1024:, p. 231: "Apart from the spears and spear-heads of 'South-Illyrian' type (...), a connexion can be traced between Albania and Italy through various features in the pottery (shapes, handles; later on also painted geometric decoration); for although in Albania they derive from an earlier local tradition, they seem to represent new elements in Italy. In the same way we can account for the fibulae – typically Illyrian – arching in a simple curve with or without buttons, which one finds in southern Italy and in Sicily, and also some in which the curve is decorated with 'herring-bone' incisions, like examples from the eastern coast of the Adriatic. These influences appear finally in the rites of burial in tumuli in the contracted position, which are seen at this period in southern Italy, especially in Apulia. There is also evidence, as we have seen elsewhere, for supposing that in the diffusion of these Illyrian influences in Italy the Illyrian tribes which were displaced at the beginning of this period from the South-Eastern sea-board of the Adriatic and passed over into Italy may have played a significant role.";
740:
174:
643:
5751:
4219:
960:
1032:, p. 407: "They are linked by ancient historians with Illyria, across the Adriatic sea; the linkage is borne out archaeologically by similarities between Illyrian and Messapic metalwork and ceramics, and by personal names that appear in both locations. For this reason, the Messapic language has often been connected by modern scholars to Illyrian; but, as noted above, we have too little Illyrian to be able to test this claim."
890:
1668:, p. 397: "Rome's control of Apulia would prove vital during Rome's conflicts with the Samnites since the Romans used Apulia as a staging area to attack Samnium's eastern flank."; p. 417: "Therefore, Roman actions in Apulia in 318/317 may have formed part of a long-term strategy of encircling Samnium, or at least a policy of securing allies so that Rome was better positioned to confront and subdue the Samnites..."
5740:
1620:, p. 60: "Per questi motivi lo sviluppo della propria cultura messapica, rispettivamente iapigia è oggi ampiamente considerato come il risultato di una confluenza di tradizioni culturali oltreadriatiche (cioè balcaniche, ma anche micenee in una fase anteriore e poi greco-ellenistiche) con tradizioni culturali locali già esistenti prima di questo nuovo insediamento."
856:, some of these Iapygian communities were ruled by powerful individuals in the late 5th century BC. A small number of them had grown into such large fortified settlements that they probably regarded themselves as autonomous city-states by the end of the 4th century, and some of the northern cities were seemingly in control of an extensive territory during that period.
1028:, p. 68: "...the Messapian language recorded on more than 300 inscriptions is in some respects similar to Balkan Illyrian. This link is also reflected in the material culture of both shores of the southern Adriatic. Archaeologists have concluded that there was a phase of Illyrian migration into Italy early in the first millennium BC.";
1608:, p. 68: "...the Messapian language recorded on more than 300 inscriptions is in some respects similar to Balkan Illyrian. This link is also reflected in the material culture of both shores of the southern Adriatic. Archaeologists have concluded that there was a phase of Illyrian migration into Italy early in the first millennium BC."
797:
government and the implementation of a democratic one in Taras. It also froze relations between Greeks and the indigenous people for about half a century. Only in the late-5th and 6th centuries did they re-establish relationships. The second great
Hellenizing wave occurred during the 4th century BC, this time also involving Daunia.
848:
From the 6th century BC onward, the large but thinly occupied settlements that had been founded around the beginning of the first millennium BC began to take on a more structured form. The largest of them gradually gained the administrative capacity and the manpower to erect stone defensive walls and
718:
Iapygian funeral traditions were distinct from those of neighbouring Italic peoples: whereas the latter banished adult burials to the fringes of their settlements, the inhabitants of
Iapygia buried their dead both outside and inside their own settlements. Although females might occasionally be buried
709:
The
Iapygian peoples were noted for their ornamental dress. By the 7th century BC, the Daunian aristocracy were wearing highly ornate costumes and much jewellery, a custom that persisted into the classical period, with depictions of Iapygians with long hair, wearing highly patterned short tunics with
796:
The relationship between
Messapians and Tarantines deteriorated over time, resulting in a series of clashes between the two peoples from the beginning of the 5th century BC. After two victories of the Tarentines, the Iapygians inflicted a decisive defeat on them, causing the fall of the aristocratic
946:
As evidenced by items found in graves and warriors shown on red-figure vase paintings, Iapigyan fought with little other defensive armour than a shield, sometimes a leather helmet and a jerkin, exceptionally a breastplate. Their most frequent weapon was the thrusting spear, followed by the javelin,
730:
was to lay out the body in a fetal position with the legs drawn up towards the chest, perhaps symbolizing the rebirth of the soul in the womb of Mother Earth. Messapians, by contrast, laid out their dead in the extended position as did other Italic peoples. From the 3rd century BC, extended burials
875:
This regional hierarchy of urban power, in which a few dominant city-states competed with each other in order to assert their own hegemony over limited resources, most likely led to frequent internecine warfare between the various
Iapygian groups, and to external conflicts between them and foreign
975:
was practised in pre-Roman
Iapygia during the first millennium BC, and that wide areas of the region were reserved to provide pasture for transhumant sheep. Weaving was indeed an important activity in the 5th and 4th centuries BC. The textile made from wool was most likely marketed in the Greek
780:
cultures and providing a decisive cultural and linguistic imprint. The three main
Iapygian tribal groups–Daunians, Peucetians and Messapians–retained a remarkable cultural unity in the first phase of their development. After the 8th century BC, however, they began a phase marked by a process of
515:. The use of writing systems was introduced in this period, with the acquisition of the Laconian-Tarantine alphabet and its adaptation to the Messapic language. The second great Hellenizing wave occurred during the 4th century BC, this time also involving Daunia and marking the beginning of
482:'. The language, written in variants of the Greek alphabet, is attested from the mid-6th to the late-2nd century BC. Some scholars have argued that the term 'Iapygian languages' should be preferred to refer to those dialects, and the term 'Messapic' reserved to the inscriptions found in the
710:
elaborate fringes. Young women were portrayed with long tunics belted at the waist, generally with a headband or diadem. On ritual or ceremonial occasions, the women of central
Iapygia wore a distinctive form of mantle over their heads that left the headband visible above the brow.
542:-Apulia. An "Oscanization" and "Samnitization" process gradually took place which is attested in contemporary sources via the attestation of dual identities for settlements. In these regions an Oscan/Lucanian population and a large Daunian element intermixed in different ways.
1522:
Multis autem gentibus equum hostiarum numero haberi testimonio sunt
Lacedaemoni, qui in monte Taygeto equum ventis immolant, ibidemque adolent, ut eorum flatu cinis eius per finis quam latissime differatur. Et Sallentini, apud quos Menzanae Iovi dicatus uiuos conicitur in
792:
territories, and with the exception of Taras, the inhabitants were evidently able to avoid other Greek colonies in the region. During the 6th century BC Messapia, and more marginally
Peucetia, underwent Hellenizing cultural influences, mainly from the nearby Taras.
788:, preceded by earlier pre-colonial Mycenaean incursions during which the site of Taras seems to have already played an important role. Until the end of the 7th century, however, Iapygia was generally not encompassed in the area of influence of
554:
in the transboundary area between the Daunians and the Lucanians described himself as "Lucanian or Apulian". The creation of Roman colonies in southern Italy after the early 4th century BCE had a great impact in the Latinization of the area.
950:
Scenes of combat depicted on red-figure vase paintings also demonstrate that the various Iapygian communities were frequently involved in conflict with each other, and that prisoners of war were taken for ransom or to be sold into slavery.
212:. Although it mainly consists of sands and gravels, the plain is also crossed by several rivers. In ancient times, the land was best suited for cereal cultivation and, above all, for the pasturage of sheep in the winter. The
570:
became also widespread after Italic peoples had occupied the territory in that period. Along with the Messapic dialects, Greek, Oscan and Latin were consequently spoken and written all together in the whole region of
152:
may indicate that the sub-ethnic Iapygian structures were unstable and sometimes fragmented. By the middle of the third century, Iapygians were generally divided by contemporary observers among three peoples: the
243:(686 m), an area poor in rivers. The western half of the massif was suitable only for grazing sheep; nearer the sea, the land was more adapted to cultivation, and likely used in ancient times to produce grains.
250:, the landscape was more varied, though still without river formation. Olives are known to have been cultivated in this area during the pre-Roman period, but the scale of the production is uncertain. Several
752:
The development of a distinct Iapygian culture in southeastern Italy is widely considered to be the result of a confluence of local Apulian material cultures with Balkanic traditions following the cross-
845:
tradition of cities. The inhabitants of the rural districts gathered for common decisions, for feasts, for religious practices and rites, and to defend themselves against external attacks.
650:
Pre-Roman religious cults have also left few material traces. Preserved evidence indicates that indigenous Iapygian beliefs featured the worship of the Indo-European sky god
1053:
988:
plain, where the weaving industry was already well developed by the seventh or early sixth century BC, as evidenced by the depiction of weavers at work on a stelae.
208:(1,055 m), was largely unsuited for agriculture and abandoned to forests. To the south and west of the Gargano stretched the largest plain of peninsular Italy, the
461:
The Palaeo-Balkanic Indo-European branch based on the chapters "Albanian" (Hyllested & Joseph 2022) and "Armenian" (Olsen & Thorsø 2022) in Olander (ed.)
662:(Iovis/Iuppiter Menzanas), the fulfilling of oracles for anyone who slept wrapped in the skin of a sacrificed ewe, and the curative powers of the waters at the
3397:
2334:
Trumper, John (2018). "Some Celto-Albanian isoglosses and their implications". In Grimaldi, Mirko; Lai, Rosangela; Franco, Ludovico; Baldi, Benedetta (eds.).
1968:
1994:
731:
with the body lying on its back began to appear in Daunia and Peucetia, although the previous custom survived well into the 2nd century BC in some areas.
3146:
508:
as the IE branch closest to the Albanian-Messapic one. These two branches form an areal grouping – which is often called "Balkan IE" – with Armenian.
3106:
2254:
Small, Alastair (2014). "Pots, Peoples and Places in Fourth-Century B.C.E. Apulia". In Carpenter, T. H.; Lynch, K. M.; Robinson, E. G. D. (eds.).
4810:
4842:
3367:
5473:
4825:
3355:
997:
5437:
4367:
3290:
5571:
1826:
The Cambridge Ancient History: The Prehistory of the Balkans; and the Middle East and the Aegean world, tenth to eighth centuries B.C
674:, preserved in Greek tales. Several cave sanctuaries have been identified on the coast, most notably the Grotta Porcinara sanctuary (
511:
During the 6th century BC, Messapia, and more marginally Peucetia, underwent Hellenizing cultural influences, mainly from the nearby
5478:
3480:
784:
Contacts between Messapians and Greeks intensified after the end of the 8th century BC and the foundation of the Spartan colony of
558:
By the 4th century BC, inscriptions from central Iapygia suggest that the local artisan class had acquired some proficiency in the
5043:
4255:
900:
132:
Some ancient sources treat Iapygians and Messapians as synonymous, and several writers of the Roman period referred to them as
107:
5721:
4884:
2271:
2225:
2199:
2159:
2107:
2088:
2062:
1957:
1852:
1814:
58:) between the beginning of the first millennium BC and the first century BC. They were divided into three tribal groups: the
5518:
4793:
4601:
4847:
4710:
4190:
3701:
2486:
2465:
2355:
F. W. Walbank; A. E. Astin; M. W. Frederiksen; R. M. Ogilvie, eds. (1989). "Rome and Italy in the Early Third Century".
5566:
5151:
4778:
4611:
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4048:
2386:
809:. It paved the way for Roman hegemony in the entire peninsula, as they used their progression in the region to contain
2212:(1992). "The Beliefs and Rites of the Apulians, an Indigenous People of Southeastern Italy". In Bonnefoy, Yves (ed.).
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4798:
4773:
4616:
4185:
4158:
2433:
2408:
2364:
2345:
2180:
1980:
1874:
933:
1083:, p. 29: "Since Messapic is a language of Balkan origin brought to Italy, it may be included in this analysis."
5170:
4451:
4337:
2169:
Matzinger, Joachim (2021). "Ancient Languages of the Balkans". In Götz Keydana; Wolfgang Hock; Paul Widmer (eds.).
1002:
5294:
5206:
5053:
5048:
4879:
4747:
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2017:
5242:
4830:
4307:
4199:
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3850:
3731:
3706:
3618:
3092:
2940:
2324:
2303:
2244:
2039:
1938:
1833:
2150:
Matzinger, Joachim (2017). "The Lexicon of Albanian". In Klein, Jared; Joseph, Brian; Fritz, Matthias (eds.).
1824:
Boardman, John; Sollberger, E. (1982). J. Boardman; I. E. S. Edwards; N. G. L. Hammond; E. Sollberger (eds.).
5493:
5324:
5211:
4742:
4737:
3922:
3388:
805:
The Roman conquest of Iapygia started in the late 4th century, with the subjugation of the Canusini and the
597:. The Roman conquest probably accelerated the hellenisation of a region already influenced by contacts with
523:
epigraphic records, in a local variant of the Hellenistic alphabet that replaced the older Messapic script.
5252:
5191:
5176:
5028:
4889:
4342:
4212:
4000:
2860:
739:
849:
eventually to mint their own coins, indicating both urbanization and the assertion of political autonomy.
5596:
5314:
5160:
4942:
4852:
4752:
4638:
4606:
4291:
3862:
3845:
3263:
2800:
1054:"Popoli e culture dell'Italia preromana. Gli Iapigi, gli Apuli e i Dauni in "Il Mondo dell'Archeologia""
546:, a settlement which has produced a large body of Oscan onomastics is described as a "Daunian city" and
5651:
5279:
5099:
5006:
4979:
4914:
4788:
4322:
4248:
4078:
4073:
3814:
2775:
3225:
5681:
5447:
5370:
5334:
4352:
4317:
4312:
4063:
4058:
2805:
1929:
Graham, A. J. (1982). "The Colonial Expansion of Greece". In John Boardman; N. G. L. Hammond (eds.).
593:
The late pre-Roman religion of the Iapygians appears as a substrate of indigenous beliefs mixed with
126:
115:(Ἰάπυγες). It was probably the term used by the indigenous peoples to designate themselves. The name
5696:
5686:
5666:
5636:
5591:
5289:
5131:
5063:
5033:
5013:
4894:
4570:
4535:
4332:
3912:
947:
whereas swords were relatively rare. Bronze belts were also a common item found in warrior graves.
915:
2256:
The Italic People of Ancient Apulia: New Evidence from Pottery for Workshops, Markets, and Customs
575:
during the Romanization period, and bilingualism in Greek and Messapic was probably common in the
173:
5576:
5339:
5196:
5166:
5141:
5058:
5018:
4957:
4856:
4621:
4591:
4141:
4068:
3885:
2458:
2118:
475:
17:
5274:
5262:
5038:
5023:
4715:
4357:
4153:
3867:
3752:
2374:
1862:
985:
685:
had no civic cult requiring public buildings, and if urban sanctuaries have been identified in
297:
209:
75:
3648:
2419:
1931:
The Cambridge Ancient History: The Expansion of the Greek World, Eighth to Sixth Centuries B.C
617:, respectively. Some deities of native origin have also been highlighted by scholars, such as
5581:
5508:
5488:
5402:
5351:
5109:
5089:
4899:
4493:
4461:
4347:
4327:
4241:
3917:
3770:
3643:
3610:
2875:
2845:
2810:
1843:
De Simone, Carlo (2017). "Messapic". In Klein, Jared; Joseph, Brian; Fritz, Matthias (eds.).
777:
240:
5432:
5247:
5136:
5114:
4768:
4666:
4550:
4418:
4038:
3939:
2720:
2029:
719:
with weapons, arms, and armour, such grave-goods were normally reserved for male funerals.
675:
530:
of the region. In the centuries before Roman annexation, the frontier between Messapic and
8:
5716:
5706:
5661:
5427:
5392:
5387:
5104:
4725:
4661:
4581:
4033:
3890:
3136:
3055:
2950:
2900:
2835:
2815:
2770:
178:
2337:
Structuring Variation in Romance Linguistics and Beyond: In Honour of Leonardo M. Savoia
5691:
5676:
5656:
5513:
5454:
5407:
5329:
5186:
5156:
5146:
5121:
5094:
5001:
4994:
4930:
4686:
4681:
4398:
4222:
3905:
3633:
3541:
2895:
2830:
2451:
2209:
2100:
Le lingue frammentarie dell'Italia antica: manuale per lo studio delle lingue preromane
2009:
1917:
1909:
1190:
588:
194:
149:
3718:
3521:
2354:
659:
490:
dwelt in the pre-Roman era. Messapic is grouped in the same Indo-European branch with
5641:
5631:
5503:
5417:
5382:
5309:
5299:
5077:
4947:
4861:
4691:
4671:
4645:
4633:
4428:
4423:
4408:
4403:
4388:
4180:
4146:
4113:
4093:
4020:
3995:
3929:
3872:
3837:
3760:
3681:
3676:
3200:
2995:
2955:
2930:
2765:
2725:
2429:
2404:
2382:
2360:
2341:
2320:
2299:
2267:
2240:
2221:
2214:
2195:
2176:
2155:
2138:
2103:
2084:
2058:
2035:
1976:
1953:
1934:
1921:
1901:
1870:
1848:
1829:
1810:
842:
757:
491:
479:
417:
398:
360:
310:
284:
221:
217:
190:
51:
3557:
2013:
678:), in which both Messapian and Greek marines used to write their vows on the walls.
5711:
5533:
5483:
5464:
5459:
5412:
5319:
5257:
5237:
5225:
5181:
4984:
4964:
4952:
4815:
4696:
4413:
4276:
4268:
4108:
4028:
3900:
3833:
3693:
3638:
3623:
3511:
3428:
3253:
3232:
3072:
2910:
2715:
2672:
2259:
2130:
2076:
1893:
1182:
911:
861:
698:
527:
471:
4783:
470:
The Iapygians were a "relatively homogeneous linguistic community" speaking a non-
5621:
5611:
5606:
5601:
5498:
5422:
5284:
4803:
4701:
4586:
4486:
4393:
4083:
3977:
3972:
3895:
3877:
3855:
3666:
3457:
3440:
3434:
3393:
3327:
3310:
2499:
2423:
2335:
2314:
2293:
2287:(Thesis). University of Copenhagen, Department of Nordic Studies and Linguistics.
2282:
2263:
2170:
655:
594:
505:
332:
322:
255:
89:
by the early 1st century BC, Iapygians were fully Latinized and assimilated into
1897:
837:
In the early period, the Iapygian housing system was made up of small groups of
5780:
5754:
5701:
5671:
5616:
5523:
5397:
5344:
5304:
4974:
4969:
4820:
4720:
4676:
4628:
4576:
4530:
4498:
4456:
4433:
4103:
4098:
3653:
3274:
3268:
3151:
3020:
2820:
2615:
789:
773:
567:
531:
504:. Hyllested & Joseph (2022) in agreement with recent bibliography identify
345:
229:
86:
39:
3723:
2050:
1884:
Fronda, Michael P. (2006). "Livy 9.20 and Early Roman Imperialism in Apulia".
1093:
220:, marked the southern border of the plain. Despite their name, the impervious
5769:
5626:
5267:
4837:
4525:
4503:
4362:
3967:
3628:
3015:
2975:
2536:
2142:
2072:
1905:
806:
690:
598:
559:
251:
90:
47:
3713:
2284:
Sigmatic Verbal Formations in Anatolian and Indo-European: A Cladistic Study
2134:
642:
177:
Apulia and Calabria, cropped from "Map of Ancient Italy, Southern Part", by
5744:
5551:
5356:
5126:
4730:
4596:
4545:
4520:
4012:
3780:
3658:
3563:
3408:
2985:
2970:
2428:. De Gruyter Reference. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. pp. 337–.
2396:
972:
814:
753:
198:
82:
3594:
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5586:
5556:
4909:
4540:
3599:
3205:
3131:
3116:
2965:
2920:
2795:
2760:
2566:
2526:
981:
964:
651:
619:
4904:
4513:
4136:
3787:
3775:
3688:
3526:
3111:
3062:
3045:
2840:
2790:
2662:
2645:
2640:
2605:
2546:
2531:
1990:
1913:
1194:
860:, who had the largest earthen ramparts of Iapygia in the Iron Age, and
853:
817:. By the early third century, Rome had planted two strategic colonies,
727:
682:
671:
487:
267:
259:
162:
158:
67:
63:
3797:
3536:
1623:
772:
for Italy from the 11th century BC onwards, merging with pre-existing
701:), no conspicuous buildings are found before the Romanization period.
50:-speaking people, dwelling in an eponymous region of the southeastern
3486:
3445:
3280:
3237:
3215:
3126:
3077:
2935:
2885:
2750:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2561:
2514:
2474:
1173:
E. T. Salmon (1989). "The Hirpini: "ex Italia semper aliquid novi"".
959:
602:
3496:
3284:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1186:
5561:
5546:
5541:
5442:
4476:
4471:
4088:
3819:
3792:
3588:
3546:
3451:
3418:
3300:
3295:
3258:
3210:
3183:
3166:
3161:
3040:
3005:
2980:
2925:
2915:
2880:
2865:
2780:
2755:
2745:
2740:
2677:
2667:
2635:
2598:
2576:
2571:
2551:
2541:
2519:
2504:
2359:. Vol. VII (part 2) (2 ed.). Cambridge University Press.
1933:. Vol. III (part 3) (2 ed.). Cambridge University Press.
1828:. Vol. III (part 1) (2 ed.). Cambridge University Press.
810:
769:
723:
686:
495:
385:
233:
154:
71:
59:
3348:
3344:
3156:
1373:
4508:
4233:
4118:
3949:
3765:
3736:
3578:
3531:
3516:
3474:
3423:
3383:
3332:
3220:
3121:
3087:
3067:
3050:
3036:
2945:
2890:
2870:
2657:
2625:
2620:
2610:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2509:
2494:
1506:
1272:
1250:
1248:
977:
826:
785:
694:
576:
551:
543:
539:
535:
516:
512:
483:
263:
247:
225:
205:
121:
2152:
Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics
2051:"Les cultes de l'Adriatique méridionale à l'époque républicaine"
1845:
Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics
1223:
1221:
5201:
3954:
3944:
3934:
3807:
3802:
3671:
3583:
3573:
3568:
3551:
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3491:
3413:
3378:
3338:
3305:
3248:
3242:
3195:
3189:
3141:
3010:
2990:
2960:
2905:
2850:
2825:
2785:
2735:
2730:
2652:
2556:
869:
865:
822:
818:
722:
Until the end of the 4th century BC, the normal practice among
665:
606:
572:
547:
213:
186:
85:
from the late 4th century onward and eventually annexed to the
55:
1245:
4481:
4264:
3501:
3403:
3373:
3361:
3321:
3315:
3178:
3172:
3101:
3000:
2855:
2697:
1313:
1218:
841:
scattered throughout the territory, different from the later
663:
563:
520:
204:
The northeast area of the region, dominated by the massif of
2443:
907:
101:
The region was known to the Greeks of the 5th century BC as
4989:
4466:
3959:
3464:
2034:. Bibliothèque des Écoles françaises d'Athènes et de Rome.
1490:
857:
2357:
The Cambridge Ancient History: The Rise of Rome to 220 B.C
1950:
Cultural borrowings and ethnic appropriations in antiquity
1337:
1233:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1688:
1686:
1635:
1397:
1325:
1301:
1076:
1074:
838:
768:
The Iapygians most likely left the eastern coasts of the
2031:
Recherches sur les Messapiens, IVe-IIe siècle avant J.-C
1729:
1727:
1725:
1544:
1409:
1385:
1361:
224:(1,152 m), west of the plain, were strongly held by the
1611:
1130:
872:, appear to have grown into regional hegemonic powers.
526:
Since its settlement, Messapic was in contact with the
1783:
1781:
1768:
1766:
1683:
1534:
1532:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1071:
562:, while the whole regional elite was used to learning
2192:
A Companion to Ethnicity in the Ancient Mediterranean
1751:
1722:
1698:
1671:
1647:
1260:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1114:
781:
differentiation due to internal and external causes.
743:
Iapygian migrations in the early first millennium BC.
1599:
1478:
4748:
Austrian occupation and Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia
1778:
1763:
1739:
1710:
1556:
1529:
1457:
1349:
2235:Salvemini, Biagio; Massafra, Angelo, eds. (2005).
2213:
1823:
1629:
1577:
1503:(name of divinity to whom horses were sacrificed)"
1201:
1149:
1111:
1021:
81:After their lands were gradually colonized by the
2234:
2055:Les cultes polythéistes dans l'Adriatique romaine
2002:Würzburger Jahrbücher f. D. Altertumswissenschaft
1589:
1379:
1295:
27:Indo-European-speaking people of pre-Roman Apulia
5767:
2403:. Oxford, United Kingdom: Blackwell Publishing.
646:Anthropomorphic stelae from Daunia (610–550 BC).
2420:"The Pre-Roman Peoples of Apulia (1000-100 BC)"
1966:
1254:
2258:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 13–35.
2237:Storia della Puglia. Dalle origini al Seicento
813:power and encircle their territory during the
189:) was located in the southeastern part of the
4249:
2459:
2071:
1995:"Die illyrische Namengebung, 3. Götternamen"
1585:
1496:
1435:
1172:
1520:
998:List of ancient Illyrian peoples and tribes
760:speakers in the early first millennium BC.
4256:
4242:
2466:
2452:
2208:
2097:
1967:Hyllested, Adam; Joseph, Brian D. (2022).
1550:
1319:
1143:
266:, founded in the late 8th century BC, and
2189:
2172:Comparison and Gradation in Indo-European
2168:
2149:
2116:
1886:Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte
1842:
1617:
1593:
1519:(French translation p. 190 ed. Lindsay):
1447:
1367:
1331:
1307:
1227:
1080:
980:, and the winter destination of Iapygian
934:Learn how and when to remove this message
864:, whose territory probably straddled the
148:in the south. Those discrepancies in the
2422:. In Gary D. Farney, Guy Bradley (ed.).
2048:
2027:
1512:
1451:
958:
906:Relevant discussion may be found on the
738:
641:
172:
2333:
2291:
1861:
1343:
1239:
1029:
635:('the people, community'), and perhaps
14:
5768:
2417:
2395:
2312:
2280:
2175:. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG.
1928:
1883:
1757:
1733:
1704:
1677:
1665:
1653:
1641:
1605:
1581:
1484:
1427:
1403:
1266:
1025:
971:Archaeological evidence suggests that
918:to additional sources at this section.
832:
119:has also been compared to that of the
4237:
2447:
2340:. John Benjamins Publishing Company.
2253:
2081:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture
1989:
1947:
1804:
1787:
1772:
1745:
1716:
1692:
1573:
1571:
1562:
1538:
1472:
1439:
1431:
1415:
1391:
1355:
1212:
1160:
1124:
4794:Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy
2373:
2295:Studies in the Romanization of Italy
2239:(in Italian). Vol. 1. Laterza.
1443:
963:Roman coin portraying Hercules from
883:
825:(291), on the border of Iapygia and
239:Central Iapygia was composed of the
1807:Bilingualism and the Latin Language
1094:"Iapige nell'Enciclopedia Treccani"
763:
609:were thus worshipped in Iapygia as
270:, founded in the late 7th century.
216:, one of the longest rivers of the
24:
4263:
2154:. Vol. 3. Walter de Gruyter.
1867:Indo-European Language and Culture
1847:. Vol. 3. Walter de Gruyter.
1568:
899:relies largely or entirely upon a
262:in southern Iapygia, most notably
25:
5792:
4159:Prehistory of Southeastern Europe
2053:. In Christiane, Delplace (ed.).
1973:The Indo-European Language Family
1515:, p. 138 (note 34): Festus,
967:, the most ancient Iapygian city.
800:
463:The Indo-European Language Family
254:were located on the coast of the
5750:
5749:
5738:
4218:
4217:
2319:. University of Oklahoma Press.
2129:. University of Salento: 57–66.
2057:(in French). Ausonius Éditions.
1003:List of ancient peoples of Italy
888:
601:from the 8th century BC onward.
125:, an Illyrian tribe of northern
5479:Orders, decorations, and medals
2313:Palmer, Leonard Robert (1988).
2220:. University of Chicago Press.
1797:
1659:
1421:
1015:
3732:Albanian traditional tattooing
3619:Central Bosnian cultural group
2281:Søborg, Tobias Mosbæk (2020).
2216:Roman and European Mythologies
1975:. Cambridge University Press.
1809:. Cambridge University Press.
1630:Boardman & Sollberger 1982
1578:Boardman & Sollberger 1982
1166:
1086:
1046:
1022:Boardman & Sollberger 1982
111:), and its inhabitants as the
13:
1:
3923:Battle of Dyrrhachium (48 BC)
2473:
2379:Indo-European Poetry and Myth
1590:Salvemini & Massafra 2005
1380:Salvemini & Massafra 2005
1296:Salvemini & Massafra 2005
1039:
2425:The Peoples of Ancient Italy
2264:10.1017/CBO9781107323513.004
664:
168:
7:
5519:Water supply and sanitation
4943:Italian geographical region
4811:Monarchy and the World Wars
4753:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
4639:War of the Sicilian Vespers
4292:Timeline of Italian history
3851:Alexander's Balkan campaign
3846:Illyrian invasion of Epirus
2381:. Oxford University Press.
2117:Matzinger, Joachim (2015).
2098:Marchesini, Simona (2009).
2049:Lamboley, Jean-Luc (2000).
2028:Lamboley, Jean-Luc (1996).
1898:10.25162/historia-2006-0026
1255:Hyllested & Joseph 2022
991:
582:
566:by the 3rd century BC. The
278:
10:
5797:
5438:Inventions and discoveries
4848:Fall of the Fascist regime
4831:Fourth War of Independence
4789:Expedition of the Thousand
4779:Second War of Independence
2190:McInerney, Jeremy (2014).
954:
879:
734:
586:
282:
273:
106:
5734:
5532:
5378:
5369:
5233:
5224:
5212:Security and intelligence
5085:
5076:
4938:
4929:
4872:
4799:Third War of Independence
4774:First War of Independence
4761:
4654:
4563:
4444:
4381:
4300:
4284:
4275:
4208:
4171:
4129:
4011:
3988:
3832:
3751:
3609:
3086:
3029:
2708:
2485:
2481:
2298:. University of Alberta.
2194:. John Wiley & Sons.
2102:(in Italian). U. Hoepli.
1499:, p. 274: "Messapic
747:
713:
654:, the practice of living
415:
396:
389:
358:
343:
336:
326:
308:
301:
5776:Ancient peoples of Italy
4890:Istrian–Dalmatian exodus
4885:Institutional referendum
1948:Gruen, Erich S. (2005).
1869:. Blackwell Publishing.
1805:Adams, James N. (2003).
1586:Mallory & Adams 1997
1497:Mallory & Adams 1997
1436:Mallory & Adams 1997
1008:
984:probably located in the
704:
258:, nearby the indigenous
5413:Emigration and diaspora
4622:Guelphs and Ghibellines
4607:the Sardinian Judicates
4142:Origin of the Albanians
3863:Dardanian–Bastarnic war
2292:Torelli, Mario (1995).
2135:10.1285/i20380313v19p57
1517:De verborum significatu
161:in the centre, and the
96:
5295:Science and technology
5243:Italian regions by GDP
5044:Marine protected areas
4716:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
4154:History of the Balkans
3868:Invasions of Epidamnus
3753:Religion and mythology
2418:Yntema, Douwe (2017).
2119:"Messapico e illirico"
1521:
968:
744:
647:
534:ran through Frentania-
476:Indo-European language
210:Tavoliere delle Puglie
182:
54:named Iapygia (modern
43:
5494:Public administration
4602:the Holy Roman Empire
3878:Roman-Macedonian wars
3644:Glasinac-Mati culture
3281:Dyrrhachium/Epidamnus
2876:Glaucias of Taulantii
2846:Eleutherius and Antia
2811:Constantine the Great
2083:. London: Routledge.
1446:, pp. 166, 176;
1230:, pp. 1839–1840.
962:
868:from the coast up to
742:
645:
486:, where the specific
176:
5722:World Heritage Sites
5177:Council of Ministers
4915:Coronavirus pandemic
4313:Currency and coinage
3913:Roman–Dalmatian wars
3654:Monte Saraceno woman
2721:Anastasius I Dicorus
1863:Fortson, Benjamin W.
1580:, pp. 839–840;
912:improve this article
756:migrations of proto-
676:Santa Maria di Leuca
627:('lord of horses'),
185:Iapygia (modern-day
5253:Automotive industry
5192:Metropolitan cities
4738:Early Modern period
4711:Kingdom of Sardinia
4662:Italian city-states
4001:Proposed vocabulary
3649:Gradistë belt-plate
2951:Peter the Patrician
2901:Irenaeus of Sirmium
2836:Demetrius of Pharos
2816:Constantius Chlorus
2771:Bato the Daesitiate
2210:Pallottino, Massimo
2008:(Heft 2): 199–204.
1644:, pp. 112–113.
1632:, p. 229, 231.
1406:, pp. 409–410.
1394:, pp. 116–117.
1346:, pp. 142–144.
1322:, pp. 139–141.
1242:, pp. 383–386.
833:Social organization
478:, commonly called '
179:William R. Shepherd
140:in the centre, and
5315:Telecommunications
4682:Maritime republics
3918:Caesar's civil war
3552:Tragurion (Trogir)
3152:Aspalathos (Split)
3093:cities/settlements
3030:Political entities
2896:Gratianus Funarius
2316:The Latin Language
1418:, p. 199–200.
969:
745:
681:It is likely that
648:
639:('mother-earth').
589:Illyrian mythology
195:Apennine Mountains
183:
157:in the north, the
5763:
5762:
5730:
5729:
5365:
5364:
5300:Southern question
5220:
5219:
5152:Political parties
5100:Foreign relations
5072:
5071:
4925:
4924:
4646:Kingdom of Naples
4634:Kingdom of Sicily
4231:
4230:
4167:
4166:
4147:Albanian paganism
4114:Pannonia Superior
4094:Pannonia Inferior
4021:Illyrian emperors
3873:Illyro-Roman Wars
3320:Iader or Idassa (
2931:Marcellinus Comes
2766:Bato the Breucian
2726:Artas of Messapia
2273:978-1-139-99270-1
2227:978-0-226-06455-0
2201:978-1-4443-3734-1
2161:978-3-11-054243-1
2109:978-88-203-4166-4
2090:978-1-884964-98-5
2077:Adams, Douglas Q.
2073:Mallory, James P.
2064:978-2-35613-260-4
1959:978-3-515-08735-3
1854:978-3-11-054243-1
1816:978-0-521-81771-4
1695:, pp. 20–21.
1592:, pp. 7–16;
1501:Iuppiter Menzanas
1382:, pp. 17–29.
944:
943:
936:
484:Salento peninsula
468:
467:
455:
454:
446:
445:
437:
436:
428:
427:
404:
375:
374:
366:
285:Messapic language
248:Salento peninsula
222:Daunian Mountains
218:Italian Peninsula
191:Italian Peninsula
52:Italian Peninsula
16:(Redirected from
5788:
5753:
5752:
5745:Italy portal
5742:
5741:
5682:National symbols
5376:
5375:
5231:
5230:
5083:
5082:
4936:
4935:
4816:Kingdom of Italy
4743:Napoleonic Italy
4282:
4281:
4258:
4251:
4244:
4235:
4234:
4221:
4220:
4109:Pannonia Secunda
3714:Trebeništa masks
3694:Spectacle brooch
3537:Scodra (Shkodër)
3517:Scampa (Elbasan)
3233:Dardana Fortress
3102:Acruvium (Kotor)
3073:Illyrian kingdom
2483:
2482:
2468:
2461:
2454:
2445:
2444:
2439:
2414:
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2370:
2351:
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2277:
2250:
2231:
2219:
2205:
2186:
2165:
2146:
2113:
2094:
2068:
2045:
2024:
2022:
2016:. Archived from
1999:
1986:
1963:
1944:
1925:
1880:
1858:
1839:
1820:
1791:
1785:
1776:
1770:
1761:
1755:
1749:
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1737:
1731:
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1714:
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1702:
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1675:
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1663:
1657:
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1645:
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1633:
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1615:
1609:
1603:
1597:
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1548:
1542:
1536:
1527:
1525:
1510:
1504:
1494:
1488:
1482:
1476:
1470:
1455:
1450:, p. 1843;
1425:
1419:
1413:
1407:
1401:
1395:
1389:
1383:
1377:
1371:
1365:
1359:
1353:
1347:
1341:
1335:
1329:
1323:
1317:
1311:
1305:
1299:
1298:, pp. 7–16.
1293:
1270:
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1258:
1252:
1243:
1237:
1231:
1225:
1216:
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1199:
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1065:
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1033:
1019:
939:
932:
928:
925:
919:
892:
891:
884:
764:Pre-Roman period
669:
528:Italic languages
488:Messapian people
402:
392:
391:
364:
339:
338:
329:
328:
304:
303:
294:
293:
289:
288:
110:
74:, a language of
44:Iāpyges, Iapygii
21:
5796:
5795:
5791:
5790:
5789:
5787:
5786:
5785:
5766:
5765:
5764:
5759:
5739:
5726:
5697:Public holidays
5528:
5474:Life expectancy
5361:
5216:
5132:Law enforcement
5068:
4921:
4868:
4857:Social Republic
4821:Colonial Empire
4804:Capture of Rome
4757:
4650:
4559:
4452:Ancient peoples
4440:
4377:
4338:Historic states
4296:
4271:
4262:
4232:
4227:
4204:
4191:Illyrian tribes
4163:
4125:
4084:Moesia Superior
4007:
3984:
3935:Desilo shipyard
3856:Siege of Pelium
3828:
3747:
3719:Vače Belt-Plate
3707:Selca e Poshtme
3605:
3522:Selcë e Poshtme
3311:Hedum castellum
3245:(Lower Neretva)
3107:Ad Acroceraunia
3090:
3082:
3025:
2806:Cleitus Dardani
2704:
2477:
2472:
2442:
2436:
2411:
2389:
2375:West, Morris L.
2367:
2348:
2327:
2306:
2274:
2247:
2228:
2202:
2183:
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2110:
2091:
2065:
2042:
2020:
1997:
1983:
1960:
1941:
1877:
1855:
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1817:
1800:
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1628:
1624:
1616:
1612:
1604:
1600:
1588:, p. 278;
1576:
1569:
1561:
1557:
1551:Pallottino 1992
1549:
1545:
1537:
1530:
1511:
1507:
1495:
1491:
1483:
1479:
1471:
1458:
1442:, p. 279;
1438:, p. 274,
1434:, p. 204;
1426:
1422:
1414:
1410:
1402:
1398:
1390:
1386:
1378:
1374:
1366:
1362:
1354:
1350:
1342:
1338:
1334:, p. 1841.
1330:
1326:
1320:Marchesini 2009
1318:
1314:
1310:, p. 1840.
1306:
1302:
1294:
1273:
1265:
1261:
1253:
1246:
1238:
1234:
1226:
1219:
1211:
1202:
1187:10.2307/1088459
1171:
1167:
1159:
1150:
1144:Pallottino 1992
1142:
1131:
1123:
1112:
1103:
1101:
1098:www.treccani.it
1092:
1091:
1087:
1079:
1072:
1063:
1061:
1058:www.treccani.it
1052:
1051:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1036:
1020:
1016:
1011:
994:
957:
940:
929:
923:
920:
914:by introducing
905:
893:
889:
882:
835:
803:
766:
750:
737:
716:
707:
656:horse sacrifice
591:
585:
506:Graeco-Phrygian
456:
447:
438:
429:
401:
376:
363:
333:Graeco-Phrygian
323:Graeco-Albanian
287:
281:
276:
256:Gulf of Taranto
171:
99:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5794:
5784:
5783:
5778:
5761:
5760:
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5757:
5747:
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5732:
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5728:
5727:
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5709:
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5327:
5322:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5305:Stock exchange
5302:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5277:
5272:
5271:
5270:
5265:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5240:
5234:
5228:
5222:
5221:
5218:
5217:
5215:
5214:
5209:
5207:Municipalities
5204:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5167:Prime Minister
5164:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5118:
5117:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5086:
5080:
5074:
5073:
5070:
5069:
5067:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5054:Regional parks
5051:
5049:National parks
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5010:
5009:
4999:
4998:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4961:
4960:
4958:Climate change
4950:
4945:
4939:
4933:
4927:
4926:
4923:
4922:
4920:
4919:
4918:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
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4859:
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4808:
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4796:
4791:
4786:
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4776:
4765:
4763:
4759:
4758:
4756:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4734:
4733:
4723:
4721:Duchy of Savoy
4718:
4713:
4708:
4707:
4706:
4705:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4658:
4656:
4652:
4651:
4649:
4648:
4643:
4642:
4641:
4631:
4629:Lombard League
4626:
4625:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4567:
4565:
4561:
4560:
4558:
4557:
4556:
4555:
4554:
4553:
4551:Western Empire
4543:
4538:
4536:Roman conquest
4533:
4528:
4518:
4517:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4490:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4457:Italic peoples
4448:
4446:
4442:
4441:
4439:
4438:
4437:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4385:
4383:
4379:
4378:
4376:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
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4315:
4310:
4304:
4302:
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4288:
4286:
4279:
4273:
4272:
4261:
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4229:
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4225:
4215:
4209:
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4139:
4133:
4131:
4127:
4126:
4124:
4123:
4122:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4104:Pannonia Savia
4101:
4099:Pannonia Prima
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4053:
4052:
4051:
4043:
4042:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4023:
4017:
4015:
4009:
4008:
4006:
4005:
4004:
4003:
3992:
3990:
3986:
3985:
3983:
3982:
3981:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
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3915:
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3431:
3426:
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3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3379:Mursa (Osijek)
3376:
3371:
3364:
3359:
3352:
3342:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
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3256:
3251:
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3124:
3119:
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3109:
3104:
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3084:
3083:
3081:
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3060:
3059:
3058:
3048:
3043:
3033:
3031:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3023:
3021:Valentinian II
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
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2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2821:Constantius II
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
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2690:
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2549:
2544:
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2534:
2529:
2524:
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2517:
2507:
2502:
2497:
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2478:
2471:
2470:
2463:
2456:
2448:
2441:
2440:
2434:
2415:
2409:
2393:
2388:978-0199280759
2387:
2371:
2365:
2352:
2346:
2331:
2325:
2310:
2304:
2289:
2278:
2272:
2251:
2245:
2232:
2226:
2206:
2200:
2187:
2181:
2166:
2160:
2147:
2114:
2108:
2095:
2089:
2069:
2063:
2046:
2040:
2025:
2023:on 2019-03-07.
1987:
1981:
1964:
1958:
1952:. F. Steiner.
1945:
1939:
1926:
1892:(4): 397–417.
1881:
1875:
1859:
1853:
1840:
1834:
1821:
1815:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1793:
1792:
1777:
1762:
1760:, p. 410.
1750:
1738:
1736:, p. 411.
1721:
1709:
1707:, p. 409.
1697:
1682:
1680:, p. 397.
1670:
1658:
1656:, p. 399.
1646:
1634:
1622:
1618:Matzinger 2015
1610:
1598:
1596:, p. 1790
1594:Matzinger 2017
1584:, p. 68;
1567:
1555:
1543:
1528:
1505:
1489:
1477:
1456:
1448:De Simone 2017
1430:, p. 74;
1420:
1408:
1396:
1384:
1372:
1370:, p. 121.
1368:McInerney 2014
1360:
1348:
1336:
1332:De Simone 2017
1324:
1312:
1308:De Simone 2017
1300:
1271:
1269:, p. 337.
1259:
1257:, p. 235.
1244:
1232:
1228:De Simone 2017
1217:
1200:
1181:(3): 225–235.
1165:
1148:
1129:
1110:
1085:
1081:Matzinger 2021
1070:
1044:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1013:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1005:
1000:
993:
990:
956:
953:
942:
941:
924:September 2021
910:. Please help
896:
894:
887:
881:
878:
834:
831:
802:
801:Roman conquest
799:
790:Greek colonial
765:
762:
749:
746:
736:
733:
715:
712:
706:
703:
595:Greek elements
587:Main article:
584:
581:
568:Oscan language
560:Greek language
466:
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292:
283:Main article:
280:
277:
275:
272:
252:Greek colonies
193:, between the
170:
167:
165:in the south.
136:in the north,
98:
95:
87:Roman Republic
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5793:
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5017:
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5000:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
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4978:
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4963:
4959:
4956:
4955:
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4951:
4949:
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4944:
4941:
4940:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4928:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4900:Years of Lead
4898:
4896:
4895:Economic Boom
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4882:
4881:
4878:
4877:
4875:
4871:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4838:Fascist Italy
4836:
4832:
4829:
4828:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4813:
4812:
4809:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4784:Niçard exodus
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4771:
4770:
4767:
4766:
4764:
4760:
4754:
4751:
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4712:
4709:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
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4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
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4659:
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4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
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4529:
4527:
4524:
4523:
4522:
4519:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4504:Magna Graecia
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
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4407:
4405:
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4390:
4387:
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4384:
4380:
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4371:
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4364:
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4321:
4319:
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4311:
4309:
4306:
4305:
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4299:
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4283:
4280:
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4019:
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4002:
3999:
3998:
3997:
3994:
3993:
3991:
3987:
3979:
3976:
3974:
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3969:
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3928:
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3921:
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3916:
3914:
3911:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3886:Erigon Valley
3884:
3883:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3857:
3854:
3853:
3852:
3849:
3847:
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3839:
3835:
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3813:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
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3789:
3786:
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3779:
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3764:
3763:
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3759:
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3750:
3744:
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3735:
3733:
3730:
3729:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3699:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3664:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3629:Daunian stele
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3616:
3614:
3612:
3608:
3601:
3597:
3596:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
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3562:
3560:
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3550:
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3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3482:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3460:
3459:
3454:
3453:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3436:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3399:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3369:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3357:
3353:
3350:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3340:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3323:
3319:
3317:
3316:Hija e Korbit
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3286:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3276:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3227:
3226:Lower Neretva
3224:
3223:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3191:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3174:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3089:
3085:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3038:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3028:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3016:Valentinian I
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2976:Pleuratus III
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2713:
2711:
2707:
2699:
2696:
2695:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2591:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2578:
2575:
2574:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2469:
2464:
2462:
2457:
2455:
2450:
2449:
2446:
2437:
2435:9781614513001
2431:
2427:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2412:
2410:0-631-19807-5
2406:
2402:
2401:The Illyrians
2398:
2397:Wilkes, J. J.
2394:
2390:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2366:0-521-23446-8
2362:
2358:
2353:
2349:
2347:9789027263179
2343:
2339:
2338:
2332:
2328:
2322:
2318:
2317:
2311:
2307:
2301:
2297:
2296:
2290:
2286:
2285:
2279:
2275:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2252:
2248:
2242:
2238:
2233:
2229:
2223:
2218:
2217:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2197:
2193:
2188:
2184:
2182:9783110637434
2178:
2174:
2173:
2167:
2163:
2157:
2153:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2115:
2111:
2105:
2101:
2096:
2092:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2047:
2043:
2037:
2033:
2032:
2026:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2004:(in German).
2003:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1982:9781108499798
1978:
1974:
1970:
1965:
1961:
1955:
1951:
1946:
1942:
1936:
1932:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1882:
1878:
1876:1-4051-0316-7
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1850:
1846:
1841:
1837:
1831:
1827:
1822:
1818:
1812:
1808:
1803:
1802:
1790:, p. 16.
1789:
1784:
1782:
1775:, p. 28.
1774:
1769:
1767:
1759:
1754:
1748:, p. 22.
1747:
1742:
1735:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1719:, p. 23.
1718:
1713:
1706:
1701:
1694:
1689:
1687:
1679:
1674:
1667:
1662:
1655:
1650:
1643:
1638:
1631:
1626:
1619:
1614:
1607:
1602:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1574:
1572:
1565:, p. 27.
1564:
1559:
1553:, p. 51.
1552:
1547:
1541:, p. 19.
1540:
1535:
1533:
1524:
1518:
1514:
1513:Lamboley 2000
1509:
1502:
1498:
1493:
1487:, p. 74.
1486:
1481:
1475:, p. 20.
1474:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1454:, p. 130
1453:
1452:Lamboley 2000
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1424:
1417:
1412:
1405:
1400:
1393:
1388:
1381:
1376:
1369:
1364:
1358:, p. 32.
1357:
1352:
1345:
1340:
1333:
1328:
1321:
1316:
1309:
1304:
1297:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1268:
1263:
1256:
1251:
1249:
1241:
1236:
1229:
1224:
1222:
1215:, p. 14.
1214:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1169:
1163:, p. 13.
1162:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1146:, p. 50.
1145:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1127:, p. 18.
1126:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1099:
1095:
1089:
1082:
1077:
1075:
1059:
1055:
1049:
1045:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1018:
1014:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
995:
989:
987:
983:
979:
974:
966:
961:
952:
948:
938:
935:
927:
917:
913:
909:
903:
902:
901:single source
897:This section
895:
886:
885:
877:
876:communities.
873:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
852:According to
850:
846:
844:
840:
830:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
798:
794:
791:
787:
782:
779:
775:
771:
761:
759:
755:
741:
732:
729:
725:
720:
711:
702:
700:
696:
692:
691:Teanum Apulum
688:
684:
679:
677:
673:
668:
667:
661:
657:
653:
644:
640:
638:
634:
630:
626:
623:('sky-god'),
622:
621:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
590:
580:
578:
574:
569:
565:
561:
556:
553:
550:who was from
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
524:
522:
518:
514:
509:
507:
503:
502:
498:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
464:
460:
459:
451:
450:
442:
441:
433:
432:
424:
423:
420:
419:
413:
412:
409:
408:
405:
400:
394:
393:
387:
384:
383:
380:
379:
371:
370:
367:
362:
356:
355:
352:
351:
348:
347:
341:
340:
334:
331:
330:
324:
321:
320:
317:
316:
313:
312:
306:
305:
299:
296:
295:
291:
290:
286:
271:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
244:
242:
241:Murge Plateau
237:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
206:Monte Gargano
202:
200:
196:
192:
188:
180:
175:
166:
164:
160:
156:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
130:
128:
124:
123:
118:
114:
109:
104:
94:
92:
91:Roman culture
88:
84:
79:
77:
73:
70:. They spoke
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
48:Indo-European
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
5582:Architecture
5552:Quattrocento
5509:Social class
5489:Prostitution
5403:Demographics
5325:Trade unions
5268:Central Bank
5110:Human rights
5090:Constitution
4873:Contemporary
4843:World War II
4731:Italian Wars
4655:Early modern
4597:Papal States
4575:Italy under
4521:Ancient Rome
4045:Prefectures
4013:Roman period
3930:Batonian War
3702:Boka-Përçeva
3593:
3556:
3479:
3456:
3450:
3433:
3366:
3354:
3337:
3273:
3188:
3171:
2986:Scerdilaidas
2971:Pleuratus II
2776:Bato Dardani
2630:
2424:
2400:
2378:
2356:
2336:
2315:
2294:
2283:
2255:
2236:
2215:
2191:
2171:
2151:
2126:
2122:
2099:
2080:
2054:
2030:
2018:the original
2005:
2001:
1972:
1949:
1930:
1889:
1885:
1866:
1844:
1825:
1806:
1798:Bibliography
1753:
1741:
1712:
1700:
1673:
1661:
1649:
1637:
1625:
1613:
1601:
1558:
1546:
1516:
1508:
1500:
1492:
1480:
1423:
1411:
1399:
1387:
1375:
1363:
1351:
1344:Torelli 1995
1339:
1327:
1315:
1303:
1262:
1240:Trumper 2018
1235:
1178:
1174:
1168:
1102:. Retrieved
1100:(in Italian)
1097:
1088:
1062:. Retrieved
1060:(in Italian)
1057:
1048:
1030:Fortson 2004
1017:
982:pastoralists
973:transhumance
970:
949:
945:
930:
921:
898:
874:
866:Ofanto River
851:
847:
836:
815:Samnite Wars
804:
795:
783:
767:
751:
721:
717:
708:
680:
660:Zis Menzanas
649:
636:
632:
631:('desire'),
628:
624:
618:
614:
610:
599:Magna Grecia
592:
557:
525:
510:
500:
496:
469:
462:
416:
397:
359:
344:
309:
245:
238:
214:Ofanto river
203:
199:Adriatic Sea
184:
145:
141:
137:
133:
131:
120:
116:
112:
102:
100:
80:
78:provenance.
76:Paleo-Balkan
35:
31:
29:
5647:Italophilia
5607:Coat of arm
5557:Cinquecento
5433:Immigration
5383:Aristocracy
5248:Agriculture
5142:Nationality
5115:LGBT rights
5029:Earthquakes
4910:Mani pulite
4826:World War I
4769:Unification
4762:Late modern
4726:Renaissance
4571:Middle Ages
4564:Middle Ages
4541:Roman Italy
4308:Citizenship
4200:Settlements
4069:Epirus Nova
3724:Vače Situla
3600:Albanopolis
3465:Pola (Pula)
3368:Matohasanaj
3206:Chrysondyon
3132:Antipatreia
3117:Albanopolis
2966:Pleuratus I
2921:Justinian I
2796:Caravantius
2761:Bardylis II
2567:Daesitiates
2527:Atintanians
1991:Krahe, Hans
1758:Fronda 2006
1734:Fronda 2006
1705:Fronda 2006
1678:Fronda 2006
1666:Fronda 2006
1654:Fronda 2006
1642:Graham 1982
1606:Wilkes 1992
1582:Wilkes 1992
1485:Søborg 2020
1428:Søborg 2020
1404:Fronda 2006
1267:Yntema 2017
1026:Wilkes 1992
843:Greco-Roman
670:of the god
579:peninsula.
268:Metapontion
5770:Categories
5717:Traditions
5707:Television
5692:Philosophy
5657:Literature
5597:Cathedrals
5567:Settecento
5428:Healthcare
5393:Corruption
5388:Censorship
5147:Parliament
5105:Government
4905:Maxi Trial
4853:Resistance
4582:Ostrogoths
4514:Messapians
4399:Villanovan
4389:Prehistory
4382:Prehistory
4137:Illyrology
4055:Provinces
3776:Deipaturos
3728:Tattooing
3689:Soleto Map
3527:Sesarethus
3184:Brundisium
3112:Ad Quintum
3078:Taulantian
3063:Dassaretan
3046:Autariatan
2841:Diocletian
2663:Osseriates
2606:Dassaretii
2552:Bassanitae
2547:Baridustae
2532:Autariatae
2326:080612136X
2305:0888642415
2246:8842077992
2041:2728303606
1969:"Albanian"
1940:0521234476
1835:0521224969
1788:Small 2014
1773:Small 2014
1746:Small 2014
1717:Small 2014
1693:Small 2014
1563:Small 2014
1539:Small 2014
1473:Small 2014
1440:Gruen 2005
1432:Krahe 1946
1416:Krahe 1946
1392:Adams 2003
1356:Small 2014
1213:Small 2014
1161:Small 2014
1125:Small 2014
1104:2023-10-20
1064:2023-10-20
1040:References
976:colony of
854:Thucydides
821:(314) and
728:Peucetians
683:Peucetians
672:Podalirius
260:Messapians
232:-speaking
163:Messapians
159:Peucetians
142:Sallentini
68:Messapians
64:Peucetians
46:) were an
5677:Mythology
5652:Libraries
5572:Ottocento
5514:Terrorism
5455:Languages
5408:Education
5330:Transport
5280:Companies
5187:Provinces
5157:President
5122:Judiciary
5095:Elections
5007:Volcanoes
5002:Volcanism
4995:Apennines
4980:Mountains
4948:Peninsula
4931:Geography
4862:Civil War
4587:Byzantium
4494:Etruscans
4429:Canegrate
4424:Golasecca
4409:Rinaldone
4404:Terramare
4394:Neolithic
4079:Macedonia
4074:Illyricum
4049:Illyricum
4039:Macedonia
4034:Illyricum
4025:Dioceses
3891:Lyncestis
3815:Nymphaion
3682:Peucetian
3677:Messapian
3634:Education
3595:Zgërdhesh
3470:Poslishte
3446:Pituntium
3362:Lychnidus
3238:Delminium
3216:Damastion
3137:Apollonia
3127:Andetrium
3088:Geography
3068:Enchelean
3051:Dardanian
2936:Monounios
2886:Grabos II
2861:Flavianus
2751:Baraliris
2693:Taulantii
2688:Siculotae
2683:Sardiatae
2631:Iapygians
2562:Bylliones
2515:Docleatai
2475:Illyrians
2143:2038-0313
1922:159745099
1906:0018-2311
1444:West 2007
986:Tavoliere
916:citations
908:talk page
807:Teanenses
603:Aphrodite
517:Peucetian
494:, titled
403:(extinct)
365:(extinct)
169:Geography
138:Poediculi
32:Iapygians
5755:Category
5642:Internet
5632:Folklore
5562:Seicento
5547:Trecento
5542:Duecento
5504:Religion
5465:Regional
5443:Italians
5418:Gambling
5310:Taxation
5137:Military
5078:Politics
4880:Republic
4667:Florence
4592:Lombards
4531:Republic
4477:Samnites
4472:Picentes
4414:Apennine
4373:Railways
4353:Military
4301:By topic
4285:Overview
4269:articles
4223:Category
4213:Timeline
4089:Pannonia
4064:Delmatia
4059:Dardania
3996:Illyrian
3989:Language
3906:Phoenice
3882:Battles
3838:weaponry
3820:Swastika
3793:Medaurus
3761:Religion
3663:Pottery
3589:Vendenis
3574:Ulkinium
3547:Tilurium
3542:Thronion
3452:Pogradec
3435:Persqopi
3419:Palaeste
3301:Eugenium
3296:Epicaria
3291:Enkelana
3259:Doracium
3211:Creonion
3167:Bassania
3162:Bargulum
3041:Labeatan
3037:Ardiaean
3006:Triteuta
2981:Pleurias
2941:Monunius
2926:Longarus
2916:Justin I
2881:Grabos I
2866:Galaurus
2781:Bircenna
2756:Bardylis
2746:Ballaios
2741:Aurelian
2678:Pirustae
2673:Penestae
2668:Parthini
2611:Enchelei
2599:Thuantai
2577:Tariotes
2572:Dalmatae
2542:Balaites
2520:Labeatae
2505:Amantini
2399:(1992).
2377:(2007).
2123:Idomeneo
2079:(1997).
2014:54995190
1993:(1946).
1865:(2004).
992:See also
862:Canusium
778:Mycenean
770:Adriatic
758:Messapic
754:Adriatic
724:Daunians
637:Damatura
625:Menzanas
611:Aprodita
583:Religion
497:Albanoid
492:Albanian
480:Messapic
418:Albanian
399:Messapic
361:Phrygian
311:Armenian
298:Balkanic
279:Language
197:and the
155:Daunians
127:Dalmatia
72:Messapic
60:Daunians
36:Apulians
5712:Theatre
5687:Palaces
5667:Museums
5637:Gardens
5622:Fashion
5612:Cuisine
5592:Castles
5534:Culture
5484:Poverty
5460:Italian
5371:Society
5352:Welfare
5320:Tourism
5290:Exports
5258:Banking
5238:Economy
5226:Economy
5182:Regions
5064:Valleys
5034:Islands
5014:Beaches
4985:Prealps
4965:Geology
4953:Climate
4617:Normans
4577:Odoacer
4526:Kingdom
4509:Ligures
4445:Ancient
4419:Nuragic
4368:Postage
4343:Judaism
4333:Genetic
4323:Fashion
4318:Economy
4277:History
4119:Sirmium
3964:Sieges
3950:Liburna
3834:Warfare
3798:Perëndi
3766:Andinus
3737:Sicanje
3667:Daunian
3639:Fibulae
3624:Coinage
3611:Culture
3579:Ulpiana
3564:Tsangon
3558:Triport
3532:Setovia
3475:Promona
3424:Parthus
3389:Nikadin
3384:Nareste
3356:Lofkënd
3333:Kodrion
3264:Dresnik
3221:Daorson
3179:Bouthoe
3147:Arnissa
3122:Amantia
3056:Kingdom
2996:Tacitus
2946:Mytilos
2891:Gratian
2871:Gentius
2658:Narensi
2646:Peuceti
2641:Messapi
2626:Iapodes
2621:Grabaei
2594:Galabri
2589:Dardani
2510:Ardiaei
2500:Amantes
1914:4436827
1195:1088459
1175:Phoenix
955:Economy
880:Warfare
870:Venusia
827:Samnium
823:Venusia
819:Luceria
811:Samnite
735:History
695:Lavello
577:Salento
573:Iapygia
552:Venusia
544:Larinum
540:Lucania
536:Irpinia
521:Daunian
501:Illyric
386:Illyric
274:Culture
246:In the
236:tribe.
234:Samnite
226:Hirpini
181:, 1911.
150:exonyms
146:Calabri
122:Iapydes
117:Iapyges
113:Iápyges
108:Ἰαπυγία
103:Iapygía
18:Iapyges
5743:
5617:Design
5602:Cinema
5577:Anthem
5499:Racism
5448:People
5423:Health
5285:Energy
5275:Brands
5202:Comune
5197:Cities
5059:Rivers
5019:Canals
4702:Amalfi
4687:Venice
4546:Empire
4487:Veneti
4462:Latins
4434:Latial
4267:
4186:Tribes
4181:People
3978:Oricum
3973:Medion
3955:Sibyna
3945:Lembus
3940:Helmet
3901:Pharos
3808:Tomorr
3803:Prende
3771:Bindus
3698:Tombs
3672:Desilo
3659:Pileus
3584:Uscana
3569:Ugento
3512:Salvia
3507:Salona
3497:Romajë
3492:Rhizon
3487:Ragusa
3481:Rabije
3458:Castle
3429:Pelion
3414:Oricum
3394:Nikaia
3374:Meteon
3345:Lissus
3339:Kratul
3306:Gertus
3285:Durrës
3254:Doclea
3249:Dimale
3243:Desilo
3201:Chinna
3196:Byllis
3190:Bushat
3142:Arduba
3011:Valens
2991:Sirras
2961:Plator
2956:Pinnes
2911:Jovian
2906:Jerome
2851:Epulon
2826:Cynane
2786:Caeria
2736:Audata
2731:Astius
2709:People
2653:Mazaei
2584:Daorsi
2557:Breuci
2495:Albani
2487:Tribes
2432:
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1873:
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1832:
1813:
1193:
774:Italic
748:Origin
714:Burial
699:Canosa
687:Daunia
666:herõon
633:Taotor
615:Athana
607:Athena
548:Horace
472:Italic
187:Apulia
83:Romans
56:Apulia
5781:Socii
5702:Sport
5672:Music
5662:Media
5524:Women
5398:Crime
5263:Banks
5039:Lakes
5024:Caves
4975:Flora
4970:Fauna
4692:Genoa
4677:Milan
4672:Siena
4612:Arabs
4499:Celts
4482:Umbri
4358:Music
4328:Flags
4265:Italy
4173:Lists
4130:Other
4029:Dacia
3896:Paxos
3502:Runik
3441:Petra
3404:Oneum
3349:Lezhë
3328:Kinna
3322:Zadar
3275:Dukat
3269:Duboc
3173:Berat
3157:Aulon
3001:Teuta
2856:Etuta
2831:Dando
2801:Celer
2791:Caius
2716:Agron
2698:Abroi
2636:Dauni
2616:Eneti
2537:Azali
2021:(PDF)
2010:S2CID
1998:(PDF)
1918:S2CID
1910:JSTOR
1523:ignem
1191:JSTOR
1009:Notes
978:Taras
786:Taras
705:Dress
697:, or
629:Venas
564:Latin
532:Oscan
513:Taras
346:Greek
264:Taras
230:Oscan
228:, an
134:Apuli
40:Latin
5627:Flag
5357:Wine
5345:road
5340:rail
5171:List
5161:List
4990:Alps
4855:and
4697:Pisa
4467:Osci
4363:Name
4348:LGBT
3968:Issa
3960:Sica
3836:and
3781:Zojz
3409:Oria
3398:Klos
2430:ISBN
2405:ISBN
2383:ISBN
2361:ISBN
2342:ISBN
2321:ISBN
2300:ISBN
2268:ISBN
2241:ISBN
2222:ISBN
2196:ISBN
2177:ISBN
2156:ISBN
2139:ISSN
2104:ISBN
2085:ISBN
2059:ISBN
2036:ISBN
1977:ISBN
1954:ISBN
1935:ISBN
1902:ISSN
1871:ISBN
1849:ISBN
1830:ISBN
1811:ISBN
965:Oria
858:Arpi
839:huts
776:and
726:and
689:(at
613:and
605:and
519:and
97:Name
66:and
30:The
5587:Art
5335:air
5127:Law
3598:(?
2260:doi
2131:doi
1894:doi
1183:doi
658:to
652:Zis
620:Zis
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