3439:
1106:, since 1987 Icelandic citizens have had the right to use Icelandic when interacting with official bodies in other Nordic countries, without becoming liable for any interpretation or translation costs. The convention covers visits to hospitals, job centres, the police, and social security offices. It does not have much effect since it is not very well known and because those Icelanders not proficient in the other Scandinavian languages often have a sufficient grasp of English to communicate with institutions in that language (although there is evidence that the general English skills of Icelanders have been somewhat overestimated). The Nordic countries have committed to providing services in various languages to each other's citizens, but this does not amount to any absolute rights being granted, except as regards criminal and court matters.
5108:
2999:
2974:
457:
422:
1546:
209:
2264:
1760:
2256:
4500:
197:
1776:
865:
2400:
that language policy and language ideology discourse are not predominantly state or elite driven; but rather, remain the concern of lay people and the general public. The
Icelandic speech community is perceived to have a protectionist language culture, however, this is deep-rooted ideologically primarily in relation to the forms of the language, while Icelanders in general seem to be more pragmatic as to domains of language use.
340:
946:, then later Danish rule of Iceland from 1536 to 1918 had little effect on the evolution of Icelandic (in contrast to the Norwegian language), which remained in daily use among the general population. Though more archaic than the other living Germanic languages, Icelandic changed markedly in pronunciation from the 12th to the 16th century, especially in vowels (in particular,
1969:. There are three voices: active, passive and middle (or medial), but it may be debated whether the middle voice is a voice or simply an independent class of verbs of its own, as every middle-voice verb has an active-voice ancestor, but sometimes with drastically different meaning, and the middle-voice verbs form a conjugation group of their own. Examples are
3082:
984:). The letters -ý & -y lost their original meaning and merged with -í & -i in the period 1400 - 1600. Around the same time or a little earlier the letter -æ originally signifying a simple vowel, a type of open -e, formed into the double vowel -ai, a double vowel absent in the original Icelandic.
2414:
Since the late 16th century, discussion has been ongoing on the purity of the
Icelandic language. The bishop Oddur Einarsson wrote in 1589 that the language has remained unspoiled since the time the ancient literature of Iceland was written. Later in the 18th century the purism movement grew and more
2113:
instead. The case of the pronoun depends on the case that the verb governs. As for further classification of verbs, Icelandic behaves much like other
Germanic languages, with a main division between weak verbs and strong, and the strong verbs, of which there are about 150 to 200, are divided into six
3263:
Article 1; National language – official language; Icelandic is the national language of the
Icelandic people and the official language in Iceland. Article 2; The Icelandic language — The national language is the common language of the Icelandic general public. Public authorities shall ensure
2434:
The changes brought by the purism movement have had the most influence on the written language, as many speakers use foreign words freely in speech but try to avoid them in writing. The success of the many neologisms created from the movement has also been variable as some loanwords have not been
2399:
A core theme of
Icelandic language ideologies is grammatical, orthographic and lexical purism for Icelandic. This is evident in general language discourses, in polls, and in other investigations into Icelandic language attitudes. The general consensus on Icelandic language policy has come to mean
3359:
English is often described as being almost a second language in
Iceland, as opposed to a foreign language like German or Chinese. Certainly in terms of Icelandic students' Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills (BICS), English does indeed seem to be a second language. However, in terms of many
2366:. In most Icelandic families, the ancient tradition of patronymics is still in use; i.e. a person uses their father's name (usually) or mother's name (increasingly in recent years) in the genitive form followed by the morpheme -son ("son") or -dóttir ("daughter") in lieu of family names.
3230:
Overall, written
Icelandic has changed little since the eleventh century Icelandic sagas, or historical epics; only the addition of significant numbers of vocabulary items in modern times makes it likely that a saga author would have difficulty understanding the news in today's
2121:. However, as words are heavily inflected, the word order is fairly flexible, and every combination may occur in poetry; SVO, SOV, VSO, VOS, OSV and OVS are all allowed for metrical purposes. However, as with most Germanic languages, Icelandic usually complies with the
3360:
Icelandic students' Cognitive
Academic Language Proficiency (CALP)—the language skills required for success in school—evidence will be presented suggesting that there may be a large number of students who have substantial trouble utilizing these skills.
3264:
that its use is possible in all areas of
Icelandic society. All persons residing in Iceland must be given the opportunity to learn Icelandic and to use it for their general participation in Icelandic society, as further provided in leges speciales.
2229:) had existed in Icelandic from the 17th century, but use of the formal variant weakened in the 1950s and rapidly disappeared. It no longer exists in regular speech, but may occasionally be found in pre-written speeches addressed to the
571:
serves as a centre for preserving the medieval
Icelandic manuscripts and studying the language and its literature. The Icelandic Language Council, comprising representatives of universities, the arts, journalists, teachers, and the
2017:("manage to"). In each of these examples, the meaning has been so altered, that one can hardly see them as the same verb in different voices. Verbs have up to ten tenses, but Icelandic, like English, forms most of them with
2435:
replaced with native ones. There is still a conscious effort to create new words, especially for science and technology, with many societies publishing dictionaries, some with the help of The Icelandic Language Committee (
3985:"Evolving language ideologies and media practices in Iceland / Die Entwicklung neuer Sprachideologien und Medienpraktiken in Island / Evolution des ideologies linguistiques et des pratiques médiatiques en Islande"
555:
Aside from the 300,000 Icelandic speakers in Iceland, Icelandic is spoken by about 8,000 people in Denmark, 5,000 people in the United States, and more than 1,400 people in Canada, notably in the region known as
1094:
in 2011, Icelandic is "the national language of the Icelandic people and the official language in Iceland"; moreover, "ublic authorities shall ensure that its use is possible in all areas of Icelandic society".
1102:, a forum for co-operation between the Nordic countries, but the council uses only Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish as its working languages (although the council does publish material in Icelandic). Under the
458:
2423:, importance was put on the purity of spoken language as well. The written language was also brought closer to the spoken language, as the sentence structure of literature had previously been influenced by
423:
1514:
A phonetic analysis reveals that the voiceless lateral approximant is, in practice, usually realised with considerable friction, especially word-finally or syllable-finally, i. e., essentially as a
917:
The oldest preserved texts in Icelandic were written around 1100 AD. Many of the texts are based on poetry and laws traditionally preserved orally. The most famous of the texts, which were written in
2358:) in that they reflect the immediate father or mother of the child and not the historic family lineage. This system, which was formerly used throughout the Nordic area and beyond, differs from most
544:, though considerably more conservative and synthetic) and is distinguished by a wide assortment of irregular declensions. Icelandic vocabulary is also deeply conservative, with the country's
844:
1005:
by an anonymous author, who has later been referred to as the First Grammarian. The later Rasmus Rask standard was a re-creation of the old treatise, with some changes to fit concurrent
1078:
which were written about eight hundred years ago. The sagas are usually read with updated modern spelling and footnotes, but otherwise are intact (as with recent English editions of
4056:
5199:
3042:
3464:, and it's pronounced by pressing the tip of the tongue against the alveolar ridge, close to the upper teeth – somewhat below the place of articulation of the German
5204:
2125:
restriction, so the conjugated verb in Icelandic usually appears as the second element in the clause, preceded by the word or phrase being emphasised. For example:
2340:
began to gain noticeable ground in Iceland and since the early 19th century it has been the linguistic policy of the country. Nowadays, it is common practice to
5007:
4357:
5820:
3250:
3107:
573:
5189:
568:
226:
1070:
Apart from the addition of new vocabulary, written Icelandic has not changed substantially since the 11th century, when the first texts were written on
3956:. Translated by McTurk, Rory (Reprinted with minor corrections ed.). London: Viking Society for Northern Research, University College London.
1035:, had not been used much in later centuries. Rask's standard constituted a major change in practice. Later 20th-century changes include the use of
7238:
6195:
5273:
5054:
2846:
in 1929, although it had been used in early manuscripts (until the 14th century) and again periodically from the 18th century. The letter
5993:
3374:
3323:
3297:
2021:. There are three or four main groups of weak verbs in Icelandic, depending on whether one takes a historical or a formalistic view:
1368:
4485:
4344:
3399:
1561:
to it. All the vowels can either be long or short; vowels in open syllables are long, and vowels in closed syllables are short.
4116:
3100:
1884:
endings of a particular noun. For example, within the strong masculine nouns, there is a subclass (class 1) that declines with
1375:
4253:
4168:
4071:
4045:
3961:
3842:
3822:
1908:) in the nominative plural. However, there is another subclass (class 3) of strong masculine nouns that always declines with
1628:
3403:
3350:
3054:
7223:
5810:
4728:
1516:
1433:
4673:
4450:
3202:
1793:
1635:
1441:
882:
362:
6722:
4272:
3888:
3243:
1332:
1133:. Stops are realised post-aspirated when at the beginning of the word, but pre-aspirated when occurring within a word.
3976:
7228:
4577:
4537:
4211:
4192:
4126:
4090:
3861:
1815:
904:
429:
1553:
Icelandic has 8 monophthongs and 5 diphthongs. The diphthongs are created by taking a monophthong and adding either
5266:
5047:
4392:
622:
and currently Modern Icelandic. The division between old and modern Icelandic is said to be before and after 1540.
4455:
3682:
1354:
614:. Icelandic is further classified as a West Scandinavian language. Icelandic is derived from an earlier language
352:
7243:
5219:
4532:
2419:
were introduced, with many of them being loan-translations. In the early 19th century, due to the influence of
2409:
1797:
1652:
886:
330:
7233:
7089:
4779:
4597:
4412:
3165:"Hvenær var bókstafurinn 'é' tekinn upp í íslensku í stað 'je' og af hverju er 'je' enn notað í ýmsum orðum?"
247:
4141:
2830:, are for the most part treated as separate letters and not variants of their derivative vowels. The letter
2415:
works were translated into Icelandic, especially in areas that Icelandic had hardly ever been used in. Many
548:
maintaining an active policy of coining terms based on older Icelandic words rather than directly taking in
278:
265:
7119:
6289:
6251:
6236:
5209:
4693:
4337:
2369:
In 2019, changes were announced to the laws governing names. Icelanders who are officially registered with
1659:
1361:
5563:
2938:
1739:
1734:
1724:
1719:
1715:
1558:
1554:
1500:
1496:
1488:
7218:
7099:
6959:
6309:
6268:
6258:
5259:
5040:
4836:
4557:
4470:
4430:
4387:
4382:
3050:
2863:
2854:
was formerly in the Icelandic alphabet, but it was officially removed in 1974, except in people's names.
2305:
2118:
1939:
Nouns, adjectives and pronouns are declined in the four cases and for number in the singular and plural.
1666:
1604:
1416:
1383:
476:
221:
4032:. Studies in World Language Problems. Vol. 5. John Benjamins Publishing Company. pp. 165–177.
3984:
5475:
5214:
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4587:
4567:
4547:
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1391:
1261:
1103:
1001:
6816:
5240:
4921:
4738:
4638:
4618:
4582:
4542:
4402:
2459:
The Icelandic alphabet is notable for its retention of three old letters that no longer exist in the
1845:
1399:
1292:
2998:
2973:
7094:
7048:
7043:
6967:
6577:
6561:
6440:
6299:
6190:
6185:
4743:
4572:
1614:
1492:
1464:
1275:
1194:
1178:
607:
464:
324:
100:
3912:
3351:"The English Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency of Icelandic students, and how to improve it"
7033:
6977:
6972:
6892:
6565:
6515:
5815:
5633:
5389:
5317:
5305:
5235:
5127:
4931:
4911:
4853:
4698:
4683:
4475:
4465:
4330:
1946:
1786:
1307:
1210:
875:
657:
642:
603:
581:
522:
468:
90:
7155:
6875:
6273:
991:
has developed from a standard established in the 19th century, primarily by the Danish linguist
7038:
6520:
6486:
6104:
5920:
5780:
5620:
5515:
5194:
4769:
4713:
4425:
4397:
2313:
1408:
585:
515:
3832:
3371:
3327:
3301:
3244:"Act [No 61/2011] on the status of the Icelandic language and Icelandic sign language"
514:. The written forms of Icelandic and Faroese are very similar, but their spoken forms are not
7196:
7160:
6428:
6421:
6373:
6143:
6114:
6083:
6046:
5971:
5728:
5641:
5502:
5464:
5087:
4981:
4951:
4863:
4633:
4445:
4420:
2450:
1472:
1228:
1202:
1186:
988:
172:
6661:
5536:
4242:Þráinsson, Höskuldur (1994). "Icelandic". In König, Ekkehard; Van der Auwera, Johan (eds.).
1936:, that is, certain verbs have subjects in an oblique case (i.e. other than the nominative).
7165:
7145:
7114:
6987:
6847:
6593:
6411:
6003:
5830:
5792:
5787:
5661:
5608:
5366:
5158:
5148:
5097:
4946:
4878:
4858:
4822:
4733:
4688:
4628:
4592:
4562:
4508:
4440:
3804:Árnason, Kristján; Sigrún Helgadóttir (1991). "Terminology and Icelandic Language Policy".
2886:
2246:
1317:
1219:
1091:
838:
6821:
1868:: masculine, feminine or neuter. There are two main declension paradigms for each gender:
8:
7104:
6340:
6294:
6228:
5981:
5628:
5541:
5339:
5163:
5092:
4883:
4848:
4812:
4807:
4718:
4661:
4623:
4602:
4435:
2925:
2488:
2226:
1300:
1283:
1268:
1254:
1130:
1115:
1079:
922:
6651:
6496:
5743:
3024:
2269:
1082:
works). With some effort, many Icelanders can also understand the original manuscripts.
7150:
7074:
7002:
6992:
6947:
6636:
6533:
6378:
6353:
6348:
6241:
6069:
5954:
5775:
5553:
5548:
5527:
5488:
5292:
5282:
5000:
4898:
4873:
4817:
4774:
4757:
4678:
4643:
4552:
4527:
4460:
4374:
4365:
4012:
3940:
3806:
Behovet och nyttan av terminologiskt arbete på 90-talet. Nordterm 5. Nordterm-symposium
2309:
2285:
2046:
1958:
1865:
1829:
1237:
1006:
733:
611:
597:
545:
537:
499:
484:
451:
137:
95:
42:
6304:
4784:
4057:"National language policy and planning in Iceland – aims and institutional activities"
525:
than most other Germanic languages. While most of them have greatly reduced levels of
316:
7124:
6923:
6839:
6832:
6787:
6731:
6491:
6481:
6464:
6459:
6363:
6246:
6125:
5925:
5886:
5866:
5704:
5596:
5578:
5430:
5132:
5082:
5077:
4936:
4926:
4792:
4278:
4268:
4249:
4230:
4217:
4207:
4188:
4164:
4122:
4096:
4086:
4067:
4041:
4016:
4004:
3957:
3944:
3932:
3884:
3867:
3857:
3838:
3818:
3604:
2937:
is thought of being a result from co-articulation, so the phonemic representation is
2881:
2454:
2370:
2337:
2230:
2110:
2045:, referring to the endings that these verbs take when conjugated in the first person
1966:
1950:
1837:
1754:
1504:
1455:
1424:
1164:
1154:
1149:
177:
2049:
present. Almost all Icelandic verbs have the ending -a in the infinitive, some with
358:
7079:
6870:
6804:
6760:
6755:
6715:
6704:
6696:
6501:
6469:
6416:
6405:
6318:
6027:
5966:
5756:
5738:
5573:
5334:
5326:
5107:
5016:
4976:
4961:
4956:
4888:
4708:
4033:
3996:
3924:
3600:
3111:
2492:
2460:
2106:
1962:
1954:
1622:
1508:
1144:
850:
782:
718:
534:
507:
503:
488:
480:
385:
6916:
4136:
7109:
7069:
6902:
6809:
6792:
6777:
6772:
6765:
6474:
6383:
6368:
6323:
6175:
6138:
6130:
6109:
6096:
6076:
6062:
5825:
5802:
5733:
5723:
5715:
5495:
4941:
4243:
4108:
4080:
3928:
3407:
3395:
3378:
3354:
2514:
2428:
2424:
2325:
1876:, and these are further divided into subclasses of nouns, based primarily on the
1853:
1849:
1171:
1159:
767:
577:
511:
495:
82:
7190:
7084:
7064:
7016:
6908:
6782:
6452:
6219:
6158:
5937:
5894:
5851:
5768:
5763:
5652:
5602:
5453:
5404:
5359:
5352:
5173:
5122:
5021:
4797:
4703:
3511:
3195:"Hvers vegna var bókstafurinn z svona mikið notaður á Íslandi en því svo hætt?"
3164:
2891:
2464:
2347:
2329:
2250:
2018:
1933:
1646:
1248:
1099:
943:
754:
690:
629:
494:. It is not mutually intelligible with the continental Scandinavian languages (
214:
161:
142:
105:
4317:
4000:
2986:
7212:
7140:
6982:
6738:
6689:
6506:
6445:
6358:
6263:
6201:
6148:
6032:
5959:
4916:
4282:
4112:
4008:
3936:
3871:
3194:
2873:
2359:
2324:("church"), for example. Numerous other languages have influenced Icelandic:
2219:
2122:
1861:
1833:
935:
619:
491:
147:
4221:
4100:
4025:
2304:
with a few words being Celtic from when Celts first settled in Iceland. The
843:
7009:
6433:
6397:
6330:
6153:
5976:
5949:
5932:
5876:
5835:
5417:
5396:
4802:
4081:
Kvaran, Guðrún; Höskuldur Þráinsson; Kristján Árnason; et al. (2005).
541:
168:
6656:
4906:
2961:
2507:/ai/ which does not exist in English. The complete Icelandic alphabet is:
580:. Since 1995, on 16 November each year, the birthday of 19th-century poet
300:
6826:
6799:
6617:
6525:
6207:
6168:
5751:
5446:
5410:
5345:
5168:
4028:. In Hultgren, Anna Kristina; Gregersen, Frans; Thøgersen, Jacob (eds.).
3664:
3662:
2420:
2363:
2263:
1869:
1857:
1759:
1598:
1574:
1565:
996:
992:
927:
669:
557:
283:
270:
6671:
4037:
1545:
6666:
6646:
6011:
5681:
5382:
4868:
2991:
2966:
2694:
2355:
2351:
2333:
1841:
1800: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1674:
1579:
889: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
530:
526:
506:) and is more distinct from the most widely spoken Germanic languages,
339:
63:
4311:
3659:
2255:
6852:
6600:
6163:
5944:
5899:
5871:
5697:
5251:
5153:
5032:
3491:
2811:
2504:
2416:
2341:
2328:
brought many words related to the court and knightship; words in the
2301:
1873:
1691:
939:
680:
615:
309:
293:
257:
239:
6676:
2277:
2259:
A simple family tree showing the Icelandic patronymic naming system.
1775:
999:
laid out in the early 12th century by a document referred to as the
864:
6641:
5989:
4480:
4322:
2487:(æsc, anglicised as "ash" or "asc"), with þ and ð representing the
2274:, one of the smaller ice caps of Iceland, situated to the north of
1323:
561:
549:
370:
471:
spoken by about 314,000 people, the vast majority of whom live in
6682:
6278:
6180:
4723:
4499:
4353:
4064:
Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Research Institute for Linguistics
3898:
Halldórsson, Halldór (1979). "Icelandic Purism and its History".
2234:
1126:
918:
472:
439:
366:
202:
53:
2478:
2468:
1529:
Word-final voiced consonants are devoiced pre-pausally, so that
5985:
3005:
2869:
1071:
1932:) in the nominative plural. Additionally, Icelandic permits a
5903:
4248:. Routledge language family descriptions. London: Routledge.
1828:
Icelandic retains many grammatical features of other ancient
4306:
3429:
3427:
4139:; Magnús Pétursson (1977). "Quantity in Modern Icelandic".
3611:
3530:
2308:
in the 11th century brought with it a need to describe new
1942:
1075:
388:
4231:"A Phonetic Illustration of the Sound System of Icelandic"
3910:
3668:
3488:
is not. It's a pre-alveolar, coronal, voiceless spirant.".
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2651:
2621:
2586:
2561:
2536:
2484:
369:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
4026:"Ideologies in Iceland: The protection of language forms"
3803:
3780:
3744:
3734:
3732:
3647:
3542:
3424:
2551:
2474:
1840:
inflection was lost. Modern Icelandic is still a heavily
1029:
409:
400:
3768:
3566:
3396:"Community interpreting in Sweden: A short presentation"
3276:
3141:
2336:
because of trade connections. In the late 18th century,
1074:. Modern speakers can understand the original sagas and
564:
which was settled by Icelanders beginning in the 1880s.
4135:
3911:
Hilmarsson-Dunn, Amanda; Kristinsson, Ari Páll (2010).
3717:
3705:
3693:
4294:. Oslo: Novus Press. pp. 55–59, 168–169, 209–214.
3756:
3729:
4292:
The Nordic Languages. Their Status and Interrelations
4187:]. Reykjavík: Málvísindastofnun Háskóla Íslands.
3623:
3578:
3554:
3412:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2556:
2546:
2541:
2531:
430:
412:
403:
391:
3897:
3129:
3108:
Icelandic Ministry of Education, Science and Culture
3080:
1503:
are alveolar non-sibilant fricatives; the former is
406:
397:
2225:
A distinction between formal and informal address (
475:, where it is the national language. Since it is a
394:
4307:The Árni Magnússon Institute for Icelandic Studies
4107:
3635:
3497:
2312:. The majority of new words were taken from other
3830:
3011:
344:Geographic distribution of the Icelandic language
7210:
4265:Word Prosodic Systems in the Languages of Europe
3482:
3458:
3450:
2848:
2840:
2832:
2824:
2816:
2436:
2386:
2380:
2374:
2344:new compound words from Icelandic derivatives.
2318:
2291:
2283:
2275:
2267:
2212:
2204:
2192:
2182:
2172:
2158:
2144:
2130:
2099:
2091:
2083:
2075:
2067:
2059:
2051:
2039:
2031:
2023:
2011:
2003:
1995:
1987:
1979:
1971:
1926:
1914:
1902:
1890:
1129:are voiceless and are distinguished as such by
1085:
1061:
1053:
1045:
1037:
1027:
1025:. Various archaic features, such as the letter
1019:
1011:
978:
972:
964:
956:
948:
925:, which encompass the historical works and the
848:
29:
5190:Árni Magnússon Institute for Icelandic Studies
4318:Collection of Icelandic bilingual dictionaries
3854:Concise encyclopedia of languages of the world
2332:of trade and commerce have been borrowed from
2105:. Many transitive verbs (i.e. they require an
569:Árni Magnússon Institute for Icelandic Studies
227:Árni Magnússon Institute for Icelandic Studies
5267:
5048:
4338:
4262:
4229:Flego, Stefon; Berkson, Kelly (8 July 2020).
3881:Iceland: Its Volcanoes, Geysers, And Glaciers
3831:Barbour, Stephen; Carmichael, Cathie (2000).
3653:
3385:, March 3, 2007. Retrieved on April 25, 2007.
3083:"2011 National Household Survey: Data tables"
2198:(When I was one year old, went I to Britain.)
2188:(To Britain went I, when I was one year old.)
1526:, p. 22) includes three extra phones: .
4228:
4178:
3883:. Creative Media Partners, LLC. p. 61.
3852:Brown, Edward Keith; Ogilvie, Sarah (2010).
3851:
3683:"Icelandic names will no longer be gendered"
3617:
3548:
3474:
3466:
3433:
3158:
3156:
2202:In the above examples, the conjugated verbs
2178:(I went to Britain when I was one year old.)
4054:
4023:
3982:
3723:
3711:
3699:
3188:
3186:
3093:
2194:Þegar ég var eins árs fór ég til Bretlands.
2184:Til Bretlands fór ég þegar ég var eins árs.
2174:Ég fór til Bretlands þegar ég var eins árs.
5274:
5260:
5055:
5041:
4345:
4331:
4154:
3786:
3251:Ministry of Education, Science and Culture
1009:conventions, such as the exclusive use of
574:Ministry of Culture, Science and Education
338:
4241:
4024:Kristinsson, Ari Páll (24 October 2014).
3983:Kristinsson, Ari Páll (1 November 2013).
3774:
3348:
3153:
3147:
2296:", in turn "glacier of island mountains".
1816:Learn how and when to remove this message
905:Learn how and when to remove this message
4201:
3951:
3762:
3750:
3738:
3629:
3372:Language Convention not working properly
3228:. Oxford University Press. p. 209.
3183:
3135:
2503:), respectively, and æ representing the
2262:
2254:
1864:. Icelandic nouns can have one of three
1758:
1544:
1523:
842:
4204:Einführung in die isländische Grammatik
3812:
3584:
3572:
3560:
3536:
3418:
3400:International Federation of Translators
3316:
3290:
3223:
3101:"Icelandic: At Once Ancient And Modern"
2306:introduction of Christianity to Iceland
2300:Early Icelandic vocabulary was largely
363:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
7211:
5281:
5062:
4163:] (in Icelandic). Mál og Menning.
3878:
3815:The Phonology of Icelandic and Faroese
3669:Hilmarsson-Dunn & Kristinsson 2010
3641:
3365:
3269:
3192:
3162:
3017:
921:from the 12th century onward, are the
6945:
6559:
5303:
5255:
5036:
4326:
4289:
3970:
3680:
3595:
3593:
3445:
3402:, 2004. Retrieved on April 25, 2007.
3388:
3074:
2117:The basic word order in Icelandic is
1533:('day (acc.)') is pronounced as and
450:
41:
4352:
3509:
3448:, pp. 23-24: "It's never voiced, as
3205:from the original on 29 October 2023
2483:, anglicised as "eth" or "edh") and
2403:
2373:will be permitted to use the suffix
1798:adding citations to reliable sources
1769:
1517:voiceless alveolar lateral fricative
887:adding citations to reliable sources
858:
5836:Plautdietsch / Mennonite Low German
4118:The Sounds of the World's Languages
3917:Current Issues in Language Planning
3913:"The language situation in Iceland"
3163:Kvaran, Guðrún (12 November 2001).
3081:Government of Canada (8 May 2013).
13:
7195:Languages between parentheses are
6560:
4267:. Mouton de Gruyter. p. 377.
4085:. Reykjavík: Almenna bókafélagið.
3834:Language and Nationalism in Europe
3590:
3035:
2980:
2955:
2394:
2114:classes plus reduplicative verbs.
1763:Photograph taken from page 176 of
1090:According to an act passed by the
14:
7255:
4314:, dictionary for technical words.
4300:
2444:
1679:
1665:
1658:
1651:
1634:
1627:
1613:
1603:
1549:Vowel chart of the 8 monophthongs
1471:
1463:
1440:
1432:
1415:
1407:
1398:
1390:
1382:
1374:
1367:
1360:
1353:
1331:
1306:
1299:
1291:
1282:
1274:
1267:
1260:
1253:
1236:
1227:
1218:
1209:
1201:
1193:
1185:
1177:
591:
5106:
4498:
3472:. The difference is that German
2997:
2972:
1774:
863:
479:, it is most closely related to
384:
207:
195:
3977:VEB Verlag Enzyklopädie Leipzig
3879:Forbes, Charles Stuart (1860).
3796:
3681:Kyzer, Larissa (22 June 2019).
3674:
3503:
3480:is labialized, while Icelandic
3342:
3236:
3226:German: Biography of a Language
3217:
3193:Kvaran, Guðrún (7 March 2000).
2931:
2918:
2290:, is Icelandic for "glacier of
1920:) in the genitive singular and
1896:) in the genitive singular and
1785:needs additional citations for
1537:('day (nom.)') is pronounced .
874:needs additional citations for
855:, an early Icelandic manuscript
7199:of the language on their left.
4179:Rögnvaldsson, Eiríkur (1993).
4055:Kristinsson, Ari Páll (2018).
4030:English in Nordic Universities
3512:"A little Icelandic phonetics"
3498:Ladefoged & Maddieson 1996
2909:
2410:Linguistic purism in Icelandic
1507:, while the latter is usually
1:
7239:Subject–verb–object languages
7090:Germanic substrate hypothesis
6946:
4263:Van der Hulst, Harry (2008).
4161:Language and language history
3012:Barbour & Carmichael 2000
2897:
2240:
2222:in their respective clauses.
2001:("perish ignominiously") and
1120:
995:. It is based strongly on an
934:The language of the sagas is
576:, advises the authorities on
469:Indo-European language family
7120:Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law
5811:Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch
5210:Icelandic Language Institute
3929:10.1080/14664208.2010.538008
3518:. University of Pennsylvania
3324:"Nordic Language Convention"
3298:"Nordic Language Convention"
3047:MLA Language Map Data Center
2948:
2872:that was used to trade with
1738:
1733:
1723:
1714:
1664:
1657:
1650:
1633:
1626:
1612:
1602:
1109:
1086:Legal status and recognition
533:), Icelandic retains a four-
7:
7224:West Scandinavian languages
7100:High German consonant shift
4155:Ragnarsson, Baldur (1992).
3817:, Oxford University Press,
3051:Modern Language Association
2857:
2495:"th" sounds (as in English
2473:, modern English "thorn"),
1098:Iceland is a member of the
75:(undated figure of 330,000)
10:
7260:
5638:Westlauwers–Terschellings
5291:According to contemporary
5215:Icelandic Naming Committee
5200:Icelandic Language Council
4486:2008–2011 financial crisis
4206:. Munich: Philyra Verlag.
4142:Arkiv för Nordisk Filologi
3952:Karlsson, Stefán (2013) .
3813:Árnason, Kristján (2011),
2692:
2512:
2448:
2407:
2244:
1752:
1748:
1113:
1104:Nordic Language Convention
1002:First Grammatical Treatise
836:
832:
595:
477:West Scandinavian language
7182:
7133:
7057:
7026:
6958:
6954:
6941:
6890:
6863:
6817:Southern Schleswig Danish
6748:
6629:
6585:
6576:
6572:
6555:
6396:
6339:
6227:
6218:
6123:
6095:
6054:
6045:
6020:
6002:
5913:
5885:
5859:
5850:
5801:
5714:
5689:
5680:
5619:
5514:
5463:
5438:
5429:
5325:
5316:
5312:
5299:
5289:
5241:List of Icelandic writers
5228:
5182:
5141:
5115:
5104:
5070:
4994:
4897:
4844:
4835:
4765:
4756:
4669:
4660:
4611:
4520:
4516:
4507:
4496:
4411:
4373:
4364:
4202:Scholten, Daniel (2000).
4001:10.1515/soci.2013.27.1.54
1678:
1578:
1573:
1571:
1540:
1479:
1477:
1459:
1454:
1448:
1446:
1428:
1423:
1341:
1339:
1328:
1316:
1247:
1170:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1141:
780:
765:
758:
731:
716:
701:
694:
684:
674:
655:
640:
633:
349:
337:
323:
307:
291:
255:
237:
232:
220:
190:Official language in
188:
183:
158:
130:
79:
69:
59:
49:
37:
28:
23:
7229:North Germanic languages
7095:West Germanic gemination
7049:Ancient Belgian language
7044:Germanic parent language
6988:Weser-Rhine (Istvaeonic)
6110:Austrian Standard German
5304:
4674:Administrative divisions
4181:Íslensk hljóðkerfisfræði
3618:Brown & Ogilvie 2010
3549:Flego & Berkson 2020
3434:Flego & Berkson 2020
2924:pre-aspirated stops are
2915:In an advisory capacity.
2902:
2379:("child of") instead of
2348:Icelandic personal names
755:Old East Norse
691:Old West Norse
5236:Icelandic Sign Language
5205:Icelandic Language Fund
4290:Vikør, Lars S. (1993).
2864:Basque–Icelandic pidgin
2812:letters with diacritics
2479:
2469:
2097:: "wash") and one with
1051:and the replacement of
938:, a western dialect of
658:West Germanic languages
643:East Germanic languages
540:grammar (comparable to
465:North Germanic language
16:North Germanic language
7156:Preterite-present verb
7039:Proto-Germanic grammar
6993:North Sea (Ingvaeonic)
6105:German Standard German
5781:East Frisian Low Saxon
5195:Icelandic Language Day
5142:History and literature
4245:The Germanic languages
3954:The Icelandic language
3483:
3475:
3467:
3459:
3451:
3224:Sanders, Ruth (2010).
3110:. 2001. Archived from
2849:
2841:
2833:
2825:
2817:
2437:
2387:
2381:
2375:
2319:
2314:Scandinavian languages
2297:
2292:
2284:
2276:
2268:
2260:
2213:
2205:
2193:
2183:
2173:
2159:
2145:
2131:
2100:
2092:
2084:
2076:
2068:
2060:
2052:
2040:
2032:
2024:
2012:
2004:
1996:
1988:
1980:
1972:
1927:
1915:
1903:
1891:
1767:
1550:
1062:
1054:
1046:
1038:
1028:
1020:
1012:
979:
973:
965:
957:
949:
856:
849:
604:Indo-European language
586:Icelandic Language Day
552:from other languages.
443:
351:This article contains
30:
7244:Verb-second languages
7161:Grammatischer Wechsel
6144:Namibian Black German
6115:Swiss Standard German
6084:Early New High German
5642:Mainland West Frisian
5503:Harlingerland Frisian
4456:Independence Movement
4451:Danish trade monopoly
4121:. Oxford: Blackwell.
4066:. Budapest: 243–249.
3973:Isländische Grammatik
3971:Kress, Bruno (1982),
3601:"Þéranir á meðal vor"
2451:Icelandic orthography
2266:
2258:
1762:
1548:
846:
618:, which later became
521:The language is more
516:mutually intelligible
7234:Languages of Iceland
7166:Indo-European ablaut
7146:Germanic strong verb
7115:Germanic spirant law
6252:Southeast Limburgish
5748:Gelders-Overijssels
5377:Irish Middle English
5367:Early Modern English
5183:Promotion and purism
3539:, pp. 107, 237.
2887:Icelandic literature
2838:officially replaced
2247:Icelandic vocabulary
1794:improve this article
1765:Colloquial Icelandic
1499:is apical alveolar,
883:improve this article
839:History of Icelandic
452:[ˈistlɛnska]
110:Insular Scandinavian
43:[ˈistlɛnska]
7134:Synchronic features
7105:Germanic a-mutation
7058:Diachronic features
6408:in the broad sense
6341:East Central German
6295:Lorraine Franconian
6269:Transylvanian Saxon
6229:West Central German
6004:East Low Franconian
5914:West Low Franconian
4185:Icelandic phonology
4083:Íslensk tunga I–III
4038:10.1075/wlp.5.08kri
3500:, pp. 144–145.
3069:2000 US census data
2282:and to the west of
2119:subject–verb–object
1866:grammatical genders
1836:before much of its
1694:
1568:
1138:
1116:Icelandic phonology
923:sagas of Icelanders
606:and belongs to the
529:(particularly noun
7219:Icelandic language
7151:Germanic weak verb
6960:Language subgroups
6310:Pennsylvania Dutch
6259:Moselle Franconian
6237:Central Franconian
6070:Middle High German
5821:Central Pomeranian
5776:Northern Low Saxon
5489:Wangerooge Frisian
5283:Germanic languages
5064:Icelandic language
4874:Icelandic Language
3654:Van der Hulst 2008
3607:. 29 October 1999.
3406:2009-03-27 at the
3377:2009-04-28 at the
3057:on 6 December 2010
3025:"StatBank Denmark"
2987:Icelandic language
2310:religious concepts
2298:
2261:
1842:inflected language
1830:Germanic languages
1768:
1690:
1564:
1551:
1136:
989:Icelandic alphabet
857:
612:Germanic languages
598:Germanic languages
582:Jónas Hallgrímsson
546:language regulator
485:Norwegian dialects
173:Icelandic alphabet
7206:
7205:
7191:extinct languages
7178:
7177:
7174:
7173:
7125:Great Vowel Shift
6937:
6936:
6933:
6932:
6886:
6885:
6732:Greenlandic Norse
6551:
6550:
6547:
6546:
6543:
6542:
6482:Southern Bavarian
6465:Northern Bavarian
6441:Highest Alemannic
6392:
6391:
6126:standard variants
6041:
6040:
5887:Standard variants
5846:
5845:
5705:Middle Low German
5676:
5675:
5672:
5671:
5476:Saterland Frisian
5249:
5248:
5220:Linguistic purism
5030:
5029:
4990:
4989:
4831:
4830:
4752:
4751:
4729:Political parties
4694:Foreign relations
4656:
4655:
4652:
4651:
4494:
4493:
4255:978-0-415-05768-4
4170:978-9979-3-0417-3
4073:978-963-9074-74-3
4047:978-90-272-2836-9
3963:978-0-903521-61-1
3844:978-0-19-158407-7
3824:978-0-19-922931-4
3753:, pp. 37–38.
3575:, pp. 58–59.
3357:on 4 March 2016.
3117:on 26 August 2019
3087:Statistics Canada
2995:(19th ed., 2016)
2970:(26th ed., 2023)
2882:Icelandic exonyms
2808:
2807:
2455:Icelandic Braille
2404:Linguistic purism
2371:non-binary gender
2338:linguistic purism
2160:Það veit ég ekki.
2146:Ekki veit ég það.
2132:Ég veit það ekki.
2111:reflexive pronoun
1882:nominative plural
1878:genitive singular
1826:
1825:
1818:
1755:Icelandic grammar
1745:
1744:
1687:
1686:
1593:
1588:
1485:
1484:
1350:
1326:
1137:Consonant phones
915:
914:
907:
829:
828:
820:
819:
811:
810:
802:
801:
793:
792:
744:
743:
584:is celebrated as
567:The state-funded
377:
376:
359:rendering support
355:phonetic symbols.
222:Regulated by
178:Icelandic Braille
106:West Scandinavian
7251:
6983:Elbe (Irminonic)
6956:
6955:
6943:
6942:
6871:Mainland Gutnish
6761:Swedish dialects
6723:Middle Icelandic
6697:Middle Norwegian
6586:Historical forms
6583:
6582:
6574:
6573:
6557:
6556:
6516:South Franconian
6502:Hutterite German
6470:Central Bavarian
6290:Rhine Franconian
6225:
6224:
6055:Historical forms
6052:
6051:
5967:Surinamese Dutch
5860:Historical forms
5857:
5856:
5690:Historical forms
5687:
5686:
5439:Historical forms
5436:
5435:
5323:
5322:
5314:
5313:
5301:
5300:
5276:
5269:
5262:
5253:
5252:
5123:Patronymic names
5110:
5057:
5050:
5043:
5034:
5033:
5010:
5003:
4967:National costume
4842:
4841:
4788:
4763:
4762:
4667:
4666:
4518:
4517:
4514:
4513:
4502:
4431:Christianization
4371:
4370:
4347:
4340:
4333:
4324:
4323:
4295:
4286:
4259:
4238:
4225:
4198:
4174:
4150:
4132:
4109:Ladefoged, Peter
4104:
4077:
4061:
4051:
4020:
3989:Sociolinguistica
3979:
3967:
3948:
3907:
3894:
3875:
3848:
3827:
3809:
3808:. pp. 7–21.
3790:
3784:
3778:
3772:
3766:
3760:
3754:
3748:
3742:
3736:
3727:
3724:Kristinsson 2014
3721:
3715:
3712:Kristinsson 2013
3709:
3703:
3700:Kristinsson 2018
3697:
3691:
3690:
3678:
3672:
3666:
3657:
3651:
3645:
3639:
3633:
3627:
3621:
3615:
3609:
3608:
3597:
3588:
3582:
3576:
3570:
3564:
3558:
3552:
3546:
3540:
3534:
3528:
3527:
3525:
3523:
3510:Liberman, Mark.
3507:
3501:
3495:
3489:
3486:
3478:
3470:
3462:
3454:
3443:
3437:
3431:
3422:
3416:
3410:
3392:
3386:
3369:
3363:
3362:
3353:. Archived from
3346:
3340:
3339:
3337:
3335:
3330:on 28 April 2009
3326:. Archived from
3320:
3314:
3313:
3311:
3309:
3300:. Archived from
3294:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3283:
3273:
3267:
3266:
3260:
3258:
3248:
3240:
3234:
3233:
3221:
3215:
3214:
3212:
3210:
3201:(in Icelandic).
3190:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3176:
3160:
3151:
3145:
3139:
3133:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3122:
3116:
3105:
3097:
3091:
3090:
3078:
3072:
3066:
3064:
3062:
3053:. Archived from
3039:
3033:
3032:
3021:
3015:
3009:
3003:
3002:
3001:
2984:
2978:
2977:
2976:
2959:
2942:
2940:
2935:
2929:
2922:
2916:
2913:
2852:
2844:
2836:
2828:
2820:
2510:
2509:
2482:
2472:
2461:English alphabet
2440:
2438:Íslensk málnefnd
2390:
2384:
2378:
2322:
2295:
2289:
2281:
2273:
2270:Eyjafjallajökull
2216:
2208:
2196:
2186:
2176:
2162:
2148:
2134:
2103:
2095:
2087:
2079:
2071:
2063:
2055:
2043:
2035:
2027:
2015:
2007:
1999:
1991:
1983:
1975:
1930:
1918:
1906:
1894:
1832:, and resembles
1821:
1814:
1810:
1807:
1801:
1778:
1770:
1741:
1736:
1726:
1721:
1717:
1695:
1689:
1683:
1669:
1662:
1655:
1638:
1631:
1617:
1607:
1591:
1586:
1569:
1563:
1560:
1556:
1502:
1498:
1490:
1475:
1467:
1444:
1436:
1419:
1411:
1402:
1394:
1386:
1378:
1371:
1364:
1357:
1348:
1335:
1322:
1310:
1303:
1295:
1286:
1278:
1271:
1264:
1257:
1240:
1231:
1222:
1213:
1205:
1197:
1189:
1181:
1139:
1135:
1065:
1057:
1049:
1041:
1033:
1023:
1015:
982:
976:
968:
960:
952:
910:
903:
899:
896:
890:
867:
859:
854:
847:A page from the
761:
760:
697:
696:
687:
686:
677:
676:
636:
635:
626:
625:
602:Icelandic is an
489:extinct language
462:
461:
460:
454:
449:
434:
428:
427:
426:
425:
418:
415:
414:
411:
408:
405:
402:
399:
396:
393:
390:
342:
333:
319:
303:
296:
287:
281:
274:
268:
260:
251:
250:
242:
213:
211:
210:
201:
199:
198:
164:
85:
45:
33:
21:
20:
7259:
7258:
7254:
7253:
7252:
7250:
7249:
7248:
7209:
7208:
7207:
7202:
7170:
7129:
7110:Germanic umlaut
7075:Holtzmann's law
7053:
7022:
6950:
6929:
6882:
6859:
6793:South Jutlandic
6778:Danish dialects
6744:
6625:
6568:
6539:
6521:East Franconian
6475:Viennese German
6388:
6369:Silesian German
6335:
6324:Central Hessian
6214:
6139:Namibian German
6128:
6119:
6097:Standard German
6091:
6077:New High German
6063:Old High German
6037:
6016:
5998:
5909:
5881:
5842:
5826:East Pomeranian
5816:Brandenburgisch
5803:East Low German
5797:
5724:Dutch Low Saxon
5716:West Low German
5710:
5668:
5634:Schiermonnikoog
5615:
5510:
5496:Wursten Frisian
5459:
5425:
5308:
5295:
5285:
5280:
5250:
5245:
5224:
5178:
5137:
5133:List of exonyms
5111:
5102:
5066:
5061:
5031:
5026:
5013:
5006:
4999:
4986:
4972:Public holidays
4893:
4827:
4786:
4748:
4709:Law enforcement
4648:
4607:
4503:
4490:
4407:
4360:
4351:
4303:
4298:
4275:
4256:
4214:
4195:
4171:
4129:
4093:
4074:
4059:
4048:
3964:
3891:
3864:
3845:
3825:
3799:
3794:
3793:
3787:Ragnarsson 1992
3785:
3781:
3773:
3769:
3761:
3757:
3749:
3745:
3737:
3730:
3722:
3718:
3710:
3706:
3698:
3694:
3679:
3675:
3667:
3660:
3652:
3648:
3640:
3636:
3628:
3624:
3616:
3612:
3599:
3598:
3591:
3583:
3579:
3571:
3567:
3559:
3555:
3547:
3543:
3535:
3531:
3521:
3519:
3508:
3504:
3496:
3492:
3444:
3440:
3432:
3425:
3417:
3413:
3408:Wayback Machine
3393:
3389:
3379:Wayback Machine
3370:
3366:
3349:Robert Berman.
3347:
3343:
3333:
3331:
3322:
3321:
3317:
3307:
3305:
3304:on 29 June 2007
3296:
3295:
3291:
3281:
3279:
3275:
3274:
3270:
3256:
3254:
3246:
3242:
3241:
3237:
3222:
3218:
3208:
3206:
3199:Vísindavefurinn
3191:
3184:
3174:
3172:
3169:Vísindavefurinn
3161:
3154:
3146:
3142:
3134:
3130:
3120:
3118:
3114:
3103:
3099:
3098:
3094:
3079:
3075:
3060:
3058:
3041:
3040:
3036:
3029:www.statbank.dk
3023:
3022:
3018:
3010:
3006:
2996:
2985:
2981:
2971:
2960:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2945:
2936:
2932:
2923:
2919:
2914:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2860:
2695:Minuscule forms
2524:capital letters
2515:Majuscule forms
2457:
2449:Main articles:
2447:
2412:
2406:
2397:
2395:Language policy
2354:(and sometimes
2253:
2245:Main articles:
2243:
2233:and members of
2227:T–V distinction
2218:are always the
2019:auxiliary verbs
1985:("get there"),
1822:
1811:
1805:
1802:
1791:
1779:
1757:
1751:
1746:
1706:
1701:
1543:
1123:
1118:
1112:
1088:
911:
900:
894:
891:
880:
868:
841:
835:
830:
821:
812:
803:
794:
745:
600:
594:
578:language policy
456:
455:
447:
432:
421:
420:
387:
383:
357:Without proper
345:
329:
315:
299:
292:
277:
276:
275:
264:
263:
256:
246:
245:
238:
208:
206:
205:
196:
194:
191:
184:Official status
176:
165:
160:
154:
133:
126:
86:
83:Language family
81:
72:
71:Native speakers
17:
12:
11:
5:
7257:
7247:
7246:
7241:
7236:
7231:
7226:
7221:
7204:
7203:
7201:
7200:
7193:
7183:
7180:
7179:
7176:
7175:
7172:
7171:
7169:
7168:
7163:
7158:
7153:
7148:
7143:
7137:
7135:
7131:
7130:
7128:
7127:
7122:
7117:
7112:
7107:
7102:
7097:
7092:
7087:
7082:
7077:
7072:
7067:
7061:
7059:
7055:
7054:
7052:
7051:
7046:
7041:
7036:
7034:Proto-Germanic
7030:
7028:
7024:
7023:
7021:
7020:
7013:
7006:
6998:
6997:
6996:
6995:
6990:
6985:
6975:
6970:
6964:
6962:
6952:
6951:
6939:
6938:
6935:
6934:
6931:
6930:
6928:
6927:
6920:
6913:
6909:Crimean Gothic
6898:
6896:
6888:
6887:
6884:
6883:
6881:
6880:
6879:
6878:
6873:
6864:
6861:
6860:
6858:
6857:
6856:
6855:
6845:
6844:
6843:
6836:
6829:
6824:
6819:
6814:
6813:
6812:
6807:
6797:
6796:
6795:
6785:
6783:Insular Danish
6780:
6770:
6769:
6768:
6766:Rinkebysvenska
6763:
6752:
6750:
6746:
6745:
6743:
6742:
6735:
6728:
6727:
6726:
6719:
6707:
6702:
6701:
6700:
6693:
6686:
6680:
6674:
6669:
6664:
6659:
6654:
6649:
6644:
6633:
6631:
6627:
6626:
6624:
6623:
6622:
6621:
6614:
6612:Old East Norse
6609:
6607:Old West Norse
6597:
6589:
6587:
6580:
6570:
6569:
6553:
6552:
6549:
6548:
6545:
6544:
6541:
6540:
6538:
6537:
6530:
6529:
6528:
6518:
6513:
6512:
6511:
6510:
6509:
6504:
6499:
6494:
6489:
6487:South Tyrolean
6479:
6478:
6477:
6467:
6457:
6456:
6455:
6450:
6449:
6448:
6438:
6437:
6436:
6429:High Alemannic
6426:
6425:
6424:
6419:
6402:
6400:
6394:
6393:
6390:
6389:
6387:
6386:
6381:
6376:
6371:
6366:
6361:
6356:
6351:
6345:
6343:
6337:
6336:
6334:
6333:
6328:
6327:
6326:
6316:
6315:
6314:
6313:
6312:
6307:
6297:
6287:
6286:
6285:
6284:
6283:
6282:
6281:
6271:
6266:
6256:
6255:
6254:
6249:
6233:
6231:
6222:
6220:Central German
6216:
6215:
6213:
6212:
6211:
6210:
6205:
6198:
6193:
6188:
6178:
6173:
6172:
6171:
6161:
6159:Barossa German
6156:
6151:
6146:
6141:
6135:
6133:
6121:
6120:
6118:
6117:
6112:
6107:
6101:
6099:
6093:
6092:
6090:
6089:
6088:
6087:
6073:
6066:
6058:
6056:
6049:
6043:
6042:
6039:
6038:
6036:
6035:
6030:
6024:
6022:
6018:
6017:
6015:
6014:
6008:
6006:
6000:
5999:
5997:
5996:
5979:
5974:
5969:
5963:
5962:
5957:
5952:
5947:
5942:
5941:
5940:
5938:French Flemish
5930:
5929:
5928:
5917:
5915:
5911:
5910:
5908:
5907:
5897:
5891:
5889:
5883:
5882:
5880:
5879:
5874:
5869:
5863:
5861:
5854:
5852:Low Franconian
5848:
5847:
5844:
5843:
5841:
5840:
5839:
5838:
5828:
5823:
5818:
5813:
5807:
5805:
5799:
5798:
5796:
5795:
5790:
5785:
5784:
5783:
5773:
5772:
5771:
5766:
5761:
5760:
5759:
5754:
5746:
5741:
5736:
5731:
5720:
5718:
5712:
5711:
5709:
5708:
5701:
5693:
5691:
5684:
5678:
5677:
5674:
5673:
5670:
5669:
5667:
5666:
5665:
5664:
5659:
5658:
5657:
5656:
5655:
5653:Westereendersk
5647:
5636:
5631:
5625:
5623:
5617:
5616:
5614:
5613:
5612:
5611:
5606:
5599:
5594:
5593:
5592:
5587:
5584:
5576:
5571:
5570:
5569:
5558:
5557:
5556:
5551:
5546:
5545:
5544:
5539:
5531:
5520:
5518:
5512:
5511:
5509:
5508:
5507:
5506:
5499:
5492:
5480:
5479:
5478:
5469:
5467:
5461:
5460:
5458:
5457:
5454:Middle Frisian
5450:
5442:
5440:
5433:
5427:
5426:
5424:
5423:
5422:
5421:
5414:
5402:
5401:
5400:
5393:
5386:
5374:
5373:
5372:
5371:
5370:
5360:Modern English
5356:
5353:Middle English
5349:
5342:
5331:
5329:
5320:
5310:
5309:
5297:
5296:
5290:
5287:
5286:
5279:
5278:
5271:
5264:
5256:
5247:
5246:
5244:
5243:
5238:
5232:
5230:
5229:Related topics
5226:
5225:
5223:
5222:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5186:
5184:
5180:
5179:
5177:
5176:
5174:Skaldic poetry
5171:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5145:
5143:
5139:
5138:
5136:
5135:
5130:
5125:
5119:
5117:
5113:
5112:
5105:
5103:
5101:
5100:
5095:
5090:
5085:
5080:
5074:
5072:
5068:
5067:
5060:
5059:
5052:
5045:
5037:
5028:
5027:
5025:
5024:
5019:
5012:
5011:
5004:
4996:
4995:
4992:
4991:
4988:
4987:
4985:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4903:
4901:
4895:
4894:
4892:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4845:
4839:
4833:
4832:
4829:
4828:
4826:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4798:Nasdaq Iceland
4795:
4790:
4782:
4780:Communications
4777:
4772:
4766:
4760:
4754:
4753:
4750:
4749:
4747:
4746:
4741:
4739:Prime Minister
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4670:
4664:
4658:
4657:
4654:
4653:
4650:
4649:
4647:
4646:
4641:
4639:Municipalities
4636:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4619:Constituencies
4615:
4613:
4609:
4608:
4606:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4578:National parks
4575:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4538:Extreme points
4535:
4530:
4524:
4522:
4511:
4505:
4504:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4491:
4489:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4417:
4415:
4409:
4408:
4406:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4379:
4377:
4368:
4362:
4361:
4350:
4349:
4342:
4335:
4327:
4321:
4320:
4315:
4309:
4302:
4301:External links
4299:
4297:
4296:
4287:
4274:978-1282193666
4273:
4260:
4254:
4239:
4226:
4212:
4199:
4193:
4169:
4157:Mál og málsaga
4152:
4151:
4137:Orešnik, Janez
4133:
4127:
4113:Maddieson, Ian
4105:
4091:
4078:
4072:
4052:
4046:
4021:
3980:
3968:
3962:
3949:
3923:(3): 207–276.
3908:
3895:
3890:978-1298551429
3889:
3876:
3862:
3849:
3843:
3837:. OUP Oxford.
3828:
3823:
3810:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3792:
3791:
3789:, p. 148.
3779:
3777:, p. 188.
3775:Þráinsson 1994
3767:
3755:
3743:
3728:
3716:
3704:
3692:
3687:Iceland Review
3673:
3658:
3646:
3634:
3622:
3620:, p. 781.
3610:
3589:
3577:
3565:
3553:
3541:
3529:
3502:
3490:
3438:
3423:
3411:
3387:
3364:
3341:
3315:
3289:
3268:
3235:
3216:
3182:
3171:(in Icelandic)
3152:
3150:, p. 142.
3148:Þráinsson 1994
3140:
3128:
3092:
3073:
3034:
3016:
3014:, p. 106.
3004:
2979:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2944:
2943:
2930:
2917:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2895:
2894:
2892:Icelandic name
2889:
2884:
2879:
2859:
2856:
2806:
2805:
2802:
2799:
2796:
2793:
2790:
2787:
2784:
2781:
2778:
2775:
2772:
2769:
2766:
2763:
2760:
2757:
2754:
2751:
2748:
2745:
2742:
2739:
2736:
2733:
2730:
2727:
2724:
2721:
2718:
2715:
2712:
2708:
2707:
2690:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2528:
2527:
2446:
2445:Writing system
2443:
2408:Main article:
2405:
2402:
2396:
2393:
2330:semantic field
2251:Icelandic name
2242:
2239:
2220:second element
2200:
2199:
2189:
2179:
2169:
2155:
2141:
2109:), can take a
1934:quirky subject
1824:
1823:
1782:
1780:
1773:
1753:Main article:
1750:
1747:
1743:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1728:
1727:
1722:
1713:
1709:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1688:
1685:
1684:
1677:
1671:
1670:
1663:
1656:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1639:
1632:
1625:
1619:
1618:
1611:
1608:
1601:
1595:
1594:
1589:
1583:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1542:
1539:
1524:Scholten (2000
1521:
1520:
1512:
1493:denti-alveolar
1483:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1469:
1460:
1458:
1452:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1438:
1429:
1427:
1421:
1420:
1413:
1404:
1395:
1388:
1379:
1372:
1365:
1358:
1351:
1345:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1329:
1327:
1320:
1314:
1313:
1311:
1304:
1297:
1288:
1279:
1272:
1265:
1258:
1251:
1245:
1244:
1242:
1233:
1224:
1215:
1206:
1199:
1190:
1183:
1174:
1168:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1125:All Icelandic
1122:
1119:
1114:Main article:
1111:
1108:
1100:Nordic Council
1087:
1084:
944:Dano-Norwegian
913:
912:
871:
869:
862:
837:Main article:
834:
831:
827:
826:
823:
822:
818:
817:
814:
813:
809:
808:
805:
804:
800:
799:
796:
795:
791:
790:
787:
786:
779:
776:
775:
772:
771:
764:
759:
757:
751:
750:
747:
746:
742:
741:
738:
737:
730:
727:
726:
723:
722:
715:
712:
711:
708:
707:
700:
695:
693:
685:
683:
681:Old Norse
675:
673:
666:
665:
662:
661:
654:
651:
650:
647:
646:
639:
634:
632:
630:Proto-Germanic
624:
608:North Germanic
593:
592:Classification
590:
375:
374:
361:, you may see
347:
346:
343:
335:
334:
327:
321:
320:
313:
305:
304:
297:
289:
288:
261:
253:
252:
243:
235:
234:
233:Language codes
230:
229:
224:
218:
217:
215:Nordic Council
192:
189:
186:
185:
181:
180:
166:
162:Writing system
159:
156:
155:
153:
152:
151:
150:
143:Old West Norse
136:
134:
131:
128:
127:
125:
124:
123:
122:
121:
120:
119:
118:
117:
116:
101:North Germanic
89:
87:
80:
77:
76:
73:
70:
67:
66:
61:
57:
56:
51:
50:Native to
47:
46:
39:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7256:
7245:
7242:
7240:
7237:
7235:
7232:
7230:
7227:
7225:
7222:
7220:
7217:
7216:
7214:
7198:
7194:
7192:
7188:
7185:
7184:
7181:
7167:
7164:
7162:
7159:
7157:
7154:
7152:
7149:
7147:
7144:
7142:
7141:Germanic verb
7139:
7138:
7136:
7132:
7126:
7123:
7121:
7118:
7116:
7113:
7111:
7108:
7106:
7103:
7101:
7098:
7096:
7093:
7091:
7088:
7086:
7083:
7081:
7080:Sievers's law
7078:
7076:
7073:
7071:
7068:
7066:
7063:
7062:
7060:
7056:
7050:
7047:
7045:
7042:
7040:
7037:
7035:
7032:
7031:
7029:
7027:Reconstructed
7025:
7019:
7018:
7014:
7012:
7011:
7007:
7005:
7004:
7000:
6999:
6994:
6991:
6989:
6986:
6984:
6981:
6980:
6979:
6976:
6974:
6971:
6969:
6966:
6965:
6963:
6961:
6957:
6953:
6949:
6944:
6940:
6926:
6925:
6921:
6919:
6918:
6914:
6911:
6910:
6905:
6904:
6900:
6899:
6897:
6895:
6894:
6889:
6877:
6874:
6872:
6869:
6868:
6866:
6865:
6862:
6854:
6851:
6850:
6849:
6846:
6842:
6841:
6840:Middle Danish
6837:
6835:
6834:
6830:
6828:
6825:
6823:
6820:
6818:
6815:
6811:
6808:
6806:
6803:
6802:
6801:
6798:
6794:
6791:
6790:
6789:
6786:
6784:
6781:
6779:
6776:
6775:
6774:
6771:
6767:
6764:
6762:
6759:
6758:
6757:
6754:
6753:
6751:
6747:
6741:
6740:
6736:
6734:
6733:
6729:
6725:
6724:
6720:
6718:
6717:
6716:Old Icelandic
6713:
6712:
6711:
6708:
6706:
6703:
6699:
6698:
6694:
6692:
6691:
6690:Old Norwegian
6687:
6684:
6681:
6678:
6675:
6673:
6670:
6668:
6665:
6663:
6660:
6658:
6655:
6653:
6650:
6648:
6645:
6643:
6640:
6639:
6638:
6635:
6634:
6632:
6628:
6620:
6619:
6615:
6613:
6610:
6608:
6605:
6604:
6603:
6602:
6598:
6596:
6595:
6591:
6590:
6588:
6584:
6581:
6579:
6575:
6571:
6567:
6563:
6558:
6554:
6536:
6535:
6531:
6527:
6524:
6523:
6522:
6519:
6517:
6514:
6508:
6507:Gottscheerish
6505:
6503:
6500:
6498:
6495:
6493:
6490:
6488:
6485:
6484:
6483:
6480:
6476:
6473:
6472:
6471:
6468:
6466:
6463:
6462:
6461:
6458:
6454:
6451:
6447:
6446:Walser German
6444:
6443:
6442:
6439:
6435:
6432:
6431:
6430:
6427:
6423:
6420:
6418:
6415:
6414:
6413:
6412:Low Alemannic
6410:
6409:
6407:
6404:
6403:
6401:
6399:
6395:
6385:
6382:
6380:
6377:
6375:
6374:High Prussian
6372:
6370:
6367:
6365:
6362:
6360:
6359:Erzgebirgisch
6357:
6355:
6352:
6350:
6347:
6346:
6344:
6342:
6338:
6332:
6329:
6325:
6322:
6321:
6320:
6317:
6311:
6308:
6306:
6303:
6302:
6301:
6298:
6296:
6293:
6292:
6291:
6288:
6280:
6277:
6276:
6275:
6272:
6270:
6267:
6265:
6264:Luxembourgish
6262:
6261:
6260:
6257:
6253:
6250:
6248:
6245:
6244:
6243:
6240:
6239:
6238:
6235:
6234:
6232:
6230:
6226:
6223:
6221:
6217:
6209:
6206:
6204:
6203:
6202:Klezmer-loshn
6199:
6197:
6196:Scots Yiddish
6194:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6184:
6183:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6174:
6170:
6167:
6166:
6165:
6162:
6160:
6157:
6155:
6152:
6150:
6147:
6145:
6142:
6140:
6137:
6136:
6134:
6132:
6127:
6122:
6116:
6113:
6111:
6108:
6106:
6103:
6102:
6100:
6098:
6094:
6086:
6085:
6081:
6080:
6079:
6078:
6074:
6072:
6071:
6067:
6065:
6064:
6060:
6059:
6057:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6044:
6034:
6033:Meuse-Rhenish
6031:
6029:
6026:
6025:
6023:
6019:
6013:
6010:
6009:
6007:
6005:
6001:
5995:
5991:
5987:
5983:
5980:
5978:
5975:
5973:
5970:
5968:
5965:
5964:
5961:
5960:Kleverlandish
5958:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5939:
5936:
5935:
5934:
5931:
5927:
5924:
5923:
5922:
5921:Central Dutch
5919:
5918:
5916:
5912:
5905:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5893:
5892:
5890:
5888:
5884:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5864:
5862:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5849:
5837:
5834:
5833:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5808:
5806:
5804:
5800:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5782:
5779:
5778:
5777:
5774:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5762:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5749:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5737:
5735:
5732:
5730:
5729:Stellingwarfs
5727:
5726:
5725:
5722:
5721:
5719:
5717:
5713:
5707:
5706:
5702:
5700:
5699:
5695:
5694:
5692:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5679:
5663:
5660:
5654:
5651:
5650:
5649:Wood Frisian
5648:
5645:
5644:
5643:
5640:
5639:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5626:
5624:
5622:
5618:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5604:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5591:
5588:
5585:
5582:
5581:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5567:
5566:
5565:
5562:
5561:
5559:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5534:
5532:
5530:
5529:
5525:
5524:
5522:
5521:
5519:
5517:
5516:North Frisian
5513:
5505:
5504:
5500:
5498:
5497:
5493:
5491:
5490:
5486:
5485:
5484:
5481:
5477:
5474:
5473:
5471:
5470:
5468:
5466:
5462:
5456:
5455:
5451:
5449:
5448:
5444:
5443:
5441:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5428:
5420:
5419:
5415:
5413:
5412:
5408:
5407:
5406:
5403:
5399:
5398:
5394:
5392:
5391:
5387:
5385:
5384:
5380:
5379:
5378:
5375:
5369:
5368:
5364:
5363:
5362:
5361:
5357:
5355:
5354:
5350:
5348:
5347:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5337:
5336:
5333:
5332:
5330:
5328:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5318:Anglo-Frisian
5315:
5311:
5307:
5302:
5298:
5294:
5288:
5284:
5277:
5272:
5270:
5265:
5263:
5258:
5257:
5254:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5233:
5231:
5227:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5187:
5185:
5181:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5154:Old Icelandic
5152:
5150:
5147:
5146:
5144:
5140:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5120:
5118:
5114:
5109:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5075:
5073:
5069:
5065:
5058:
5053:
5051:
5046:
5044:
5039:
5038:
5035:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5014:
5009:
5005:
5002:
4998:
4997:
4993:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4904:
4902:
4900:
4896:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4846:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4834:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4767:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4755:
4745:
4744:Supreme Court
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4671:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4659:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4616:
4614:
4610:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4525:
4523:
4519:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4506:
4501:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4418:
4416:
4414:
4410:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4380:
4378:
4376:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4363:
4359:
4355:
4348:
4343:
4341:
4336:
4334:
4329:
4328:
4325:
4319:
4316:
4313:
4312:Íðorðabankinn
4310:
4308:
4305:
4304:
4293:
4288:
4284:
4280:
4276:
4270:
4266:
4261:
4257:
4251:
4247:
4246:
4240:
4236:
4232:
4227:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4213:3-935267-00-2
4209:
4205:
4200:
4196:
4194:9979-853-14-X
4190:
4186:
4182:
4177:
4176:
4175:
4172:
4166:
4162:
4158:
4148:
4144:
4143:
4138:
4134:
4130:
4128:0-631-19815-6
4124:
4120:
4119:
4114:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4092:9979-2-1900-9
4088:
4084:
4079:
4075:
4069:
4065:
4058:
4053:
4049:
4043:
4039:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3991:(in German).
3990:
3986:
3981:
3978:
3974:
3969:
3965:
3959:
3955:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3934:
3930:
3926:
3922:
3918:
3914:
3909:
3905:
3901:
3896:
3892:
3886:
3882:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3865:
3863:9780080877754
3859:
3855:
3850:
3846:
3840:
3836:
3835:
3829:
3826:
3820:
3816:
3811:
3807:
3802:
3801:
3788:
3783:
3776:
3771:
3765:, p. 38.
3764:
3763:Karlsson 2013
3759:
3752:
3751:Karlsson 2013
3747:
3741:, p. 36.
3740:
3739:Karlsson 2013
3735:
3733:
3725:
3720:
3713:
3708:
3701:
3696:
3688:
3684:
3677:
3670:
3665:
3663:
3655:
3650:
3643:
3638:
3631:
3630:Karlsson 2013
3626:
3619:
3614:
3606:
3602:
3596:
3594:
3587:, p. 58.
3586:
3581:
3574:
3569:
3563:, p. 57.
3562:
3557:
3550:
3545:
3538:
3533:
3517:
3513:
3506:
3499:
3494:
3487:
3485:
3479:
3477:
3471:
3469:
3463:
3461:
3455:
3453:
3447:
3442:
3435:
3430:
3428:
3421:, p. 99.
3420:
3415:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3394:Helge Niska,
3391:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3373:
3368:
3361:
3356:
3352:
3345:
3329:
3325:
3319:
3303:
3299:
3293:
3278:
3272:
3265:
3252:
3245:
3239:
3232:
3227:
3220:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3189:
3187:
3170:
3166:
3159:
3157:
3149:
3144:
3137:
3136:Karlsson 2013
3132:
3113:
3109:
3102:
3096:
3088:
3084:
3077:
3070:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3038:
3030:
3026:
3020:
3013:
3008:
3000:
2994:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2975:
2969:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2954:
2934:
2927:
2926:typologically
2921:
2912:
2908:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2871:
2865:
2862:
2861:
2855:
2853:
2851:
2845:
2843:
2837:
2835:
2829:
2827:
2821:
2819:
2813:
2803:
2800:
2797:
2794:
2791:
2788:
2785:
2782:
2779:
2776:
2773:
2770:
2767:
2764:
2761:
2758:
2755:
2752:
2749:
2746:
2743:
2740:
2737:
2734:
2731:
2728:
2725:
2722:
2719:
2716:
2713:
2710:
2709:
2705:
2704:small letters
2701:
2698:(also called
2697:
2696:
2691:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2518:(also called
2517:
2516:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2462:
2456:
2452:
2442:
2439:
2432:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2411:
2401:
2392:
2389:
2383:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2321:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2294:
2288:
2287:
2286:Mýrdalsjökull
2280:
2279:
2272:
2271:
2265:
2257:
2252:
2248:
2238:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2223:
2221:
2217:
2215:
2209:
2207:
2197:
2195:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2170:
2167:
2163:
2161:
2156:
2153:
2149:
2147:
2142:
2140:know it not.)
2139:
2135:
2133:
2128:
2127:
2126:
2124:
2123:V2 word order
2120:
2115:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2102:
2096:
2094:
2088:
2086:
2080:
2078:
2072:
2070:
2064:
2062:
2056:
2054:
2048:
2044:
2042:
2036:
2034:
2028:
2026:
2020:
2016:
2014:
2009:("take") vs.
2008:
2006:
2000:
1998:
1993:("kill") vs.
1992:
1990:
1984:
1982:
1977:("come") vs.
1976:
1974:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1931:
1929:
1923:
1919:
1917:
1911:
1907:
1905:
1899:
1895:
1893:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1834:Old Norwegian
1831:
1820:
1817:
1809:
1799:
1795:
1789:
1788:
1783:This section
1781:
1777:
1772:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1730:
1729:
1711:
1710:
1704:
1699:
1697:
1696:
1693:
1682:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1668:
1661:
1654:
1648:
1645:
1644:
1640:
1637:
1630:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1616:
1609:
1606:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1590:
1585:
1584:
1581:
1576:
1570:
1567:
1562:
1547:
1538:
1536:
1532:
1527:
1525:
1518:
1513:
1510:
1506:
1494:
1487:
1486:
1481:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1450:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1405:
1401:
1396:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1380:
1377:
1373:
1370:
1366:
1363:
1359:
1356:
1352:
1347:
1346:
1343:
1337:
1334:
1330:
1325:
1321:
1319:
1315:
1312:
1309:
1305:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1289:
1285:
1280:
1277:
1273:
1270:
1266:
1263:
1259:
1256:
1252:
1250:
1246:
1243:
1239:
1234:
1230:
1225:
1221:
1216:
1212:
1207:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1191:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1175:
1173:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1140:
1134:
1132:
1128:
1117:
1107:
1105:
1101:
1096:
1093:
1083:
1081:
1080:Shakespeare's
1077:
1073:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1058:
1056:
1050:
1048:
1042:
1040:
1034:
1032:
1031:
1024:
1022:
1016:
1014:
1008:
1004:
1003:
998:
994:
990:
985:
983:
981:
975:
969:
967:
961:
959:
953:
951:
945:
941:
937:
936:Old Icelandic
932:
930:
929:
924:
920:
909:
906:
898:
888:
884:
878:
877:
872:This section
870:
866:
861:
860:
853:
852:
845:
840:
825:
824:
816:
815:
807:
806:
798:
797:
789:
788:
785:
784:
778:
777:
774:
773:
770:
769:
763:
762:
756:
753:
752:
749:
748:
740:
739:
736:
735:
729:
728:
725:
724:
721:
720:
714:
713:
710:
709:
706:
705:
699:
698:
692:
689:
688:
682:
679:
678:
671:
668:
667:
664:
663:
660:
659:
653:
652:
649:
648:
645:
644:
638:
637:
631:
628:
627:
623:
621:
620:Old Icelandic
617:
613:
610:group of the
609:
605:
599:
589:
587:
583:
579:
575:
570:
565:
563:
559:
553:
551:
547:
543:
539:
536:
532:
528:
524:
519:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
459:
453:
445:
441:
437:
436:
424:
417:
381:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
354:
348:
341:
336:
332:
328:
326:
322:
318:
314:
312:
311:
306:
302:
298:
295:
290:
285:
280:
272:
267:
262:
259:
254:
249:
244:
241:
236:
231:
228:
225:
223:
219:
216:
204:
193:
187:
182:
179:
174:
170:
167:
163:
157:
149:
148:Old Icelandic
146:
145:
144:
141:
140:
139:
135:
129:
115:
112:
111:
109:
108:
107:
104:
103:
102:
99:
98:
97:
94:
93:
92:
91:Indo-European
88:
84:
78:
74:
68:
65:
62:
58:
55:
52:
48:
44:
40:
38:Pronunciation
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
7186:
7070:Verner's law
7015:
7010:Gotho-Nordic
7008:
7001:
6922:
6915:
6907:
6901:
6891:
6876:Fårö Gutnish
6838:
6831:
6737:
6730:
6721:
6714:
6709:
6695:
6688:
6616:
6611:
6606:
6599:
6592:
6532:
6434:Swiss German
6398:Upper German
6331:Amana German
6305:Volga German
6274:Hunsrückisch
6200:
6154:Unserdeutsch
6149:Berlinerisch
6082:
6075:
6068:
6061:
6021:Cover groups
5977:Mohawk Dutch
5972:Jersey Dutch
5950:East Flemish
5933:West Flemish
5877:Middle Dutch
5831:Low Prussian
5703:
5696:
5662:Terschelling
5646:Clay Frisian
5621:West Frisian
5609:Wiedingharde
5601:
5589:
5549:Heligolandic
5526:
5501:
5494:
5487:
5482:
5465:East Frisian
5452:
5445:
5418:Middle Scots
5416:
5409:
5395:
5388:
5381:
5376:
5365:
5358:
5351:
5344:
5128:Street names
5063:
4932:Coat of arms
4912:Architecture
4854:Demographics
4803:Nordic model
4699:Human rights
4684:Constitution
4466:World War II
4441:Sturlung Era
4426:Commonwealth
4291:
4264:
4244:
4235:ResearchGate
4234:
4203:
4184:
4180:
4160:
4156:
4153:
4146:
4140:
4117:
4082:
4063:
4029:
3995:(1): 54–68.
3992:
3988:
3972:
3953:
3920:
3916:
3903:
3899:
3880:
3856:. Elsevier.
3853:
3833:
3814:
3805:
3797:Bibliography
3782:
3770:
3758:
3746:
3719:
3707:
3695:
3686:
3676:
3649:
3637:
3632:, p. 9.
3625:
3613:
3605:Morgunblaðið
3585:Árnason 2011
3580:
3573:Árnason 2011
3568:
3561:Árnason 2011
3556:
3551:, p. 8.
3544:
3537:Árnason 2011
3532:
3520:. Retrieved
3516:Language Log
3515:
3505:
3493:
3481:
3473:
3465:
3457:
3449:
3441:
3436:, p. 1.
3419:Árnason 2011
3414:
3390:
3382:
3367:
3358:
3355:the original
3344:
3332:. Retrieved
3328:the original
3318:
3306:. Retrieved
3302:the original
3292:
3280:. Retrieved
3271:
3262:
3255:. Retrieved
3238:
3229:
3225:
3219:
3207:. Retrieved
3198:
3173:. Retrieved
3168:
3143:
3138:, p. 8.
3131:
3119:. Retrieved
3112:the original
3095:
3086:
3076:
3059:. Retrieved
3055:the original
3046:
3037:
3028:
3019:
3007:
2990:
2982:
2965:
2957:
2933:
2920:
2911:
2867:
2847:
2839:
2831:
2823:
2815:
2809:
2703:
2699:
2693:
2523:
2519:
2513:
2500:
2496:
2458:
2433:
2413:
2398:
2368:
2346:
2317:
2299:
2224:
2211:
2203:
2201:
2191:
2181:
2171:
2168:know I not.)
2165:
2157:
2151:
2143:
2137:
2129:
2116:
2098:
2090:
2082:
2074:
2066:
2058:
2050:
2038:
2030:
2022:
2010:
2002:
1994:
1986:
1978:
1970:
1941:
1938:
1925:
1921:
1913:
1909:
1901:
1897:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1827:
1812:
1803:
1792:Please help
1787:verification
1784:
1764:
1566:Monophthongs
1552:
1534:
1530:
1528:
1522:
1491:are laminal
1349:non-sibilant
1124:
1097:
1089:
1069:
1060:
1052:
1044:
1036:
1026:
1018:
1017:rather than
1010:
1000:
986:
971:
963:
955:
947:
933:
926:
916:
901:
892:
881:Please help
876:verification
873:
781:
766:
732:
717:
703:
702:
656:
641:
601:
566:
554:
523:conservative
520:
379:
378:
350:
325:Linguasphere
308:
113:
18:
7085:Kluge's law
7065:Grimm's law
6848:Dalecarlian
6827:Perkerdansk
6800:East Danish
6618:Old Gutnish
6594:Proto-Norse
6534:Langobardic
6526:Vogtlandian
6354:Upper Saxon
6208:Lachoudisch
6169:Lotegorisch
6047:High German
5793:Westphalian
5788:Eastphalian
5752:Achterhooks
5629:Hindeloopen
5564:Bökingharde
5533:Föhr–Amrum
5447:Old Frisian
5411:Early Scots
5346:Old English
5169:Poetic Edda
5088:Orthography
4770:Agriculture
4714:LGBT rights
4533:Earthquakes
4446:Reformation
4436:Aristocracy
4398:Prohibition
4393:Nationality
3642:Forbes 1860
3383:Nordic news
3257:15 November
3253:. p. 1
3043:"Icelandic"
2421:romanticism
2364:family name
2362:systems of
2154:know I it.)
2081:) one with
2057:, two with
1043:instead of
997:orthography
993:Rasmus Rask
987:The modern
928:Poetic Edda
851:Landnámabók
670:Proto-Norse
558:New Iceland
365:instead of
132:Early forms
7213:Categories
6917:Burgundian
6833:Old Danish
6822:Gøtudanskt
6805:Bornholmsk
6667:Vestlandsk
6647:Kebabnorsk
6384:Halcnovian
6349:Thuringian
6012:Limburgish
5982:Stadsfries
5955:Brabantian
5682:Low German
5528:Eiderstedt
5383:Fingallian
5159:Literature
5098:Vocabulary
4982:Television
4952:Mass media
4947:Literature
4869:Icelanders
4864:Healthcare
4787:(currency)
4724:Parliament
4634:Localities
4598:Waterfalls
4421:Settlement
3446:Kress 1982
3209:29 October
2992:Ethnologue
2967:Ethnologue
2898:References
2814:, such as
2417:neologisms
2356:matronymic
2352:patronymic
2334:Low German
2241:Vocabulary
2235:parliament
1947:conjugated
1874:weak nouns
1854:accusative
1850:nominative
1844:with four
1692:Diphthongs
1623:Near-close
1318:Continuant
1131:aspiration
1121:Consonants
1092:Parliament
596:See also:
531:declension
527:inflection
487:, and the
483:, western
448:pronounced
64:Icelanders
7197:varieties
7189:indicate
7003:Northwest
6948:Philology
6853:Elfdalian
6788:Jutlandic
6710:Icelandic
6685:(written)
6679:(written)
6657:Trøndersk
6637:Norwegian
6601:Old Norse
6422:Coloniero
6406:Alemannic
6379:Wymysorys
6247:Colognian
6242:Ripuarian
6164:Rotwelsch
5994:Midslands
5945:Zeelandic
5926:Hollandic
5900:Afrikaans
5872:Old Dutch
5698:Old Saxon
5597:Karrharde
5579:Goesharde
5560:Mainland
5293:philology
5093:Phonology
4879:Languages
4859:Education
4823:Transport
4808:Outvasion
4734:President
4689:Elections
4629:Farthings
4612:Political
4593:Volcanoes
4563:Highlands
4509:Geography
4283:741344348
4149:: 155–71.
4017:142164040
4009:1865-939X
3945:144856348
3937:1466-4208
3872:944400471
3067:Based on
2962:Icelandic
2949:Citations
2700:lowercase
2520:uppercase
2505:diphthong
2489:voiceless
2302:Old Norse
2293:Eyjafjöll
1806:July 2019
1707:offglide
1702:offglide
1110:Phonology
1067:in 1974.
940:Old Norse
895:July 2019
734:Norwegian
704:Icelandic
616:Old Norse
550:loanwords
538:synthetic
500:Norwegian
467:from the
380:Icelandic
331:52-AAA-aa
310:Glottolog
294:ISO 639-3
258:ISO 639-2
240:ISO 639-1
138:Old Norse
114:Icelandic
60:Ethnicity
24:Icelandic
6924:Vandalic
6867:Gutnish
6672:Vikværsk
6652:Sognamål
6642:Bergensk
6492:Cimbrian
6460:Bavarian
6417:Alsatian
6364:Lusatian
6300:Palatine
5990:Amelands
5867:Frankish
5757:Sallaans
5739:Gronings
5590:Southern
5583:Northern
5574:Halligen
5523:Insular
5340:dialects
5071:Features
5017:Category
4884:Religion
4849:Abortion
4813:Taxation
4719:Military
4662:Politics
4624:Counties
4603:Wildlife
4558:Glaciers
4481:Cod Wars
4476:Cold War
4471:Invasion
4413:Timeline
4388:Military
4383:Economic
4375:By topic
4358:articles
4222:76178278
4115:(1996).
4101:71365446
3906:: 76–86.
3404:Archived
3375:Archived
3334:27 April
3308:27 April
3282:27 April
3277:"Norden"
3203:Archived
3121:27 April
3061:17 April
2858:See also
2047:singular
1862:genitive
1838:fusional
1647:Open-mid
1489:/n̥ntʰt/
1324:sibilant
1007:Germanic
672: →
562:Manitoba
444:íslenska
371:Help:IPA
317:icel1247
96:Germanic
31:íslenska
7187:Italics
6810:Scanian
6756:Swedish
6705:Faroese
6683:Nynorsk
6662:Valdris
6497:Mòcheno
6453:Swabian
6319:Hessian
6279:Hunsrik
6191:Western
6186:Eastern
6181:Yiddish
6131:creoles
6028:Bergish
5744:Drèents
5734:Tweants
5586:Central
5568:Mooring
5431:Frisian
5390:Kildare
5335:English
5149:History
5083:Grammar
5078:Braille
5001:Outline
4937:Cuisine
4899:Culture
4837:Society
4818:Tourism
4775:Banking
4758:Economy
4679:Cabinet
4644:Regions
4588:Valleys
4568:Islands
4553:Geology
4548:Forests
4528:Climate
4521:Natural
4461:Kingdom
4366:History
4354:Iceland
3522:1 April
3175:20 June
2876:whalers
2388:-dóttir
2360:Western
1997:drepast
1749:Grammar
1641:
1610:
1505:laminal
1456:vibrant
1425:Lateral
1165:Glottal
1155:Palatal
1150:Coronal
919:Iceland
833:History
783:Swedish
719:Faroese
508:English
504:Swedish
481:Faroese
473:Iceland
463:) is a
440:endonym
367:Unicode
282: (
269: (
203:Iceland
54:Iceland
6903:Gothic
6773:Danish
6677:Bokmål
6176:Yenish
5986:Bildts
5769:Veluws
5764:Urkers
5603:Strand
5327:Anglic
5022:Portal
4927:Cinema
4907:Anthem
4793:Energy
4785:Króna
4583:Rivers
4543:Fjords
4403:Rulers
4356:
4281:
4271:
4252:
4220:
4210:
4191:
4167:
4125:
4099:
4089:
4070:
4044:
4015:
4007:
3960:
3943:
3935:
3887:
3870:
3860:
3841:
3821:
3460:sausen
2874:Basque
2870:pidgin
2493:voiced
2429:German
2425:Danish
2326:French
2320:kirkja
2278:Skógar
2231:bishop
2107:object
2037:, and
2013:takast
1981:komast
1963:number
1959:person
1928:hlutir
1916:hlutar
1904:hestar
1870:strong
1858:dative
1541:Vowels
1509:apical
1145:Labial
1072:vellum
970:, and
942:. The
768:Danish
542:German
512:German
502:, and
496:Danish
431:eyess-
212:
200:
7017:South
6968:North
6578:North
6562:North
5904:Kaaps
5895:Dutch
5542:Amrum
5483:Weser
5405:Scots
5164:Sagas
5116:Names
5008:Index
4977:Sport
4962:Names
4957:Music
4922:Chess
4889:Women
4573:Lakes
4183:[
4159:[
4060:(PDF)
4013:S2CID
3941:S2CID
3247:(PDF)
3115:(PDF)
3104:(PDF)
2928:rare.
2903:Notes
2077:skulu
1989:drepa
1967:voice
1951:tense
1943:Verbs
1892:hests
1846:cases
1731:Open
1700:Front
1599:Close
1592:round
1587:plain
1575:Front
1535:dagur
1172:Nasal
1160:Velar
1127:stops
1076:Eddas
1059:with
419:
169:Latin
6978:West
6973:East
6893:East
6749:East
6739:Norn
6630:West
6566:East
6564:and
6129:and
6124:Non-
5554:Sylt
5537:Föhr
5472:Ems
5397:Yola
5306:West
4942:Flag
4279:OCLC
4269:ISBN
4250:ISBN
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4097:OCLC
4087:ISBN
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4005:ISSN
3958:ISBN
3933:ISSN
3900:Word
3885:ISBN
3868:OCLC
3858:ISBN
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3524:2012
3336:2007
3310:2007
3284:2007
3259:2013
3211:2023
3177:2007
3123:2007
3063:2010
2939:/œi/
2822:and
2810:The
2501:this
2499:and
2497:thin
2491:and
2485:Æ, æ
2475:Ð, ð
2470:þorn
2465:Þ, þ
2453:and
2427:and
2382:-son
2376:-bur
2350:are
2342:coin
2249:and
2210:and
2206:veit
2069:munu
2005:taka
1973:koma
1965:and
1955:mood
1949:for
1945:are
1880:and
1872:and
1860:and
1712:Mid
1705:Back
1675:Open
1580:Back
1501:/θð/
1249:Stop
535:case
510:and
492:Norn
435:-dik
4917:Art
4704:Law
4034:doi
3997:doi
3925:doi
3476:sch
3468:sch
3456:in
2989:at
2964:at
2702:or
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2441:).
2385:or
2214:fór
2152:Not
2093:þvo
2041:-ur
1922:-ir
1910:-ar
1898:-ar
1796:by
1559:/u/
1557:or
1555:/i/
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560:in
433:LAN
353:IPA
301:isl
279:isl
266:ice
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