MPEG-1 - Knowledge

2281: 3299:. MP3 uses pre-echo detection routines, and VBR encoding, which allows it to temporarily increase the bitrate during difficult passages, in an attempt to reduce this effect. It is also able to switch between the normal 36 sample quantization window, and instead using 3× short 12 sample windows instead, to reduce the temporal (time) length of quantization artifacts. And yet in choosing a fairly small window size to make MP3's temporal response adequate enough to avoid the most serious artifacts, MP3 becomes much less efficient in frequency domain compression of stationary, tonal components. 1879: 2708: 1921: 1423: 10652: 10642: 3147:(AAC) (mostly within the margin of error—and substantially superior in some cases, such as audience applause). This is one reason that MP2 audio continues to be used extensively. The MPEG-2 AAC Stereo verification tests reached a vastly different conclusion, however, showing AAC to provide superior performance to MP2 at half the bitrate. The reason for this disparity with both earlier and later tests is not clear, but strangely, a sample of applause is notably absent from the latter test. 2315: 2817:(GOP) should be selected based on these factors. I-frame only sequences give least compression, but are useful for random access, FF/FR and editability. I- and P-frame sequences give moderate compression but add a certain degree of random access, FF/FR functionality. I-, P- and B-frame sequences give very high compression but also increase the coding/decoding delay significantly. Such configurations are therefore not suited for video-telephony or video-conferencing applications. 2276:{\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}16&11&10&16&24&40&51&61\\12&12&14&19&26&58&60&55\\14&13&16&24&40&57&69&56\\14&17&22&29&51&87&80&62\\18&22&37&56&68&109&103&77\\24&35&55&64&81&104&113&92\\49&64&78&87&103&121&120&101\\72&92&95&98&112&100&103&99\end{bmatrix}}} 1030: 3189: 1874:{\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}-415&-30&-61&27&56&-20&-2&0\\4&-22&-61&10&13&-7&-9&5\\-47&7&77&-25&-29&10&5&-6\\-49&12&34&-15&-10&6&2&2\\12&-7&-13&-4&-2&2&-3&3\\-8&3&2&-6&-2&1&4&2\\-1&0&0&-2&-1&-3&4&-1\\0&0&-1&-4&-1&0&1&2\end{bmatrix}}} 643:

as ISO CD 11172 by December 6, 1991. Neither the July 2008 Kuro5hin article "Patent Status of MPEG-1, H.261 and MPEG-2", nor an August 2008 thread on the gstreamer-devel mailing list were able to list a single unexpired MPEG-1 Video and MPEG-1 Audio Layer I/II patent. A May 2009 discussion on the whatwg mailing list mentioned US 5,214,678 patent as possibly covering MPEG-1 Audio Layer II. Filed in 1990 and published in 1993, this patent is now expired.

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separately. On playback, the single channel is played through left and right speakers, with the intensity information applied to each channel to give the illusion of stereo sound. This perceptual trick is known as "stereo irrelevancy". This can allow further reduction of the audio bitrate without much perceivable loss of fidelity, but is generally not used with higher bitrates as it does not provide very high quality (transparent) audio.

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complete draft standard was produced in September 1990, and from that point on, only minor changes were introduced. The draft standard was publicly available for purchase. The standard was finished with the 6 November 1992 meeting. The Berkeley Plateau Multimedia Research Group developed an MPEG-1 decoder in November 1992. In July 1990, before the first draft of the MPEG-1 standard had even been written, work began on a second standard,

3454: 2703:{\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}-26&-3&-6&2&2&-1&0&0\\0&-2&-4&1&1&0&0&0\\-3&1&5&-1&-1&0&0&0\\-4&1&2&-1&0&0&0&0\\1&0&0&0&0&0&0&0\\0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0\\0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0\\0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0\end{bmatrix}}} 1402:) to reproduce the original values (in the absence of any quantization and rounding errors). In reality, there are some (sometimes large) rounding errors introduced both by quantization in the encoder (as described in the next section) and by IDCT approximation error in the decoder. The minimum allowed accuracy of a decoder IDCT approximation is defined by ISO/IEC 23002-1. (Prior to 2006, it was specified by 3071:, one for each equal-sized frequency band/segment of the audio, which is about 700 Hz wide (depending on the audio's sampling frequency). The encoder then utilizes the psychoacoustic model to determine which sub-bands contain audio information that is less important, and so, where quantization will be inaudible, or at least much less noticeable. 1349:

trade-offs to higher precision, however. Finer MV precision results in using a larger amount of data to represent the MV, as larger numbers must be stored in the frame for every single MV, increased coding complexity as increasing levels of interpolation on the macroblock are required for both the encoder and decoder, and

3086:(FFT). Of the 1152 samples per frame, 64 samples at the top and bottom of the frequency range are ignored for this analysis. They are presumably not significant enough to change the result. The psychoacoustic model uses an empirically determined masking model to determine which sub-bands contribute more to the 3314:

In addition to Layer II's intensity encoded joint stereo, MP3 can use middle/side (mid/side, m/s, MS, matrixed) joint stereo. With mid/side stereo, certain frequency ranges of both channels are merged into a single (middle, mid, L+R) mono channel, while the sound difference between the left and right

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Several steps in the encoding of MPEG-1 video are lossless, meaning they will be reversed upon decoding, to produce exactly the same (original) values. Since these lossless data compression steps don't add noise into, or otherwise change the contents (unlike quantization), it is sometimes referred to

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The frame-level quantizer is a number from 0 to 31 (although encoders will usually omit/disable some of the extreme values) which determines how much information will be removed from a given frame. The frame-level quantizer is typically either dynamically selected by the encoder to maintain a certain

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values. One of these is the (statistically high in variance) "DC coefficient", which represents the average value of the entire 8×8 block. The other 63 coefficients are the statistically smaller "AC coefficients", which have positive or negative values each representing sinusoidal deviations from the

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Given moderately higher-performance decoding equipment, fast preview can be accomplished by decoding I-frames instead of D-frames. This provides higher quality previews, since I-frames contain AC coefficients as well as DC coefficients. If the encoder can assume that rapid I-frame decoding capability

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No other frames are predicted from a B-frame. Because of this, a very low bitrate B-frame can be inserted, where needed, to help control the bitrate. If this was done with a P-frame, future P-frames would be predicted from it and would lower the quality of the entire sequence. However, similarly, the

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System Clock Reference (SCR) is a timing value stored in a 33-bit header of each PES, at a frequency/precision of 90 kHz, with an extra 9-bit extension that stores additional timing data with a precision of 27 MHz. These are inserted by the encoder, derived from the system time clock (STC).

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time domain (filter bank) /frequency domain (MDCT) model to fit in with Layer II simply wastes processing time and compromises quality by introducing aliasing artifacts. MP3 has an aliasing cancellation stage specifically to mask this problem, but which instead produces frequency domain energy which

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Frequency-domain processing imposes some limitations as well, causing a factor of 12 or 36 × worse temporal resolution than Layer II. This causes quantization artifacts, due to transient sounds like percussive events and other high-frequency events that spread over a larger window. This results

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MPEG-1 Audio is divided into 3 layers. Each higher layer is more computationally complex, and generally more efficient at lower bitrates than the previous. The layers are semi backwards compatible as higher layers reuse technologies implemented by the lower layers. A "full" Layer II decoder can also

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I-frames store complete frame info within the frame and are therefore suited for random access. P-frames provide compression using motion vectors relative to the previous frame ( I or P ). B-frames provide maximum compression but require the previous as well as next frame for computation. Therefore,

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To decrease the amount of temporal redundancy in a video, only blocks that change are updated, (up to the maximum GOP size). This is known as conditional replenishment. However, this is not very effective by itself. Movement of the objects, and/or the camera may result in large portions of the frame

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High-speed seeking through an MPEG-1 video is only possible to the nearest I-frame. When cutting a video it is not possible to start playback of a segment of video before the first I-frame in the segment (at least not without computationally intensive re-encoding). For this reason, I-frame-only MPEG

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Due to its age, MPEG-1 is no longer covered by any essential patents and can thus be used without obtaining a licence or paying any fees. The ISO patent database lists one patent for ISO 11172, US 4,472,747, which expired in 2003. The near-complete draft of the MPEG-1 standard was publicly available

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audio (typically MPEG-1 Audio, sometimes MPEG-2 Audio). An MP3 file is typically an uncontained stream of raw audio; the conventional way to tag MP3 files is by writing data to "garbage" segments of each frame, which preserve the media information but are discarded by the player. This is similar in

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If the difference between the left and right channels is small, the side channel will be small, which will offer as much as a 50% bitrate savings, and associated quality improvement. If the difference between left and right is large, standard (discrete, left/right) stereo encoding may be preferred,

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Layer II's 1024 point FFT doesn't entirely cover all samples, and would omit several entire MP3 sub-bands, where quantization factors must be determined. MP3 instead uses two passes of FFT analysis for spectral estimation, to calculate the global and individual masking thresholds. This allows it to

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Less significant sub-bands are reduced in accuracy by quantization. This basically involves compressing the frequency range (amplitude of the coefficient), i.e. raising the noise floor. Then computing an amplification factor, for the decoder to use to re-expand each sub-band to the proper frequency

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is a very popular and relatively simple method of entropy coding, and used in MPEG-1 video to reduce the data size. The data is analyzed to find strings that repeat often. Those strings are then put into a special table, with the most frequently repeating data assigned the shortest code. This keeps

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Partial macroblocks, and black borders/bars encoded into the video that do not fall exactly on a macroblock boundary, cause havoc with motion prediction. The block padding/border information prevents the macroblock from closely matching with any other area of the video, and so, significantly larger

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Presentation time stamps (PTS) exist in PS to correct the inevitable disparity between audio and video SCR values (time-base correction). 90 kHz PTS values in the PS header tell the decoder which video SCR values match which audio SCR values. PTS determines when to display a portion of an MPEG

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These sampling rates are exactly half that of those originally defined for MPEG-1 Audio. They were introduced to maintain higher quality sound when encoding audio at lower-bitrates. The even-lower bitrates were introduced because tests showed that MPEG-1 Audio could provide higher quality than any

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Most key features of MPEG-1 Audio were directly inherited from MUSICAM, including the filter bank, time-domain processing, audio frame sizes, etc. However, improvements were made, and the actual MUSICAM algorithm was not used in the final MPEG-1 Audio Layer II standard. The widespread usage of the

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MP3's more fine-grained and selective quantization does prove notably superior to MP2 at lower-bitrates. It is able to provide nearly equivalent audio quality to Layer II, at a 15% lower bitrate (approximately). 128 kbit/s is considered the "sweet spot" for MP3; meaning it provides generally

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MP3 works on 1152 samples like MP2, but needs to take multiple frames for analysis before frequency-domain (MDCT) processing and quantization can be effective. It outputs a variable number of samples, using a bit buffer to enable this variable bitrate (VBR) encoding while maintaining 1152 sample

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values of the DCT block, dividing them by the frame-level quantizer, then dividing them by their corresponding values in the quantization matrix. Finally, the result is rounded down. This significantly reduces, or completely eliminates, the information in some frequency components of the picture.

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MPEG-1 operates on video in a series of 8×8 blocks for quantization. However, to reduce the bit rate needed for motion vectors and because chroma (color) is subsampled by a factor of 4, each pair of (red and blue) chroma blocks corresponds to 4 different luma blocks. That is, for 4 luma blocks of

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and causes an increased delay on both decoding and during encoding. This also necessitates the decoding time stamps (DTS) feature in the container/system stream (see above). As such, B-frames have long been subject of much controversy, they are often avoided in videos, and are sometimes not fully

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between two areas on screen based on the number of pixels (also called pels). MPEG-1 video uses a motion vector (MV) precision of one half of one pixel, or half-pel. The finer the precision of the MVs, the more accurate the match is likely to be, and the more efficient the compression. There are

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A predicted macroblock rarely matches the current picture perfectly, however. The differences between the estimated matching area, and the real frame/macroblock is called the prediction error. The larger the amount of prediction error, the more data must be additionally encoded in the frame. For

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MPEG-1 Video exploits perceptual compression methods to significantly reduce the data rate required by a video stream. It reduces or completely discards information in certain frequencies and areas of the picture that the human eye has limited ability to fully perceive. It also exploits temporal

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Determining how much data from each stream should be in each interleaved segment (the size of the interleave) is complicated, yet an important requirement. Improper interleaving will result in buffer underflows or overflows, as the receiver gets more of one stream than it can store (e.g. audio),

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After 20 meetings of the full group in various cities around the world, and 4½ years of development and testing, the final standard (for parts 1–3) was approved in early November 1992 and published a few months later. The reported completion date of the MPEG-1 standard varies greatly: a largely

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coding, a form of joint stereo. This means that the frequencies above 6 kHz of both channels are combined/down-mixed into one single (mono) channel, but the "side channel" information on the relative intensity (volume, amplitude) of each channel is preserved and encoded into the bitstream

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MPEG-1 has a unique frame type not found in later video standards. "D-frames" or DC-pictures are independently coded images (intra-frames) that have been encoded using DC transform coefficients only (AC coefficients are removed when encoding D-frames—see DCT below) and hence are very low

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MP2 remains a favoured lossy audio coding standard due to its particularly high audio coding performances on important audio material such as castanet, symphonic orchestra, male and female voices and particularly complex and high energy transients (impulses) like percussive sounds: triangle,

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MPEG-1 Audio Layer I is a simplified version of MPEG-1 Audio Layer II. Layer I uses a smaller 384-sample frame size for very low delay, and finer resolution. This is advantageous for applications like teleconferencing, studio editing, etc. It has lower complexity than Layer II to facilitate

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Decoding Time Stamps (DTS), additionally, are required because of B-frames. With B-frames in the video stream, adjacent frames have to be encoded and decoded out-of-order (re-ordered frames). DTS is quite similar to PTS, but instead of just handling sequential frames, it contains the proper

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the data as small as possible with this form of compression. Once the table is constructed, those strings in the data are replaced with their (much smaller) codes, which reference the appropriate entry in the table. The decoder simply reverses this process to produce the original data.

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Typically, sub-bands are less important if they contain quieter sounds (smaller coefficient) than a neighboring (i.e. similar frequency) sub-band with louder sounds (larger coefficient). Also, "noise" components typically have a more significant masking effect than "tonal" components.

2779:(RLE) is a simple method of compressing repetition. A sequential string of characters, no matter how long, can be replaced with a few bytes, noting the value that repeats, and how many times. For example, if someone were to say "five nines", you would know they mean the number: 99999. 1379:, where the picture transitions to (typically) black. All the above problems also apply to edge noise. In addition, the added randomness is simply impossible to compress significantly. All of these effects will lower the quality (or increase the bitrate) of the video substantially. 1275:

is available in decoders, it can save bits by not sending D-frames (thus improving compression of the video content). For this reason, D-frames are seldom actually used in MPEG-1 video encoding, and the D-frame feature has not been included in any later video coding standards.

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video. So much so that very high-speed and theoretically lossless (in reality, there are rounding errors) conversion can be made from one format to the other, provided a couple of restrictions (color space and quantization matrix) are followed in the creation of the bitstream.

1246:"B-frame" stands for "bidirectional-frame" or "bipredictive frame". They may also be known as backwards-predicted frames or B-pictures. B-frames are quite similar to P-frames, except they can make predictions using both the previous and future frames (i.e. two anchor frames). 1001:(VBV) assists in determining if a multiplexed PS can be decoded by a device with a specified data throughput rate and buffer size. This offers feedback to the multiplexer and the encoder, so that they can change the multiplex size or adjust bitrates as needed for compliance. 1178:

Limits are placed on the maximum number of frames between I-frames due to decoding complexing, decoder buffer size, recovery time after data errors, seeking ability, and accumulation of IDCT errors in low-precision implementations most common in hardware decoders (See:

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future P-frame must still encode all the changes between it and the previous I- or P- anchor frame. B-frames can also be beneficial in videos where the background behind an object is being revealed over several frames, or in fading transitions, such as scene changes.

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A "quantization matrix" is a string of 64 numbers (ranging from 0 to 255) which tells the encoder how relatively important or unimportant each piece of visual information is. Each number in the matrix corresponds to a certain frequency component of the video image.

3075: 1056:, meaning it is reduced to half resolution vertically and half resolution horizontally, i.e., to just one quarter the number of samples used for the luma component of the video. This use of higher resolution for some color components is similar in concept to the 972:

that have been concatenated (joined sequentially). This causes PTS values in the middle of the video to reset to zero, which then begin incrementing again. Such PTS wraparound disparities can cause timing issues that must be specially handled by the decoder.

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using the earliest reference implementation (more recent encoders should presumably perform even better). That (approximately) 1:6 compression ratio for CD audio is particularly impressive because it is quite close to the estimated upper limit of perceptual

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prediction error information must be encoded for every one of the several dozen partial macroblocks along the screen border. DCT encoding and quantization (see below) also isn't nearly as effective when there is large/sharp picture contrast in a block.

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I-frame only compression is very fast, but produces very large file sizes: a factor of 3× (or more) larger than normally encoded MPEG-1 video, depending on how temporally complex a specific video is. I-frame only MPEG-1 video is very similar to

2295:(drastically reduced). MPEG-1 actually uses two separate quantization matrices, one for intra-blocks (I-blocks) and one for inter-block (P- and B- blocks) so quantization of different block types can be done independently, and so, more effectively. 1175:(GOP) size. MPEG-1 most commonly uses a GOP size of 15–18. i.e. 1 I-frame for every 14-17 non-I-frames (some combination of P- and B- frames). With more intelligent encoders, GOP size is dynamically chosen, up to some pre-selected maximum limit. 460:

can drastically vary depending on the encoder used, and generally means that newer encoders perform significantly better than their predecessors. The first three parts (Systems, Video and Audio) of ISO/IEC 11172 were published in August 1993.

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MP3 does not benefit from the 32 sub-band polyphased filter bank, instead just using an 18-point MDCT transformation on each output to split the data into 576 frequency components, and processing it in the frequency domain. This extra

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quality improvements from increasing the bitrate further. MP3 is also regarded as exhibiting artifacts that are less annoying than Layer II, when both are used at bitrates that are too low to possibly provide faithful reproduction.

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pan-European inter-governmental research and development initiative for the development of digital audio broadcasting. ASPEC was adapted to fit in with the Layer II model (frame size, filter bank, FFT, etc.), to become Layer III.

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Additionally, the frequency conversion performed by applying the DCT provides a statistical decorrelation function to efficiently concentrate the signal into fewer high-amplitude values prior to applying quantization (see below).

949:(PS) are concerned with combining multiple packetized elementary streams (usually just one audio and video PES) into a single stream, ensuring simultaneous delivery, and maintaining synchronization. The PS structure is known as a 237:

Today, MPEG-1 has become the most widely compatible lossy audio/video format in the world, and is used in a large number of products and technologies. Perhaps the best-known part of the MPEG-1 standard is the first version of the

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The coefficients of quantized DCT blocks tend to zero towards the bottom-right. Maximum compression can be achieved by a zig-zag scanning of the DCT block starting from the top left and using Run-length encoding techniques.

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needing to be updated, even though only the position of the previously encoded objects has changed. Through motion estimation, the encoder can compensate for this movement and remove a large amount of redundant information.

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A full MPEG-1 decoder and encoder, with "Layer III audio", could not be implemented royalty free since there were companies that required patent fees for implementations of MPEG-1 Audio Layer III, as discussed in the

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that is commonly used for the image capturing sensor in digital color cameras. Because the human eye is much more sensitive to small changes in brightness (the Y component) than in color (the Cr and Cb components),

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Development of the MPEG-1 standard began in May 1988. Fourteen video and fourteen audio codec proposals were submitted by individual companies and institutions for evaluation. The codecs were extensively tested for

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It is therefore necessary for the player to first decode the next I- or P- anchor frame sequentially after the B-frame, before the B-frame can be decoded and displayed. This means decoding B-frames requires larger

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time-stamps to tell the decoder when to decode and display the next B-frame (types of frames explained below), ahead of its anchor (P- or I-) frame. Without B-frames in the video, PTS and DTS values are identical.

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refers to how analysis and quantization is performed on short, discrete samples/chunks of the audio waveform. This offers low delay as only a small number of samples are analyzed before encoding, as opposed to

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P-frames have one motion vector per macroblock, relative to the previous anchor frame. B-frames, however, can use two motion vectors; one from the previous anchor frame, and one from the future anchor frame.

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is, essentially, the process of reducing the accuracy of a signal, by dividing it by some larger step size and rounding to an integer value (i.e. finding the nearest multiple, and discarding the remainder).

1333:) from the previous video area to the current macroblock need to be encoded into the inter-frame (P- or B- frame). The reverse of this process, performed by the decoder to reconstruct the picture, is called 883:

MPEG-1 Systems specifies the logical layout and methods used to store the encoded audio, video, and other data into a standard bitstream, and to maintain synchronization between the different contents. This

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size output frames. This causes a significantly longer delay before output, which has caused MP3 to be considered unsuitable for studio applications where editing or other processing needs to take place.

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channels is stored as a separate (side, L-R) channel. Unlike intensity stereo, this process does not discard any audio information. When combined with quantization, however, it can exaggerate artifacts.

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Elementary Streams (ES) are the raw bitstreams of MPEG-1 audio and video encoded data (output from an encoder). These files can be distributed on their own, such as is the case with MP3 files.

433:. The codecs that excelled in this testing were utilized as the basis for the standard and refined further, with additional features and other improvements being incorporated in the process. 985:

To generate the PS, the multiplexer will interleave the (two or more) packetized elementary streams. This is done so the packets of the simultaneous streams can be transferred over the same

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encoding (like MP3) which must analyze many times more samples before it can decide how to transform and output encoded audio. This also offers higher performance on complex, random and

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video. Due in part to the similarity between the two codecs, the MPEG-2 standard includes full backwards compatibility with MPEG-1 video, so any MPEG-2 decoder can play MPEG-1 videos.

3139:(based on MP2), despite being compromised by an inferior matrixed mode (for the sake of backwards compatibility) rates just slightly lower than much more recent audio codecs, such as 1112: 409:

video and audio formats, and to build on H.261 to get better quality through the use of somewhat more complex encoding methods (e.g., supporting higher precision for motion vectors).

4761:"ISO/IEC TR 11172-5:1998 – Information technology – Coding of moving pictures and associated audio for digital storage media at up to about 1,5 Mbit/s – Part 5: Software simulation" 1888:

encoding. Only the (smaller) amount of difference between each DC value and the value of the DC coefficient in the block to its left needs to be represented in the final bitstream.

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The encoder compares the current frame with adjacent parts of the video from the anchor frame (previous I- or P- frame) in a diamond pattern, up to a (encoder-specific) predefined

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Example of 4:2:0 subsampling. The two overlapping center circles represent chroma blue and chroma red (color) pixels, while the 4 outside circles represent the luma (brightness).

4735:"ISO/IEC 11172-4:1995 – Information technology – Coding of moving pictures and associated audio for digital storage media at up to about 1,5 Mbit/s – Part 4: Compliance testing" 3307:

must be encoded in the audio. This is pushed to the top of the frequency range, where most people have limited hearing, in hopes the distortion it causes will be less audible.

456:, and decoder function, but does not define how MPEG-1 encoding is to be performed, although a reference implementation is provided in ISO/IEC-11172-5. This means that MPEG-1 2958:

at a bitrate of 384 kbit/s. With the substantial performance improvements in digital processing since its introduction, Layer I quickly became unnecessary and obsolete.

1147:", so-called because they can be decoded independently of any other frames. They may also be known as I-pictures, or keyframes due to their somewhat similar function to the 663:

The following corporations filed declarations with ISO saying they held patents for the MPEG-1 Video (ISO/IEC-11172-2) format, although all such patents have since expired.

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A Continuous Media Player, Lawrence A. Rowe and Brian C. Smith, Proc. 3rd Int. Workshop on Network and OS Support for Digital Audio and Video, San Diego CA (November 1992)

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Provides two sets of guidelines and reference bitstreams for testing the conformance of MPEG-1 audio and video decoders, as well as the bitstreams produced by an encoder.

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quality. D-frames are never referenced by I-, P- or B- frames. D-frames are only used for fast previews of video, for instance when seeking through a video at high speed.

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uses PASC (Precision Adaptive Sub-band Coding) to encode its audio. PASC is an early version of MPEG-1 Audio Layer I with a fixed bit rate of 384 kilobits per second.

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standard includes several extensions to MPEG-1 Audio. These are known as MPEG-2 BC – backwards compatible with MPEG-1 Audio. MPEG-2 Audio is defined in ISO/IEC 13818-3.

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to significantly reduce the data rate required by an audio stream. It reduces or completely discards certain parts of the audio that it deduces that the human ear can't

4657:"ISO/IEC 11172-1:1993 – Information technology – Coding of moving pictures and associated audio for digital storage media at up to about 1,5 Mbit/s – Part 1: Systems" 3877:"ISO/IEC 11172-1:1993 – Information technology – Coding of moving pictures and associated audio for digital storage media at up to about 1,5 Mbit/s – Part 1: Systems" 3526:(defined in MPEG-2). Other suffixes such as .m2ts also exist specifying the precise container, in this case MPEG-2 TS, but this has little relevance to MPEG-1 media. 3291:

allows MP3 to have a much finer psychoacoustic model, and more carefully apply appropriate quantization to each band, providing much better low-bitrate performance.

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Quantization eliminates a large amount of data, and is the main lossy processing step in MPEG-1 video encoding. This is also the primary source of most MPEG-1 video

892:, that are considered relatively reliable. Only limited error protection is defined by the standard, and small errors in the bitstream may cause noticeable defects. 4709:"ISO/IEC 11172-3:1993 – Information technology – Coding of moving pictures and associated audio for digital storage media at up to about 1,5 Mbit/s – Part 3: Audio" 4683:"ISO/IEC 11172-2:1993 – Information technology – Coding of moving pictures and associated audio for digital storage media at up to about 1,5 Mbit/s – Part 2: Video" 899:: "The MPEG-1 Systems design is essentially identical to the MPEG-2 Program Stream structure." This terminology is more popular, precise (differentiates it from an 3880: 1307:

of 16, full rows and full columns of macroblocks must still be encoded and decoded to fill out the picture (though the extra decoded pixels are not displayed).

1111:(SIF) resolution: 352×240, 352×288, or 320×240. These relatively low resolutions, combined with a bitrate less than 1.5 Mbit/s, make up what is known as a 1360:

Because neighboring macroblocks are likely to have very similar motion vectors, this redundant information can be compressed quite effectively by being stored

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A B-frame can contain any number of intra-coded blocks and forward-predicted blocks, in addition to backwards-predicted, or bidirectionally predicted blocks.

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size 8x8, there is one Cb block of 8x8 and one Cr block of 8x8. This set of 6 blocks, with a picture resolution of 16×16, is processed together and called a

860:(DAB) standard uses MPEG-1 Audio Layer II exclusively, due to its especially high quality, modest decoder performance requirements, and tolerance of errors. 218:-quality raw digital video and CD audio down to about 1.5 Mbit/s (26:1 and 6:1 compression ratios respectively) without excessive quality loss, making 4977: 3837:"Programme of Work — Allocated to SC 29/WG 11, MPEG-1 (Coding of moving pictures and associated audio for digital storage media at up to about 1,5 Mbit/s)" 5106: 6746: 4025: 9062: 7832: 5963: 4267: 1077:, this issue seems to very rarely be a source of annoyance. Because of the subsampling, Y′CbCr 4:2:0 video is ordinarily stored using even dimensions ( 6204: 5020: 3983: 5786: 4024:. Joint Video Team (JVT) of ISO/IEC MPEG & ITU-T VCEG (ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11 and ITU-T SG16 Q.6). July 2002. pp. 11, 24–9, 33, 40–1, 53–6. 3217: 3034:

for time-frequency mapping; having overlapping ranges (i.e. polyphased) to prevent aliasing. The psychoacoustic model is based on the principles of

6741: 6143: 6069: 4360:] exact name is ISO CD 11172. You may order it from your national standards body (e.g. ANSI in the USA) or buy it from companies like OMNICOM 3241: 5425: 5077: 10706: 6243: 5172: 4641: 3861: 3801: 2734: 1017:(over time) and spatial (across a picture) redundancy common in video to achieve better data compression than would be possible otherwise. (See: 6119: 4873: 3319:

as mid/side joint stereo will not provide any benefits. An MP3 encoder can switch between m/s stereo and full stereo on a frame-by-frame basis.

2737:, etc. This happens when video is encoded with an insufficient bitrate, and the encoder is therefore forced to use high frame-level quantizers ( 1123:. This was selected to provide a good balance between quality and performance, allowing the use of reasonably inexpensive hardware of the time. 931:

Simultaneously encoded audio and video streams will not have identical SCR values, however, due to buffering, encoding, jitter, and other delay.

8946: 8737: 8133: 7663: 6149: 5918: 5508: 5207: 5178: 4527: 4487: 4452: 4307: 4273: 4198: 4144: 3807: 3311:

cover all 1152 samples. Of the two, it utilizes the global masking threshold level from the more critical pass, with the most difficult audio.

247: 156: 5869: 5747: 4398: 4338: 3777: 9476: 8484: 7627: 6216: 5465: 4842: 4521: 4229: 651:

article. All patents in the world connected to MP3 expired 30 December 2017, which makes this format totally free for use. On 23 April 2017,

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The typical data rate of an I-frame is 1 bit per pixel while that of a P-frame is 0.1 bit per pixel and for a B-frame, 0.015 bit per pixel.

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The FDCT process converts the 8×8 block of uncompressed pixel values (brightness or color difference values) into an 8×8 indexed array of

1231:

A P-frame can contain any number of intra-coded blocks (DCT and Quantized), in addition to any forward-predicted blocks (Motion Vectors).

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efficient video compression, it is very important that the encoder is capable of effectively and precisely performing motion estimation.

8772: 5391: 5059:"Digital transmission system using subband coding of a digital signal" Filed: May 31, 1990, Granted May 25, 1993, Expires May 31, 2010? 5052: 4796: 4088: 3260: 9844: 8950: 8733: 8137: 7667: 7380: 7100: 6153: 5922: 5909: 5512: 5211: 5182: 4531: 4491: 4456: 4311: 4277: 4054: 3811: 251: 160: 5599: 5536: 10350: 10173: 9967: 9292: 8520: 7746: 7221: 1394:(FDCT) and then a quantization process. The FDCT process (by itself) is theoretically lossless, and can be reversed by applying an 1300:

A macroblock is the smallest independent unit of (color) video. Motion vectors (see below) operate solely at the macroblock level.

687: 6018: 5566: 5502: 5215: 4928: 1065:

is a very effective way to reduce the amount of video data that needs to be compressed. However, on videos with fine detail (high

9658: 8590: 3928: 1364:-encoded. Only the (smaller) amount of difference between the MVs for each macroblock needs to be stored in the final bitstream. 5136: 4952: 965:. Either video or audio will be delayed by the decoder until the corresponding segment of the other arrives and can be decoded. 10355: 9932: 8595: 6550: 8777: 4616: 3836: 3131:, at just over 1:8. Achieving much higher compression is simply not possible without discarding some perceptible information. 1353:(minimal gains) with higher precision MVs. Half-pel precision was chosen as the ideal trade-off for that point in time. (See: 1088:

to simplify the notation, although that term more properly applies to a somewhat different color format. Similarly, the terms

258:

Information technology—Coding of moving pictures and associated audio for digital storage media at up to about 1.5 Mbit/s

8177: 5777: 5244: 3674: 10085: 8658: 7596: 6851: 4446: 4111: 3902: 804: 5692: 4415: 3688: 366:. H.261 was the first practical video coding standard, and all of its described design elements were also used in MPEG-1. 6236: 2879: 1210:

in image from the frame (either an I-frame or P-frame) immediately preceding it (this reference frame is also called the

6048: 3957: 3876: 10462: 10200: 10139: 9950: 9900: 9723: 9418: 9383: 9361: 8560: 8535: 5997: 4301: 4204: 4150: 3015:

pan-European inter-governmental research and development initiative for the development of digital audio broadcasting.

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RLE is particularly effective after quantization, as a significant number of the AC coefficients are now zero (called

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audio format designed to provide acceptable quality at about 64 kbit/s for monaural audio over single-channel (

421:(human perceived) quality, at data rates of 1.5 Mbit/s. This specific bitrate was chosen for transmission over 10575: 9200: 8754: 8653: 8443: 7845: 5705: 5405: 5352: 5325: 5298: 5271: 3233: 1009:

Part 2 of the MPEG-1 standard covers video and is defined in ISO/IEC-11172-2. The design was heavily influenced by

796:

The widespread popularity of MPEG-2 with broadcasters means MPEG-1 is playable by most digital cable and satellite

370: 355: 831:

The DVD-Video standard originally required MPEG-1 Audio Layer II for PAL countries, but was changed to allow AC-3/

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Q. Well, then how do I get the documents, like the MPEG I draft? A. MPEG is a draft ISO standard. It's [

3264: 3008: 1350: 10558: 10178: 9972: 9760: 9297: 8980: 8385: 8214: 7133: 6996: 6229: 5098: 3546: 3479: 2979:

audio format designed to provide high quality at about 192 kbit/s for stereo sound. Decoding MP2 audio is

2306:

data) which can then be more efficiently compressed by entropy coding (lossless compression) in the next step.

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Subjective audio testing by experts, in the most critical conditions ever implemented, has shown MP2 to offer

3019:

term MUSICAM to refer to Layer II is entirely incorrect and discouraged for both technical and legal reasons.

1884:

Since the DC coefficient value is statistically correlated from one block to the next, it is compressed using

1323:

limit from the area of the current macroblock. If a match is found, only the direction and distance (i.e. the

10655: 9691: 9444: 9106: 8492: 8478: 7931: 6756: 6286: 4617:"MPEG-1 (Coding of moving pictures and associated audio for digital storage media at up to about 1,5 Mbit/s)" 4015: 3518:

audio and video compression. MPEG-1 Part 2 video is rare nowadays, and this extension typically refers to an

3091: 3043: 10320: 8472: 7925: 5028: 4281: 10645: 10548: 10090: 9648: 9462: 9440: 9042: 8963: 8673: 8380: 8370: 8279: 8142: 7817: 7739: 7672: 7643: 7613: 7535: 7142: 6183: 5402:– (Requires clever reading: says quantization matrices differ, but those are just defaults, and selectable) 3993: 3607: 3128: 3123: 1131:

MPEG-1 has several frame/picture types that serve different purposes. The most important, yet simplest, is

835:-only discs. MPEG-1 Audio Layer II is still allowed on DVDs, although newer extensions to the format, like 430: 386: 1228:

of the frame (see below). Such motion vector data will be embedded in the P-frame for use by the decoder.

1115:(CPB), later renamed the "Low Level" (LL) profile in MPEG-2. This is the minimum video specifications any 9638: 9633: 8550: 5878: 3425:

reference code for encoding and decoding of audio and video, as well as multiplexing and demultiplexing.

3028: 95: 6157: 3061:

impulses (such as percussive instruments, and applause), offering avoidance of artifacts like pre-echo.

2291:

Typically, high frequency information is less visually important, and so high frequencies are much more

1191:"P-frame" is an abbreviation for "Predicted-frame". They may also be called forward-predicted frames or 10701: 10580: 10507: 10345: 10325: 10269: 9927: 9718: 9521: 9423: 9398: 8888: 8525: 8332: 7784: 7457: 7395: 6671: 6666: 6368: 6296: 5445: 5069: 2856: 1066: 990: 954: 857: 850: 655:

stopped charging for Technicolor's MP3 licensing program for certain MP3 related patents and software.

231: 182: 5186: 4899: 3815: 3764: 10681: 10590: 10531: 10457: 10305: 9895: 9890: 9745: 9588: 9373: 8903: 8827: 8746: 7981: 6110: 3773: 1391: 351: 331: 6195: 4869: 4208: 4154: 10595: 10168: 9962: 9663: 9334: 9287: 9121: 9075: 8937: 8873: 8610: 8011: 7021: 5882: 5753: 4402: 4342: 3989: 3464: 3422: 3106: 3094:(ATH) are completely discarded. The available bits are then assigned to each sub-band accordingly. 2955: 998: 864: 369:

Modeled on the successful collaborative approach and the compression technologies developed by the

5469: 5440: 5049: 4848: 4535: 4239: 10536: 9907: 9794: 9750: 9563: 9546: 9536: 9280: 9247: 9163: 9101: 9070: 8630: 8390: 6661: 5959: 4991: 4895: 4590:"INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATION FOR STANDARDISATION ORGANISATION INTERNATIONALE DE NORMALISATION ISO" 3475: 3468: 3416:

Part 5 of the MPEG-1 standard includes reference software, and is defined in ISO/IEC TR 11172–5.

3090:, and how much quantization noise each can contain without being perceived. Any sounds below the 2862: 920: 752: 7879: 4593: 4495: 4376: 306:

Reference software (example software showing how to encode and decode according to the standard)

10161: 9912: 9696: 9541: 9378: 9111: 8958: 8585: 7822: 7763: 7751: 7605: 7577: 7561: 5435: 3159: 3083: 989:

and are guaranteed to both arrive at the decoder at precisely the same time. This is a case of

151: 10433: 5658: 3279:. Even though it utilizes some of the lower layer functions, MP3 is quite different from MP2. 10691: 10686: 10565: 9341: 9185: 8975: 8194: 8172: 8150: 7812: 7420: 7385: 7346: 7324: 7297: 7271: 6801: 6691: 6252: 5383: 4266:

Chiariglione, Leonardo; Le Gall, Didier; Musmann, Hans-Georg; Simon, Allen (September 1990),

3542: 3523: 3402:

Part 4 of the MPEG-1 standard covers conformance testing, and is defined in ISO/IEC-11172-4.

3229: 3193: 3144: 3058: 2984: 2970: 2770: 2751: 2714: 1885: 1361: 986: 900: 889: 828:

format uses MPEG-2 video primarily, but MPEG-1 support is explicitly defined in the standard.

783: 398: 298: 280: 4786: 4078: 4048: 1104:

MPEG-1 supports resolutions up to 4095×4095 (12 bits), and bit rates up to 100 Mbit/s.

10249: 9711: 9673: 9494: 9314: 9001: 8162: 8093: 7961: 7530: 7319: 7266: 7069: 7036: 6901: 6470: 3700:

Reference 3 in the paper is to Committee Draft of Standard ISO/IEC 11172, December 6, 1991.

3173: 3039: 2927: 2754:. Since lossless compression aims to remove as much redundancy as possible, it is known as 1074: 227: 5926: 4620: 3534:

many respects to how raw .AAC files are tagged (but this is less supported nowadays, e.g.

997:

before it gets enough data to decode the other simultaneous stream (e.g. video). The MPEG

961:

program, and is also used by the decoder to determine when data can be discarded from the

8: 10480: 10371: 10330: 10315: 10284: 10279: 10188: 10095: 10028: 9997: 9982: 9765: 9302: 8970: 8762: 8668: 8615: 8327: 8122: 8098: 8046: 7802: 7705: 7652: 7309: 7302: 7245: 7001: 5609: 5542: 3586: 3519: 3336: 3245: 2934: 2903:

Layer I: 32, 64, 96, 128, 160, 192, 224, 256, 288, 320, 352, 384, 416 and 448 kbit/s

2786:

data), and can be represented with just a couple of bytes. This is stored in a special 2-

2776: 1334: 1108: 946: 941: 896: 712: 692: 343: 328: 276: 2813:

processing of B-frames requires more buffer on the decoded side. A configuration of the

768:

for video playback includes MPEG-1 decoding, in addition to any other supported formats.

10553: 10523: 10502: 10408: 10340: 10234: 9922: 9738: 9728: 9623: 9603: 9598: 9393: 8908: 8893: 8433: 8405: 8088: 8051: 7126: 6976: 6956: 6181:

Official Web Page of the Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG) a working group of ISO/IEC

6022: 5688: 5562: 5516: 5379: 5373: 5201: 4924: 3680: 2975:

MPEG-1 Audio Layer II (the first version of MP2, often informally called MUSICAM) is a

2909:

Layer III: 32, 40, 48, 56, 64, 80, 96, 112, 128, 160, 192, 224, 256 and 320 kbit/s

2906:

Layer II: 32, 48, 56, 64, 80, 96, 112, 128, 160, 192, 224, 256, 320 and 384 kbit/s

2839:, either because they are in frequencies where the ear has limited sensitivity, or are 2759: 1375:

An even more serious problem exists with macroblocks that contain significant, random,

1062: 737: 441:, intended to extend MPEG-1 technology to provide full broadcast-quality video (as per 406: 382: 199: 36: 10134: 9351: 8252: 7111: 5842:

IEEE Journal on Select Areas in Communications, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 314-323, Feb. 1988.

3932: 3661:. ACM Multimedia. New York City: Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 75–82. 10497: 10485: 10467: 10335: 10219: 10156: 10002: 9917: 9873: 9834: 9516: 9319: 9270: 8722: 8565: 8155: 8006: 7680: 7334: 6063: 5128: 4971: 4635: 4058: 3855: 3670: 3570: 3359: 3136: 3087: 2814: 1172: 1018: 836: 732: 339: 3659:

Proceedings of the first ACM international conference on Multimedia - MULTIMEDIA '93

3326:(after perceptual) to further reduce the bitrate, without any further quality loss. 793:

became widespread, many digital satellite/cable TV services used MPEG-1 exclusively.

10472: 10428: 10401: 10396: 10254: 10239: 10149: 10058: 10053: 9882: 9615: 9593: 9485: 9368: 9265: 9257: 9143: 9096: 9024: 8991: 8204: 7870: 7722: 7690: 7639: 7415: 6626: 3840: 3684: 3662: 3276: 3054: 3035: 2841: 2730: 1235: 457: 422: 223: 169: 6042: 5790: 5238: 3288: 3068: 10391: 10205: 10129: 10110: 10080: 10048: 10014: 9573: 9511: 9346: 9138: 8247: 8224: 7540: 6856: 6211: 6199: 6187: 5431: 4995: 4992:" Can a MPEG-1 with Audio Layers 1&2 plugin be in plugins-good (patentwise)?" 4792: 3611: 3225: 919:

into packets of variable lengths, i.e., divided ES into independent chunks where

742: 672: 618: 590: 562: 534: 506: 211: 8708: 5816:, Proceedings of the 10th International AES Conference, pp 91 - 102, London 1991 4460: 4419: 4120: 3906: 2872: 1908:

user-specified bitrate, or (much less commonly) directly specified by the user.

1203: 1151:

used in animation. I-frames can be considered effectively identical to baseline

303:

Conformance testing (testing the correctness of implementations of the standard)

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standard, based on VCD, uses MPEG-1 audio exclusively, as well as MPEG-2 video.

818: 776: 652: 390: 363: 2828:

Part 3 of the MPEG-1 standard covers audio and is defined in ISO/IEC-11172-3.

1120: 10696: 10675: 10490: 10438: 10105: 10100: 10075: 10007: 9628: 9526: 9324: 9131: 8625: 8423: 8189: 8073: 7717: 7473: 7375: 7362: 7314: 7119: 7079: 7074: 7064: 7059: 7054: 7046: 7041: 7031: 7016: 7011: 6966: 6951: 6946: 6941: 6931: 6921: 6911: 6906: 6886: 6881: 6871: 6846: 6836: 6826: 6791: 6786: 6776: 6771: 6761: 6736: 6731: 6044: 5605: 5056: 4235: 3961: 3391: 3369: 3150:

Layer II audio files typically use the extension ".mp2" or sometimes ".m2a".

3140: 3046:(ATH). The size of a Layer II frame is fixed at 1152-samples (coefficients). 2722: 1049:(color, hue, phase) and even further separated into red and blue components. 832: 347: 69: 8688: 5987: 5952:

Perceptual Coding of Digital Audio (Proceedings of the IEEE, VOL. 88, NO. 4)

4315: 2997:

Masking pattern adapted Universal Subband Integrated Coding And Multiplexing

2961:

Layer I audio files typically use the extension ".mp1" or sometimes ".m1a".

1304: 1297:

All of these 8x8 blocks are independently put through DCT and quantization.

1199: 10611: 9578: 9553: 9454: 9148: 8913: 8703: 8698: 8555: 8530: 8026: 7452: 7026: 7006: 6726: 6701: 6686: 6681: 6676: 6656: 6651: 6646: 6641: 6636: 6631: 6621: 6616: 6611: 6311: 4563: 4083: 3722: 1057: 1042: 950: 418: 389:(MPEG) working group was established in January 1988, by the initiative of 359: 6088: 5682: 4760: 4734: 4708: 4682: 4656: 3666: 3378:: 8, 16, 24, 32, 40, 48, 56, 64, 80, 96, 112, 128, 144 and 160 kbit/s 2952: 1220:

The difference between a P-frame and its anchor frame is calculated using

1144: 611: 583: 555: 527: 499: 10570: 10448: 10244: 10120: 10070: 9212: 9153: 9091: 8693: 8456: 8451: 8036: 7956: 7685: 6601: 6393: 6363: 6356: 6351: 5720: 5390:

International Conference on Multimedia Computing and Systems, p. 3,

3632:

A format originally based on MPEG-1 Audio Layer II, but now incompatible.

3049: 3031: 2787: 1251: 1093: 1046: 962: 885: 797: 335: 5346: 5319: 5292: 5265: 4375:(Press release). ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11. 6 November 1992. Archived from 3958:"MPEG standards – Full list of standards developed or under development" 3188: 2783: 2303: 1324: 1212: 1192: 1029: 10627: 10418: 10413: 10300: 10259: 10065: 9126: 9019: 8428: 8199: 8068: 8031: 7966: 7850: 7727: 7636: 6971: 6896: 6811: 6751: 3598: 3205: 3135:

glockenspiel and audience applause. More recent testing has shown that

3012: 2947:

Layer I saw limited adoption in its time, and most notably was used on

2800:

This is the final step in the video encoding process, so the result of

2718: 1284: 1038: 446: 50: 43:.mpeg, .mpg, .mpe, .mp1, .mp2, .mp3, .m1v, .m1a, .m2a, .m2v, .mpa, .mpv 6217:

A simple, concise explanation from Berkeley Multimedia Research Center

4816: 2790:

Huffman table that codes the run-length and the run-ending character.

2298:

This quantization process usually reduces a significant number of the

853:(DVB) standard primarily uses MPEG-1 Audio Layer II, and MPEG-2 video. 9195: 8797: 8600: 8580: 8400: 8395: 8058: 8016: 7084: 6861: 6796: 6585: 6580: 6575: 6570: 6565: 6555: 6545: 6540: 6530: 6525: 6520: 6515: 6505: 6500: 6495: 6480: 6475: 6465: 6460: 6455: 6445: 6440: 6435: 6430: 6425: 6420: 6415: 6410: 6388: 6383: 6373: 6346: 6341: 6331: 6326: 6321: 6316: 6306: 6301: 6291: 6276: 6271: 6266: 6112:

ISO/IEC 13818-7, Fourth edition, Part 7 – Advanced Audio Coding (AAC)

3541:

Note that although it would apply, .mpg does not normally append raw

3248: 3065: 1234:

If a video drastically changes from one frame to the next (such as a

1148: 1096:

are often used instead of the (more accurate) terms luma and chroma.

1089: 1078: 888:

is specifically designed for storage on media, and transmission over

825: 453: 426: 3453: 906: 800:, and digital disc and tape players, due to backwards compatibility. 273:

storage and synchronization of video, audio, and other data together

10541: 10386: 10043: 9173: 9052: 8683: 8575: 8001: 7855: 6936: 6510: 6490: 6450: 6405: 6336: 6281: 6043:

D. Thom, H. Purnhagen, and the MPEG Audio Subgroup (October 1998).

3629: 3561:

The Moving Picture Experts Group, developers of the MPEG-1 standard

3296: 2918:

Layer III audio, although not all higher level players are "full".

2896: 1070: 1037:

Before encoding video to MPEG-1, the color-space is transformed to

924: 811: 786:" can play back MPEG-1 Audio. Many millions have been sold to-date. 765: 717: 442: 219: 5840:

Transform Coding of Audio Signals Using Perceptual Noise Criteria,

10310: 9784: 9733: 9388: 9329: 9242: 8996: 8883: 8842: 8837: 8822: 8817: 8812: 8807: 8802: 8663: 8605: 8545: 8309: 8289: 8274: 8063: 7991: 7971: 7178: 6961: 6926: 6916: 6485: 6398: 4870:"homework] summary of the video (and audio) codec discussion" 3617: 3437: 3375: 3004: 2948: 747: 707: 677: 7635: 6221: 6180: 5908:

Meares, David; Watanabe, Kaoru; Scheirer, Eric (February 1998),

3604: 9824: 9190: 8648: 8342: 8182: 8103: 8083: 8021: 7758: 7734: 7712: 7700: 7514: 7509: 7504: 7499: 7494: 7341: 7226: 7216: 7202: 7194: 7183: 7173: 7168: 7163: 7158: 6991: 6986: 6981: 6891: 6831: 6821: 6816: 6806: 6716: 5050:

http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5214678

5021:"[whatwg] MPEG-1 subset proposal for HTML5 video codec" 4788:

Choosing the Optimal Video Resolution: The MPEG-2 Player Market

4265: 3580: 3535: 3515: 3352: 2807: 1320: 968:

PTS handling can be problematic. Decoders must accept multiple

843: 790: 779:

of hardware that can play back MPEG-1 Audio (all three layers).

438: 284: 272: 144: 5827:

Estimation of Perceptual Entropy Using Noise Masking Criteria,

5424:

Wee, Susie J.; Vasudev, Bhaskaran; Liu, Sam (March 13, 1997),

3766:

MPEG: a video compression standard for multimedia applications

3721:

Adler, Mark; Popp, Harald; Hjerde, Morten (November 9, 1996),

3567:

Additional less technical details about MPEG-1 Audio Layer III

3122:

audio compression at 256 kbit/s for 16-bit 44.1 kHz

3027:

MP2 is a time-domain encoder. It uses a low-delay 32 sub-band

10659: 10264: 9857: 9804: 9237: 9168: 9011: 8787: 8750: 8635: 8337: 8304: 8299: 8294: 8284: 8269: 8264: 8259: 8242: 8234: 7996: 7976: 7807: 7797: 7792: 7780: 7768: 7582: 7368: 7256: 6841: 6721: 6711: 6706: 6696: 6606: 6535: 4020: 3335:

acceptable quality stereo sound on most music, and there are

3169: 2976: 2726: 1164: 1116: 1053: 1010: 722: 402: 374: 324: 320: 316: 207: 203: 134: 9814: 9668: 9653: 9643: 9178: 8923: 8878: 8868: 8858: 8832: 8792: 8782: 8678: 8620: 8540: 8503: 8498: 8415: 8357: 8347: 8108: 7986: 7860: 7840: 6866: 6781: 6378: 5993: 5387: 4050:

Standard Codecs: Image Compression to Advanced Video Coding

3623: 3558: 3433: 3177: 1399: 1354: 1180: 1152: 915:

Packetized Elementary Streams (PES) are elementary streams

807: 727: 378: 130: 65: 3001:

Centre commun d'études de télévision et télécommunications

9789: 9755: 9217: 9205: 9047: 8863: 8767: 8570: 8167: 7909: 7904: 7899: 7894: 7889: 7884: 7329: 7276: 6560: 6192: 5863: 5861: 4356: 3564: 3549:. The .aac extension normally denotes these audio files. 3530: 3514:.mpg is one of a number of file extensions for MPEG-1 or 3165: 1085: 772: 702: 697: 682: 667: 648: 294: 239: 215: 5674: 3074: 1198:

P-frames exist to improve compression by exploiting the

350:

in the decoder, with residual difference coding using a

7141: 5853:

Subjective Listening Test of Multi-channel Audio Codecs

5771: 5769: 5427:

Transcoding MPEG Video Streams in the Compressed Domain

4136: 3529:.mp3 is the most common extension for files containing 3082:

The psychoacoustic model is applied using a 1024-point

452:

Notably, the MPEG-1 standard very strictly defines the

445:) at high bitrates (3–15 Mbit/s) and support for 327:). The basic architecture established in H.261 was the 5907: 5858: 3920: 2324: 1930: 1432: 381:

image compression standard and the H.261 standard for

5855:, AES 105th Convention Paper 4813, San Francisco 1998 3204:(ASPEC) codec developed by Fraunhofer as part of the 2318: 1924: 1426: 7495:

Part 1: Transport and Storage of Genomic Information

5766: 5657:, IEEE MultiMedia Journal, p. 8, archived from 4441: 4439: 4437: 2995:

MPEG-1 Audio Layer II was derived from the MUSICAM (

1414:

flat block value represented by the DC coefficient.

1238:), it is more efficient to encode it as an I-frame. 6102: 5903: 5901: 5867: 5814:

Subjective Assessments on Low Bit-rate Audio Codecs

5684:

A Survey of Compressed Domain Processing Techniques

4614: 3834: 3601:

includes MPEG-1/2 video/audio encoders and decoders

2286:Quantization is performed by taking each of the 64 1045:(brightness, resolution) is stored separately from 315:The predecessor of MPEG-1 for video coding was the 5911:Report on the MPEG-2 AAC Stereo Verification Tests 5345:Fimoff, Mark; Bretl, Wayne E. (December 1, 1999), 5318:Fimoff, Mark; Bretl, Wayne E. (December 1, 1999), 5291:Fimoff, Mark; Bretl, Wayne E. (December 1, 1999), 5264:Fimoff, Mark; Bretl, Wayne E. (December 1, 1999), 4192: 4190: 3648: 3646: 2702: 2275: 1873: 1303:If the height or width of the video are not exact 1119:should be able to handle, to be considered MPEG-1 6019:"MPEG Audio FAQ Version 9 – MPEG-1 and MPEG-2 BC" 6010: 5942: 5787:International Conference on Digital Audio Effects 5643: 5641: 5639: 5637: 5635: 5633: 5631: 5629: 5627: 5625: 5496: 5494: 5492: 5490: 5488: 5486: 5419: 5417: 5415: 5365: 4562:Popp, Harald; Hjerde, Morten (November 9, 1996), 4434: 4333: 4331: 4188: 4186: 4184: 4182: 4180: 4178: 4176: 4174: 4172: 4170: 3405:Conformance: Procedures for testing conformance. 3322:Unlike Layers I and II, MP3 uses variable-length 907:Elementary streams, packets, and clock references 10673: 5898: 5745: 5170: 5103:Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits IIS 4976:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 4778: 4261: 4259: 4257: 4255: 3951: 3949: 3343:Layer III audio files use the extension ".mp3". 7583:Part 2: Low Complexity Enhancement Video Coding 4608: 4079:"The History of Video File Formats Infographic" 3894: 3720: 3643: 377:'s Experts Group on Telephony (creators of the 5948: 5712: 5622: 5593: 5591: 5589: 5587: 5585: 5583: 5483: 5412: 5233: 5231: 5166: 5164: 5162: 5160: 5158: 5156: 5154: 4565:MPEG-FAQ: multimedia compression [2/9] 4328: 4167: 3724:MPEG-FAQ: multimedia compression [1/9] 3655:"Performance of a software MPEG video decoder" 3652: 3397: 1387:Each 8×8 block is encoded by first applying a 9470: 7621: 7127: 6237: 5949:Painter, Ted; Spanias, Andreas (April 2000), 5500: 5423: 5193: 4557: 4555: 4553: 4551: 4294: 4252: 4109: 3946: 3758: 3756: 3754: 3752: 3750: 3748: 3746: 3744: 3620:A high quality MPEG-1 Audio Layer II encoder. 3411: 3180:links, and 128 kbit/s for stereo sound. 3164:MPEG-1 Audio Layer III (the first version of 927:was added to each packet for error detection. 31:Moving Picture Experts Group Phase 1 (MPEG-1) 9484: 7536:Part 2: High Efficiency Video Coding (H.265) 6142:Chiariglione, Leonardo (November 11, 1994), 6141: 6068:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 5871:EBU evaluations of multichannel audio codecs 5829:in Proc. ICASSP-88, pp. 2524-2527, May 1988. 5371: 5338: 5311: 5284: 5257: 4479: 4227: 3799: 3716: 3714: 3712: 3710: 3708: 3706: 3583:The direct successor to the MPEG-1 standard. 3200:MPEG-1 Audio Layer III was derived from the 3078:Example FFT analysis on an audio wave sample 2808:GOP configurations for specific applications 1171:The length between I-frames is known as the 1126: 293:Audio (compressed audio content), including 263:The standard consists of the following five 6135: 5746:Grill, B.; Quackenbush, S. (October 2005), 5580: 5344: 5317: 5290: 5263: 5228: 5171:Grill, B.; Quackenbush, S. (October 2005), 5151: 4867: 4640:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 4515: 4513: 4511: 4483:MPEG Press Release, London, 6 November 1992 4480:Chiariglione, Leonardo (November 6, 1992), 3860:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 3800:Chiariglione, Leonardo (October 21, 1989), 3482:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 3202:Adaptive Spectral Perceptual Entropy Coding 2769:The DC coefficients and motion vectors are 1107:MPEG-1 videos are most commonly seen using 842:Most DVD players also support Video CD and 405:). MPEG was formed to address the need for 9477: 9463: 7628: 7614: 7546:Part 12: High Efficiency Image File Format 7134: 7120: 6244: 6230: 6036: 4959:. Archived from the original on 2008-09-16 4902:, Digital Preservation. October 21, 2014. 4809: 4561: 4548: 4221: 3741: 3346: 2804:is known as the MPEG-1 video "bitstream." 1417:An example of an encoded 8×8 FDCT block: 1041:(Y′=Luma, Cb=Chroma Blue, Cr=Chroma Red). 429:lines and as the approximate data rate of 7101:International Electrotechnical Commission 5779:From Joint Stereo to Spatial Audio Coding 5439: 4269:Press Release – Status report of ISO MPEG 4055:Institution of Engineering and Technology 3793: 3703: 3653:Patel K, Smith BC, Rowe LA (1993-09-01). 3502:Learn how and when to remove this message 1159:videos are used in editing applications. 803:MPEG-1 was used for full-screen video on 5501:Thom, D.; Purnhagen, H. (October 1998), 5199: 4847:, Pure Motion Ltd., 2003, archived from 4508: 4473: 4113:Genesis of the MP3 Audio Coding Standard 4046: 4040: 3828: 3187: 3073: 1084:Y′CbCr color is often informally called 1028: 688:Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. 658: 7479:Part 3: Unified Speech and Audio Coding 7437:Part 2: Description definition language 6076: 6045:"MPEG Audio FAQ Version 9 - MPEG Audio" 5979: 5563:"Audio Standard: MPEG-2 Part number: 3" 4519: 4071: 3762: 3214:Multiple adaptive Spectral audio Coding 3064:The 32 sub-band filter bank returns 32 334:hybrid video coding structure. It uses 283:format introduced as an alternative in 14: 10707:Computer-related introductions in 1993 10674: 7562:Part 3: Versatile Video Coding (H.266) 7386:Part 10: Advanced Video Coding (H.264) 6000:from the original on December 16, 2016 5986:Amorim, Roberto (September 19, 2006), 5985: 5868:B/MAE Project Group (September 2007), 5601:Perceptual Coding and MPEG Compression 5355:from the original on November 12, 2016 5274:from the original on November 12, 2016 4876:from the original on December 21, 2016 3270: 3222:Optimum Coding in the Frequency domain 9458: 7609: 7500:Part 2: Coding of Genomic Information 7115: 6225: 5775: 5680: 5375:Compressed Domain Transcoding of MPEG 5328:from the original on November 5, 2016 5301:from the original on November 5, 2016 5070:"MP3 (MPEG Layer III Audio Encoding)" 4906:from the original on January 11, 2017 4228:Chiariglione, Leonardo (March 2001), 3985:Video on demand: Research Paper 94/68 1099: 1073:artifacts. Compared to other digital 880:, and is defined in ISO/IEC-11172-1. 876:Part 1 of the MPEG-1 standard covers 6082: 5651:A Tutorial on MPEG/Audio Compression 5372:Acharya, Soam; Smith, Brian (1998), 4784: 4572:from the original on January 4, 2017 4196: 4142: 3868: 3731:from the original on January 4, 2017 3480:adding citations to reliable sources 3447: 3022: 2845:by other (typically louder) sounds. 1206:in a video. P-frames store only the 245:The MPEG-1 standard is published as 7396:Part 12: ISO base media file format 7143:MPEG (Moving Picture Experts Group) 6108: 6016: 5647: 4008: 3981: 3975: 2937:encoding on the hardware available 1081:by 2 horizontally and vertically). 24: 9419:Comparison of audio coding formats 7458:Part 5: Rights Expression Language 5597: 5109:from the original on 22 March 2018 4615:ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 (2010-07-17). 4205:University of California, Berkeley 4151:University of California, Berkeley 3960:. chiariglione.org. Archived from 3931:. chiariglione.org. Archived from 3905:. chiariglione.org. Archived from 3835:ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 (2009-10-30). 3577:extension to MPEG-1 Audio Layer II 3522:(defined in MPEG-1 and MPEG-2) or 3362:– Backward compatible 5.1-channel 3196:, with encoder (below) and decoder 2990: 1195:(B-frames are also inter-frames). 1143:"I-frame" is an abbreviation for " 935: 895:This structure was later named an 871: 358:, and variable-length codes (like 275:in a single file—later dubbed the 25: 10718: 6251: 6174: 5776:Herre, Jurgen (October 5, 2004), 5718: 4818:Comparison between MPEG 1 & 2 4799:from the original on June 7, 2011 4091:from the original on 29 June 2018 4028:from the original on 8 March 2021 3626:A high quality MP3 audio encoder. 3573:Backwards compatible 5.1 channel 3443: 3372:: 16000, 22050, and 24000 Hz 3253:Transform coding of audio signals 3105:Layer II can also optionally use 2744: 1310: 1052:The chroma is also subsampled to 10651: 10650: 10641: 10640: 6193:MPEG Industry Forum Organization 5722:Psychoacoustic Models in TwoLAME 5139:from the original on 24 May 2019 3955: 3926: 3900: 3452: 3419:Simulation: Reference software. 3275:MP3 is a frequency-domain audio 3234:University of Erlangen-Nuremberg 3183: 2823: 2309:An example quantized DCT block: 1915:An example quantization matrix: 1255:supported by hardware decoders. 1113:constrained parameters bitstream 1004: 775:audio has established a massive 371:Joint Photographic Experts Group 290:Video (compressed video content) 6205:Source Code to Implement MPEG-1 6125:from the original on 2009-03-06 6051:from the original on 2011-08-07 5845: 5832: 5819: 5806: 5739: 5729:from the original on 2016-10-22 5695:from the original on 2011-02-23 5569:from the original on 2024-02-04 5555: 5529: 5458: 5394:from the original on 2011-02-23 5247:from the original on 2016-10-27 5218:from the original on 2016-11-12 5121: 5091: 5080:from the original on 2017-08-14 5062: 5043: 5013: 5002:from the original on 2014-02-02 4984: 4945: 4931:from the original on 2016-11-15 4917: 4888: 4861: 4835: 4825:from the original on 2012-02-10 4767:from the original on 2017-08-30 4758: 4752: 4741:from the original on 2017-08-30 4732: 4726: 4715:from the original on 2017-05-15 4706: 4700: 4689:from the original on 2017-08-30 4680: 4674: 4663:from the original on 2017-08-30 4654: 4648: 4582: 4520:Wallace, Greg (April 2, 1993), 4391: 4365: 4103: 3883:from the original on 2016-11-12 3874: 3783:from the original on 2017-01-27 3691:from the original on 2021-12-15 1895: 980: 758: 338:of size 16×16 with block-based 271:Systems (defining a format for 8981:ISO/IEC base media file format 7578:Part 1: Essential Video Coding 7453:Parts 2, 3 and 9: Digital Item 7421:Part 33: Internet Video Coding 7406:Part 17: Streaming text format 4785:Ozer, Jan (October 12, 2001), 4592:. 26 July 2010. Archived from 4016:"History of Video Compression" 3763:Le Gall, Didier (April 1991), 1278: 1069:) this can manifest as chroma 1024: 395:Nippon Telegraph and Telephone 13: 1: 7347:Part 7: Advanced Audio Coding 4896:"MPEG-1 Video Coding (H.261)" 4200:MPEG-2 FAQ (archived website) 3636: 3614:MPEG-1/2 video/audio encoders 3384: 3092:absolute threshold of hearing 3044:absolute threshold of hearing 2938: 2741:) through much of the video. 214:. It is designed to compress 7531:Part 1: MPEG media transport 5925:, p. 18, archived from 5604:, NAB Engineering Handbook, 4197:Fogg, Chad (April 2, 1996), 4143:Fogg, Chad (April 2, 1996), 3440:were originally based upon. 3329: 3265:Institut für Rundfunktechnik 3153: 3009:Institut für Rundfunktechnik 2999:) audio codec, developed by 387:Moving Picture Experts Group 242:audio format it introduced. 7: 5879:European Broadcasting Union 5789:, p. 2, archived from 5129:"ISO Standards and Patents" 4925:"ISO Standards and Patents" 4339:"The MPEG-FAQ, Version 3.1" 4047:Ghanbari, Mohammed (2003). 3903:"About MPEG – Achievements" 3552: 3398:Part 4: Conformance testing 3238:Perceptual Transform Coding 2964: 1265: 1241: 1186: 1138: 846:playback, which use MPEG-1. 279:to distinguish it from the 105:; 26 years ago 10: 10723: 10532:Compressed data structures 9854:RLE + BWT + MTF + Huffman 9522:Asymmetric numeral systems 9424:Comparison of video codecs 7934:(GB/T 33475.2,GY/T 299.1) 7510:Part 4: Reference Software 7391:Part 11: Scene description 7294:Part 1: Systems (H.222.0) 5648:Pan, Davis (Summer 1995), 4868:Dave Singer (2007-11-09). 3432:audio encoder code, which 3412:Part 5: Reference software 3212:ASPEC was itself based on 3157: 3113: 3011:(IRT/CNET) as part of the 2968: 2925: 2921: 1344:Motion vectors record the 1282: 991:time-division multiplexing 939: 858:Digital Audio Broadcasting 851:Digital Video Broadcasting 637: 354:(DCT) of size 8×8, scalar 310: 232:digital audio broadcasting 10636: 10620: 10604: 10522: 10447: 10379: 10370: 10293: 10227: 10218: 10119: 10036: 10027: 9943: 9891:Discrete cosine transform 9881: 9872: 9821:LZ77 + Huffman + context 9774: 9684: 9614: 9502: 9493: 9437: 9411: 9256: 9230: 9084: 9061: 9033: 9010: 8945: 8936: 8851: 8732: 8721: 8513: 8465: 8442: 8414: 8356: 8318: 8233: 8132: 8121: 7949: 7918: 7869: 7831: 7779: 7662: 7651: 7591: 7570: 7554: 7523: 7487: 7466: 7445: 7429: 7416:Part 22: Open Font Format 7355: 7287: 7235: 7149: 7093: 6594: 6259: 5989:GPSYCHO - Mid/Side Stereo 3803:Kurihama 89 press release 3774:Communications of the ACM 3390:) very low bitrate (i.e. 1392:discrete cosine transform 1127:Frame/picture/block types 903:) and will be used here. 352:discrete cosine transform 319:standard produced by the 180: 167: 150: 140: 126: 118: 94: 76: 61: 49: 35: 10596:Smallest grammar problem 7401:Part 14: MP4 file format 5504:MPEG Audio FAQ Version 9 5200:Chiariglione, Leonardo, 3990:House of Commons Library 3547:MPEG-2 Part 7 Containers 3295:in audible smearing and 2956:Digital Compact Cassette 2914:play Layer I audio, but 2848:Channel encoding modes: 999:Video Buffering Verifier 865:Digital Compact Cassette 415:computational complexity 51:Internet media type 10537:Compressed suffix array 10086:Nyquist–Shannon theorem 9248:Alliance for Open Media 7541:Part 3: MPEG-H 3D Audio 5960:Proceedings of the IEEE 5812:C.Grewin, and T.Ryden, 5538:MPEG Audio Frame Header 3347:MPEG-2 audio extensions 921:cyclic redundancy check 839:, are rarely supported. 753:Victor Company of Japan 346:using encoder-selected 122:audio, video, container 101:ISO/IEC TR 11172-5:1998 27:Video encoding standard 8168:MPEG-1 Layer III (MP3) 3302:Being forced to use a 3197: 3160:MPEG-1 Audio Layer III 3084:fast Fourier transform 3079: 2981:computationally simple 2831:MPEG-1 Audio utilizes 2704: 2277: 1875: 1382: 1034: 890:communication channels 82:; 32 years ago 56:audio/mpeg, video/mpeg 10566:Kolmogorov complexity 10434:Video characteristics 9811:LZ77 + Huffman + ANS 9186:QuickTime File Format 7474:Part 1: MPEG Surround 7310:Part 2: Video (H.262) 6021:. ISO. Archived from 5969:on September 16, 2006 5706:registration required 5681:Smith, Brian (1996), 5406:registration required 5384:IEEE Computer Society 4844:MPEG 1 And 2 Compared 3982:Lea, William (1994). 3667:10.1145/166266.166274 3524:MPEG transport stream 3230:Karlheinz Brandenburg 3194:Deutsches Museum Bonn 3191: 3145:Advanced Audio Coding 3077: 2971:MPEG-1 Audio Layer II 2715:compression artifacts 2705: 2278: 1876: 1411:frequency coefficient 1075:compression artifacts 1032: 940:Further information: 901:MPEG transport stream 784:digital audio devices 659:Former patent holders 399:Leonardo Chiariglione 281:MPEG transport stream 10656:Compression software 10250:Compression artifact 10206:Psychoacoustic model 9445:Compression software 9002:MPEG media transport 8079:Sorenson Video/Spark 6017:ISO (October 1998). 5851:Wustenhagen et al., 4399:"Abstract Page #101" 4373:"MPEG Press Release" 3996:on 20 September 2019 3929:"Terms of Reference" 3476:improve this section 3040:simultaneous masking 2928:MPEG-1 Audio Layer I 2316: 1922: 1424: 1058:Bayer pattern filter 629:Software simulation 80:6 December 1991 10646:Compression formats 10285:Texture compression 10280:Standard test image 10096:Silence compression 9443:for techniques and 9441:Compression methods 7937:HDR Vivid(GY/T 358) 7515:Part 5: Conformance 4900:Library of Congress 4231:Open source in MPEG 4110:Hans Geog Musmann, 3587:ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 3520:MPEG program stream 2777:Run-length encoding 2739:strong quantization 2302:to zero, (known as 1351:diminishing returns 1335:motion compensation 1109:Source Input Format 942:MPEG program stream 897:MPEG program stream 713:Pioneer Corporation 693:Mitsubishi Electric 601:Compliance testing 466: 385:respectively), the 344:motion compensation 342:in the encoder and 277:MPEG program stream 32: 10554:Information theory 10409:Display resolution 10235:Chroma subsampling 9624:Byte pair encoding 9569:Shannon–Fano–Elias 6210:2006-12-30 at the 6198:2004-08-30 at the 6186:2017-12-07 at the 6109:ISO (2006-01-15), 5689:Cornell University 5380:Cornell University 4157:on August 29, 2000 3610:2008-04-20 at the 3428:This includes the 3198: 3080: 2760:information theory 2700: 2694: 2293:strongly quantized 2273: 2267: 1871: 1865: 1100:Resolution/bitrate 1067:spatial complexity 1063:chroma subsampling 1035: 856:The international 849:The international 771:The popularity of 738:Thomson Multimedia 617:2017-08-30 at the 612:ISO/IEC TR 11172-5 589:2017-08-30 at the 561:2017-05-15 at the 533:2017-08-30 at the 505:2017-08-30 at the 464: 383:video conferencing 329:motion-compensated 323:(now known as the 127:Extended from 37:Filename extension 30: 10702:ISO/IEC standards 10669: 10668: 10518: 10517: 10468:Deblocking filter 10366: 10365: 10214: 10213: 10023: 10022: 9868: 9867: 9452: 9451: 9226: 9225: 9144:DivX Media Format 8932: 8931: 8717: 8716: 8117: 8116: 8007:Microsoft Video 1 7942:AVS3 P2(GY/T 368) 7928:(GB/T 20090.2/16) 7603: 7602: 7335:MPEG Multichannel 7109: 7108: 6160:on August 8, 2010 5932:on April 14, 2008 4538:on August 6, 2010 4498:on 12 August 2010 4379:on 12 August 2010 4087:. 22 April 2012. 3818:on August 5, 2010 3676:978-0-89791-596-0 3571:MPEG Multichannel 3512: 3511: 3504: 3360:MPEG Multichannel 3277:transform encoder 3271:Technical details 3137:MPEG Multichannel 3088:masking threshold 3042:effects, and the 3023:Technical details 2983:relative to MP3, 2857:intensity encoded 2815:Group of Pictures 1173:group of pictures 1019:Video compression 837:MPEG Multichannel 733:Texas Instruments 635: 634: 458:coding efficiency 340:motion estimation 234:(DAB) practical. 193: 192: 103:October 1998 62:Developed by 16:(Redirected from 10714: 10682:Data compression 10654: 10653: 10644: 10643: 10473:Lapped transform 10377: 10376: 10255:Image resolution 10240:Coding tree unit 10225: 10224: 10034: 10033: 9879: 9878: 9500: 9499: 9486:Data compression 9479: 9472: 9465: 9456: 9455: 9218:VOB, IFO and BUP 8992:Motion JPEG 2000 8943: 8942: 8730: 8729: 8689:aptX Low Latency 8466:Chinese Standard 8130: 8129: 7919:Chinese Standard 7691:Motion JPEG 2000 7660: 7659: 7630: 7623: 7616: 7607: 7606: 7298:Transport stream 7242:Part 1: Systems 7136: 7129: 7122: 7113: 7112: 6246: 6239: 6232: 6223: 6222: 6168: 6167: 6166: 6165: 6156:, archived from 6139: 6133: 6132: 6131: 6130: 6124: 6117: 6106: 6100: 6099: 6097: 6096: 6087:. 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Archived from 4612: 4606: 4605: 4603: 4601: 4586: 4580: 4579: 4578: 4577: 4559: 4546: 4545: 4544: 4543: 4534:, archived from 4517: 4506: 4505: 4504: 4503: 4494:, archived from 4477: 4471: 4470: 4469: 4468: 4459:, archived from 4443: 4432: 4430: 4428: 4427: 4418:. Archived from 4413: 4411: 4410: 4401:. Archived from 4395: 4389: 4388: 4386: 4384: 4369: 4363: 4362: 4351: 4350: 4341:. Archived from 4335: 4326: 4325: 4324: 4323: 4314:, archived from 4298: 4292: 4291: 4290: 4289: 4280:, archived from 4263: 4250: 4249: 4248: 4247: 4238:, archived from 4225: 4219: 4218: 4217: 4216: 4207:, archived from 4194: 4165: 4164: 4163: 4162: 4153:, archived from 4140: 4134: 4133: 4132: 4131: 4125: 4119:, archived from 4118: 4107: 4101: 4100: 4098: 4096: 4075: 4069: 4068: 4057:. pp. 1–2. 4044: 4038: 4037: 4035: 4033: 4012: 4006: 4005: 4003: 4001: 3992:. 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Archived from 3832: 3826: 3825: 3824: 3823: 3814:, archived from 3797: 3791: 3790: 3789: 3788: 3782: 3771: 3760: 3739: 3738: 3737: 3736: 3718: 3701: 3699: 3697: 3696: 3650: 3507: 3500: 3496: 3493: 3487: 3456: 3448: 3394:) audio codecs. 3389: 3386: 3192:ASPEC 91 in the 3107:intensity stereo 3055:frequency domain 3036:auditory masking 2943: 2940: 2865:(Layer III only) 2758:in the field of 2752:noiseless coding 2709: 2707: 2706: 2701: 2699: 2698: 2282: 2280: 2279: 2274: 2272: 2271: 1880: 1878: 1877: 1872: 1870: 1869: 955:container format 480:(first edition) 467: 463: 186: 173: 141:Extended to 113: 111: 106: 90: 88: 83: 44: 33: 29: 21: 10722: 10721: 10717: 10716: 10715: 10713: 10712: 10711: 10672: 10671: 10670: 10665: 10632: 10616: 10600: 10581:Rate–distortion 10514: 10443: 10362: 10289: 10210: 10115: 10111:Sub-band coding 10019: 9944:Predictive type 9939: 9864: 9831:LZSS + Huffman 9781:LZ77 + Huffman 9770: 9680: 9616:Dictionary type 9610: 9512:Adaptive coding 9489: 9483: 9453: 9448: 9433: 9407: 9252: 9222: 9080: 9057: 9029: 9006: 8928: 8847: 8745: 8724: 8713: 8509: 8481:(GB/T 33475.3) 8475:(GB/T 20090.10) 8461: 8438: 8410: 8352: 8314: 8229: 8225:MPEG-H 3D Audio 8151:MPEG-1 Layer II 8141: 8124: 8113: 7945: 7914: 7865: 7827: 7775: 7671: 7654: 7647: 7634: 7604: 7599: 7587: 7566: 7550: 7519: 7483: 7462: 7441: 7425: 7351: 7283: 7231: 7145: 7140: 7110: 7105: 7089: 6590: 6255: 6250: 6212:Wayback Machine 6200:Wayback Machine 6188:Wayback Machine 6177: 6172: 6171: 6163: 6161: 6140: 6136: 6128: 6126: 6122: 6115: 6107: 6103: 6094: 6092: 6081: 6077: 6061: 6060: 6054: 6052: 6041: 6037: 6028: 6026: 6015: 6011: 6003: 6001: 5984: 5980: 5972: 5970: 5966: 5955: 5947: 5943: 5935: 5933: 5929: 5914: 5906: 5899: 5891: 5889: 5885: 5874: 5866: 5859: 5850: 5846: 5837: 5833: 5824: 5820: 5811: 5807: 5799: 5797: 5793: 5782: 5774: 5767: 5759: 5757: 5744: 5740: 5732: 5730: 5725:, twolame.org, 5717: 5713: 5703: 5698: 5696: 5679: 5675: 5667: 5665: 5661: 5654: 5646: 5623: 5615: 5613: 5598:Church, Steve, 5596: 5581: 5572: 5570: 5561: 5560: 5556: 5548: 5546: 5535: 5534: 5530: 5522: 5520: 5499: 5484: 5475: 5473: 5464: 5463: 5459: 5451: 5449: 5432:Hewlett-Packard 5422: 5413: 5403: 5397: 5395: 5370: 5366: 5358: 5356: 5343: 5339: 5331: 5329: 5316: 5312: 5304: 5302: 5289: 5285: 5277: 5275: 5262: 5258: 5250: 5248: 5237: 5236: 5229: 5221: 5219: 5198: 5194: 5169: 5152: 5142: 5140: 5127: 5126: 5122: 5112: 5110: 5097: 5096: 5092: 5083: 5081: 5068: 5067: 5063: 5048: 5044: 5034: 5032: 5031:on 19 July 2011 5019: 5018: 5014: 5005: 5003: 4996:SourceForge.net 4990: 4989: 4985: 4969: 4968: 4962: 4960: 4951: 4950: 4946: 4934: 4932: 4923: 4922: 4918: 4909: 4907: 4894: 4893: 4889: 4879: 4877: 4866: 4862: 4854: 4852: 4841: 4840: 4836: 4828: 4826: 4815: 4814: 4810: 4802: 4800: 4793:extremetech.com 4783: 4779: 4770: 4768: 4757: 4753: 4744: 4742: 4731: 4727: 4718: 4716: 4705: 4701: 4692: 4690: 4679: 4675: 4666: 4664: 4653: 4649: 4633: 4632: 4626: 4624: 4613: 4609: 4599: 4597: 4596:on 26 July 2010 4588: 4587: 4583: 4575: 4573: 4560: 4549: 4541: 4539: 4518: 4509: 4501: 4499: 4478: 4474: 4466: 4464: 4445: 4444: 4435: 4425: 4423: 4414: 4408: 4406: 4397: 4396: 4392: 4382: 4380: 4371: 4370: 4366: 4348: 4346: 4337: 4336: 4329: 4321: 4319: 4300: 4299: 4295: 4287: 4285: 4264: 4253: 4245: 4243: 4226: 4222: 4214: 4212: 4195: 4168: 4160: 4158: 4141: 4137: 4129: 4127: 4123: 4116: 4108: 4104: 4094: 4092: 4077: 4076: 4072: 4065: 4045: 4041: 4031: 4029: 4014: 4013: 4009: 3999: 3997: 3980: 3976: 3967: 3965: 3954: 3947: 3938: 3936: 3925: 3921: 3912: 3910: 3899: 3895: 3886: 3884: 3873: 3869: 3853: 3852: 3846: 3844: 3833: 3829: 3821: 3819: 3798: 3794: 3786: 3784: 3780: 3769: 3761: 3742: 3734: 3732: 3719: 3704: 3694: 3692: 3677: 3651: 3644: 3639: 3612:Wayback Machine 3593:Implementations 3555: 3508: 3497: 3491: 3488: 3473: 3457: 3446: 3414: 3400: 3387: 3349: 3332: 3273: 3226:doctoral thesis 3218:E. F. Schroeder 3186: 3162: 3156: 3116: 3025: 2993: 2991:History/MUSICAM 2973: 2967: 2941: 2930: 2924: 2861:Joint stereo – 2855:Joint stereo – 2833:psychoacoustics 2826: 2810: 2747: 2693: 2692: 2687: 2682: 2677: 2672: 2667: 2662: 2657: 2651: 2650: 2645: 2640: 2635: 2630: 2625: 2620: 2615: 2609: 2608: 2603: 2598: 2593: 2588: 2583: 2578: 2573: 2567: 2566: 2561: 2556: 2551: 2546: 2541: 2536: 2531: 2525: 2524: 2519: 2514: 2509: 2504: 2496: 2491: 2486: 2477: 2476: 2471: 2466: 2461: 2453: 2445: 2440: 2435: 2426: 2425: 2420: 2415: 2410: 2405: 2400: 2392: 2384: 2378: 2377: 2372: 2367: 2359: 2354: 2349: 2341: 2333: 2320: 2319: 2317: 2314: 2313: 2300:AC coefficients 2266: 2265: 2260: 2255: 2250: 2245: 2240: 2235: 2230: 2224: 2223: 2218: 2213: 2208: 2203: 2198: 2193: 2188: 2182: 2181: 2176: 2171: 2166: 2161: 2156: 2151: 2146: 2140: 2139: 2134: 2129: 2124: 2119: 2114: 2109: 2104: 2098: 2097: 2092: 2087: 2082: 2077: 2072: 2067: 2062: 2056: 2055: 2050: 2045: 2040: 2035: 2030: 2025: 2020: 2014: 2013: 2008: 2003: 1998: 1993: 1988: 1983: 1978: 1972: 1971: 1966: 1961: 1956: 1951: 1946: 1941: 1936: 1926: 1925: 1923: 1920: 1919: 1898: 1864: 1863: 1858: 1853: 1848: 1840: 1832: 1824: 1819: 1813: 1812: 1804: 1799: 1791: 1783: 1775: 1770: 1765: 1756: 1755: 1750: 1745: 1740: 1732: 1724: 1719: 1714: 1705: 1704: 1699: 1691: 1686: 1678: 1670: 1662: 1654: 1648: 1647: 1642: 1637: 1632: 1624: 1616: 1611: 1606: 1597: 1596: 1588: 1583: 1578: 1570: 1562: 1557: 1552: 1543: 1542: 1537: 1529: 1521: 1516: 1511: 1503: 1495: 1489: 1488: 1483: 1475: 1467: 1462: 1457: 1449: 1441: 1428: 1427: 1425: 1422: 1421: 1385: 1313: 1287: 1281: 1268: 1244: 1189: 1141: 1129: 1102: 1027: 1007: 983: 970:program streams 947:Program Streams 944: 938: 936:Program streams 909: 874: 872:Part 1: Systems 782:"Virtually all 761: 743:Toppan Printing 673:Daimler Benz AG 661: 640: 619:Wayback Machine 591:Wayback Machine 584:ISO/IEC 11172-4 563:Wayback Machine 556:ISO/IEC 11172-3 535:Wayback Machine 528:ISO/IEC 11172-2 507:Wayback Machine 500:ISO/IEC 11172-1 484: 479: 477: 313: 206:compression of 181: 168: 114: 109: 107: 104: 102: 86: 84: 81: 77:Initial release 57: 45: 42: 28: 23: 22: 18:ISO/IEC 11172-3 15: 12: 11: 5: 10720: 10710: 10709: 10704: 10699: 10694: 10689: 10684: 10667: 10666: 10664: 10663: 10648: 10637: 10634: 10633: 10631: 10630: 10624: 10622: 10618: 10617: 10615: 10614: 10608: 10606: 10602: 10601: 10599: 10598: 10593: 10588: 10583: 10578: 10573: 10568: 10563: 10562: 10561: 10551: 10546: 10545: 10544: 10539: 10528: 10526: 10520: 10519: 10516: 10515: 10513: 10512: 10511: 10510: 10505: 10495: 10494: 10493: 10488: 10483: 10475: 10470: 10465: 10460: 10454: 10452: 10445: 10444: 10442: 10441: 10436: 10431: 10426: 10421: 10416: 10411: 10406: 10405: 10404: 10399: 10394: 10383: 10381: 10374: 10368: 10367: 10364: 10363: 10361: 10360: 10359: 10358: 10353: 10348: 10343: 10333: 10328: 10323: 10318: 10313: 10308: 10303: 10297: 10295: 10291: 10290: 10288: 10287: 10282: 10277: 10272: 10267: 10262: 10257: 10252: 10247: 10242: 10237: 10231: 10229: 10222: 10216: 10215: 10212: 10211: 10209: 10208: 10203: 10198: 10197: 10196: 10191: 10186: 10181: 10176: 10166: 10165: 10164: 10154: 10153: 10152: 10147: 10137: 10132: 10126: 10124: 10117: 10116: 10114: 10113: 10108: 10103: 10098: 10093: 10088: 10083: 10078: 10073: 10068: 10063: 10062: 10061: 10056: 10051: 10040: 10038: 10031: 10025: 10024: 10021: 10020: 10018: 10017: 10015:Psychoacoustic 10012: 10011: 10010: 10005: 10000: 9992: 9991: 9990: 9985: 9980: 9975: 9970: 9960: 9959: 9958: 9947: 9945: 9941: 9940: 9938: 9937: 9936: 9935: 9930: 9925: 9915: 9910: 9905: 9904: 9903: 9898: 9887: 9885: 9883:Transform type 9876: 9870: 9869: 9866: 9865: 9863: 9862: 9861: 9860: 9852: 9851: 9850: 9847: 9839: 9838: 9837: 9829: 9828: 9827: 9819: 9818: 9817: 9809: 9808: 9807: 9799: 9798: 9797: 9792: 9787: 9778: 9776: 9772: 9771: 9769: 9768: 9763: 9758: 9753: 9748: 9743: 9742: 9741: 9736: 9726: 9721: 9716: 9715: 9714: 9704: 9699: 9694: 9688: 9686: 9682: 9681: 9679: 9678: 9677: 9676: 9671: 9666: 9661: 9656: 9651: 9646: 9641: 9636: 9626: 9620: 9618: 9612: 9611: 9609: 9608: 9607: 9606: 9601: 9596: 9591: 9581: 9576: 9571: 9566: 9561: 9556: 9551: 9550: 9549: 9544: 9539: 9529: 9524: 9519: 9514: 9508: 9506: 9497: 9491: 9490: 9482: 9481: 9474: 9467: 9459: 9450: 9449: 9438: 9435: 9434: 9432: 9431: 9429:List of codecs 9426: 9421: 9415: 9413: 9409: 9408: 9406: 9405: 9404: 9403: 9402: 9401: 9396: 9386: 9381: 9376: 9366: 9365: 9364: 9359: 9354: 9349: 9339: 9338: 9337: 9332: 9322: 9317: 9312: 9311: 9310: 9305: 9300: 9295: 9285: 9284: 9283: 9278: 9273: 9262: 9260: 9254: 9253: 9251: 9250: 9245: 9240: 9234: 9232: 9231:Collaborations 9228: 9227: 9224: 9223: 9221: 9220: 9215: 9210: 9209: 9208: 9198: 9193: 9188: 9183: 9182: 9181: 9171: 9166: 9161: 9156: 9151: 9146: 9141: 9136: 9135: 9134: 9124: 9119: 9114: 9109: 9104: 9099: 9094: 9088: 9086: 9082: 9081: 9079: 9078: 9073: 9067: 9065: 9059: 9058: 9056: 9055: 9050: 9045: 9039: 9037: 9031: 9030: 9028: 9027: 9022: 9016: 9014: 9008: 9007: 9005: 9004: 8999: 8997:MPEG-21 Part 9 8994: 8989: 8986:MPEG-4 Part 14 8983: 8978: 8973: 8968: 8967: 8966: 8955: 8953: 8940: 8934: 8933: 8930: 8929: 8927: 8926: 8921: 8916: 8911: 8906: 8901: 8896: 8891: 8886: 8881: 8876: 8871: 8866: 8861: 8855: 8853: 8849: 8848: 8846: 8845: 8840: 8835: 8830: 8825: 8820: 8815: 8810: 8805: 8800: 8795: 8790: 8785: 8780: 8775: 8770: 8765: 8759: 8757: 8727: 8719: 8718: 8715: 8714: 8712: 8711: 8706: 8701: 8696: 8691: 8686: 8681: 8676: 8671: 8666: 8661: 8656: 8651: 8646: 8645: 8644: 8638: 8633: 8628: 8623: 8618: 8613: 8608: 8603: 8598: 8593: 8588: 8583: 8578: 8573: 8568: 8566:Monkey's Audio 8563: 8558: 8553: 8548: 8543: 8538: 8533: 8528: 8523: 8517: 8515: 8511: 8510: 8508: 8507: 8506:(SJ/T 11299.4) 8501: 8496: 8490: 8489: 8488: 8476: 8469: 8467: 8463: 8462: 8460: 8459: 8454: 8448: 8446: 8440: 8439: 8437: 8436: 8431: 8426: 8420: 8418: 8412: 8411: 8409: 8408: 8403: 8398: 8393: 8388: 8383: 8378: 8373: 8368: 8362: 8360: 8354: 8353: 8351: 8350: 8345: 8340: 8335: 8330: 8324: 8322: 8316: 8315: 8313: 8312: 8307: 8302: 8297: 8292: 8287: 8282: 8277: 8272: 8267: 8262: 8257: 8256: 8255: 8250: 8239: 8237: 8231: 8230: 8228: 8227: 8222: 8217: 8212: 8207: 8202: 8197: 8192: 8187: 8186: 8185: 8180: 8170: 8165: 8163:MPEG-1 Layer I 8160: 8159: 8158: 8147: 8145: 8127: 8119: 8118: 8115: 8114: 8112: 8111: 8106: 8101: 8096: 8091: 8086: 8081: 8076: 8071: 8066: 8061: 8056: 8055: 8054: 8049: 8041: 8040: 8039: 8034: 8024: 8019: 8014: 8009: 8004: 7999: 7994: 7989: 7984: 7979: 7974: 7969: 7964: 7959: 7953: 7951: 7947: 7946: 7944: 7943: 7940: 7939: 7938: 7929: 7922: 7920: 7916: 7915: 7913: 7912: 7907: 7902: 7897: 7892: 7887: 7882: 7876: 7874: 7867: 7866: 7864: 7863: 7858: 7853: 7848: 7843: 7837: 7835: 7829: 7828: 7826: 7825: 7820: 7815: 7810: 7805: 7800: 7795: 7789: 7787: 7777: 7776: 7774: 7773: 7772: 7771: 7769:Part 2 / LCEVC 7766: 7756: 7755: 7754: 7744: 7743: 7742: 7732: 7731: 7730: 7725: 7720: 7710: 7709: 7708: 7698: 7693: 7688: 7683: 7677: 7675: 7657: 7649: 7648: 7633: 7632: 7625: 7618: 7610: 7601: 7600: 7595: 7593: 7589: 7588: 7586: 7585: 7580: 7574: 7572: 7568: 7567: 7565: 7564: 7558: 7556: 7552: 7551: 7549: 7548: 7543: 7538: 7533: 7527: 7525: 7521: 7520: 7518: 7517: 7512: 7507: 7502: 7497: 7491: 7489: 7485: 7484: 7482: 7481: 7476: 7470: 7468: 7464: 7463: 7461: 7460: 7455: 7449: 7447: 7443: 7442: 7440: 7439: 7433: 7431: 7427: 7426: 7424: 7423: 7418: 7413: 7411:Part 20: LASeR 7408: 7403: 7398: 7393: 7388: 7383: 7378: 7373: 7372: 7371: 7359: 7357: 7353: 7352: 7350: 7349: 7344: 7342:Part 6: DSM CC 7339: 7338: 7337: 7332: 7327: 7322: 7312: 7307: 7306: 7305: 7303:Program stream 7300: 7291: 7289: 7285: 7284: 7282: 7281: 7280: 7279: 7274: 7269: 7263:Part 3: Audio 7261: 7260: 7259: 7252:Part 2: Video 7250: 7249: 7248: 7246:Program stream 7239: 7237: 7233: 7232: 7230: 7229: 7224: 7219: 7214: 7211: 7208: 7205: 7200: 7197: 7192: 7189: 7186: 7181: 7176: 7171: 7166: 7161: 7156: 7150: 7147: 7146: 7139: 7138: 7131: 7124: 7116: 7107: 7106: 7104: 7103: 7097: 7095: 7091: 7090: 7088: 7087: 7082: 7077: 7072: 7067: 7062: 7057: 7052: 7049: 7044: 7039: 7034: 7029: 7024: 7019: 7014: 7009: 7004: 6999: 6994: 6989: 6984: 6979: 6974: 6969: 6964: 6959: 6954: 6949: 6944: 6939: 6934: 6929: 6924: 6919: 6914: 6909: 6904: 6899: 6894: 6889: 6884: 6879: 6874: 6869: 6864: 6859: 6854: 6849: 6844: 6839: 6834: 6829: 6824: 6819: 6814: 6809: 6804: 6799: 6794: 6789: 6784: 6779: 6774: 6769: 6764: 6759: 6754: 6749: 6744: 6739: 6734: 6729: 6724: 6719: 6714: 6709: 6704: 6699: 6694: 6689: 6684: 6679: 6674: 6669: 6664: 6659: 6654: 6649: 6644: 6639: 6634: 6629: 6624: 6619: 6614: 6609: 6604: 6598: 6596: 6592: 6591: 6589: 6588: 6583: 6578: 6573: 6568: 6563: 6558: 6553: 6548: 6543: 6538: 6533: 6528: 6523: 6518: 6513: 6508: 6503: 6498: 6493: 6488: 6483: 6478: 6473: 6468: 6463: 6458: 6453: 6448: 6443: 6438: 6433: 6428: 6423: 6418: 6413: 6408: 6403: 6402: 6401: 6396: 6386: 6381: 6376: 6371: 6366: 6361: 6360: 6359: 6354: 6344: 6339: 6334: 6329: 6324: 6319: 6314: 6309: 6304: 6299: 6294: 6289: 6284: 6279: 6274: 6269: 6263: 6261: 6257: 6256: 6249: 6248: 6241: 6234: 6226: 6220: 6219: 6214: 6202: 6190: 6176: 6175:External links 6173: 6170: 6169: 6134: 6101: 6075: 6035: 6009: 5978: 5941: 5897: 5857: 5844: 5831: 5818: 5805: 5765: 5738: 5711: 5673: 5621: 5579: 5554: 5528: 5482: 5457: 5411: 5364: 5348:MPEG2 Tutorial 5337: 5321:MPEG2 Tutorial 5310: 5294:MPEG2 Tutorial 5283: 5267:MPEG2 Tutorial 5256: 5227: 5203:MPEG-1 Systems 5192: 5150: 5120: 5090: 5076:. 2023-04-21. 5061: 5055:2012-07-13 at 5042: 5012: 4998:. 2008-08-23. 4983: 4944: 4916: 4887: 4860: 4834: 4808: 4777: 4751: 4725: 4699: 4673: 4647: 4607: 4581: 4547: 4507: 4472: 4433: 4390: 4364: 4327: 4293: 4251: 4220: 4166: 4135: 4102: 4070: 4063: 4039: 4007: 3974: 3945: 3919: 3893: 3867: 3827: 3792: 3740: 3702: 3675: 3641: 3640: 3638: 3635: 3634: 3633: 3627: 3621: 3615: 3602: 3595: 3594: 3590: 3589: 3584: 3578: 3575:surround sound 3568: 3562: 3554: 3551: 3510: 3509: 3460: 3458: 3451: 3445: 3444:File extension 3442: 3413: 3410: 3399: 3396: 3380: 3379: 3373: 3370:Sampling rates 3367: 3364:surround sound 3348: 3345: 3331: 3328: 3324:Huffman coding 3272: 3269: 3242:J. D. Johnston 3185: 3182: 3158:Main article: 3155: 3152: 3115: 3112: 3024: 3021: 2992: 2989: 2969:Main article: 2966: 2963: 2926:Main article: 2923: 2920: 2911: 2910: 2907: 2904: 2894: 2893: 2890: 2887: 2880:Sampling rates 2877: 2876: 2875:mono channels) 2869: 2866: 2859: 2853: 2825: 2822: 2809: 2806: 2802:Huffman coding 2794:Huffman Coding 2756:entropy coding 2746: 2745:Entropy coding 2743: 2711: 2710: 2697: 2691: 2688: 2686: 2683: 2681: 2678: 2676: 2673: 2671: 2668: 2666: 2663: 2661: 2658: 2656: 2653: 2652: 2649: 2646: 2644: 2641: 2639: 2636: 2634: 2631: 2629: 2626: 2624: 2621: 2619: 2616: 2614: 2611: 2610: 2607: 2604: 2602: 2599: 2597: 2594: 2592: 2589: 2587: 2584: 2582: 2579: 2577: 2574: 2572: 2569: 2568: 2565: 2562: 2560: 2557: 2555: 2552: 2550: 2547: 2545: 2542: 2540: 2537: 2535: 2532: 2530: 2527: 2526: 2523: 2520: 2518: 2515: 2513: 2510: 2508: 2505: 2503: 2500: 2497: 2495: 2492: 2490: 2487: 2485: 2482: 2479: 2478: 2475: 2472: 2470: 2467: 2465: 2462: 2460: 2457: 2454: 2452: 2449: 2446: 2444: 2441: 2439: 2436: 2434: 2431: 2428: 2427: 2424: 2421: 2419: 2416: 2414: 2411: 2409: 2406: 2404: 2401: 2399: 2396: 2393: 2391: 2388: 2385: 2383: 2380: 2379: 2376: 2373: 2371: 2368: 2366: 2363: 2360: 2358: 2355: 2353: 2350: 2348: 2345: 2342: 2340: 2337: 2334: 2332: 2329: 2326: 2325: 2323: 2284: 2283: 2270: 2264: 2261: 2259: 2256: 2254: 2251: 2249: 2246: 2244: 2241: 2239: 2236: 2234: 2231: 2229: 2226: 2225: 2222: 2219: 2217: 2214: 2212: 2209: 2207: 2204: 2202: 2199: 2197: 2194: 2192: 2189: 2187: 2184: 2183: 2180: 2177: 2175: 2172: 2170: 2167: 2165: 2162: 2160: 2157: 2155: 2152: 2150: 2147: 2145: 2142: 2141: 2138: 2135: 2133: 2130: 2128: 2125: 2123: 2120: 2118: 2115: 2113: 2110: 2108: 2105: 2103: 2100: 2099: 2096: 2093: 2091: 2088: 2086: 2083: 2081: 2078: 2076: 2073: 2071: 2068: 2066: 2063: 2061: 2058: 2057: 2054: 2051: 2049: 2046: 2044: 2041: 2039: 2036: 2034: 2031: 2029: 2026: 2024: 2021: 2019: 2016: 2015: 2012: 2009: 2007: 2004: 2002: 1999: 1997: 1994: 1992: 1989: 1987: 1984: 1982: 1979: 1977: 1974: 1973: 1970: 1967: 1965: 1962: 1960: 1957: 1955: 1952: 1950: 1947: 1945: 1942: 1940: 1937: 1935: 1932: 1931: 1929: 1897: 1894: 1882: 1881: 1868: 1862: 1859: 1857: 1854: 1852: 1849: 1847: 1844: 1841: 1839: 1836: 1833: 1831: 1828: 1825: 1823: 1820: 1818: 1815: 1814: 1811: 1808: 1805: 1803: 1800: 1798: 1795: 1792: 1790: 1787: 1784: 1782: 1779: 1776: 1774: 1771: 1769: 1766: 1764: 1761: 1758: 1757: 1754: 1751: 1749: 1746: 1744: 1741: 1739: 1736: 1733: 1731: 1728: 1725: 1723: 1720: 1718: 1715: 1713: 1710: 1707: 1706: 1703: 1700: 1698: 1695: 1692: 1690: 1687: 1685: 1682: 1679: 1677: 1674: 1671: 1669: 1666: 1663: 1661: 1658: 1655: 1653: 1650: 1649: 1646: 1643: 1641: 1638: 1636: 1633: 1631: 1628: 1625: 1623: 1620: 1617: 1615: 1612: 1610: 1607: 1605: 1602: 1599: 1598: 1595: 1592: 1589: 1587: 1584: 1582: 1579: 1577: 1574: 1571: 1569: 1566: 1563: 1561: 1558: 1556: 1553: 1551: 1548: 1545: 1544: 1541: 1538: 1536: 1533: 1530: 1528: 1525: 1522: 1520: 1517: 1515: 1512: 1510: 1507: 1504: 1502: 1499: 1496: 1494: 1491: 1490: 1487: 1484: 1482: 1479: 1476: 1474: 1471: 1468: 1466: 1463: 1461: 1458: 1456: 1453: 1450: 1448: 1445: 1442: 1440: 1437: 1434: 1433: 1431: 1384: 1381: 1312: 1311:Motion vectors 1309: 1283:Main article: 1280: 1277: 1267: 1264: 1243: 1240: 1222:motion vectors 1188: 1185: 1140: 1137: 1128: 1125: 1101: 1098: 1026: 1023: 1006: 1003: 982: 979: 937: 934: 933: 932: 928: 913: 908: 905: 873: 870: 869: 868: 861: 854: 847: 840: 829: 822: 819:Super Video CD 815: 801: 794: 787: 780: 777:installed base 769: 760: 757: 756: 755: 750: 745: 740: 735: 730: 725: 720: 715: 710: 705: 700: 695: 690: 685: 680: 675: 670: 660: 657: 653:Fraunhofer IIS 639: 636: 633: 632: 630: 627: 624: 621: 609: 605: 604: 602: 599: 596: 593: 581: 577: 576: 574: 571: 568: 565: 553: 549: 548: 546: 543: 540: 537: 525: 521: 520: 518: 515: 512: 509: 497: 493: 492: 489: 486: 481: 474: 471: 391:Hiroshi Yasuda 364:entropy coding 348:motion vectors 312: 309: 308: 307: 304: 301: 291: 288: 191: 190: 187: 178: 177: 174: 165: 164: 154: 148: 147: 142: 138: 137: 128: 124: 123: 120: 119:Type of format 116: 115: 100: 98: 96:Latest release 92: 91: 78: 74: 73: 63: 59: 58: 55: 53: 47: 46: 41: 39: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10719: 10708: 10705: 10703: 10700: 10698: 10695: 10693: 10690: 10688: 10685: 10683: 10680: 10679: 10677: 10661: 10657: 10649: 10647: 10639: 10638: 10635: 10629: 10626: 10625: 10623: 10619: 10613: 10610: 10609: 10607: 10603: 10597: 10594: 10592: 10589: 10587: 10584: 10582: 10579: 10577: 10574: 10572: 10569: 10567: 10564: 10560: 10557: 10556: 10555: 10552: 10550: 10547: 10543: 10540: 10538: 10535: 10534: 10533: 10530: 10529: 10527: 10525: 10521: 10509: 10506: 10504: 10501: 10500: 10499: 10496: 10492: 10489: 10487: 10484: 10482: 10479: 10478: 10476: 10474: 10471: 10469: 10466: 10464: 10461: 10459: 10456: 10455: 10453: 10450: 10446: 10440: 10439:Video quality 10437: 10435: 10432: 10430: 10427: 10425: 10422: 10420: 10417: 10415: 10412: 10410: 10407: 10403: 10400: 10398: 10395: 10393: 10390: 10389: 10388: 10385: 10384: 10382: 10378: 10375: 10373: 10369: 10357: 10354: 10352: 10349: 10347: 10344: 10342: 10339: 10338: 10337: 10334: 10332: 10329: 10327: 10324: 10322: 10319: 10317: 10314: 10312: 10309: 10307: 10304: 10302: 10299: 10298: 10296: 10292: 10286: 10283: 10281: 10278: 10276: 10273: 10271: 10268: 10266: 10263: 10261: 10258: 10256: 10253: 10251: 10248: 10246: 10243: 10241: 10238: 10236: 10233: 10232: 10230: 10226: 10223: 10221: 10217: 10207: 10204: 10202: 10199: 10195: 10192: 10190: 10187: 10185: 10182: 10180: 10177: 10175: 10172: 10171: 10170: 10167: 10163: 10160: 10159: 10158: 10155: 10151: 10148: 10146: 10143: 10142: 10141: 10138: 10136: 10133: 10131: 10128: 10127: 10125: 10122: 10118: 10112: 10109: 10107: 10106:Speech coding 10104: 10102: 10101:Sound quality 10099: 10097: 10094: 10092: 10089: 10087: 10084: 10082: 10079: 10077: 10076:Dynamic range 10074: 10072: 10069: 10067: 10064: 10060: 10057: 10055: 10052: 10050: 10047: 10046: 10045: 10042: 10041: 10039: 10035: 10032: 10030: 10026: 10016: 10013: 10009: 10006: 10004: 10001: 9999: 9996: 9995: 9993: 9989: 9986: 9984: 9981: 9979: 9976: 9974: 9971: 9969: 9966: 9965: 9964: 9961: 9957: 9954: 9953: 9952: 9949: 9948: 9946: 9942: 9934: 9931: 9929: 9926: 9924: 9921: 9920: 9919: 9916: 9914: 9911: 9909: 9906: 9902: 9899: 9897: 9894: 9893: 9892: 9889: 9888: 9886: 9884: 9880: 9877: 9875: 9871: 9859: 9856: 9855: 9853: 9848: 9846: 9843: 9842: 9841:LZ77 + Range 9840: 9836: 9833: 9832: 9830: 9826: 9823: 9822: 9820: 9816: 9813: 9812: 9810: 9806: 9803: 9802: 9800: 9796: 9793: 9791: 9788: 9786: 9783: 9782: 9780: 9779: 9777: 9773: 9767: 9764: 9762: 9759: 9757: 9754: 9752: 9749: 9747: 9744: 9740: 9737: 9735: 9732: 9731: 9730: 9727: 9725: 9722: 9720: 9717: 9713: 9710: 9709: 9708: 9705: 9703: 9700: 9698: 9695: 9693: 9690: 9689: 9687: 9683: 9675: 9672: 9670: 9667: 9665: 9662: 9660: 9657: 9655: 9652: 9650: 9647: 9645: 9642: 9640: 9637: 9635: 9632: 9631: 9630: 9627: 9625: 9622: 9621: 9619: 9617: 9613: 9605: 9602: 9600: 9597: 9595: 9592: 9590: 9587: 9586: 9585: 9582: 9580: 9577: 9575: 9572: 9570: 9567: 9565: 9562: 9560: 9557: 9555: 9552: 9548: 9545: 9543: 9540: 9538: 9535: 9534: 9533: 9530: 9528: 9525: 9523: 9520: 9518: 9515: 9513: 9510: 9509: 9507: 9505: 9501: 9498: 9496: 9492: 9487: 9480: 9475: 9473: 9468: 9466: 9461: 9460: 9457: 9446: 9442: 9436: 9430: 9427: 9425: 9422: 9420: 9417: 9416: 9414: 9410: 9400: 9397: 9395: 9392: 9391: 9390: 9387: 9385: 9382: 9380: 9377: 9375: 9372: 9371: 9370: 9367: 9363: 9360: 9358: 9355: 9353: 9350: 9348: 9345: 9344: 9343: 9340: 9336: 9333: 9331: 9328: 9327: 9326: 9323: 9321: 9318: 9316: 9313: 9309: 9306: 9304: 9301: 9299: 9296: 9294: 9291: 9290: 9289: 9286: 9282: 9279: 9277: 9274: 9272: 9269: 9268: 9267: 9264: 9263: 9261: 9259: 9255: 9249: 9246: 9244: 9241: 9239: 9236: 9235: 9233: 9229: 9219: 9216: 9214: 9211: 9207: 9204: 9203: 9202: 9199: 9197: 9194: 9192: 9189: 9187: 9184: 9180: 9177: 9176: 9175: 9172: 9170: 9167: 9165: 9162: 9160: 9157: 9155: 9152: 9150: 9147: 9145: 9142: 9140: 9137: 9133: 9130: 9129: 9128: 9125: 9123: 9120: 9118: 9115: 9113: 9110: 9108: 9105: 9103: 9100: 9098: 9095: 9093: 9090: 9089: 9087: 9083: 9077: 9074: 9072: 9069: 9068: 9066: 9064: 9060: 9054: 9051: 9049: 9046: 9044: 9041: 9040: 9038: 9036: 9032: 9026: 9023: 9021: 9018: 9017: 9015: 9013: 9009: 9003: 9000: 8998: 8995: 8993: 8990: 8987: 8984: 8982: 8979: 8977: 8974: 8972: 8969: 8965: 8962: 8961: 8960: 8957: 8956: 8954: 8952: 8948: 8944: 8941: 8939: 8935: 8925: 8922: 8920: 8917: 8915: 8912: 8910: 8907: 8905: 8902: 8900: 8897: 8895: 8892: 8890: 8887: 8885: 8882: 8880: 8877: 8875: 8872: 8870: 8867: 8865: 8862: 8860: 8857: 8856: 8854: 8850: 8844: 8841: 8839: 8836: 8834: 8831: 8829: 8826: 8824: 8821: 8819: 8816: 8814: 8811: 8809: 8806: 8804: 8801: 8799: 8796: 8794: 8791: 8789: 8786: 8784: 8781: 8779: 8776: 8774: 8771: 8769: 8766: 8764: 8763:CCITT Group 4 8761: 8760: 8758: 8756: 8752: 8748: 8743: 8739: 8735: 8731: 8728: 8726: 8720: 8710: 8707: 8705: 8702: 8700: 8697: 8695: 8694:aptX Adaptive 8692: 8690: 8687: 8685: 8682: 8680: 8677: 8675: 8672: 8670: 8667: 8665: 8662: 8660: 8657: 8655: 8652: 8650: 8647: 8642: 8641: 8639: 8637: 8634: 8632: 8629: 8627: 8624: 8622: 8619: 8617: 8614: 8612: 8609: 8607: 8604: 8602: 8599: 8597: 8594: 8592: 8589: 8587: 8584: 8582: 8579: 8577: 8574: 8572: 8569: 8567: 8564: 8562: 8559: 8557: 8554: 8552: 8549: 8547: 8544: 8542: 8539: 8537: 8534: 8532: 8529: 8527: 8524: 8522: 8519: 8518: 8516: 8512: 8505: 8502: 8500: 8497: 8494: 8491: 8486: 8483: 8482: 8480: 8477: 8474: 8471: 8470: 8468: 8464: 8458: 8455: 8453: 8450: 8449: 8447: 8445: 8444:Bluetooth SIG 8441: 8435: 8432: 8430: 8427: 8425: 8422: 8421: 8419: 8417: 8413: 8407: 8404: 8402: 8399: 8397: 8394: 8392: 8389: 8387: 8384: 8382: 8379: 8377: 8374: 8372: 8369: 8367: 8364: 8363: 8361: 8359: 8355: 8349: 8346: 8344: 8341: 8339: 8336: 8334: 8331: 8329: 8326: 8325: 8323: 8321: 8317: 8311: 8308: 8306: 8303: 8301: 8298: 8296: 8293: 8291: 8288: 8286: 8283: 8281: 8278: 8276: 8273: 8271: 8268: 8266: 8263: 8261: 8258: 8254: 8251: 8249: 8246: 8245: 8244: 8241: 8240: 8238: 8236: 8232: 8226: 8223: 8221: 8218: 8216: 8213: 8211: 8208: 8206: 8203: 8201: 8198: 8196: 8193: 8191: 8190:MPEG Surround 8188: 8184: 8181: 8179: 8176: 8175: 8174: 8171: 8169: 8166: 8164: 8161: 8157: 8154: 8153: 8152: 8149: 8148: 8146: 8144: 8139: 8135: 8131: 8128: 8126: 8120: 8110: 8107: 8105: 8102: 8100: 8097: 8095: 8092: 8090: 8087: 8085: 8082: 8080: 8077: 8075: 8072: 8070: 8067: 8065: 8062: 8060: 8057: 8053: 8050: 8048: 8045: 8044: 8042: 8038: 8035: 8033: 8030: 8029: 8028: 8025: 8023: 8020: 8018: 8015: 8013: 8010: 8008: 8005: 8003: 8000: 7998: 7995: 7993: 7990: 7988: 7985: 7983: 7980: 7978: 7975: 7973: 7970: 7968: 7965: 7963: 7960: 7958: 7955: 7954: 7952: 7948: 7941: 7936: 7935: 7933: 7930: 7927: 7924: 7923: 7921: 7917: 7911: 7908: 7906: 7903: 7901: 7898: 7896: 7893: 7891: 7888: 7886: 7883: 7881: 7878: 7877: 7875: 7872: 7868: 7862: 7859: 7857: 7854: 7852: 7849: 7847: 7844: 7842: 7839: 7838: 7836: 7834: 7830: 7824: 7821: 7819: 7816: 7814: 7811: 7809: 7806: 7804: 7801: 7799: 7796: 7794: 7791: 7790: 7788: 7786: 7782: 7778: 7770: 7767: 7765: 7762: 7761: 7760: 7757: 7753: 7750: 7749: 7748: 7745: 7741: 7740:Part 2 / HEVC 7738: 7737: 7736: 7733: 7729: 7728:Part 33 / IVC 7726: 7724: 7723:Part 10 / AVC 7721: 7719: 7716: 7715: 7714: 7711: 7707: 7704: 7703: 7702: 7699: 7697: 7694: 7692: 7689: 7687: 7684: 7682: 7679: 7678: 7676: 7674: 7669: 7665: 7661: 7658: 7656: 7650: 7645: 7641: 7638: 7631: 7626: 7624: 7619: 7617: 7612: 7611: 7608: 7598: 7594: 7590: 7584: 7581: 7579: 7576: 7575: 7573: 7569: 7563: 7560: 7559: 7557: 7553: 7547: 7544: 7542: 7539: 7537: 7534: 7532: 7529: 7528: 7526: 7522: 7516: 7513: 7511: 7508: 7506: 7503: 7501: 7498: 7496: 7493: 7492: 7490: 7486: 7480: 7477: 7475: 7472: 7471: 7469: 7465: 7459: 7456: 7454: 7451: 7450: 7448: 7446:MPEG-21 Parts 7444: 7438: 7435: 7434: 7432: 7428: 7422: 7419: 7417: 7414: 7412: 7409: 7407: 7404: 7402: 7399: 7397: 7394: 7392: 7389: 7387: 7384: 7382: 7379: 7377: 7376:Part 3: Audio 7374: 7370: 7366: 7365: 7364: 7363:Part 2: Video 7361: 7360: 7358: 7354: 7348: 7345: 7343: 7340: 7336: 7333: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7323: 7321: 7318: 7317: 7316: 7315:Part 3: Audio 7313: 7311: 7308: 7304: 7301: 7299: 7296: 7295: 7293: 7292: 7290: 7286: 7278: 7275: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7264: 7262: 7258: 7254: 7253: 7251: 7247: 7244: 7243: 7241: 7240: 7238: 7234: 7228: 7225: 7223: 7220: 7218: 7215: 7212: 7209: 7206: 7204: 7201: 7198: 7196: 7193: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7177: 7175: 7172: 7170: 7167: 7165: 7162: 7160: 7157: 7155: 7152: 7151: 7148: 7144: 7137: 7132: 7130: 7125: 7123: 7118: 7117: 7114: 7102: 7099: 7098: 7096: 7092: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7056: 7053: 7050: 7048: 7045: 7043: 7040: 7038: 7035: 7033: 7030: 7028: 7025: 7023: 7020: 7018: 7015: 7013: 7010: 7008: 7005: 7003: 7000: 6998: 6995: 6993: 6990: 6988: 6985: 6983: 6980: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6970: 6968: 6965: 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6544: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6534: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6514: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6504: 6502: 6499: 6497: 6494: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6484: 6482: 6479: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6469: 6467: 6464: 6462: 6459: 6457: 6454: 6452: 6449: 6447: 6444: 6442: 6439: 6437: 6434: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6400: 6397: 6395: 6392: 6391: 6390: 6387: 6385: 6382: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6372: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6362: 6358: 6355: 6353: 6350: 6349: 6348: 6345: 6343: 6340: 6338: 6335: 6333: 6330: 6328: 6325: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6315: 6313: 6310: 6308: 6305: 6303: 6300: 6298: 6295: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6285: 6283: 6280: 6278: 6275: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6265: 6264: 6262: 6258: 6254: 6253:IEC standards 6247: 6242: 6240: 6235: 6233: 6228: 6227: 6224: 6218: 6215: 6213: 6209: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6197: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6185: 6182: 6179: 6178: 6159: 6155: 6151: 6147: 6146: 6145:Press Release 6138: 6121: 6114: 6113: 6105: 6091:on 2007-08-31 6090: 6086: 6079: 6071: 6065: 6050: 6046: 6039: 6025:on 2010-02-18 6024: 6020: 6013: 5999: 5995: 5991: 5990: 5982: 5965: 5961: 5954: 5953: 5945: 5928: 5924: 5920: 5913: 5912: 5904: 5902: 5888:on 2008-10-30 5884: 5880: 5873: 5872: 5864: 5862: 5854: 5848: 5841: 5838:J. Johnston, 5835: 5828: 5825:J. Johnston, 5822: 5815: 5809: 5792: 5788: 5781: 5780: 5772: 5770: 5756:on 2008-04-27 5755: 5751: 5750: 5742: 5728: 5724: 5723: 5719:Cheng, Mike, 5715: 5707: 5694: 5691:, p. 7, 5690: 5686: 5685: 5677: 5664:on 2004-09-19 5660: 5653: 5652: 5644: 5642: 5640: 5638: 5636: 5634: 5632: 5630: 5628: 5626: 5612:on 2001-05-08 5611: 5607: 5606:Telos Systems 5603: 5602: 5594: 5592: 5590: 5588: 5586: 5584: 5568: 5564: 5558: 5545:on 2015-02-08 5544: 5540: 5539: 5532: 5519:on 2010-02-18 5518: 5514: 5510: 5506: 5505: 5497: 5495: 5493: 5491: 5489: 5487: 5472:on 2009-05-03 5471: 5467: 5461: 5448:on 2007-08-17 5447: 5442: 5441:10.1.1.24.633 5437: 5433: 5429: 5428: 5420: 5418: 5416: 5407: 5393: 5389: 5385: 5381: 5377: 5376: 5368: 5354: 5350: 5349: 5341: 5327: 5323: 5322: 5314: 5300: 5296: 5295: 5287: 5273: 5269: 5268: 5260: 5246: 5242: 5241: 5234: 5232: 5217: 5213: 5209: 5205: 5204: 5196: 5189:on 2010-04-30 5188: 5184: 5180: 5176: 5175: 5167: 5165: 5163: 5161: 5159: 5157: 5155: 5138: 5134: 5130: 5124: 5108: 5104: 5100: 5094: 5079: 5075: 5071: 5065: 5058: 5057:archive.today 5054: 5051: 5046: 5030: 5026: 5022: 5016: 5001: 4997: 4993: 4987: 4979: 4973: 4958: 4954: 4948: 4941: 4930: 4926: 4920: 4905: 4901: 4897: 4891: 4875: 4871: 4864: 4851:on 2005-12-14 4850: 4846: 4845: 4838: 4824: 4820: 4819: 4812: 4798: 4794: 4790: 4789: 4781: 4766: 4762: 4755: 4740: 4736: 4729: 4714: 4710: 4703: 4688: 4684: 4677: 4662: 4658: 4651: 4643: 4637: 4623:on 2013-12-31 4622: 4618: 4611: 4595: 4591: 4585: 4571: 4567: 4566: 4558: 4556: 4554: 4552: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4525: 4524: 4523:Press Release 4516: 4514: 4512: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4485: 4484: 4476: 4463:on 2008-07-08 4462: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4449: 4442: 4440: 4438: 4422:on 2008-06-12 4421: 4417: 4405:on 2008-10-06 4404: 4400: 4394: 4378: 4374: 4368: 4361: 4359: 4358: 4345:on 2009-07-23 4344: 4340: 4334: 4332: 4318:on 2010-02-10 4317: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4304: 4297: 4284:on 2010-02-14 4283: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4270: 4262: 4260: 4258: 4256: 4242:on 2011-07-25 4241: 4237: 4236:Linux Journal 4233: 4232: 4224: 4211:on 2008-06-16 4210: 4206: 4202: 4201: 4193: 4191: 4189: 4187: 4185: 4183: 4181: 4179: 4177: 4175: 4173: 4171: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4147: 4139: 4126:on 2012-01-17 4122: 4115: 4114: 4106: 4090: 4086: 4085: 4080: 4074: 4066: 4064:9780852967102 4060: 4056: 4052: 4051: 4043: 4027: 4023: 4022: 4017: 4011: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3986: 3978: 3964:on 2010-04-20 3963: 3959: 3952: 3950: 3935:on 2010-02-21 3934: 3930: 3923: 3909:on 2008-07-08 3908: 3904: 3897: 3882: 3878: 3871: 3863: 3857: 3843:on 2013-12-31 3842: 3838: 3831: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3804: 3796: 3779: 3775: 3768: 3767: 3759: 3757: 3755: 3753: 3751: 3749: 3747: 3745: 3730: 3726: 3725: 3717: 3715: 3713: 3711: 3709: 3707: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3649: 3647: 3642: 3631: 3628: 3625: 3622: 3619: 3616: 3613: 3609: 3606: 3603: 3600: 3597: 3596: 3592: 3591: 3588: 3585: 3582: 3579: 3576: 3572: 3569: 3566: 3563: 3560: 3557: 3556: 3550: 3548: 3544: 3539: 3537: 3532: 3527: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3506: 3503: 3495: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3471: 3470: 3466: 3461:This section 3459: 3455: 3450: 3449: 3441: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3426: 3424: 3420: 3417: 3409: 3406: 3403: 3395: 3393: 3377: 3374: 3371: 3368: 3365: 3361: 3358: 3357: 3356: 3354: 3344: 3341: 3338: 3327: 3325: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3305: 3300: 3298: 3292: 3290: 3284: 3280: 3278: 3268: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3210: 3207: 3203: 3195: 3190: 3184:History/ASPEC 3181: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3161: 3151: 3148: 3146: 3142: 3141:Dolby Digital 3138: 3132: 3130: 3125: 3121: 3111: 3108: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3076: 3072: 3070: 3067: 3062: 3060: 3056: 3051: 3047: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3030: 3020: 3016: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2988: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2972: 2962: 2959: 2957: 2954: 2950: 2945: 2936: 2929: 2919: 2917: 2908: 2905: 2902: 2901: 2900: 2898: 2892:48000 Hz 2891: 2889:44100 Hz 2888: 2886:32000 Hz 2885: 2884: 2883: 2881: 2874: 2870: 2867: 2864: 2860: 2858: 2854: 2851: 2850: 2849: 2846: 2844: 2843: 2838: 2834: 2829: 2824:Part 3: Audio 2821: 2818: 2816: 2805: 2803: 2798: 2795: 2791: 2789: 2785: 2780: 2778: 2774: 2772: 2767: 2763: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2742: 2740: 2736: 2735:discoloration 2732: 2728: 2724: 2723:color banding 2720: 2716: 2695: 2689: 2684: 2679: 2674: 2669: 2664: 2659: 2654: 2647: 2642: 2637: 2632: 2627: 2622: 2617: 2612: 2605: 2600: 2595: 2590: 2585: 2580: 2575: 2570: 2563: 2558: 2553: 2548: 2543: 2538: 2533: 2528: 2521: 2516: 2511: 2506: 2501: 2498: 2493: 2488: 2483: 2480: 2473: 2468: 2463: 2458: 2455: 2450: 2447: 2442: 2437: 2432: 2429: 2422: 2417: 2412: 2407: 2402: 2397: 2394: 2389: 2386: 2381: 2374: 2369: 2364: 2361: 2356: 2351: 2346: 2343: 2338: 2335: 2330: 2327: 2321: 2312: 2311: 2310: 2307: 2305: 2301: 2296: 2294: 2289: 2268: 2262: 2257: 2252: 2247: 2242: 2237: 2232: 2227: 2220: 2215: 2210: 2205: 2200: 2195: 2190: 2185: 2178: 2173: 2168: 2163: 2158: 2153: 2148: 2143: 2136: 2131: 2126: 2121: 2116: 2111: 2106: 2101: 2094: 2089: 2084: 2079: 2074: 2069: 2064: 2059: 2052: 2047: 2042: 2037: 2032: 2027: 2022: 2017: 2010: 2005: 2000: 1995: 1990: 1985: 1980: 1975: 1968: 1963: 1958: 1953: 1948: 1943: 1938: 1933: 1927: 1918: 1917: 1916: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1902: 1893: 1889: 1887: 1866: 1860: 1855: 1850: 1845: 1842: 1837: 1834: 1829: 1826: 1821: 1816: 1809: 1806: 1801: 1796: 1793: 1788: 1785: 1780: 1777: 1772: 1767: 1762: 1759: 1752: 1747: 1742: 1737: 1734: 1729: 1726: 1721: 1716: 1711: 1708: 1701: 1696: 1693: 1688: 1683: 1680: 1675: 1672: 1667: 1664: 1659: 1656: 1651: 1644: 1639: 1634: 1629: 1626: 1621: 1618: 1613: 1608: 1603: 1600: 1593: 1590: 1585: 1580: 1575: 1572: 1567: 1564: 1559: 1554: 1549: 1546: 1539: 1534: 1531: 1526: 1523: 1518: 1513: 1508: 1505: 1500: 1497: 1492: 1485: 1480: 1477: 1472: 1469: 1464: 1459: 1454: 1451: 1446: 1443: 1438: 1435: 1429: 1420: 1419: 1418: 1415: 1412: 1407: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1390: 1380: 1378: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1363: 1358: 1356: 1352: 1347: 1342: 1338: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1327: 1322: 1317: 1308: 1306: 1301: 1298: 1295: 1293: 1286: 1276: 1272: 1263: 1260: 1256: 1253: 1247: 1239: 1237: 1232: 1229: 1227: 1223: 1218: 1216: 1214: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1196: 1194: 1184: 1182: 1176: 1174: 1169: 1166: 1160: 1156: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1136: 1134: 1124: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1105: 1097: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1082: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1059: 1055: 1050: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1031: 1022: 1020: 1014: 1012: 1005:Part 2: Video 1002: 1000: 994: 992: 988: 978: 974: 971: 966: 964: 958: 956: 952: 948: 943: 929: 926: 922: 918: 914: 911: 910: 904: 902: 898: 893: 891: 887: 881: 879: 866: 862: 859: 855: 852: 848: 845: 841: 838: 834: 833:Dolby Digital 830: 827: 823: 820: 816: 813: 809: 806: 802: 799: 798:set-top boxes 795: 792: 788: 785: 781: 778: 774: 770: 767: 764:Most popular 763: 762: 754: 751: 749: 746: 744: 741: 739: 736: 734: 731: 729: 726: 724: 721: 719: 716: 714: 711: 709: 706: 704: 701: 699: 696: 694: 691: 689: 686: 684: 681: 679: 676: 674: 671: 669: 666: 665: 664: 656: 654: 650: 644: 631: 628: 625: 622: 620: 616: 613: 610: 607: 606: 603: 600: 597: 594: 592: 588: 585: 582: 579: 578: 575: 572: 569: 566: 564: 560: 557: 554: 551: 550: 547: 544: 541: 538: 536: 532: 529: 526: 523: 522: 519: 516: 513: 510: 508: 504: 501: 498: 495: 494: 490: 487: 482: 475: 472: 469: 468: 465:MPEG-1 Parts 462: 459: 455: 450: 448: 444: 440: 434: 432: 428: 424: 420: 416: 410: 408: 404: 400: 396: 392: 388: 384: 380: 376: 372: 367: 365: 361: 360:Huffman codes 357: 353: 349: 345: 341: 337: 333: 330: 326: 322: 318: 305: 302: 300: 296: 292: 289: 286: 282: 278: 274: 270: 269: 268: 266: 261: 259: 255: 253: 249: 243: 241: 235: 233: 229: 225: 221: 217: 213: 209: 205: 201: 197: 188: 184: 179: 175: 171: 166: 162: 158: 155: 153: 149: 146: 143: 139: 136: 132: 129: 125: 121: 117: 99: 97: 93: 79: 75: 71: 70:ISO/IEC JTC 1 67: 64: 60: 54: 52: 48: 40: 38: 34: 19: 10692:Video codecs 10687:Audio codecs 10612:Hutter Prize 10576:Quantization 10481:Compensation 10275:Quantization 9998:Compensation 9564:Shannon–Fano 9504:Entropy type 8495:(GB/T 22726) 8156:Multichannel 8012:MSU Lossless 7926:AVS1 P2/AVS+ 7880:TrueMotion S 7818:H.265 / HEVC 7764:Part 1 / EVC 7752:Part 3 / VVC 7718:Part 2 / ASP 7695: 7571:MPEG-5 Parts 7555:MPEG-I Parts 7524:MPEG-H Parts 7505:Part 3: APIs 7488:MPEG-G Parts 7467:MPEG-D Parts 7430:MPEG-7 Parts 7381:Part 6: DMIF 7356:MPEG-4 Parts 7288:MPEG-2 Parts 7236:MPEG-1 Parts 7153: 7037:27000-series 6766: 6162:, retrieved 6158:the original 6144: 6137: 6127:, retrieved 6111: 6104: 6093:. Retrieved 6089:the original 6078: 6053:. Retrieved 6038: 6027:. Retrieved 6023:the original 6012: 6002:, retrieved 5988: 5981: 5971:, retrieved 5964:the original 5951: 5944: 5934:, retrieved 5927:the original 5910: 5890:, retrieved 5883:the original 5870: 5852: 5847: 5839: 5834: 5826: 5821: 5813: 5808: 5798:, retrieved 5791:the original 5778: 5758:, retrieved 5754:the original 5749:MPEG-1 Audio 5748: 5741: 5731:, retrieved 5721: 5714: 5697:, retrieved 5683: 5676: 5666:, retrieved 5659:the original 5650: 5614:, retrieved 5610:the original 5600: 5571:. Retrieved 5557: 5547:, retrieved 5543:the original 5537: 5531: 5521:, retrieved 5517:the original 5503: 5474:. Retrieved 5470:the original 5460: 5450:, retrieved 5446:the original 5426: 5396:, retrieved 5374: 5367: 5357:, retrieved 5347: 5340: 5330:, retrieved 5320: 5313: 5303:, retrieved 5293: 5286: 5276:, retrieved 5266: 5259: 5249:, retrieved 5239: 5220:, retrieved 5202: 5195: 5187:the original 5174:MPEG-1 Audio 5173: 5141:. Retrieved 5132: 5123: 5111:. Retrieved 5102: 5093: 5082:. Retrieved 5073: 5064: 5045: 5033:. Retrieved 5029:the original 5024: 5015: 5004:. Retrieved 4986: 4961:. Retrieved 4956: 4953:"archive.ph" 4947: 4939: 4933:. Retrieved 4919: 4908:. Retrieved 4890: 4880:November 11, 4878:. Retrieved 4863: 4853:, retrieved 4849:the original 4843: 4837: 4827:, retrieved 4817: 4811: 4801:, retrieved 4787: 4780: 4769:. Retrieved 4754: 4743:. Retrieved 4728: 4717:. Retrieved 4702: 4691:. Retrieved 4676: 4665:. Retrieved 4650: 4625:. Retrieved 4621:the original 4610: 4598:. Retrieved 4594:the original 4584: 4574:, retrieved 4568:, faqs.org, 4564: 4540:, retrieved 4536:the original 4522: 4500:, retrieved 4496:the original 4482: 4475: 4465:, retrieved 4461:the original 4448:Achievements 4447: 4424:. Retrieved 4420:the original 4407:. Retrieved 4403:the original 4393: 4381:. Retrieved 4377:the original 4367: 4355: 4353: 4347:. Retrieved 4343:the original 4320:, retrieved 4316:the original 4302: 4296: 4286:, retrieved 4282:the original 4268: 4244:, retrieved 4240:the original 4230: 4223: 4213:, retrieved 4209:the original 4199: 4159:, retrieved 4155:the original 4145: 4138: 4128:, retrieved 4121:the original 4112: 4105: 4093:. Retrieved 4084:RealNetworks 4082: 4073: 4049: 4042: 4030:. Retrieved 4019: 4010: 4000:20 September 3998:. Retrieved 3994:the original 3984: 3977: 3966:. Retrieved 3962:the original 3937:. Retrieved 3933:the original 3922: 3911:. Retrieved 3907:the original 3896: 3885:. Retrieved 3870: 3845:. Retrieved 3841:the original 3830: 3820:, retrieved 3816:the original 3802: 3795: 3785:, retrieved 3765: 3733:, retrieved 3727:, faqs.org, 3723: 3693:. Retrieved 3658: 3540: 3528: 3513: 3498: 3489: 3474:Please help 3462: 3429: 3427: 3421: 3418: 3415: 3407: 3404: 3401: 3381: 3350: 3342: 3333: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3303: 3301: 3293: 3285: 3281: 3274: 3267:(IRT/CNET). 3252: 3237: 3221: 3213: 3211: 3201: 3199: 3163: 3149: 3133: 3117: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3081: 3069:coefficients 3063: 3048: 3026: 3017: 2996: 2994: 2974: 2960: 2946: 2931: 2915: 2912: 2895: 2878: 2873:uncorrelated 2847: 2840: 2836: 2830: 2827: 2819: 2811: 2799: 2792: 2781: 2775: 2768: 2764: 2748: 2738: 2712: 2308: 2299: 2297: 2292: 2287: 2285: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1901:Quantization 1899: 1896:Quantization 1890: 1883: 1416: 1410: 1408: 1395: 1388: 1386: 1376: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1359: 1345: 1343: 1339: 1330: 1325: 1318: 1314: 1302: 1299: 1296: 1291: 1288: 1273: 1269: 1261: 1257: 1252:data buffers 1248: 1245: 1233: 1230: 1225: 1221: 1219: 1211: 1207: 1202:(over time) 1197: 1193:inter-frames 1190: 1177: 1170: 1161: 1157: 1142: 1132: 1130: 1106: 1103: 1083: 1051: 1036: 1015: 1008: 995: 984: 981:Multiplexing 975: 969: 967: 959: 945: 894: 882: 877: 875: 759:Applications 662: 645: 641: 491:Description 478:release date 476:First public 451: 435: 411: 368: 356:quantization 314: 264: 262: 257: 246: 244: 236: 195: 194: 10571:Prefix code 10424:Frame types 10245:Color space 10071:Convolution 9801:LZ77 + ANS 9712:Incremental 9685:Other types 9604:Levenshtein 9213:MOD and TOD 9154:Flash Video 9092:3GP and 3G2 8773:HEIC / HEIF 8725:compression 8485:Audio Vivid 8220:MPEG-D USAC 8215:MPEG-4 CELP 8210:MPEG-4 HVXC 8125:compression 7957:Apple Video 7873:and AOMedia 7823:H.266 / VVC 7813:H.264 / AVC 7655:compression 7640:compression 5240:Pack Header 5074:www.loc.gov 3388: 1994 3337:diminishing 3289:granularity 3143:(AC-3) and 3120:transparent 3050:Time domain 3032:filter bank 2942: 1990 2863:M/S encoded 2788:dimensional 1279:Macroblocks 1145:Intra-frame 1094:chrominance 1025:Color space 886:file format 485:correction 336:macroblocks 183:Free format 170:Open format 10676:Categories 10628:Mark Adler 10586:Redundancy 10503:Daubechies 10486:Estimation 10419:Frame rate 10341:Daubechies 10301:Chain code 10260:Macroblock 10066:Companding 10003:Estimation 9923:Daubechies 9629:Lempel–Ziv 9589:Exp-Golomb 9517:Arithmetic 9447:for codecs 9394:Daubechies 9369:Transforms 9271:Arithmetic 8938:Containers 8643:True Audio 8487:(GY/T 363) 8205:MPEG-4 DST 8200:MPEG-4 SLS 8195:MPEG-4 ALS 8069:SheerVideo 8043:QuickTime 7871:TrueMotion 7637:Multimedia 6164:2008-04-09 6129:2016-11-11 6095:2009-10-28 6083:MPEG.ORG. 6055:2016-11-11 6029:2016-11-11 6004:2016-11-11 5973:2016-11-11 5936:2016-11-11 5892:2008-04-09 5800:2008-04-17 5760:2016-11-11 5733:2016-11-11 5699:2008-04-09 5668:2008-04-09 5616:2008-04-09 5573:2024-02-07 5549:2016-11-11 5523:2016-11-11 5476:2009-05-03 5452:2016-11-11 5398:2016-11-11 5359:2016-11-11 5332:2016-11-11 5305:2016-11-11 5278:2016-11-11 5251:2016-11-11 5222:2016-11-11 5084:2023-09-24 5035:11 January 5006:2016-11-11 4963:2023-01-21 4957:archive.ph 4935:2016-11-11 4910:2016-11-11 4855:2008-04-09 4829:2016-11-11 4803:2016-11-11 4771:2016-11-11 4745:2016-11-11 4719:2016-11-11 4693:2016-11-11 4667:2016-11-11 4627:2010-07-18 4576:2016-11-11 4542:2008-04-09 4502:2008-04-09 4467:2008-04-03 4426:2008-07-13 4409:2008-07-13 4349:2008-10-12 4322:2008-04-09 4288:2008-04-09 4246:2008-04-09 4215:2016-11-11 4161:2008-04-09 4146:MPEG-2 FAQ 4130:2011-07-26 4032:3 November 3968:2009-10-31 3939:2009-10-31 3913:2009-10-31 3887:2016-11-11 3847:2009-11-10 3822:2008-04-09 3787:2016-11-11 3735:2016-11-11 3695:2021-12-15 3637:References 3605:Mjpegtools 3599:Libavcodec 3545:or AAC in 3430:ISO Dist10 3383:existing ( 3257:Y. Mahieux 3240:(PXFM) by 3224:(OCF) the 3206:EUREKA 147 3029:polyphased 3013:EUREKA 147 2871:Dual (two 2773:-encoded. 2719:blockiness 1377:edge noise 1292:macroblock 1285:Macroblock 1226:macroblock 1208:difference 1204:redundancy 1149:key frames 917:packetized 805:Green Book 447:interlaced 419:subjective 222:, digital 87:1991-12-06 10605:Community 10429:Interlace 9815:Zstandard 9594:Fibonacci 9584:Universal 9542:Canonical 9196:RealMedia 8798:JPEG 2000 8601:RealAudio 8581:OptimFROG 8059:RealVideo 8047:Animation 8017:OMS Video 7644:container 7597:MPEG-DASH 7367:based on 7330:Layer III 7277:Layer III 7255:based on 5436:CiteSeerX 3492:June 2023 3463:does not 3249:Bell Labs 3216:(MSC) by 3154:Layer III 3066:amplitude 3059:transient 3003:(CCETT), 2935:real-time 2897:Bit rates 2499:− 2481:− 2456:− 2448:− 2430:− 2395:− 2387:− 2362:− 2344:− 2336:− 2328:− 2288:frequency 1843:− 1835:− 1827:− 1807:− 1794:− 1786:− 1778:− 1760:− 1735:− 1727:− 1709:− 1694:− 1681:− 1673:− 1665:− 1657:− 1627:− 1619:− 1601:− 1591:− 1573:− 1565:− 1547:− 1532:− 1524:− 1506:− 1498:− 1478:− 1470:− 1452:− 1444:− 1436:− 1404:IEEE 1180 1305:multiples 1121:compliant 1090:luminance 1079:divisible 951:multiplex 826:DVD-Video 810:, and on 454:bitstream 431:audio CDs 256:, titled 228:satellite 220:video CDs 68:(part of 10591:Symmetry 10559:Timeline 10542:FM-index 10387:Bit rate 10380:Concepts 10228:Concepts 10091:Sampling 10044:Bit rate 10037:Concepts 9739:Sequitur 9574:Tunstall 9547:Modified 9537:Adaptive 9495:Lossless 9315:Lossless 9281:Modified 9174:Matroska 9053:Matroska 8964:MPEG-PES 8576:Musepack 8473:AVS1 P10 8052:Graphics 8002:Lagarith 7325:Layer II 7272:Layer II 6208:Archived 6196:Archived 6184:Archived 6120:archived 6064:cite web 6049:Archived 5998:archived 5727:archived 5693:archived 5567:Archived 5392:archived 5353:archived 5326:archived 5299:archived 5272:archived 5245:archived 5216:archived 5137:Archived 5107:Archived 5078:Archived 5053:Archived 5000:Archived 4972:cite web 4929:Archived 4904:Archived 4874:Archived 4823:archived 4797:archived 4765:Archived 4739:Archived 4713:Archived 4687:Archived 4661:Archived 4636:cite web 4570:archived 4303:Meetings 4095:5 August 4089:Archived 4026:Archived 3881:Archived 3856:cite web 3778:archived 3729:archived 3689:Archived 3630:Musepack 3608:Archived 3553:See also 3376:Bitrates 3297:pre-echo 3261:J. Petit 3246:AT&T 3124:CD audio 2965:Layer II 1406:-1990.) 1346:distance 1266:D-frames 1242:B-frames 1224:on each 1200:temporal 1187:P-frames 1183:-1180). 1155:images. 1139:I-frames 1071:aliasing 925:checksum 812:Video CD 766:software 718:Qualcomm 615:Archived 587:Archived 559:Archived 531:Archived 517:Systems 503:Archived 443:CCIR 601 407:standard 200:standard 152:Standard 10549:Entropy 10498:Wavelet 10477:Motion 10336:Wavelet 10316:Fractal 10311:Deflate 10294:Methods 10081:Latency 9994:Motion 9918:Wavelet 9835:LHA/LZH 9785:Deflate 9734:Re-Pair 9729:Grammar 9559:Shannon 9532:Huffman 9488:methods 9389:Wavelet 9330:DEFLATE 9276:Huffman 9266:Entropy 9258:Methods 9243:MPEG LA 9132:Smacker 9020:H.222.0 8976:MPEG-TS 8971:MPEG-PS 8959:MPEG-ES 8843:TIFF/IT 8838:TIFF/EP 8823:JPEG XT 8818:JPEG XS 8813:JPEG XR 8808:JPEG XL 8803:JPEG-LS 8684:aptX HD 8664:WavPack 8606:RTAudio 8546:Codec 2 8479:AVS2 P3 8406:GSM-EFR 8376:AMR-WB+ 8310:G.729.1 8290:G.723.1 8280:G.722.2 8275:G.722.1 8074:Smacker 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