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In 1855, Braid explained his decision to abandon his earlier term "mono-ideo-motor", based on
Carpenter's (1852) "ideo-motor principle", and adopt the more appropriate and more descriptive term "mono-ideo-dynamic". His decision was based upon suggestions made to Carpenter (in 1854) by their friend in
325:
A 2019 study of automatic pendulum movements using a motion capture system showed that pendulum effect is produced when the fingers holding the pendulum generate an oscillating frequency close to the resonant frequency of the pendulum. At an appropriate frequency, very small driving movements of the
305:
A simple experiment to demonstrate the ideomotor effect is to allow a hand-held pendulum to hover over a sheet of paper. The paper has words such as "yes", "no", and "maybe" printed on it. Small movements in the hand, in response to questions, can cause the pendulum to move towards the words on the
118:
response" (or "reflex") applies to a wider domain, and extends to the description of all bodily reactions (including ideo-motor and ideo-sensory responses) caused in a similar manner by certain ideas, e.g., the salivation often caused by imagining sucking a lemon, which is a secretory response. The
294:
have demonstrated that many phenomena attributed to spiritual or paranormal forces, or to mysterious "energies", are actually due to ideomotor action. Furthermore, these tests demonstrate that "honest, intelligent people can unconsciously engage in muscular activity that is consistent with their
220:
Carpenter was a friend and collaborator of James Braid, the founder of modern hypnotism. Braid soon adopted
Carpenter's ideo-motor terminology, to facilitate the transmission of his most fundamental views, based upon those of his teacher, the philosopher
1515:
270:, as still more comprehensive and characteristic as regards the true mental relations which subsist during all dynamic changes which take place, in every other function of the body, as well as in the muscles of voluntary motion.
1503:
1337:"Three Lectures on the Correlation of Psychology and Physiology: I. General Remarks on the Physiology of the Brain and Nervous System, etc.", Association Medical Journal, Vol. 3, No. 79, (7 July 1854), pp. 586–588
233:, that the activity that Carpenter was describing would be more accurately understood in its wider applications (viz., wider than pendulums and ouija boards) if it were to denominated the "ideo-dynamic principle":
370:"affect bridge", whereby a subject's "yes", "no", "I don't know", or "I don't want to answer" responses to an operator's questions are indicated by physical movements rather than verbal signals; and are produced
27:
in 19th century France. A circle of participants press their hands against a table, and the ideomotor effect causes the table to tilt in such a way as to produce a written message, in a manner similar to a ouija
245:
to characterise the reflex or automatic muscular motions which arise merely from ideas associated with motion existing in the mind, without any conscious effort of volition. In 1853, in referring to this term,
1359:
91:
of the subject. As in responses to pain, the body sometimes reacts reflexively with an ideomotor effect to ideas alone without the person consciously deciding to take action. The effects of
1511:, (unpublished manuscript), School of the History and Philosophy of Science, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia.
485:
254:
would probably constitute a phraseology more appropriate, as applicable to a wider range of phenomena." In this opinion I quite concurred, because I was well aware that an idea could
302:" using a system of physical signals (such as finger movements) for the unconscious mind to indicate "yes", "no", "I don't know", or "I'm not ready to know that consciously".
1407:
Shenefelt, Philip D., "Ideomotor
Signaling: From Divining Spiritual Messages to Discerning Subconscious Answers during Hypnosis and Hypnoanalysis, a Historical Perspective",
1468:
Bulletin of the Medico-Legal
Congress: Held at the Federal Building in the City of New York, September 4, 5th, and 6th, 1895, Medico-Legal Journal for Medico-Legal Society
566:
Burgess, Cheryl A.; Kirsch, Irving; Shane, Howard; Niederauer, Kristen L.; Graham, Steven M.; Bacon, Alyson (1998). "Facilitated
Communication as an Ideomotor Response".
83:" (muscular action). The phrase is most commonly used in reference to the process whereby a thought or mental image brings about a seemingly "reflexive" or automatic
1019:
Hypnotic
Therapeutics, Illustrated by Cases: With an Appendix on Table-Moving and Spirit-Rapping. Reprinted from the Monthly Journal of Medical Science for July 1853
1421:
Spitz, H.H. & Marcuard, Y., "Chevreul's Report on the
Mysterious Oscillations of the Hand-Held Pendulum: A French Chemist's 1833 Open Letter to Ampère",
1520:, Ph.D. Dissertation, School of History and Philosophy of Science, Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences, University of New South Wales, January 2013.
1524:
1220:
1304:
Montgomery, Guy; Kirsch, Irving (1996). "The
Effects of Subject Arm Position and Initial Experience on Chevreul Pendulum Responses".
826:
896:"Moving objects by imagination? Amount of finger movement and pendulum length determine success in the Chevreul pendulum illusion"
225:, that the efficacy of hypnotic suggestion was contingent upon the subject's concentration upon a single (thus, "dominant") idea.
630:
1547:
870:
629:
Andersen, Marc; Nielbo, Kristoffer L.; Schjoedt, Uffe; Pfeiffer, Thies; Roepstorff, Andreas; Sørensen, Jesper (2018-07-17).
1525:
Yeates, L.B. (2018), "James Braid (V): Chemical and
Hypnotic Anaesthesia, Psycho-Physiology, and Braid’s Final Theories",
1009:
Braid, J., "Letter to
Michael Faraday on the phenomenon of "Table Turning" ", reprinted at pp. 560–61 of James, F.A.J.L.,
19:
1364:
1072:
Cheek, D.B., "Some Applications of Hypnosis and Ideomotor Questioning Methods for Analysis and Therapy in Medicine",
1067:
617:
139:
1157:
Easton, Randolph D.; Shor, Ronald E. (1975). "Information processing analysis of the Chevreul pendulum illusion".
295:
expectations". They also show that suggestions that can guide behavior can be given by subtle clues (Hyman 1977).
1246:
1128:
Easton, Randolph D.; Shor, Ronald E. (1977). "Augmented and Delayed Feedback in the Chevreul Pendulum Illusion".
1099:
Easton, Randolph D.; Shor, Ronald E. (1976). "An Experimental Analysis of the Chevreul Pendulum Illusion".
895:
353:
the breathing from the participants anticipating a result causes the top pencil to rotate towards an answer
162:
devised and refined a variety of techniques for communicating, ostensibly, with the spirit world including
237:
In order that I may do full justice to two esteemed friends, I beg to state, in connection with this term
32:
1058:
976:
Anderson, J.W., "Defensive Maneuvers In Two Incidents Involving The Chevreul Pendulum: A Clinical Note",
701:
1001:
Braid, J., "Hypnotic Therapeutics, Illustrated by Cases. By JAMES BRAID, Esq., Surgeon, of Manchester",
262:
motion automatically, not only in the muscles of voluntary motion, but also as regards the condition of
1040:
On the Influence of Suggestion in Modifying and directing Muscular Movement, independently of Volition"
1035:
222:
182:
1465:
1563:
1196:
Erickson, Milton H. (1961). "Historical Note on the Hand Levitation and other Ideomotor Techniques".
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1094:(On the Divining Rod and the So-called Exploratory Pendulum), Maillet-Bachelier, Paris, 1854.
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boards). These phenomena and devices quickly became the subject of scientific investigation.
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of a pre-determined (between operator and subject) and pre-calibrated set of responses.
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1454:
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936:
583:
513:
426:
1341:"II. Of Emotional Sensibility, and its Reactions", No. 80, (14 July 1854), pp. 615–616
1283:
Lecron, Leslie M. (1954). "A hypnotic technique for uncovering unconscious material".
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1345:"III. On Ideas, and Their Dynamic Influence ", No. 81, (21 July 1854), pp. 642–646.
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relies on the ideomotor phenomenon to produce answers to questions provided by its
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Some operators claim to use ideomotor responses to communicate with a subject's "
275:
36:
1466:
Sudduth, W.X., "Suggestion as an Ideo-Dynamic Force", pp. 255–262 in Anon,
924:
209:, meaning "muscular action". In the paper, Carpenter explained his theory that
450:
1488:
1442:
1296:
1180:
985:
650:
1557:
1429:
Stock, Armin; Stock, Claudia (2004). "A short history of ideo-motor action".
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659:
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311:
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163:
48:
39:
apparatus for experimental demonstration of ideomotor effect on table-turning
24:
1360:
An Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes of the Occult and Supernatural
1011:
The Correspondence of Michael Faraday, Volume 4: January 1849 – October 1855
579:
334:
1450:
1262:
Le Baron, George I. (1962). "Ideomotor Signalling in Brief Psychotherapy".
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932:
552:
456:
432:
363:
319:
1496:
1325:
1188:
1475:
Watkins, John G. (1971). "The affect bridge: A hypnoanalytic technique".
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411:
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1016:
1400:
1363:. Digital adaptation by Gilles-Maurice de Schryver. (Online ed.).
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124:
123:'s first neuropsychological explanation of the principle through which
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Shin, Yun Kyoung (2010). "A review of contemporary ideomotor theory".
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80:
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781:
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See, for example, Braid's letter to Michael Faraday (22 August 1853).
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214:
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88:
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1159:
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance
217:
desires or emotions; hence the alternative term "Carpenter effect".
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reaction, often of minuscule degree, and potentially outside of the
72:
915:
501:
241:, that, several years ago, Dr. W. B. Carpenter introduced the term
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84:
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459: – Part of the mind that is not currently of focal awareness
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159:
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arm are sufficient to produce relatively large pendulum motion.
1542:
997:, Vol. 5, No. 469, (Saturday, 30 April 1853), p. 5, col.B.
894:
Cantergi, Debora; Awasthi, Bhuvanesh; Friedman, Jason (2021).
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193:"hypnotism" produced its effects, Carpenter derived the word
171:
108:
1381:
The Journal of Philosophy, Psychology and Scientific Methods
565:
486:"Mind the Gap: Spiritualism and the Infrastructural Uncanny"
1477:
International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis
978:
International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis
71:
and psychological research. It is derived from the terms "
1029:
The Physiology of Fascination, and the Critics Criticised
1527:
Australian Journal of Clinical Hypnotherapy and Hypnosis
1518:
James Braid: Surgeon, Gentleman Scientist, and Hypnotist
1092:
De la Baguette Divinatoire et du Pendule Dit Explorateur
453: – Sense of self-movement, force, and body position
314:, and ouija boards. This type of experiment was used by
1044:
Royal Institution of Great Britain, (Proceedings), 1852
1032:(a two-part pamphlet), John Murray, (Manchester), 1855.
893:
422:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
306:
paper. This technique has been used for experiments in
1013:, Institution of Electrical Engineers, (London), 1999.
414: – Horse who performed math tricks (born c. 1895)
134:
1425:, (July/August 2001) Vol. 25, No. 4, pp. 35–39.
1411:, Vol. 53, No. 3, (January 2011), pp. 157–167.
389:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
189:
that specifically discussed the means through which
441: – Misperception of one's location or movement
1529:, Vol. 40, No. 2, (Spring 2018), pp. 112–167.
1076:, Vol. 5, No. 2, (October 1962), pp. 92–104.
539:(6). American Psychological Association: 943–974.
119:notion of an ideo-dynamic response contributed to
203:, meaning "idea" or "mental representation", and
1555:
1303:
362:It is strongly associated with the practice of
318:and has also been used by illusionists such as
111:boards have been attributed to the phenomenon.
1221:"Experimental Investigation of Table-Moving",
16:Concept in hypnosis and psychological research
1285:Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis
797:The Scientific Review of Alternative Medicine
465: – Unconscious verbal and nonverbal cues
735:See: Yeates (2005); 2018, pp. .144-145.
429: – Hypothetical concept in neuroscience
147:Lectures on the Philosophy of the Human Mind
678:. Boston: Roberts Brothers. 1869. pp.
484:Geoghegan, Bernard Dionysius (2016-06-01).
435: – Greek anatomist and royal physician
51:phenomenon wherein a subject makes motions
1428:
1225:, No. 1340, (July 1853), pp. 801–803.
1156:
1127:
1098:
854:
631:"Predictive minds in Ouija board sessions"
357:
274:Scientific tests by the English scientist
1379:Reed, H. B. (1914). "Ideo-Motor Action".
1170:
914:
791:How People Are Fooled by Ideomotor Action
786:"The Mischief-Making of Ideomotor Action"
780:
649:
610:The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience
602:Ideomotor Effect (the Ouija Board Effect)
483:
420: – American psychologist (1904–2001)
366:based on "uncovering techniques" such as
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1195:
703:The Fashionable Science of Parlour Magic
699:
638:Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences
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138:
31:
18:
1474:
1233:, No. 21468, (30 June 1853), p. 8.
1005:, Vol. 17, (July 1853), pp. 14–47.
753:Noble (1854), Lecture III, p. 642.
408: – Type of nonverbal communication
170:writing boards (the precursor to later
1556:
1282:
1236:
1003:The Monthly Journal of Medical Science
980:, Vol.25, No.1, (1977), pp. 4–6.
722:
720:
675:Planchette; or, The Despair of Science
266:. I have, therefore, adopted the term
1409:American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis
1349:
1306:American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis
1264:American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis
1198:American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis
1074:American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis
1046:, (12 March 1852), pp. 147–153.]
1021:, Murray and Gibbs, (Edinburgh), 1853
860:
774:
1378:
530:
1242:"Skeptoid #451: Ideomotor Response"
717:
135:History of scientific investigation
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1365:James Randi Educational Foundation
447: – Neuropsychological concept
14:
1590:
1535:
1130:The Journal of General Psychology
1101:The Journal of General Psychology
995:The Manchester Examiner and Times
865:. London: Channel 4. p. 48.
762:Braid, (1855), footnote at p. 10.
744:Yeates (2018), pp. .144-145.
396: – Neuropsychiatric disorder
286:, and the American psychologists
143:Brown's "Affections of the Mind",
1541:
402: – Hypothesis in psychology
264:every other function of the body
956:
947:
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213:movement can be independent of
1417:10.1080/00029157.2011.10401754
1318:10.1080/00029157.1996.10403336
1276:10.1080/00029157.1962.10402270
1229:Faraday, M., "Table-Turning",
1210:10.1080/00029157.1961.10701715
1082:10.1080/00029157.1962.10402271
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1506:An Account of Thomas Brown’s
1142:10.1080/00221309.1977.9920835
1113:10.1080/00221309.1976.9710871
993:, "Mysterious Table Moving",
969:
700:Anderson, John Henry (1885).
1508:Philosophy of the Human Mind
470:
387: – psychological theory
7:
1516:Yeates, Lindsay B. (2013),
1504:Yeates, Lindsay B. (2005),
925:10.1016/j.humov.2021.102879
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10:
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183:William Benjamin Carpenter
114:The associated term "ideo-
1489:10.1080/00207147108407148
1443:10.1007/s00426-003-0154-5
1297:10.1080/00207145408409936
1181:10.1037/0096-1523.1.3.231
986:10.1080/00207147708415957
651:10.1007/s11097-018-9585-8
612:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 127–129.
463:Unconscious communication
340:Charlie Charlie challenge
101:facilitated communication
1059:The Skeptic's Dictionary
953:Watkins, (January 1971).
439:Illusions of self-motion
600:Heap, Michael. (2002).
580:10.1111/1467-9280.00013
364:analytical hypnotherapy
358:Responding to questions
329:
308:extrasensory perception
1431:Psychological Research
1423:The Skeptical Inquirer
903:Human Movement Science
861:Brown, Derren (2007).
789:(reproduced on web as
533:Psychological Bulletin
445:Left-brain interpreter
354:
284:Michel Eugène Chevreul
272:
151:
150:(Yeates, 2005, p.119).
40:
29:
1107:(1st Half): 111–125.
568:Psychological Science
418:Divided consciousness
337:
282:, the French chemist
278:, Manchester surgeon
235:
142:
77:mental representation
67:, it is a concept in
63:) and abbreviated to
35:
22:
1550:at Wikimedia Commons
1548:Ideomotor phenomenon
1240:(January 27, 2015).
385:Adaptive unconscious
197:from the components
145:as discussed in his
45:ideomotor phenomenon
1470:, (New York), 1895.
1087:Cheuvrel. Michel E.
400:Bicameral mentality
394:Alien hand syndrome
105:applied kinesiology
1355:"Ideomotor effect"
1054:"Ideomotor effect"
863:Tricks of the mind
427:Dual consciousness
355:
181:was first used by
152:
57:ideomotor response
41:
30:
1546:Media related to
872:978-1-905026-35-7
726:Carpenter (1852).
268:monoideo-dynamics
239:monoideo-dynamics
154:With the rise of
93:automatic writing
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