997
205:(PSDMR) was founded in
476:The socialist lawyers
473:
465:
273:
193:after being appointed
141:(October 16 [
69:February 19 [
724:Duke University Press
471:
463:
400:, D. Pop and others.
383:On December 6, 1918,
263:
43:October 16 [
844:Frunză, p. 220, 501.
574:Carol Park Mausoleum
559:Alecu Constantinescu
365:Alecu Constantinescu
319:Constantin Vasilescu
339:Zimmerwald movement
298:were imprisoned at
92:Cause of death
803:2007-06-09 at the
662:2007-09-15 at the
555:October Revolution
520:The Internationale
474:
466:
434:Ion I. C. Brătianu
398:Gheorghe Cristescu
315:Dimitrie Marinescu
308:Ion I. C. Brătianu
288:România Muncitoare
279:România Muncitoare
274:
254:România Muncitoare
231:Dimitrie Marinescu
227:Christian Rakovsky
168:of December 1918.
139:Ion Costache Frimu
85:Kingdom of Romania
25:Ion Costache Frimu
879:, Bucharest, 1990
718:R. Craig Nation.
547:Bolshevist Russia
512:that carried the
414:Vânători de Munte
353:Romanian Campaign
223:Alexandru Ionescu
199:fraternal society
136:
135:
984:
858:
845:
842:
836:
833:
827:
822:Pralea, in Stan
820:
814:
795:
791:
785:
778:
772:
769:
763:
756:
750:
743:
734:
716:
710:
704:
695:
689:
683:
677:
671:
654:
648:
641:
635:
629:
623:
617:
611:
604:
566:Communist regime
502:Văcărești Prison
482:Constantin Mille
406:National Theatre
335:internationalist
323:Ecaterina Arbore
304:National Liberal
300:Văcărești Prison
77:Văcărești Prison
35:
21:
20:
992:
991:
987:
986:
985:
983:
982:
981:
892:
891:
885:Magazin Istoric
871:Victor Frunză,
856:
853:
848:
843:
839:
834:
830:
821:
817:
805:Wayback Machine
793:
792:
788:
779:
775:
770:
766:
757:
753:
744:
737:
717:
713:
705:
698:
690:
686:
678:
674:
664:Wayback Machine
655:
651:
642:
638:
630:
626:
618:
614:
605:
598:
594:
535:
497:February 1919.
486:Radu D. Rosetti
458:
456:Trial and death
446:Nicolae Tonitza
381:
258:
181:Frimu, born in
179:
174:
87:
74:
61:
48:
26:
19:
12:
11:
5:
990:
980:
979:
974:
969:
964:
959:
954:
949:
944:
939:
934:
929:
924:
919:
914:
909:
904:
890:
889:
888:, October 1971
880:
869:
852:
849:
847:
846:
837:
828:
815:
786:
773:
764:
758:Herz, in Stan
751:
745:Herz, in Stan
735:
711:
696:
684:
672:
649:
636:
624:
612:
595:
593:
590:
534:
531:
457:
454:
450:Gala Galaction
431:Prime Minister
417:Regiment, the
389:eight-hour day
380:
377:
347:Central Powers
343:Entente Powers
296:Panait Istrati
257:
251:
243:C. Z. Buzdugan
235:Ilie Moscovici
178:
175:
173:
170:
162:labor activist
134:
133:
130:
126:
125:
120:
116:
115:
105:
101:
100:
93:
89:
88:
75:
67:
63:
62:
49:
41:
37:
36:
28:
27:
24:
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
989:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
899:
897:
887:
886:
881:
878:
874:
870:
867:
863:
862:
857:(in Romanian)
855:
854:
841:
832:
825:
819:
812:
811:
806:
802:
799:
794:(in Romanian)
790:
783:
777:
768:
761:
755:
748:
742:
740:
733:
732:0-8223-0944-0
729:
725:
721:
715:
708:
703:
701:
693:
688:
681:
676:
669:
665:
661:
658:
653:
646:
640:
633:
628:
621:
616:
609:
603:
601:
596:
589:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
562:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
530:
528:
524:
522:
521:
515:
511:
507:
503:
498:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
470:
462:
453:
451:
447:
443:
437:
435:
432:
428:
427:Pasajul Român
424:
420:
416:
415:
409:
407:
401:
399:
394:
390:
386:
376:
374:
370:
366:
361:
359:
355:
354:
348:
344:
340:
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328:
324:
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311:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
280:
271:
267:
262:
255:
250:
248:
247:Transylvanian
244:
238:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
215:Vasile Morțun
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
187:Vaslui County
184:
169:
167:
163:
159:
155:
152:
148:
144:
140:
131:
129:Occupation(s)
127:
124:
121:
117:
114:
111:, Bucharest,
110:
106:
102:
98:
95:Beatings and
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
55:Vaslui County
52:
46:
42:
38:
34:
29:
22:
16:
883:
872:
860:
840:
831:
823:
818:
808:
789:
781:
776:
767:
759:
754:
746:
719:
714:
706:
691:
687:
679:
675:
652:
644:
639:
631:
627:
622:, pp. 3, 12.
619:
615:
607:
563:
536:
525:
518:
499:
475:
442:Ioan Slavici
438:
412:
410:
402:
382:
362:
350:
312:
287:
277:
275:
253:
239:
211:Ioan Nădejde
191:trade unions
180:
138:
137:
104:Burial place
15:
957:1919 deaths
952:1871 births
682:, pp. 3, 14
527:Ion G. Duca
494:N. D. Cocea
423:gendarmerie
385:typesetters
331:World War I
306:cabinet of
160:(PSDR) and
119:Nationality
896:Categories
851:References
749:, pp. 4–5.
647:, pp. 2-3.
564:After the
506:A. de Herz
490:Toma Dragu
327:propaganda
177:Early life
877:Humanitas
810:Dimineața
539:communist
369:Stockholm
207:Bucharest
172:Biography
154:socialist
81:Bucharest
801:Archived
709:, p. 15.
694:, p. 14.
660:Archived
543:Leninism
421:and the
358:Moldavia
270:Ploiești
256:and PSDR
183:Bârzești
151:Romanian
123:Romanian
51:Bârzești
826:, p. 6.
762:, p. 6.
666:at the
634:, p. 13
610:, p. 2.
586:Grivița
195:cashier
113:Romania
109:Grivița
59:Romania
824:et al.
760:et al.
747:et al.
730:
645:et al.
608:et al.
582:Galați
578:Sinaia
533:Legacy
514:typhus
492:, and
448:, and
419:police
317:, and
292:Vienna
97:typhus
807:, in
643:Stan
606:Stan
592:Notes
197:of a
728:ISBN
510:lice
351:see
233:and
147:O.S.
143:O.S.
71:O.S.
66:Died
45:O.S.
40:Born
268:in
898::
875:,
864:,
738:^
722:,
699:^
599:^
588:.
488:,
484:,
480:,
444:,
408:.
393:NS
360:.
237:.
229:,
225:,
221:,
217:,
213:,
185:,
83:,
79:,
57:,
53:,
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