1675:, 22 January 1996 pg1 "Ibn Warraq brings a scholarly sledge-hammer to the task of demolishing Islam. Writing a polemic against Islam, especially for an author of Muslim birth, is an act so incendiary that the author must write under a pseudonym; not to do so would be an act of suicide. And what does Ibn Warraq have to show for this act of unheard-of defiance? A well-researched and quite brilliant, if somewhat disorganized, indictment of one of the world's great religions. While the author disclaims any pretense to originality, he has read widely enough to write an essay that offers a startlingly novel rendering of the faith he left."
899:
885:
33:
871:
576:'s as "not a particularly scholarly essay". He concluded "t seems that Ibn Warraq has included some of the essays not on the basis of their scholarly value or their status as 'classics', but rather on the basis of their hostility to Islam. This does not necessarily diminish the value of the collection, but the reader should be aware that this collection does not fully represent classic scholarship on the Quran."
857:
1606:
afterlife as a promise for chilled drinks and good food. Luxenberg's work has been well received among
Islamic scholars, and the esteemed critic Ibn Warraq regards it as the most important book ever written on the Qu'ran. In a series of three lectures, Warraq, who has spent several months working with Luxenberg, will give a summary of Luxenberg's research."
587:, a professor in Near Eastern studies, notes his lack of specialist training in Arabic studies, citing "inconsistent handling of Arabic materials," and unoriginal arguments, and "heavy-handed favoritism" towards revisionist theories and "the compiler's agenda, which is not scholarship, but anti-Islamic polemic." Anthropologist and historian
950:; when it appeared in 1995, I was professor for British and American culture at the University of Toulouse. I was afraid to become the second Salman Rushdie, I did not want not to die and I had my family to protect. My brother and his family do not know until today that I wrote the book. I do not want that they have to suffer on my account."
1056:
Secularist Muslim intellectual Ibn Warraq – not his real name – was born on the Indian subcontinent and educated in the West. He believes that the great
Islamic civilisations of the past were established in spite of the Koran, not because of it, and that only a secularised Islam can deliver
545:
wrote: "As a scholar of Islam myself, I find Ibn Warraq's attitude to be very refreshing, and his scholarship for the most part to be accurate and devastating in pinpointing the weaknesses in Muslim orthodoxy." The book's third essay, Cook continues, "could almost serve as a history of our field, and
486:
the great
Islamic scholar ... one of the great heroes of our time. Personally endangered, yet unremittingly vocal, Ibn Warraq leads a trend. Like a growing number of people, he refuses to accept the idea that all cultures are equal. Were Ibn Warraq to live in Pakistan or Saudi Arabia, he would not be
1605:
Center for
Inquiry Volume 9 Issue 5, July 2005. Qu'ranic "scholar Christoph Luxenberg has tried to demonstrate that many of the obscurities of the Qu'ran disappear if we read certain words as being Syriac and not Arabic. This would include, for example, reinterpreting the promise of virgins in the
458:
wrote that "With few exceptions, he relies almost entirely on the
Western tradition of Islamic studies" but concluded that "Despite his anger, 'Ibn Warraq' has written a serious and thought-provoking book" calling for "an equally compelling response from a believing Muslim." Pipes also described
235:, working on a kibbutz for six months. He had no idea that Pakistan had no relations with Israel and the scholarship embarrassed his father. He enjoyed the experience greatly. It also made him more aware of being from a Muslim background, as he met people of different religions in Israel.
514:. Berkowitz said that "with a rare combination of polemical zest and prodigious learning, it is the first to address and refute Said's arguments 'against the background of a more general presentation of salient aspects of Western civilization.'" In a 2009 review of
218:
His mother died when he was an infant. He stated in an interview that he "studied Arabic and read the Qur'an as a young man in hopes of becoming a follower of the
Islamic faith." His father decided to send him to a boarding school in
1353:
My mother tongue is Kutchi, a dialect linguistically related to Sindhi...I was born into a (Sunni) Muslim family in Rajkot, in the state of
Gujarat, a town where Gandhi also grew up (though he was born
1098:
617:
states that "Ibn Warraq is not interested in debate; he wants nothing less than wholesale conversion to his point of view within the community of scholars of Islam" and added that his work,
555:
1001:
602:, is itself based on a polemic by St. Clair Tisdall "The original sources of the Qur'an" which was described by François de Blois as a "decidedly shoddy piece of missionary propaganda".
126:
Warraq has written historiographies of the early centuries of the
Islamic timeline and has published works which question mainstream conceptions of the period. The pen name Ibn Warraq (
613:
took a very high posture as a critical rationalist and opponent of all forms of obscurantism, now relies so heavily on writings by
Christian polemicists from the nineteenth century".
1434:
518:
A. J. Caschetta concluded that "Ibn Warraq's critique of Said's thought and work is thorough and convincing, indeed devastating to anyone depending on
Saidism. It should do to
467:
said that it was "a scrupulously documented examination of the life and teaching of the Prophet Muhammad, of the Qur'an and its sources, and the resulting culture."
325:
debate, "We Should Not Be Reluctant to Assert the Superiority of Western Values," in London. He argued in favor of the motion; arguing on the same side as him were
559:
1108:
1203:
265:
with his wife in 1982, opening an Indian restaurant. He also worked as a courier for a travel agent. Warraq claims to have been "shy" for most of his youth.
572:
has labelled him as "polemical and inconsistent" in his writing. Berg lauded the inclusion of the essay by Theodor Nöldeke, but panned the inclusion of
354:
228:
112:
307:
1130:
1040:
134:, most literally "son of a papermaker") is used due to his concerns for his personal safety; Warraq stated, "I was afraid of becoming the second
223:, which in Warraq's opinion, was partly to circumvent a grandmother's effort to push an exclusively religious education on his son at the local
2099:
1009:
227:. After his arrival in Britain, he only saw his father once more, when he was 14; his father died two years later. At 18, he took part in the
2139:
404:
A pattern in Warraq's work is paying homage to earlier scholarly works on Christianity by borrowing their titles and applying them to Islam:
315:
273:
Warraq claims to have been induced into writing against Islam due to the inclination of Western intellectuals in blaming Rushdie during the
1760:
1160:
2094:
2089:
1442:
2040:
1287:
1237:
Doubt: A History: The Great Doubters and Their Legacy of Innovation from Socrates and Jesus to Thomas Jefferson and Emily Dickinson
2114:
1732:
917:
2149:
1522:
1416:
816:
786:
760:
674:
595:, writing that "This modern son of a bookseller imprints a polemical farce not worth the 500-plus pages of paper it wastes."
163:
1900:
2027:
2011:
1585:
829:
713:
2129:
1532:
1382:
1370:
1245:
799:
773:
743:
726:
707:
687:
668:
648:
546:
of its systematic failure to critique the foundational texts of Islam as those of other faiths have been critiqued."
428:
1099:"Intelligence Squared Debates on the topic "We should not be reluctant to assert the superiority of Western values""
2109:
358:
487:
able to write. Or if he did, he would not be allowed to live. Among his work is criticism of the sources of the
842:
1270:
338:
2134:
1566:
2144:
2124:
1711:
345:. Although he does not subscribe to any particular religion, he has a higher opinion of humanism than of
2104:
1138:
805:
Christmas in the Koran: Luxenberg, Syriac, and the Near Eastern and Judeo-Christian Background of Islam
693:
274:
179:(2003). Warraq's commentary on Islam has been criticized by academic specialists in Islamic history as
169:
1070:
2045:
1586:
The Cold War on British Muslims: An examination of Policy Exchange and the Centre for Social Cohesion
573:
290:
publication, and wrote on topics such as "Why I am not Muslim." Warraq claims to have been hosted by
621:, "needlessly poisons the atmosphere and stymies efforts to engage in honest scholarly discussion".
2000:
1267:
654:
414:
157:
2023:
1617:
1548:
2119:
2055:
1728:
1337:
1168:
997:
569:
479:
326:
243:
74:
1753:
2084:
1823:
1231:
922:
184:
120:
142:
authors throughout the history of Islam. The name refers to the 9th-century skeptical scholar
2049:
1873:
1786:
1650:
1462:
904:
631:
588:
450:
148:
1690:
2079:
1707:
927:
542:
468:
322:
303:
8:
946:"There were several reasons, which are still valid. In 1993, I had begun writing my book
504:
398:
32:
2020:
2005:
1979:
1952:
1917:
1855:
1847:
1667:
1312:
1300:
1036:
636:
251:
116:
84:
394:
1921:
1859:
1694:
1687:
1528:
1378:
1241:
912:
838:
825:
812:
795:
782:
769:
756:
739:
722:
703:
683:
664:
644:
464:
423:
330:
143:
2033:
1800:
1646:
1944:
1909:
1839:
1411:
1407:
1199:
862:
808:
792:
Koranic Allusions: The Biblical, Qumranian, and pre-Islamic background to the Koran
752:
735:
718:
699:
679:
660:
640:
409:
386:
287:
530:." Pryce-Jones said that it "demolishes in close detail the Saidian 'narrative.'"
146:. Warraq adopted the pseudonym in 1995 when he completed his first book, entitled
2015:
1782:
1764:
1749:
1671:
1420:
1333:
1274:
1235:
890:
614:
538:
507:
127:
1484:
1415:, Vol. 22, No. 22, 16 June 2007 (Retrieved 1 January 2014; archive available at
1935:
Asfaruddin, Asma; Warraq, Ibn (2001). "The Quest for the Historical Muhammad".
374:
295:
135:
1913:
1843:
822:
The Islam in Islamic Terrorism: The Importance of Beliefs, Ideas, and Ideology
2073:
1768:
1736:
1524:
Key Thinkers of the Radical Right: Behind the New Threat to Liberal Democracy
1518:
1103:
362:
342:
334:
311:
212:
204:
175:
56:
749:
Which Koran?: Variants, Manuscripts, and the Influence of Pre-Islamic Poetry
556:
The Origins of The Koran: Classic Essays on Islam's Holy Book § Reviews
1876:(September 2009). "Orientalism's Wake: The Ongoing Politics of a Polemic".
1715:
1663:
1642:
876:
455:
282:
2060:
1263:
1208:
584:
511:
299:
1983:
1851:
1457:
291:
1956:
1316:
1204:"Islamkritiker Ibn Warraq: "Dieser Kalte Krieg kann 100 Jahre dauern""
766:
Why the West is Best: A Muslim Apostate's Defense of Liberal Democracy
1288:
Review: The Origins of the Koran: Classic Essays on Islam's Holy Book
488:
401:, who wrote about Syriac vs. Arabic interpretation of Quranic verse.
378:
139:
824:, Ibn Warraq, New English Review Press, 2017, paperback, 396 pages,
781:, Ibn Warraq, New English Review Press, 2013, paperback, 259 pages,
1948:
1338:"Interview: Ibn Warraq on the Judeo-Christian Sources of the Koran"
835:
Leaving the Allah Delusion Behind: Atheism and Freethought in Islam
560:
The Quest for the Historical Muhammad (Ibn Warraq) § Criticism
492:
382:
239:
208:
104:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1277:. Middle East Studies Association Bulletin, University of Chicago.
350:
224:
220:
200:
180:
123:. Warraq is the vice-president of the World Encounter Institute.
52:
1303:(2004). ""The Islam Industry" and Scholarship: Review Article".
2064:
1810:
Reason Papers: A Journal of Interdisciplinary Normative Studies
1808:
1391:
262:
258:
247:
232:
196:
48:
1783:"Defending the West: A Critique of Edward Said's Orientalism,"
397:'s studies. In 2005, Warraq spent several months working with
373:
Ibn Warraq continued writing with several works examining the
215:
origin. Although born in India, he held a Pakistani passport.
1896:
The Origins of the Koran: Classic Essays on Islam's Holy Book
1828:
The Origins of the Koran: Classic Essays on Islam's Holy Book
391:
The Origins of The Koran: Classic Essays on Islam's Holy Book
346:
108:
609:, states that "it is surprising that the editor, who in his
1756:
Defending the West: A Critique of Edward Said's Orientalism
732:
Defending the West: A Critique of Edward Said's Orientalism
593:
Defending the West: A Critique of Edward Said's Orientalism
501:
Defending the West: A Critique of Edward Said's Orientalism
2056:
Statement by Ibn Warraq on the World Trade Center Atrocity
257:
After graduating, Warraq was a primary school teacher in
1832:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies
1733:"I am not afraid to say the West's values are better,"
1131:"Religion, Ethics, and Society – Experts and Scholars"
357:(ISIS). He has also been on the advisory board of the
306:; Frum maintains silence. In March 2006, he co-signed
963:
is: "Ich bin nicht mit Religion indoktriniert worden"
852:
1894:Blois, François de (2000). "Review of Ibn Warraq's
1683:
1681:
355:
Institute for the Secularisation of Islamic Society
113:
Institute for the Secularisation of Islamic Society
1583:
1035:
155:He is the editor of several books, also including
1624:. International Institute of Islamic Thought: 130
1068:
1031:
1029:
1027:
779:Sir Walter Scott's Crusades & Other Fantasies
463:(1995) as "well-researched and quite brilliant."
207:and his family migrated to the newly independent
2071:
1934:
1678:
1584:Mills, Tom; Griffin, Tom; Miller, David (2011).
1198:
1093:
1091:
837:, Berlin Schiller, 2020, hardcover, 700 pages,
115:and used to be a senior research fellow at the
1024:
996:
436:is taken from German author Manfred Barthel's
1595:(Report). University of Bath. pp. 5, 18.
1268:Review: The Quest for the Historical Muhammad
1194:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1161:"World Encounter Institute Mission Statement"
316:Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy
1088:
318:, declaring Islam as a totalitarian regime.
280:. He noticed a lack of anti-Islam tracts in
1793:
1754:"Answering Edward Said: Peter Berkowitz on
1549:"International counter-jihad organisations"
321:In October 2007, Warraq participated in an
190:
1368:
1183:
1057:Muslim states from fundamentalist madness.
510:described Warraq as a "worthy critic" for
31:
1943:(4). American Oriental Society: 728–729.
1432:
1364:
1362:
1299:
1259:
1257:
138:." It is a name that has been adopted by
1937:Journal of the American Oriental Society
1889:
1887:
1517:
1375:Virgins, what virgins?: and other essays
990:
1969:
1872:
1813:, vol. 34, no. 2 (October 2012), p. 235
1803:Virgins? What Virgins? and Other Essays
1332:
1069:Ronald A. Lindsey (30 September 2010).
918:Bibliography of books critical of Islam
698:, edited and translated by Ibn Warraq,
678:, edited and translated by Ibn Warraq,
579:In reviewing Ibn Warraq's essay in his
533:In a 2012 review of Ibn Warraq's book,
499:In a 2008 review of Ibn Warraq's book,
310:in response to violent protests in the
16:Pen name of an author critical of Islam
2072:
1455:
1359:
1328:
1326:
1254:
564:In reviewing Ibn Warraq's compilation
440:("What the Bible Really Says", 1980).
368:
2100:Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
1893:
1884:
1657:
1622:American Journal of Islam and Society
1615:
1609:
1311:(1). Middle East Institute: 130–137.
1293:
1230:
794:, Prometheus Books, 2013, 463 pages,
675:The Quest for the Historical Muhammad
657:: Classic Essays on Islam's Holy Book
491:. In Islamic states this constitutes
420:The Quest for the Historical Muhammad
164:The Quest for the Historical Muhammad
2140:Pakistani people of Gujarati descent
1901:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society
1822:
1377:. Prometheus Books. pp. 26–27.
1224:
768:, Encounter Books, 2011, 286 pages,
1567:"Factsheet: Counter-jihad movement"
1485:"Writers issue cartoon row warning"
1323:
1041:"Ibn Warraq: Why I am not a Muslim"
385:. Other books treated the topic of
195:Warraq claims to have been born in
131:
107:of an anonymous author critical of
13:
1928:
1527:. Oxford University. p. 280.
1456:Mooney, Chris (19 December 2001).
972:The quote in German as printed in
959:The quote in German as printed in
714:Leaving Islam: Apostates Speak Out
246:, where he studied philosophy and
14:
2161:
2095:21st-century pseudonymous writers
2090:20th-century pseudonymous writers
1994:
1618:"Warraq's War: A Critical Review"
1423: (archived 11 November 2013))
1417:World Magazine "Dissident Voices"
591:has criticized Ibn Warraq's book
581:Quest for the Historical Muhammad
475:as his "favorite book on Islam."
429:The Quest of the Historical Jesus
1878:Middle East Institute Viewpoints
1107:. 9 October 2007. Archived from
976:is: "Heute bin ich ein Atheist."
897:
883:
869:
855:
696:: Language, Text, and Commentary
359:International Free Press Society
349:and has described himself as an
1963:
1866:
1816:
1790:, Vol. XVI, Num. 1, Winter 2009
1775:
1743:
1722:
1701:
1636:
1599:
1577:
1559:
1541:
1511:
1499:
1477:
1449:
1426:
1280:
966:
953:
605:François de Blois in reviewing
438:Was wirklich in der Bibel steht
361:, and been associated with the
242:to pursue his education at the
2115:Former Muslim critics of Islam
1654:, Vol. III, Num. 1, March 1996
1593:Public Interest Investigations
1153:
1123:
1062:
940:
811:, 2014, hardcover, 805 pages,
738:, 2007, hardcover, 300 pages,
721:, 2003, hardcover, 320 pages,
682:, 2000, hardcover, 554 pages,
663:, 1998, hardcover, 420 pages,
643:, 1995, hardcover, 428 pages,
393:, Ibn Warraq includes some of
1:
2150:Pseudonymous writers on Islam
2036:, contains writings by Warraq
1290:. Journal of Islamic Studies.
983:
333:, while their opponents were
250:with Islamic studies scholar
173:(2002) and the writer/editor
2001:The Official Ibn Warraq Site
1970:Larcher, Pierre (2015). "".
933:
568:religious studies professor
549:
261:for five years and moved to
211:in 1947. His family were of
7:
1002:"Don't be afraid to say it"
848:
353:. He is the founder of the
111:. He is the founder of the
46:1946 (age 77–78)
10:
2166:
1826:(1999). "Ibn Warraq (ed):
694:What the Koran Really Says
635:, Ibn Warraq, foreword by
553:
434:What the Koran Really Says
187:and lacking in expertise.
170:What the Koran Really Says
2006:Ibn Warraq's articles in
1914:10.1017/S1356186300012013
1844:10.1017/S0041977X00018693
1433:Lee Smith (August 2003).
574:William St. Clair Tisdall
566:The Origins of the Koran,
482:described Ibn Warraq as:
443:
389:values among Muslims. In
268:
90:
80:
70:
62:
42:
30:
23:
2130:Pakistani former Muslims
2014:12 November 2016 at the
1772:number 149, 2 June 2008.
1668:"Why I Am Not a Muslim,"
1647:"Why I Am Not a Muslim,"
1240:. Harper San Francisco.
1071:"A Bittersweet Farewell"
807:, edited by Ibn Warraq,
717:, edited by Ibn Warraq,
659:, edited by Ibn Warraq,
655:The Origins of the Koran
624:
619:The Origins of the Koran
607:The Origins of the Koran
600:The Origins of the Koran
415:Why I Am Not a Christian
191:Early life and education
158:The Origins of the Koran
2110:Counter-jihad activists
1232:Hecht, Jennifer Michael
526:did to Martin Bernal's
244:University of Edinburgh
238:By 19, he had moved to
75:University of Edinburgh
2034:Profile at Islam Watch
1874:Varisco, Daniel Martin
1763:2 January 2014 at the
923:List of former Muslims
522:what Mary Lefkowitz's
497:
2050:The American Prospect
2024:interviews Ibn Warraq
1787:Middle East Quarterly
1651:Middle East Quarterly
1616:Ahmad, Ahrar (2004).
1506:Why I am not a Muslim
1463:The American Prospect
1435:"Losing his religion"
1371:"On Becoming English"
1354:elsewhere-Porbandar).
1336:(29 September 2014).
948:Why I Am Not a Muslim
905:United Kingdom portal
632:Why I Am Not a Muslim
611:Why I am not a Muslim
589:Daniel Martin Varisco
535:Virgins? What Virgins
484:
473:Why I Am Not a Muslim
461:Why I am not a Muslim
451:Why I Am Not a Muslim
406:Why I Am Not a Muslim
149:Why I Am Not a Muslim
1708:Christopher Hitchens
1573:. 17 September 2020.
1273:11 June 2007 at the
928:Religious conversion
469:Christopher Hitchens
448:In a 1996 review of
323:Intelligence Squared
2135:Pakistani humanists
1487:. BBC. 1 March 2006
1408:"Dissident voices,"
1369:Ibn Warraq (2010).
1305:Middle East Journal
1075:No Faith Value Blog
1045:The Religion Report
1039:(10 October 2001).
755:, 2008, 631 pages,
702:, 2002, 600 pages,
541:historian of Islam
505:political scientist
399:Christoph Luxenberg
369:Books and reception
294:, speech-writer of
103:(born 1946) is the
2145:Pakistani sceptics
2125:Pakistani atheists
2052:, 17 December 2001
2048:on Ibn Warraq for
2021:Stephen Crittenden
2008:New English Review
1445:on 9 October 2003.
1286:Dutton, Y. (2000)
1202:(12 August 2007).
1165:New English Review
1037:Stephen Crittenden
1012:on 13 January 2012
1000:(3 October 2007).
637:R. Joseph Hoffmann
516:Defending the West
302:shortly after the
252:W. Montgomery Watt
117:Center for Inquiry
85:Criticism of Islam
2105:Atheism activists
2030:, 10 October 2001
1781:A. J. Caschetta,
1695:The New Criterion
1688:David Pryce-Jones
1571:Bridge Initiative
1342:Middle East Forum
913:Apostasy in Islam
817:978-1-61614-937-6
787:978-0-9884778-5-8
761:978-1-59102-429-3
524:Not Out of Africa
465:David Pryce-Jones
424:Albert Schweitzer
339:William Dalrymple
331:David Aaronovitch
229:Bridge in Britain
144:Abu Isa al-Warraq
121:Quranic criticism
98:
97:
91:Years active
2157:
1988:
1987:
1967:
1961:
1960:
1932:
1926:
1925:
1891:
1882:
1881:
1870:
1864:
1863:
1820:
1814:
1797:
1791:
1779:
1773:
1747:
1741:
1740:, 3 October 2007
1726:
1720:
1705:
1699:
1685:
1676:
1661:
1655:
1640:
1634:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1613:
1607:
1603:
1597:
1596:
1590:
1581:
1575:
1574:
1563:
1557:
1556:
1545:
1539:
1538:
1515:
1509:
1503:
1497:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1481:
1475:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1453:
1447:
1446:
1441:. Archived from
1430:
1424:
1404:
1389:
1388:
1366:
1357:
1356:
1350:
1348:
1334:Chesler, Phyllis
1330:
1321:
1320:
1301:AbuKhalil, As'ad
1297:
1291:
1284:
1278:
1261:
1252:
1251:
1228:
1222:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1200:Henryk M. Broder
1196:
1181:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1167:. Archived from
1157:
1151:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1137:. Archived from
1127:
1121:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1095:
1086:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1066:
1060:
1059:
1053:
1051:
1033:
1022:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1008:. Archived from
994:
977:
970:
964:
957:
951:
944:
907:
902:
901:
900:
893:
888:
887:
886:
879:
874:
873:
872:
865:
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753:Prometheus Books
736:Prometheus Books
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680:Prometheus Books
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1758:by Ibn Warraq,"
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1691:"Enough Said,"
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286:, an American
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1716:The Atlantic
1714:
1712:"Holy Writ,"
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1439:Boston Globe
1438:
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1345:. Retrieved
1341:
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1264:Donner, Fred
1236:
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1207:
1173:. Retrieved
1169:the original
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1139:the original
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1109:the original
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1044:
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1010:the original
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94:1995–present
18:
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2061:Appearances
1508:, p. 116–23
1212:(in German)
1209:Der Spiegel
1135:CFI website
1080:30 November
974:Der Spiegel
961:Der Spiegel
585:Fred Donner
520:Orientalism
512:Edward Said
308:a manifesto
300:White House
278:controversy
185:revisionist
2074:Categories
1628:9 February
1458:"Holy War"
1016:17 January
984:References
843:3899302567
598:His work,
554:See also:
543:David Cook
471:described
365:movement.
292:David Frum
101:Ibn Warraq
63:Occupation
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934:Footnotes
550:Criticism
478:In 2007,
183:, overly
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140:dissident
71:Education
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1145:4 August
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1050:4 August
849:See also
493:apostasy
418:(1927),
383:Muhammad
240:Scotland
209:Pakistan
167:(2000),
161:(1998),
132:ابن وراق
105:pen name
1972:Arabica
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1469:17 July
1419:at the
583:(2001)
377:of the
351:atheist
298:at the
225:madrasa
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233:Israel
213:Kutchi
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128:Arabic
66:Author
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1980:JSTOR
1953:JSTOR
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1856:S2CID
1848:JSTOR
1589:(PDF)
1313:JSTOR
625:Works
347:Islam
109:Islam
1630:2022
1529:ISBN
1493:2013
1471:2016
1379:ISBN
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