3111:
342:= High components. These components are deemed "well-tried components" and are listed in ISO 13849-2, Annexes A through D. Additionally, components that have been tested by the manufacturer and approved according to the relevant component safety standard, e.g., IEC 60947-5-5, are also considered well-tried. Since Category 1 is single channel, DC
139:, was published. This standard included all of the details related to validating the functional safety of a design. In addition, Annexes A-D included key information on basic and well-tried safety principles, well-tried components, and common faults for mechanical, hydraulic, pneumatic, and electrical components.
193:
Following ISO 13849-1, the design of the safety system is based on a risk assessment performed by the manufacturer of the machine. The risk assessment identifies the safety functions required to mitigate risk and the performance level these functions need to meet to adequately mitigate the identified
201:
can be determined. The Annex A method is not a risk assessment tool since the output from the tool is in terms of
Performance Level, not risk. Figure A.1 cannot be used for risk assessment. Examples of a risk matrix and a risk decision tree are given in ISO/TR 14121-2. Risk assessment is typically
323:= Low or Medium. Components must be suitable for use in the application, and specified appropriately for the conditions of use, i.e., voltage, current, frequency, switching frequency, ambient temperature, pollution class, shock, vibration, etc. Since Category B is single channel, DC
33:
that are assigned to providing safety functions (called safety-related parts of a control system). The standard is one of a group of sector-specific functional safety standards that were created to tailor the generic system reliability approaches, e.g.,
127:. The first edition was technically identical to EN 954-1. Within a year after publication, ISO/TC 199 launched a New Work Item Proposal for the revision of the standard. The goal was to add probabalistic requirements to the existing standard.
82:
According to an informal stakeholder survey done in 2013, more than 89% of machine builders and more than 90% of component manufacturers and service providers use ISO 13849 as the primary functional safety standard for their products.
243:) based on the intrinsic risk determined through the risk assessment. The intrinsic risk is the risk posed by the machine if no risk control measures were present, or if the risk control measures fail or are defeated by the user.
171:
The third edition of ISO 13849-1 was published in 2015. The revision included additional technical explanations and clarification of the analytical methods. This edition was reaffirmed in 2020, while a new revision was started.
115:, is the precursor document that eventually became ISO 13849-2 in 2003. This document was never published as a finished standard. The "pr" in "prEN" indicates that the document was a European pre-standard.
45:
ISO 13849-1, Part 1: General principles for design, provides safety requirements and guidance on the principles of design and integration of safety-related parts of control systems (hardware or software).
274:
The
Performance Level of a safety function is determined by the architectural characteristics of the controller (classified according to designated architectural categories, Category B, 1, 2, 3, 4), the
60:, a HIGH demand rate is once or more per year of operation, and a CONTINUOUS demand rate is much, much more frequent than HIGH. For systems with a LOW demand rate, i.e., less than once-per-year, see
2437:
180:
The fourth edition of ISO 13849-1 was published in 2023. The revision focuses on the integration of the content from ISO 13489-2, some specific annexes of the document ISO 13489-2 are still used.
283:) implemented in the system, and the application of measures against Common Cause Failures (CCF). Category B, 1 and 2 architectures are single channel, and therefore offer no fault tolerance.
210:
A safety function is a control system function whose failure will result in an immediate increase in risk. ISO 13849-1 includes descriptions of a number of common safety functions, including:
202:
done in at least two cycles, the first to determine the intrinsic risk, and the second to determine the risk reduction achieved by the control measures implemented in the design.
163:
In 2012, ISO 13849-2, Safety of machinery – Safety-related parts of control systems — Part 2: Validation was published. This edition was reaffirmed in 2017 and remains current.
449:
Safety-related parts of control systems (SRP/CS) require validation. ISO 13849-2 includes all of the details required for the validation using analytical techniques (including
52:, specifies the procedures to be followed for validating by analysis or tests, the safety functions of the system, the category achieved and the performance level achieved.
384:= Low to High, this architecture introduces cross-monitoring between the two active channels, as well as cyclic monitoring of the output device(s). Category 3 requires DC
251:
A Performance Level is a band of failure rates, represented as a, b, c, d, e. These failure rates are quantified as the
Probability of Dangerous Failure per hour, PFH
676:
291:
The designated architectures include three single-channel and two redundant structures. The structures are the basis for the calculations used to determine the PFH
406:= High, this architecture includes cross-monitoring between the two active channels, as well as cyclic monitoring of the output device(s). Category 4 requires DC
1949:
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for
Category 2 can be Low to Medium, i.e., 60% ≤ DC < 99%. The diagnostic frequency depends on the demand rate on the safety function, and on the PL
1944:
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79:. The scope of ISO 13849 includes control systems using mechanical, electrical, electronic, and fluidic (hydraulic and pneumatic) technologies.
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Category 2 is a single-channel architecture that achieves increased reliability by building on
Category B, using components with MTTF
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461:, IFA SISTEMA or any of the other analytical tools available), functional testing, and documentation in a validation record.
155:, and CCF for the first time. The revisions incorporated the recommendations developed through the EU STSARCES project. and
38:, MIL-HDBK-217, MIL-HDBK-338, to the needs of a particular sector. ISO 13849 is simplified for use in the machinery sector.
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595:"ISO 13849-1:2015, Safety of machinery — Safety-related parts of control systems — Part 1: General principles for design"
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Category 3 is the first architecture with a redundant structure. Building on
Category B, and using components with MTTF
96:
ISO 13849-1 has its origins in the mid 1990s when the
European Committee for Standardization (CEN) published EN 954-1,
677:"EN 954-1:1996, Safety of machinery - Safety-related parts of control systems - Part 1: General principles for design"
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risks, either completely, or in combination with other safeguards, e.g., fixed or movable guards or other measures.
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307:. When analyzing SRP/CS designs, a block diagram should be developed to assist the analyst in calculating the MTTF
779:"ISO/TR 14121-2:2012 Safety of machinery — Risk assessment — Part 2: Practical guidance and examples of methods"
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Category B represents the basic category. This category is single-channel, and can include components with MTTF
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758:"ISO 12100:2010, Safety of machinery — General principles for design — Risk assessment and risk reduction"
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Category 4 is also a redundant architecture that builds upon
Category B. Using components limited to MTTF
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Outcome of the "Questionnaire" doc. N 964 -- Report from ISO/TC 199/JWG 1/Sub Group 2, ISO/TC 199 N1035
616:"ISO 13849-2:2012, Safety of machinery — Safety-related parts of control systems — Part 2: Validation"
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in 1996. In 1999, EN 954-1 was transferred to ISO for ongoing development under the Vienna
Agreement.
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Safety of machinery — Safety-related parts of control systems — Part 1: General principles for design
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Safety of machinery — Safety-related parts of control systems — Part 1: General principles for design
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Each safety function identified in the risk assessment is assigned a required
Performance Level (PL
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In Category 4, no single component failure is permitted to cause the loss of the safety function.
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In Category 3, no single component failure is permitted to cause the loss of the safety function.
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of the components in the functional channel(s) of the system, the average diagnostic coverage (DC
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All of the faults that occur between diagnostic cycles must be detected when the diagnostics run
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ISO 13849 is designed for use in machinery with high to continuous demand rates. According to
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Performance Level required based on the risk assessment to provide necessary risk reduction.
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Accumulation of faults between diagnostic cycles cannot cause the loss of the safety function
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Low to Medium, i.e., 60% ≤ DC < 99%. A minimum CCF score of 65 is required, see Annex F.
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Category 1 achieves increased reliability as compared to Category B through the use of MTTF
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361:= Low to High, and adding diagnostic capability through the use of test equipment. The DC
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The second edition of ISO 13849-1 was published in 2006. That edition introduced MTTF
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Safety of machinery – Safety-related parts of control systems — Part 2: Validation
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Safety of machinery — Safety-related parts of control systems — Part 2: Validation
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The primary differences between Category 3 and 4 are that Category 4 requires:
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The Annex A decision tree, Figure A.1, is provided as an example of how the PL
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are given in Annex K. The PL range for each band has a 5% tolerance. The PFH
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760:. International Organization for Standardization (ISO). 22 January 2019
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HIGH, i.e., ≥ 99%. A minimum CCF score of 65 is required, see Annex F.
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The parts of a machine control system that provide a safety function.
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EN 954-1 introduced the original five structural Categories, B, 1-4.
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643:. International Organization for Standardization. 22 January 2019
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covered by ISO 13849-1 range from the highest failure rate in PL
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703:"Standards for safety related complex electronic systems"
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Failures in more than one component with a common cause.
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In 1999, ISO published the first edition of ISO 13849-1,
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The standard is developed and maintained by ISO/TC 199,
781:. International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
618:. International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
597:. International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
64:, or the appropriate sector-specific standard such as
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538:The fractional probability per hour of operation.
235:fluctuation, loss and restoration of power sources
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303:Each designated architecture has an associated
683:. European Committee for Standardization (CEN)
346:= NONE. CCF is not relevant in this category.
327:= NONE. CCF is not relevant in this category.
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267:< 1 × 10 to the lowest failure rate in PL
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729:"STSARCES project - final report -part 1"
571:Safety-Related Parts of Control System(s)
535:Probability of dangerous Failure per Hour
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521:Mean Time to Dangerous Failure
311:of the functional channel(s).
206:Assignment of safety functions
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255:. The numeric values for PFH
41:The standard has two parts:
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549:average Diagnostic Coverage
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232:safety-related parameter(s)
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503:required Performance Level
189:Risk assessment techniques
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26:which applies to parts of
16:Functional safety standard
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295:values given in Annex K.
287:Designated architectures
176:ISO 13849-1, 4th Edition
167:ISO 13849-1, 3rd Edition
159:ISO 13849-2, 2nd Edition
143:ISO 13849-1, 2nd Edition
131:ISO 13849-2, 1st Edition
119:ISO 13849-1, 1st Edition
552:Given as a percentage.
135:In 2003, ISO 13849-2,
709:. European Commission
48:ISO 13849-2, Part 2:
3146:Reliability analysis
560:Common Cause Failure
394:The maximum PL = e.
372:The maximum PL = d.
349:The maximum PL = c.
330:The maximum PL = b.
77:Safe Control Systems
75:, Working Group 8 —
733:industry-finder.com
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214:safety-related stop
73:Safety of machinery
832:by standard number
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247:Performance levels
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681:www.cencenelec.eu
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850:IEC standards
847:
843:
842:ISO standards
837:
829:
822:
817:
815:
810:
808:
803:
802:
799:
780:
774:
759:
753:
751:
735:. 27 May 2014
734:
730:
724:
708:
704:
698:
682:
678:
672:
664:
658:
642:
638:
632:
617:
611:
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559:
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555:
551:
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541:
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527:
523:
520:
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509:
505:
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477:
474:
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439:
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429:
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420:
417:
414:
411:
395:
392:
389:
373:
370:
350:
347:
331:
328:
312:
306:
305:block diagram
296:
284:
272:
271:at ≥ 1 × 10.
244:
234:
231:
229:response time
228:
225:
223:local control
222:
219:
217:start/restart
216:
213:
212:
211:
203:
195:
181:
173:
164:
156:
140:
138:
128:
126:
116:
114:
104:
101:
99:
84:
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78:
74:
69:
67:
63:
59:
51:
47:
44:
43:
42:
39:
37:
32:
29:
25:
21:
3141:Safety codes
2968:27000 series
783:. Retrieved
773:
762:. Retrieved
737:. Retrieved
732:
723:
711:. Retrieved
706:
697:
685:. Retrieved
680:
671:
665:, 2013-03-01
662:
657:
645:. Retrieved
640:
631:
620:. Retrieved
610:
599:. Retrieved
589:
448:
418:
416:The PL = e.
415:
412:
401:
393:
390:
379:
371:
356:
348:
337:
329:
318:
302:
290:
273:
250:
238:
220:manual reset
209:
196:
192:
179:
170:
162:
146:
136:
134:
124:
122:
112:
110:
102:
97:
95:
81:
76:
72:
70:
55:
40:
19:
18:
2756:20000–29999
1908:10000–19999
3130:Categories
2535:16949 (TS)
2132:11941 (TR)
830:standards
764:2022-04-06
622:2022-04-06
601:2022-04-06
581:References
445:Validation
398:Category 4
376:Category 3
353:Category 2
334:Category 1
315:Category B
107:prEN 954-2
50:Validation
2490:15926 WIP
1854:9592/9593
1779:9000/9001
1667:8805/8806
478:Expansion
470:Acronyms
66:IEC 61511
62:IEC 61508
58:IEC 61508
36:IEC 61508
28:machinery
20:ISO 13849
3115:Category
840:List of
739:11 April
713:11 April
465:Acronyms
92:EN 954-1
3016:29199-2
2888:23094-2
2883:23094-1
2873:23090-3
2742:19794-5
2737:19775-1
2525:16612-2
2515:16355-1
2204:13406-2
2162:12234-2
1930:10118-3
785:6 April
687:7 April
647:8 April
515:or MTTF
475:Acronym
87:History
3030:30000+
1869:9797-1
1677:8820-5
1622:8501-1
1178:1073-2
1173:1073-1
857:1–9999
568:SRP/CS
481:Notes
226:muting
3097:80000
3092:56000
3087:55000
3082:50001
3077:45001
3072:42010
3067:40500
3062:39075
3057:38500
3052:37001
3047:32000
3042:31000
3037:30170
3021:29500
3011:29148
3007:29110
3003:28000
2998:27729
2993:27006
2988:27005
2983:27002
2978:27001
2973:27000
2963:26324
2958:26300
2953:26262
2948:26000
2943:25964
2938:25178
2933:24728
2928:24707
2923:24617
2918:24613
2913:24517
2908:23941
2903:23360
2898:23271
2893:23270
2878:23092
2868:23009
2863:23008
2858:23003
2853:23000
2848:22537
2843:22395
2838:22301
2833:22300
2828:22275
2823:22000
2818:21827
2813:21500
2808:21122
2803:21047
2798:21001
2793:21000
2788:20830
2783:20802
2778:20400
2773:20121
2768:20022
2763:20000
2747:19831
2732:19770
2727:19757
2722:19752
2717:19600
2712:19510
2707:19509
2702:19508
2697:19507
2692:19506
2687:19505
2682:19503
2677:19502
2672:19501
2667:19500
2662:19439
2657:19407
2652:19136
2647:19125
2642:19115
2637:19114
2620:19092
2615:19011
2610:19005
2605:18916
2600:18629
2595:18245
2590:18181
2585:18014
2580:18004
2575:17799
2570:17506
2565:17442
2560:17369
2555:17203
2550:17100
2545:17025
2540:17024
2530:16750
2520:16485
2510:16262
2505:16023
2500:15938
2495:15930
2485:15926
2480:15924
2475:15919
2470:15897
2465:15707
2453:15706
2448:15693
2443:15686
2438:15511
2433:15504
2428:15438
2423:15445
2406:15444
2401:15408
2396:15398
2391:15291
2386:15288
2381:15189
2376:15022
2371:14971
2366:14882
2361:14764
2356:14698
2351:14651
2346:14649
2341:14644
2336:14617
2284:14496
2279:14443
2274:14396
2269:14289
2264:14224
2259:14031
2254:14000
2249:13818
2244:13816
2239:13616
2234:13584
2229:13568
2224:13567
2219:13490
2214:13485
2209:13450
2199:13399
2194:13250
2189:13216
2172:13211
2167:12620
2157:12207
2152:12182
2147:12052
2142:12006
2137:11992
2127:11941
2117:11940
2112:11898
2107:11889
2102:11801
2097:11785
2092:11784
2087:11783
2082:11544
2077:11404
2072:11179
2067:11172
2062:11170
2057:11073
2052:10967
2047:10962
2042:10957
2037:10861
2032:10746
2027:10664
2022:10646
2017:10628
2012:10589
2007:10585
2002:10383
1970:10303
1965:10279
1960:10218
1955:10206
1950:10179
1945:10165
1940:10161
1935:10160
1925:10116
1920:10007
1915:10006
459:FMEDA
455:FMECA
434:≥ 99%
22:is a
1995:-238
1899:9995
1894:9985
1889:9984
1884:9945
1879:9899
1874:9897
1864:9660
1859:9594
1849:9564
1844:9529
1839:9506
1834:9496
1829:9407
1824:9362
1819:9314
1814:9293
1809:9241
1804:9227
1799:9141
1794:9126
1789:9075
1784:9036
1774:8879
1727:-8-I
1682:8859
1672:8807
1662:8691
1657:8652
1652:8651
1647:8632
1642:8613
1637:8601
1632:8583
1627:8571
1617:8373
1612:8217
1607:8178
1602:8093
1597:8000
1592:7942
1587:7816
1582:7813
1577:7812
1572:7811
1567:7810
1562:7736
1557:7637
1545:7498
1540:7200
1535:7185
1530:7098
1525:7064
1520:7027
1515:7010
1510:7002
1505:7001
1500:6943
1495:6709
1490:6523
1485:6438
1480:6429
1475:6425
1470:6385
1465:6373
1460:6346
1455:6344
1450:6166
1445:5964
1440:5807
1435:5800
1430:5776
1425:5775
1420:5725
1415:5428
1410:5427
1405:5426
1400:5218
1395:4909
1390:4217
1385:4165
1380:4157
1375:4031
1370:3977
1365:3950
1360:3901
1355:3864
1350:3602
1345:3601
1340:3307
1335:3297
1313:3166
1308:3103
1303:3029
1298:2921
1293:2852
1288:2848
1283:2788
1278:2720
1273:2711
1268:2709
1263:2533
1258:2281
1253:2240
1248:2146
1243:2145
1238:2108
1233:2047
1228:2033
1223:2022
1218:2015
1213:2014
1208:1989
1203:1745
1198:1629
1193:1538
1188:1413
1183:1155
1168:1007
1163:1004
1158:1000
981:68-1
787:2022
741:2022
715:2022
689:2022
649:2022
511:MTTF
451:FMEA
423:MTTF
275:MTTF
151:, DC
2329:-20
2324:-17
2319:-14
2314:-12
2309:-11
2304:-10
1990:-28
1985:-22
1980:-21
1975:-11
1767:-16
1762:-15
1757:-14
1752:-13
1747:-12
1742:-11
1737:-10
1153:999
1148:965
1143:898
1138:860
1133:843
1128:838
1123:764
1118:732
1113:704
1108:690
1103:668
1098:657
1093:646
1061:639
1056:519
1051:518
1046:500
1041:361
1036:306
1031:302
1026:262
1021:261
1016:259
1011:233
1006:228
1001:226
996:217
991:216
986:128
974:-13
969:-12
964:-11
959:-10
828:ISO
641:ISO
557:CCF
545:avg
529:PFH
432:avg
408:avg
386:avg
363:avg
344:avg
325:avg
281:avg
153:avg
3132::
2630:-2
2625:-1
2458:-2
2416:-9
2411:-3
2299:-6
2294:-3
2289:-2
2182:-2
2177:-1
2121:-2
1732:-9
1722:-8
1717:-7
1712:-6
1707:-5
1702:-4
1697:-3
1692:-2
1687:-1
1550:-1
1328:-3
1323:-2
1318:-1
1086:-6
1081:-5
1076:-3
1071:-2
1066:-1
954:-9
949:-8
944:-7
939:-6
934:-5
929:-4
924:-3
919:-1
914:-0
909:31
904:17
899:16
848:–
844:–
749:^
731:.
705:.
679:.
639:.
543:DC
497:PL
486:PL
457:,
453:,
430:DC
68:.
2123:)
2119:(
894:9
889:7
884:6
879:4
874:3
869:2
864:1
820:e
813:t
806:v
789:.
767:.
743:.
717:.
691:.
651:.
625:.
604:.
531:d
517:d
513:D
499:r
425:D
404:D
382:D
367:r
359:D
340:D
321:D
309:D
293:d
277:D
269:e
265:a
261:d
257:d
253:d
241:r
199:r
149:d
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