4735:
spectral radiance factor data are supplied for five pairs of nonfluorescent samples that are metameric matches. The colorimetric differences of the five pairs are computed for the test illuminant; the average of these differences is taken as the visible range metamerism index and is used as a measure of the quality of the test illuminant as a simulator for nonfluorescent samples. For fluorescent samples, the quality is further assessed in terms of an ultraviolet range metamerism index, defined as the average of the colorimetric differences computed with the test illuminant for three further pairs of samples, each pair consisting of a fluorescent and a nonfluorescent sample which are metameric under the standard illuminant.
3884:
spectral radiance factor data are supplied for five pairs of nonfluorescent samples that are metameric matches. The colorimetric differences of the five pairs are computed for the test illuminant; the average of these differences is taken as the visible range metamerism index and is used as a measure of the quality of the test illuminant as a simulator for nonfluorescent samples. For fluorescent samples, the quality is further assessed in terms of an ultraviolet range metamerism index, defined as the average of the colorimetric differences computed with the test illuminant for three further pairs of samples, each pair consisting of a fluorescent and a nonfluorescent sample which are metameric under the standard illuminant.
2890:
1275:
1116:
2920:
5668:
2905:
76:
1709:
6708:
6718:
6082:
1159:
1424:
36:
770:(CCT) of 4874 K, while C represented average day light with a CCT of 6774 K. Unfortunately, they are poor approximations of any phase of natural daylight, particularly in the short-wave visible and in the ultraviolet spectral ranges. Once more realistic simulations were achievable, illuminants B and C were deprecated in favor of the D series.
1704:{\displaystyle x_{D}={\begin{cases}0.244063+0.09911{\frac {10^{3}}{T}}+2.9678{\frac {10^{6}}{T^{2}}}-4.6070{\frac {10^{9}}{T^{3}}}&4000\ \mathrm {K} \leq T\leq 7000\ \ \mathrm {K} \\0.237040+0.24748{\frac {10^{3}}{T}}+1.9018{\frac {10^{6}}{T^{2}}}-2.0064{\frac {10^{9}}{T^{3}}}&7000\ \mathrm {K} <T\leq 25000\ \mathrm {K} \end{cases}}}
2802:
717:
2880:) fluorescent lamps with multiple phosphors, and higher CRIs. Finally, F10–F12 are narrow triband illuminants consisting of three "narrowband" emissions (caused by ternary compositions of rare-earth phosphors) in the R,G,B regions of the visible spectrum. The phosphor weights can be tuned to achieve the desired CCT.
126:
Illuminants A, B, and C were introduced in 1931, with the intention of respectively representing average incandescent light, direct sunlight, and average daylight. Illuminants D (1967) represent variations of daylight, illuminant E is the equal-energy illuminant, while illuminants F (2004) represent
2987:
The process of calculating the white point discards a great deal of information about the profile of the illuminant, and so although it is true that for every illuminant the exact white point can be calculated, it is not the case that knowing the white point of an image alone tells you a great deal
1263:
is intended to represent average daylight and has a correlated colour temperature of approximately 6500 K. CIE standard illuminant D65 should be used in all colorimetric calculations requiring representative daylight, unless there are specific reasons for using a different illuminant. Variations in
2784:
There are no actual daylight light sources, only simulators. Constructing a practical light source that emulates a D-series illuminant is a difficult problem. The chromaticity can be replicated simply by taking a well known light source and applying filters, such as the
Spectralight III, that used
1812:
has a CCT of 6504 K (noon light). This is because the value of the constants in Planck's law have been slightly changed since the definition of these canonical illuminants, whose SPDs are based on the original values in Planck's law. The same discrepancy applies to all illuminants in the D
4734:
A method is provided for evaluating the suitability of a test source as a simulator of CIE Standard
Illuminants D55, D65, or D75. The Supplement, prepared in 1999, adds the CIE Illuminant D50 to the line of illuminants where the method can be applied to. For each of these standard illuminants,
3883:
A method is provided for evaluating the suitability of a test source as a simulator of CIE Standard
Illuminants D55, D65, or D75. The Supplement, prepared in 1999, adds the CIE Illuminant D50 to the line of illuminants where the method can be applied to. For each of these standard illuminants,
170:
CIE standard illuminant A is intended to represent typical, domestic, tungsten-filament lighting. Its relative spectral power distribution is that of a
Planckian radiator at a temperature of approximately 2856 K. CIE standard illuminant A should be used in all applications of colorimetry
130:
There are instructions on how to experimentally produce light sources ("standard sources") corresponding to the older illuminants. For the relatively newer ones (such as series D), experimenters are left to measure to profiles of their sources and compare them to the published spectra:
2752:
2594:
2979:
If an image is recorded in tristimulus coordinates (or in values which can be converted to and from them), then the white point of the illuminant used gives the maximum value of the tristimulus coordinates that will be recorded at any point in the image, in the absence of
774:
Illuminant C does not have the status of CIE standard illuminants but its relative spectral power distribution, tristimulus values and chromaticity coordinates are given in Table T.1 and Table T.3, as many practical measurement instruments and calculations still use this
1278:
Daylight locus in the CIE 1960 UCS. The isotherms are perpendicular to the
Planckian locus. The two sections of the daylight locus, from 4000–7000 K and 7000–25000 K, are color-coded. Note that the two loci are separated by a fairly even distance, of around
324:
2945:
LED-B1 through B5 defines LEDs with phosphor-converted blue light. LED-BH1 defines a blend of phosphor-converted blue and a red LED. LED-RGB1 defines the white light produced by a tricolor LED mix. LED-V1 and V2 define LEDs with phosphor-converted violet light.
557:
542:
135:
At present no artificial source is recommended to realize CIE standard illuminant D65 or any other illuminant D of different CCT. It is hoped that new developments in light sources and filters will eventually offer sufficient basis for a CIE
1921:
2076:
1110:
827:. The solutions are separated by a sheet of uncolored glass. The amounts of the ingredients are carefully chosen so that their combination yields a color temperature conversion filter; that is, the filtered light is still white.
2657:
2486:
2664:
2506:
2829:
tristimulus values, thus its chromaticity coordinates are (x,y)=(1/3,1/3). This is by design; the XYZ color matching functions are normalized such that their integrals over the visible spectrum are the same.
2387:
47:
about ISO 7589 standard illuminants; CIE indoor ID50 and ID65 illuminants; CIE FL3.1 through FL3.15 "new fluorescent" illuminants; CIE HP "high-pressure discharge" illuminants, all found with references in
838:
2245:
2162:
5033:...it is standard for reference white to correspond to light having the spectral and/or colorimetric properties of CIE Illuminant D65 (except in Japan, where the standard white reference is 9300 K).
1783:
2612:
2441:
2304:
4365:
G. T. Winch; M. C. Boshoff; C. J. Kok & A. G. du Toit (April 1966). "Spectroradiometric and
Colorimetric Characteristics of Daylight in the Southern Hemisphere: Pretoria, South Africa".
202:
712:{\displaystyle S_{A}(\lambda )=100\left({\frac {560}{\lambda }}\right)^{5}{\frac {\exp {\frac {1.435\times 10^{7}}{2848\times 560}}-1}{\exp {\frac {1.435\times 10^{7}}{2848\lambda }}-1}}.}
382:
2833:
Illuminant E is not a black body, so it does not have a color temperature, but it can be approximated by a D series illuminant with a CCT of 5455 K. (Of the canonical illuminants, D
964:
1264:
the relative spectral power distribution of daylight are known to occur, particularly in the ultraviolet spectral region, as a function of season, time of day, and geographic location.
445:
1861:
1313:
2397:, since all the relative SPDs have been normalized about this point. In order to match all significant digits of the published data of the canonical illuminants the values of M
429:
1362:
123:
for its French name) is the body responsible for publishing all of the well-known standard illuminants. Each of these is known by a letter or by a letter-number combination.
49:
1416:
4385:
The derived chromaticities were found to be much closer to the full radiator locus than those previously published, which had been obtained in the northern hemisphere.
766:
Illuminants B and C are easily achieved daylight simulations. They modify illuminant A by using liquid filters. B served as a representative of noon sunlight, with a
1866:
1208:
4207:
Kelly, Kenneth L. (August 1963). "Lines of
Constant Correlated Color Temperature Based on MacAdam's (u,v) Uniform Chromaticity Transformation of the CIE Diagram".
2607:
2436:
4510:
Hernández-Andrés, Javier; Javier Romero; Antonio García-Beltrán; Juan L. Nieves (February 20, 1998). "Testing Linear Models on
Spectral Daylight Measurements".
1956:
990:
5118:
4107:
Judd, Deane B.; MacAdam, David L.; Wyszecki, Günter (August 1964). "Spectral
Distribution of Typical Daylight as a Function of Correlated Color Temperature".
435:
was revised from 0.01438 m·K to 0.014388 m·K (and before that, it was 0.01435 m·K when illuminant A was standardized). This difference shifted the
3989:
Davis, Raymond; Gibson, Kasson S. (January 21, 1931). "Filters for the reproduction of sunlight and daylight and the determination of color temperature".
5128:
4801:
CIE has defined the color coordinates of several different white
Illuminants, but within Lumileds, CIE illuminant E is used for all color calculations
4547:
Hernández-Andrés, Javier; Javier Romero; Juan L. Nieves; Raymond L. Lee Jr (June 2001). "Color and spectral analysis of daylight in southern Europe".
6334:
4829:
4818:
3001:(CCTs) are given below. The CIE chromaticity coordinates are given for both the 2 degree field of view (1931) and the 10 degree field of view (1964).
1253:
s analysis with modern computational methods. In several of these studies, the daylight locus is notably closer to the Planckian locus than in Judd
547:
In order to avoid further possible changes in the color temperature, the CIE now specifies the SPD directly, based on the original (1931) value of c
2997:
A list of standardized illuminants, their CIE chromaticity coordinates (x,y) of a perfectly reflecting (or transmitting) diffuser, and their
1143:) is the mean of all the SPD samples, which is the best reconstituted SPD that can be formed with only a fixed vector. The second vector (S
5077:
841:
Relative spectral power distribution of illuminant D and a black body of the same correlated color temperature (in red), normalized about
5647:
2790:
5266:
5213:
4350:) functions have been linearly interpolated at 5 nm steps and for even finer step-size also a linear interpolation has been recommended
792:
and Kasson S. Gibson in 1931, have a relatively high absorbance at the red end of the spectrum, effectively increasing the CCT of the
3280:
2785:
filtered incandescent lamps. However, the SPDs of these sources deviate from the D-series SPD, leading to bad performance on the CIE
2312:
2747:{\displaystyle {\begin{alignedat}{2}X&={}&94.811\\Y&={}&100{\phantom {.000}}\\Z&={}&107.304\end{alignedat}}}
2589:{\displaystyle {\begin{alignedat}{2}X&={}&95.047\\Y&={}&100{\phantom {.000}}\\Z&={}&108.883\end{alignedat}}}
6485:
5223:
116:
4165:
Tzeng, Di-Yuan; Berns, Roy S. (April 2005). "A review of principal component analysis and its applications to color technology".
2168:
1230:
by using Moon's spectral absorbance data of the Earth's atmosphere. The tabulated SPDs presented by the CIE today are derived by
2082:
6475:
6339:
5704:
4905:
154:
Index tests how well five sets of metameric samples match under the test and reference illuminant. In a manner similar to the
5155:
4976:
4723:
4439:
3969:
3872:
3845:
1715:
4597:
4312:
4136:
Simonds, John L. (August 1963). "Application of Characteristic Vector Analysis to Photographic and Optical Response Data".
4747:
Lam, Yuk-Ming; Xin, John H. (August 2002). "Evaluation of the quality of different D65 simulators for visual assessment".
3918:
Lam, Yuk-Ming; Xin, John H. (August 2002). "Evaluation of the quality of different D65 simulators for visual assessment".
2669:
2511:
107:
that is published. Standard illuminants provide a basis for comparing images or colors recorded under different lighting.
6551:
5175:
5122:
5000:
4713:
3959:
3862:
861:
177:
3905:
1155:) corresponds to pink–green variation (across the locus) caused by the presence of water in the form of vapor and haze.
319:{\displaystyle M_{e,\lambda }(\lambda ,T)={\frac {c_{1}\lambda ^{-5}}{\exp \left({\frac {c_{2}}{\lambda T}}\right)-1}}.}
3899:
Standard Method of Assessing the Spectral Quality of Daylight Simulators for Visual Appraisal and Measurement of Colour
2825:. It is useful as a theoretical reference; an illuminant that gives equal weight to all wavelengths. It also has equal
860:
By 1964, several spectral power distributions (SPDs) of daylight had been measured independently by H. W. Budde of the
4625:
2251:
5525:
5026:
4934:
1808:, differ slightly from what their names suggest. For example, D50 has a CCT of 5003 K ("horizon" light), while
6496:
332:
537:{\displaystyle T_{new}=T_{old}\times {\frac {1.4388}{1.435}}=2848\ {\text{K}}\times 1.002648=2855.54\ {\text{K}}.}
6721:
6675:
5442:
5045:
2599:
2421:
4888:
918:
6491:
6480:
5236:
969:
171:
involving the use of incandescent lighting, unless there are specific reasons for using a different illuminant.
17:
4873:
2889:
6752:
6556:
5568:
5203:
4437:
Sastri, V.D.P. (January 11, 1976). "Locus of daylight chromaticities in relation to atmospheric conditions".
3003:
The color swatches represent the color of each white point, automatically calculated by Knowledge using the
1832:
3176:
3998:
3028:
2998:
2810:
2765:
1171:
1148:
767:
4414:
Sastri, V.D.P.; Das, S.R. (March 1968). "Typical Spectral Distributions and Color for Tropical Daylight".
6359:
6019:
5793:
3470:
1809:
1325:
877:
104:
80:
3798:
Displays simply use the white point of this standard illuminant; they do not emit the required spectrum.
3252:
3222:
3197:
3168:
1282:
6561:
6148:
5697:
5652:
5578:
5304:
3004:
2919:
4825:
4814:
387:
6326:
6219:
5877:
5148:
2837:
is the closest.) Manufacturers sometimes compare light sources against illuminant E to calculate the
1331:
185:
1446:
6536:
6354:
6004:
5737:
5309:
5088:
1375:
55:
4571:
4303:
2904:
141:
CIE, Technical Report (2004) Colorimetry, 3rd ed., Publication 15:2004, CIE Central Bureau, Vienna
6588:
6541:
6531:
6526:
6521:
5672:
4509:
2973:
2428:
1365:
4661:
4391:
Das, S.R.; Sastri, V.D.P. (March 1965). "Spectral Distribution and Color of Tropical Daylight".
4067:
Henderson, Stanley Thomas; Hodgkiss, D. (1964). "The spectral energy distribution of daylight".
4039:
Henderson, Stanley Thomas; Hodgkiss, D. (1963). "The spectral energy distribution of daylight".
439:, changing the color temperature of the illuminant from its nominal 2848 K to 2856 K:
6546:
5190:
4656:
The coefficients differ from those in the original paper due to the change in the constants in
4566:
4298:
2960:
The spectrum of a standard illuminant, like any other profile of light, can be converted into
1916:{\displaystyle 6500\ {\text{K}}\times {\frac {1.438776877\dots }{1.4380}}=6503.51\ {\text{K}}}
6470:
6225:
5769:
5690:
5299:
4234:
Moon, Parry (November 1940). "Proposed standard solar-radiation curves for engineering use".
2873:
2838:
869:
155:
5944:
4546:
6443:
6126:
6114:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5595:
5246:
5241:
5231:
5141:
4558:
4519:
4448:
4076:
4048:
3022:
2969:
2491:
2425:
1369:
1243:
1231:
1181:
1167:
897:
857:. They are difficult to produce artificially, but are easy to characterize mathematically.
4847:
4843:
3904:
Prepared by TC 1-53 "A Standard Method for Assessing the Quality of Daylight Simulators".
2071:{\displaystyle S_{D}(\lambda )=S_{0}(\lambda )+M_{1}S_{1}(\lambda )+M_{2}S_{2}(\lambda ),}
1105:{\displaystyle S_{D}(\lambda )=S_{0}(\lambda )+M_{1}S_{1}(\lambda )+M_{2}S_{2}(\lambda ).}
8:
6258:
6158:
6090:
5635:
5610:
5600:
5573:
2877:
2876:(the CRI formula was chosen such that F4 would have a CRI of 51). F7–F9 are "broadband" (
873:
4562:
4523:
4452:
4080:
4052:
4012:
Condit, Harold R.; Grum, Frank (July 1964). "Spectral energy distribution of daylight".
1147:) corresponds to yellow–blue variation (along the locus), accounting for changes in the
837:
54:
Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the
6573:
5979:
5887:
5781:
5640:
5470:
5251:
4464:
3837:
1136:
909:
789:
151:
4774:
4247:
1178:
By the time the D-series was formalized by the CIE, a computation of the chromaticity
893:
803:
Each filter uses a pair of solutions, comprising specific amounts of distilled water,
6683:
6636:
6233:
6048:
5987:
5939:
5872:
5867:
5845:
5774:
5515:
5022:
4972:
4719:
4605:. CGIV (European Conference on Colour Graphics, Imaging and Vision). pp. 437–442
4584:
4535:
4468:
4088:
4060:
3965:
3868:
3841:
2961:
793:
4460:
1249:
Similar studies have been undertaken in other parts of the world, or repeating Judd
6631:
6626:
6606:
6601:
6364:
6131:
6009:
5959:
5954:
5926:
5892:
5882:
5752:
5510:
5475:
5284:
4964:
4756:
4576:
4527:
4487:
4456:
4425:
4402:
4376:
4308:
4243:
4216:
4174:
4147:
4118:
4084:
4056:
4021:
3935:
3927:
3231:
2854:
2822:
2801:
2786:
853:
series of illuminants are designed to represent natural daylight and lie along the
824:
147:
5065:
In Japan, the chromaticity of studio monitors is adjusted to a D-white at 9 300 K.
1135:
In simpler terms, the SPD of the studied daylight samples can be expressed as the
6661:
6651:
6646:
6611:
6513:
6349:
6296:
6186:
6119:
5934:
5850:
5828:
5590:
5550:
5540:
5535:
5530:
5505:
5490:
5294:
5276:
4665:
4657:
2806:
1274:
1163:
436:
193:
972:
revealed that the SPDs could be satisfactorily approximated by using the mean (S
800:
that photographers and cinematographers use today, albeit much less convenient.
6747:
6742:
6711:
6656:
6641:
6621:
6616:
6399:
6213:
6208:
6036:
6014:
5949:
5821:
5786:
5759:
4812:
For commercial examples of calcium halophosphate fluorescents, see for example
4793:
3206:
1115:
854:
804:
4729:
4364:
3975:
3878:
2860:
F1–F6 "standard" fluorescent lamps consist of two semi-broadband emissions of
6736:
6596:
6181:
6067:
5992:
5969:
5909:
5833:
5816:
5722:
889:
885:
816:
100:
4580:
4191:
3867:. 51.2-1999 (including Supplement 1-1999). Paris: Bureau central de la CIE.
2652:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}x&=0.31382\\y&=0.33100\end{aligned}}}
2481:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}x&=0.31272\\y&=0.32903\end{aligned}}}
6431:
6394:
6387:
6193:
6176:
6168:
6109:
6101:
5964:
5808:
5583:
4693:
Wyszecki, Gunter (1970). "Development of New CIE Sources for Colorimetry".
4633:
4588:
4539:
4491:
4429:
4406:
4380:
4220:
4151:
4122:
4025:
3897:
2981:
2821:
Illuminant E is an equal-energy radiator; it has a constant SPD inside the
1792:
is the illuminant's CCT. Note that the CCTs of the canonical illuminants, D
881:
4476:
Dixon, E.R. (April 1978). "Spectral distribution of Australian daylight".
4286:
6568:
6426:
6203:
6198:
6062:
6031:
5997:
5902:
5798:
5764:
5605:
5500:
5180:
5164:
4968:
4715:
A Method for Assessing the Quality of Daylight Simulators for Colorimetry
4531:
3864:
A Method for Assessing the Quality of Daylight Simulators for Colorimetry
3173:
2955:
2872:. F4 is of particular interest since it was used for calibrating the CIE
2761:
2393:
SPDs, depicted in figure. The characteristic vectors both have a zero at
2390:
2964:. The set of three tristimulus coordinates of an illuminant is called a
1829:—and can be "rectified" by multiplying the nominal color temperature by
1269:
ISO 10526:1999/CIE S005/E-1998, CIE Standard Illuminants for Colorimetry
75:
6578:
6421:
6249:
6153:
6141:
5897:
5860:
5855:
5838:
5495:
5001:"RECOMMENDATION ITU-R BT.470-6 - CONVENTIONAL TELEVISION SYSTEMS, p.16"
4595:
3940:
3227:
3143:
2883:
The spectra of these illuminants are published in Publication 15:2004.
189:
4760:
4678:
Schanda, János (2007). "3. CIE Colorimetry". In Schanda, János (ed.).
4506:
Analyses using the faster computation of the 1990s and 2000s include:
4178:
3931:
6438:
6411:
6406:
5915:
5430:
5418:
5413:
5344:
5339:
4106:
4066:
4038:
2939:
2865:
1151:
due to proportion of indirect to direct sunlight. The third vector (S
797:
6693:
6416:
6024:
5485:
5480:
5408:
5403:
5362:
5354:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5261:
5198:
2869:
2861:
2793:
that can easily emulate the A, D, and E illuminants with high CRI.
2769:
812:
746:, and the chromaticity coordinates using the standard observer are
722:
The coefficients have been selected to achieve a normalized SPD of
6081:
4313:
10.1002/1520-6378(200008)25:4<250::AID-COL5>3.0.CO;2-D
3964:. Publication 15:2004 (3rd ed.). CIE Central Bureau, Vienna.
2972:, then the white point can equivalently be expressed as a pair of
2776:
systems, truncates the CIE 1931 coordinates to x=0.3127, y=0.329.
1158:
6465:
5747:
5630:
5520:
4260:
2826:
2405:
have to be rounded to three decimal places before calculation of
808:
3714:
mixing of phosphor-converted blue LED and red LED (blue-hybrid)
35:
6688:
6291:
6281:
5682:
5319:
5256:
4549:
3284:
3032:
2382:{\displaystyle S_{0}(\lambda ),S_{1}(\lambda ),S_{2}(\lambda )}
865:
820:
5133:
5078:"Guideline for Colorimetry for 1125/60 HDTV Production System"
5021:. San Francisco, CA: Morgan Kaufmann Publishers. p. 643.
6316:
6311:
6301:
6271:
5742:
5713:
5454:
5449:
5437:
5425:
5398:
5379:
5374:
5314:
5208:
3147:
2938:
Publication 15:2018 introduces new illuminants for different
2757:
158:, the average difference between the metamers is calculated.
4794:"Optical Testing for SuperFlux, SnapLED and LUXEON Emitters"
4011:
6306:
6286:
6266:
6136:
6053:
5391:
5289:
4823: Method for making a calcium halophosphate phosphor or
4478:
4416:
4393:
4367:
4138:
4109:
2773:
2240:{\displaystyle M_{2}=(0.0300-31.4424x_{D}+30.0717y_{D})/M,}
1934:) that corresponds to those coordinates, the coefficients M
1697:
1259:
The CIE positions D65 as the standard daylight illuminant:
5046:"Recommendation BT.470-6: Conventional Television Systems"
2157:{\displaystyle M_{1}=(-1.3515-1.7703x_{D}+5.9114y_{D})/M,}
1418:. First, the chromaticity coordinates must be determined:
6382:
6276:
6041:
5545:
5386:
5367:
4746:
796:
to daylight levels. This is similar in function to a CTB
5665:
For the vision capacities of organisms or machines, see
1119:
Characteristic vectors of illuminant D; component SPDs S
5019:
Digital video and HDTV : algorithms and interfaces
2991:
2942:
types with CCTs ranging from approx. 2700 K to 6600 K.
5087:(in Japanese). 21 July 1998. p. 4. Archived from
3988:
1778:{\displaystyle y_{D}=-3.000x_{D}^{2}+2.870x_{D}-0.275}
4284:
2667:
2610:
2509:
2439:
2315:
2254:
2171:
2085:
1959:
1869:
1835:
1718:
1427:
1378:
1334:
1285:
1184:
993:
921:
560:
448:
390:
335:
205:
4834: Single component calcium halophosphate phosphor
4711:
4599:
Group theoretical investigations of daylight spectra
4596:
Thanh Hai Bui; Reiner Lenz; Tomas Landelius (2004).
3957:
3860:
150:, to assess the quality of daylight simulators. The
146:
Nevertheless, they do provide a measure, called the
5104:"D93: D93は9,305 K色温度であり、日本におけるモニタの基準白色として使用されている。"
4907:
Equivalent White Light Sources, and CIE Illuminants
4844:
Spectral power distribution of Illuminants Series F
4287:"Re-evaluation of daylight spectral distributions"
4164:
2746:
2651:
2588:
2480:
2381:
2298:
2239:
2156:
2070:
1915:
1855:
1777:
1703:
1410:
1356:
1307:
1202:
1104:
958:
711:
536:
423:
376:
318:
6335:Linguistic relativity and the color naming debate
4390:
4261:CIE 1931 and 1964 Standard Colorimetric Observers
4192:Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (1964).
2988:about the illuminant that was used to record it.
2853:series of illuminants represent various types of
2789:. Better sources were achieved in the 2010s with
2659:and the corresponding XYZ tristimulus values are
1364:of a D series illuminant can be derived from its
6734:
2299:{\displaystyle M=0.0241+0.2562x_{D}-0.7341y_{D}}
329:At the time of standardizing illuminant A, both
4413:
4285:Kránicz, Balázs; Schanda, János (August 2000).
3917:
5085:Association of Radio Industries and Businesses
4940:
4914:
5698:
5149:
3832:Schanda, János (2007). "3: CIE Colorimetry".
2984:. It is called the white point of the image.
1210:for a particular isotherm was included. Judd
912:relation, later known as the daylight locus:
384:(which does not affect the relative SPD) and
377:{\displaystyle c_{1}=2\pi \cdot h\cdot c^{2}}
166:The CIE defines illuminant A in these terms:
4871:
3895:
4682:. John Wiley & Sons. Appendix A, p. 74.
1174:) and representative illuminant coordinates
83:(SPDs) of CIE illuminants A, B, and C from
6717:
5705:
5691:
5156:
5142:
4626:"CIE Standard Illuminants for Colorimetry"
4361:Studies from the 1960s and 1970s include:
3794:
3792:
3790:
3788:
3021:
3018:
1170:, along with isotherms (lines of constant
959:{\displaystyle y=2.870x-3.000x^{2}-0.275.}
896:analyzed these samples and found that the
431:were different. In 1968, the estimate of c
127:fluorescent lamps of various composition.
4936:CIE F-series Spectral Data, CIE 15.2:1986
4886:
4680:Colorimetry: understanding the CIE system
4570:
4302:
4005:
3953:
3951:
3939:
3834:Colorimetry: Understanding the CIE System
3827:
3825:
3823:
3821:
3819:
3817:
1139:of three, fixed SPDs. The first vector (S
976:) and first two characteristic vectors (S
876:, and S. T. Henderson and D. Hodgkiss of
785:Illuminant B was not so honored in 2004.
6486:International Commission on Illumination
4692:
4686:
4652:
4650:
3279:high-efficiency blue phosphor monitors,
2933:
2800:
1273:
1214:then extended the reconstituted SPDs to
1157:
1114:
836:
178:CIE Standard Illuminants for Colorimetry
117:International Commission on Illumination
74:
5016:
4740:
4677:
4194:Proceedings of the 15th Session, Vienna
4135:
3831:
3785:
1856:{\displaystyle {\frac {c_{2}}{1.4380}}}
14:
6735:
6476:Color Association of the United States
4880:
4865:
4775:"CIE Illuminant Technology - Yujileds"
4436:
3948:
3814:
3496:D50 simulator, Sylvania F40 Design 50
3141:obsolete, average / North sky daylight
2844:
1242:. However, there is a proposal to use
830:
761:
5686:
5137:
5119:Selected colorimetric tables in Excel
5053:International Telecommunication Union
4647:
4475:
4440:Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics
4206:
4200:
4102:
4100:
4098:
3991:Precision Measurement and Calibration
3201:mid-morning / mid-afternoon daylight
3037:
3027:
3015:
3011:White points of standard illuminants
2868:activations in calcium halophosphate
2779:
4233:
3735:mixing of red, green, and blue LEDs
2992:White points of standard illuminants
29:
5055:. ITU. 30 November 1998. p. 16
4791:
4718:. Paris: Bureau central de la CIE.
884:, totaling among them 622 samples.
862:National Research Council of Canada
27:Theoretical source of visible light
24:
6340:Blue–green distinction in language
4095:
4069:British Journal of Applied Physics
4041:British Journal of Applied Physics
3118:obsolete, direct sunlight at noon
2760:light, its coordinates are also a
1690:
1670:
1567:
1544:
1308:{\displaystyle \Delta _{uv}=0.003}
1287:
868:, H. R. Condit and F. Grum of the
110:
25:
6764:
5112:
4236:Journal of the Franklin Institute
6716:
6707:
6706:
6497:International Colour Association
6080:
5712:
5667:
5666:
4749:Color Research & Application
4291:Color Research & Application
4167:Color Research & Application
3920:Color Research & Application
2918:
2903:
2888:
1930:To determine the D-series SPD (S
788:The liquid filters, designed by
424:{\displaystyle c_{2}=h\cdot c/k}
34:
5163:
5129:Light sources & Illuminants
5070:
5038:
5010:
4993:
4984:
4953:
4927:
4898:
4837:
4806:
4785:
4767:
4705:
4671:
4618:
4500:
4355:
4278:
4254:
4227:
4185:
4158:
4129:
2796:
1942:of the characteristic vectors S
1357:{\displaystyle S_{D}(\lambda )}
161:
6492:International Color Consortium
6481:International Colour Authority
4889:"A Review of RGB color spaces"
4779:Yujileds - High CRI LED Leader
4032:
3982:
3911:
3889:
3854:
3519:cool white deluxe fluorescent
3473:simulator, daylight simulator
2949:
2376:
2370:
2354:
2348:
2332:
2326:
2223:
2185:
2140:
2099:
2062:
2056:
2030:
2024:
1998:
1992:
1976:
1970:
1405:
1379:
1351:
1345:
1319:
1197:
1185:
1096:
1090:
1064:
1058:
1032:
1026:
1010:
1004:
970:Characteristic vector analysis
577:
571:
234:
222:
13:
1:
6557:List of Crayola crayon colors
4712:CIE Technical Report (1999).
4664:for the current version, and
4248:10.1016/S0016-0032(40)90364-7
3958:CIE Technical Report (2004).
3861:CIE Technical Report (1999).
3808:
2999:correlated color temperatures
2415:
1411:{\displaystyle (x_{D},y_{D})}
730:. The tristimulus values are
3999:National Bureau of Standards
2805:Illuminant E is beneath the
2766:correlated color temperature
1172:correlated color temperature
1149:correlated color temperature
768:correlated color temperature
81:spectral power distributions
7:
6360:Traditional colors of Japan
6137:Achromatic colors (Neutral)
6020:Multi-primary color display
5794:Spectral power distribution
4632:. CIE. 1999. Archived from
3588:Philips TL83, Ultralume 30
3565:Philips TL84, Ultralume 40
3542:Philips TL85, Ultralume 50
2389:are the mean and first two
1326:spectral power distribution
878:Thorn Electrical Industries
744:) = (109.85, 100.00, 35.58)
105:spectral power distribution
99:is a theoretical source of
10:
6769:
5579:Colour Index International
4963:, vol. CIE 015:2018,
4874:"Blackbody color datafile"
4089:10.1088/0508-3443/15/8/310
4061:10.1088/0508-3443/14/3/307
3906:ISO Standard 23603:2005(E)
3777:phosphor-converted violet
3756:phosphor-converted violet
3005:Color temperature template
2953:
2791:phosphor-coated white LEDs
2600:supplementary 10° observer
906:) chromaticity coordinates
6702:
6674:
6587:
6512:
6505:
6456:
6375:
6325:
6257:
6248:
6220:Color realism (art style)
6167:
6100:
6089:
6078:
5978:
5925:
5878:Evolution of color vision
5807:
5730:
5721:
5663:
5559:
5463:
5353:
5275:
5222:
5189:
5171:
5017:Poynton, Charles (2003).
4990:47 CFR § 73.682 (20) (iv)
4461:10.1088/0022-3727/9/1/001
3066:
3058:
3050:
3042:
186:spectral radiant exitance
6537:List of colors (compact)
6355:Color in Chinese culture
6005:Digital image processing
5738:Electromagnetic spectrum
5127:Konica Minolta Sensing:
4961:Colorimetry, 4th Edition
3693:phosphor-converted blue
3672:phosphor-converted blue
3651:phosphor-converted blue
3630:phosphor-converted blue
3609:phosphor-converted blue
3447:light white fluorescent
3095:incandescent / tungsten
2974:chromaticity coordinates
2429:chromaticity coordinates
1366:chromaticity coordinates
780:CIE, Publication 15:2004
6542:List of colors by shade
4581:10.1364/JOSAA.18.001325
3401:warm white fluorescent
3355:cool white fluorescent
6547:List of color palettes
4492:10.1364/JOSA.68.000437
4430:10.1364/JOSA.58.000391
4407:10.1364/JOSA.55.000319
4381:10.1364/JOSA.56.000456
4221:10.1364/JOSA.53.000999
4152:10.1364/JOSA.53.000968
4123:10.1364/JOSA.54.001031
4026:10.1364/JOSA.54.000937
2818:
2748:
2653:
2590:
2492:XYZ tristimulus values
2482:
2383:
2300:
2241:
2158:
2072:
1917:
1857:
1779:
1705:
1412:
1358:
1316:
1309:
1272:
1204:
1175:
1132:
1106:
960:
882:Enfield (north London)
846:
783:
756:) = (0.44758, 0.40745)
713:
538:
425:
378:
320:
182:
144:
92:
45:is missing information
6471:Color Marketing Group
6226:On Vision and Colours
6159:Tinctures in heraldry
5770:Structural coloration
3896:CIE Standard (2004).
3424:daylight fluorescent
3332:daylight fluorescent
2934:Illuminant series LED
2874:color rendering index
2809:, and roughly at the
2804:
2764:, corresponding to a
2756:Since D65 represents
2749:
2654:
2591:
2483:
2384:
2301:
2242:
2159:
2073:
1918:
1858:
1780:
1706:
1413:
1359:
1310:
1277:
1261:
1205:
1203:{\displaystyle (x,y)}
1161:
1118:
1107:
961:
870:Eastman Kodak Company
840:
772:
714:
539:
426:
379:
321:
168:
156:color rendering index
133:
119:(usually abbreviated
78:
6753:Standard illuminants
6552:List of color spaces
6444:Tint, shade and tone
6327:Cultural differences
6142:Polychromatic colors
6127:Complementary colors
6115:Monochromatic colors
5596:Federal Standard 595
5176:List of color spaces
4969:10.25039/TR.015.2018
4532:10.1364/AO.37.000971
2968:. If the profile is
2855:fluorescent lighting
2716:
2665:
2608:
2558:
2507:
2437:
2426:CIE 1931 color space
2422:standard 2° observer
2313:
2252:
2169:
2083:
1957:
1867:
1833:
1716:
1425:
1376:
1370:CIE 1931 color space
1332:
1283:
1244:spline interpolation
1232:linear interpolation
1182:
991:
919:
558:
446:
388:
333:
203:
6532:List of colors: N–Z
6527:List of colors: G–M
6522:List of colors: A–F
4781:. 5 September 2023.
4563:2001JOSAA..18.1325H
4524:1998ApOpt..37..971H
4453:1976JPhD....9L...1S
4081:1964BJAP...15..947H
4053:1963BJAP...14..125H
3256:North sky daylight
3012:
2878:full-spectrum light
2845:Illuminant series F
2712:
2554:
1752:
1166:is depicted on the
908:followed a simple,
874:Rochester, New York
831:Illuminant series D
762:Illuminants B and C
97:standard illuminant
6579:List of web colors
6574:List of RAL colors
5980:Color reproduction
5945:Lüscher color test
5782:Color of chemicals
5121:, as published in
4872:Mitchell Charity.
3840:. pp. 37–46.
3838:Wiley Interscience
3378:white fluorescent
3010:
2962:tristimulus values
2819:
2780:Daylight simulator
2744:
2742:
2649:
2647:
2586:
2584:
2478:
2476:
2379:
2296:
2237:
2154:
2068:
1913:
1853:
1775:
1738:
1701:
1696:
1408:
1354:
1317:
1305:
1200:
1176:
1137:linear combination
1133:
1102:
956:
847:
790:Raymond Davis, Jr.
709:
534:
421:
374:
316:
93:
6730:
6729:
6670:
6669:
6452:
6451:
6244:
6243:
6234:Theory of Colours
6076:
6075:
5988:Color photography
5940:Color preferences
5883:Impossible colors
5873:Color vision test
5868:Color temperature
5846:Color calibration
5775:Animal coloration
5680:
5679:
4978:978-3-902842-13-8
4761:10.1002/col.10061
4725:978-92-9034-051-5
4271:in increments of
4179:10.1002/col.20086
3971:978-3-901906-33-6
3932:10.1002/col.10061
3874:978-92-9034-051-5
3847:978-0-470-04904-4
3781:
3780:
2839:excitation purity
1911:
1907:
1897:
1879:
1875:
1851:
1688:
1668:
1659:
1629:
1599:
1565:
1562:
1542:
1533:
1503:
1473:
1238:data set down to
794:incandescent lamp
704:
695:
651:
599:
529:
525:
509:
505:
495:
311:
298:
73:
72:
16:(Redirected from
6760:
6720:
6719:
6710:
6709:
6510:
6509:
6376:Color dimensions
6365:Human skin color
6255:
6254:
6132:Analogous colors
6098:
6097:
6084:
6010:Color management
5927:Color psychology
5893:Opponent process
5809:Color perception
5728:
5727:
5707:
5700:
5693:
5684:
5683:
5670:
5669:
5656:
5285:RGB color spaces
5158:
5151:
5144:
5135:
5134:
5107:
5106:
5101:
5099:
5094:on 13 April 2013
5093:
5082:
5074:
5068:
5067:
5062:
5060:
5050:
5042:
5036:
5035:
5014:
5008:
5007:
5005:
4997:
4991:
4988:
4982:
4981:
4957:
4951:
4950:
4949:
4948:
4939:, archived from
4931:
4925:
4924:
4923:
4922:
4913:, archived from
4912:
4902:
4896:
4895:
4893:
4884:
4878:
4877:
4869:
4863:
4861:
4857:
4854:increments from
4853:
4841:
4835:
4833:
4832:
4828:
4822:
4821:
4817:
4810:
4804:
4803:
4798:
4789:
4783:
4782:
4771:
4765:
4764:
4744:
4738:
4737:
4728:. Archived from
4709:
4703:
4702:
4690:
4684:
4683:
4675:
4669:
4654:
4645:
4644:
4642:
4641:
4622:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4610:
4604:
4592:
4574:
4557:(6): 1325–1335.
4543:
4504:
4498:
4495:
4472:
4433:
4410:
4387:
4359:
4353:
4352:
4306:
4282:
4276:
4274:
4270:
4266:
4258:
4252:
4251:
4231:
4225:
4224:
4204:
4198:
4197:
4189:
4183:
4182:
4162:
4156:
4155:
4133:
4127:
4126:
4117:(8): 1031–1040.
4104:
4093:
4092:
4064:
4036:
4030:
4029:
4009:
4003:
4002:
3986:
3980:
3979:
3974:. Archived from
3955:
3946:
3945:
3943:
3915:
3909:
3903:
3893:
3887:
3886:
3877:. Archived from
3858:
3852:
3851:
3829:
3799:
3796:
3232:sRGB color space
3013:
3009:
2922:
2907:
2892:
2823:visible spectrum
2787:metamerism index
2753:
2751:
2750:
2745:
2743:
2734:
2718:
2717:
2704:
2683:
2658:
2656:
2655:
2650:
2648:
2595:
2593:
2592:
2587:
2585:
2576:
2560:
2559:
2546:
2525:
2500:
2487:
2485:
2484:
2479:
2477:
2396:
2388:
2386:
2385:
2380:
2369:
2368:
2347:
2346:
2325:
2324:
2305:
2303:
2302:
2297:
2295:
2294:
2279:
2278:
2246:
2244:
2243:
2238:
2230:
2222:
2221:
2206:
2205:
2181:
2180:
2163:
2161:
2160:
2155:
2147:
2139:
2138:
2123:
2122:
2095:
2094:
2077:
2075:
2074:
2069:
2055:
2054:
2045:
2044:
2023:
2022:
2013:
2012:
1991:
1990:
1969:
1968:
1950:are determined:
1922:
1920:
1919:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1905:
1898:
1893:
1885:
1880:
1877:
1873:
1862:
1860:
1859:
1854:
1852:
1847:
1846:
1837:
1784:
1782:
1781:
1776:
1768:
1767:
1751:
1746:
1728:
1727:
1710:
1708:
1707:
1702:
1700:
1699:
1693:
1686:
1673:
1666:
1660:
1658:
1657:
1648:
1647:
1638:
1630:
1628:
1627:
1618:
1617:
1608:
1600:
1595:
1594:
1585:
1570:
1563:
1560:
1547:
1540:
1534:
1532:
1531:
1522:
1521:
1512:
1504:
1502:
1501:
1492:
1491:
1482:
1474:
1469:
1468:
1459:
1437:
1436:
1417:
1415:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1403:
1391:
1390:
1363:
1361:
1360:
1355:
1344:
1343:
1314:
1312:
1311:
1306:
1298:
1297:
1270:
1241:
1237:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1209:
1207:
1206:
1201:
1111:
1109:
1108:
1103:
1089:
1088:
1079:
1078:
1057:
1056:
1047:
1046:
1025:
1024:
1003:
1002:
965:
963:
962:
957:
949:
948:
844:
825:ammonium sulfate
781:
757:
745:
729:
725:
718:
716:
715:
710:
705:
703:
696:
694:
686:
685:
684:
668:
659:
652:
650:
639:
638:
637:
621:
612:
610:
609:
604:
600:
592:
570:
569:
543:
541:
540:
535:
530:
527:
523:
510:
507:
503:
496:
488:
483:
482:
464:
463:
430:
428:
427:
422:
417:
400:
399:
383:
381:
380:
375:
373:
372:
345:
344:
325:
323:
322:
317:
312:
310:
303:
299:
297:
289:
288:
279:
266:
265:
264:
252:
251:
241:
221:
220:
180:
148:metamerism index
142:
90:
86:
68:
65:
59:
38:
30:
21:
6768:
6767:
6763:
6762:
6761:
6759:
6758:
6757:
6733:
6732:
6731:
6726:
6698:
6666:
6583:
6501:
6458:
6448:
6371:
6350:Blue in culture
6321:
6240:
6187:Secondary color
6163:
6120:black-and-white
6092:
6085:
6072:
5974:
5960:National colors
5955:Political color
5935:Color symbolism
5921:
5851:Color constancy
5829:Color blindness
5803:
5760:Spectral colors
5717:
5711:
5681:
5676:
5659:
5650:
5584:CI list of dyes
5561:
5555:
5511:Imaginary color
5459:
5349:
5295:rg chromaticity
5271:
5218:
5185:
5167:
5162:
5115:
5110:
5097:
5095:
5091:
5080:
5076:
5075:
5071:
5058:
5056:
5048:
5044:
5043:
5039:
5029:
5015:
5011:
5003:
4999:
4998:
4994:
4989:
4985:
4979:
4959:
4958:
4954:
4946:
4944:
4933:
4932:
4928:
4920:
4918:
4910:
4904:
4903:
4899:
4891:
4887:Danny Pascale.
4885:
4881:
4870:
4866:
4859:
4855:
4851:
4842:
4838:
4830:
4824:
4819:
4813:
4811:
4807:
4796:
4790:
4786:
4773:
4772:
4768:
4745:
4741:
4732:on 2017-08-21.
4726:
4710:
4706:
4691:
4687:
4676:
4672:
4666:Planckian locus
4655:
4648:
4639:
4637:
4624:
4623:
4619:
4608:
4606:
4602:
4505:
4501:
4360:
4356:
4345:
4334:
4323:
4283:
4279:
4272:
4268:
4264:
4259:
4255:
4232:
4228:
4215:(8): 999–1002.
4205:
4201:
4190:
4186:
4163:
4159:
4134:
4130:
4105:
4096:
4065:
4037:
4033:
4010:
4006:
3987:
3983:
3972:
3956:
3949:
3916:
3912:
3894:
3890:
3881:on 2008-04-16.
3875:
3859:
3855:
3848:
3830:
3815:
3811:
3805:
3803:
3802:
3797:
3786:
3226:noon daylight:
3172:horizon light,
3142:
3072:
3064:
3056:
3048:
2994:
2958:
2952:
2936:
2929:
2923:
2914:
2908:
2899:
2893:
2847:
2836:
2816:
2807:Planckian locus
2799:
2782:
2741:
2740:
2735:
2733:
2726:
2720:
2719:
2711:
2710:
2705:
2703:
2696:
2690:
2689:
2684:
2682:
2675:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2662:
2646:
2645:
2635:
2629:
2628:
2618:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2605:
2583:
2582:
2577:
2575:
2568:
2562:
2561:
2553:
2552:
2547:
2545:
2538:
2532:
2531:
2526:
2524:
2517:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2504:
2495:
2494:(normalized to
2475:
2474:
2464:
2458:
2457:
2447:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2434:
2418:
2410:
2404:
2400:
2394:
2364:
2360:
2342:
2338:
2320:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2290:
2286:
2274:
2270:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2226:
2217:
2213:
2201:
2197:
2176:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2143:
2134:
2130:
2118:
2114:
2090:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2080:
2050:
2046:
2040:
2036:
2018:
2014:
2008:
2004:
1986:
1982:
1964:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1926:
1908:
1886:
1884:
1876:
1868:
1865:
1864:
1842:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1830:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1763:
1759:
1747:
1742:
1723:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1695:
1694:
1689:
1669:
1661:
1653:
1649:
1643:
1639:
1637:
1623:
1619:
1613:
1609:
1607:
1590:
1586:
1584:
1572:
1571:
1566:
1543:
1535:
1527:
1523:
1517:
1513:
1511:
1497:
1493:
1487:
1483:
1481:
1464:
1460:
1458:
1442:
1441:
1432:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1399:
1395:
1386:
1382:
1377:
1374:
1373:
1339:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1329:
1322:
1290:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1271:
1268:
1239:
1235:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1164:Planckian locus
1154:
1146:
1142:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1084:
1080:
1074:
1070:
1052:
1048:
1042:
1038:
1020:
1016:
998:
994:
992:
989:
988:
983:
979:
975:
944:
940:
920:
917:
916:
894:Günter Wyszecki
842:
833:
782:
779:
764:
747:
731:
727:
723:
687:
680:
676:
669:
667:
660:
640:
633:
629:
622:
620:
613:
611:
605:
591:
587:
586:
565:
561:
559:
556:
555:
550:
526:
506:
487:
472:
468:
453:
449:
447:
444:
443:
437:Planckian locus
434:
413:
395:
391:
389:
386:
385:
368:
364:
340:
336:
334:
331:
330:
290:
284:
280:
278:
274:
267:
257:
253:
247:
243:
242:
240:
210:
206:
204:
201:
200:
181:
175:
164:
143:
140:
136:recommendation.
113:
111:CIE illuminants
88:
84:
69:
63:
60:
53:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6766:
6756:
6755:
6750:
6745:
6728:
6727:
6725:
6724:
6714:
6703:
6700:
6699:
6697:
6696:
6691:
6686:
6680:
6678:
6672:
6671:
6668:
6667:
6665:
6664:
6659:
6654:
6649:
6644:
6639:
6634:
6629:
6624:
6619:
6614:
6609:
6604:
6599:
6593:
6591:
6585:
6584:
6582:
6581:
6576:
6571:
6566:
6565:
6564:
6554:
6549:
6544:
6539:
6534:
6529:
6524:
6518:
6516:
6507:
6503:
6502:
6500:
6499:
6494:
6489:
6483:
6478:
6473:
6468:
6462:
6460:
6454:
6453:
6450:
6449:
6447:
6446:
6441:
6436:
6435:
6434:
6429:
6424:
6419:
6414:
6404:
6403:
6402:
6392:
6391:
6390:
6379:
6377:
6373:
6372:
6370:
6369:
6368:
6367:
6362:
6357:
6352:
6346:Color history
6344:
6343:
6342:
6331:
6329:
6323:
6322:
6320:
6319:
6314:
6309:
6304:
6299:
6294:
6289:
6284:
6279:
6274:
6269:
6263:
6261:
6252:
6246:
6245:
6242:
6241:
6239:
6238:
6230:
6229:(Schopenhauer)
6222:
6217:
6214:Color analysis
6211:
6209:Color triangle
6206:
6201:
6196:
6191:
6190:
6189:
6184:
6173:
6171:
6165:
6164:
6162:
6161:
6156:
6151:
6146:
6145:
6144:
6139:
6134:
6129:
6124:
6123:
6122:
6106:
6104:
6095:
6087:
6086:
6079:
6077:
6074:
6073:
6071:
6070:
6065:
6060:
6059:
6058:
6057:
6056:
6046:
6045:
6044:
6029:
6028:
6027:
6022:
6015:Color printing
6012:
6007:
6002:
6001:
6000:
5995:
5984:
5982:
5976:
5975:
5973:
5972:
5967:
5962:
5957:
5952:
5950:Kruithof curve
5947:
5942:
5937:
5931:
5929:
5923:
5922:
5920:
5919:
5912:
5907:
5906:
5905:
5900:
5890:
5885:
5880:
5875:
5870:
5865:
5864:
5863:
5853:
5848:
5843:
5842:
5841:
5836:
5826:
5825:
5824:
5822:Sonochromatism
5813:
5811:
5805:
5804:
5802:
5801:
5796:
5791:
5790:
5789:
5779:
5778:
5777:
5772:
5762:
5757:
5756:
5755:
5750:
5745:
5734:
5732:
5725:
5719:
5718:
5710:
5709:
5702:
5695:
5687:
5678:
5677:
5664:
5661:
5660:
5658:
5657:
5645:
5644:
5643:
5633:
5628:
5623:
5618:
5613:
5608:
5603:
5598:
5593:
5588:
5587:
5586:
5576:
5571:
5565:
5563:
5557:
5556:
5554:
5553:
5548:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5518:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5498:
5493:
5488:
5483:
5478:
5473:
5467:
5465:
5461:
5460:
5458:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5446:
5445:
5435:
5434:
5433:
5423:
5422:
5421:
5416:
5411:
5406:
5396:
5395:
5394:
5384:
5383:
5382:
5372:
5371:
5370:
5359:
5357:
5351:
5350:
5348:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5332:
5330:SMPTE 240M/"C"
5327:
5322:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5281:
5279:
5273:
5272:
5270:
5269:
5264:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5228:
5226:
5220:
5219:
5217:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5195:
5193:
5187:
5186:
5184:
5183:
5178:
5172:
5169:
5168:
5161:
5160:
5153:
5146:
5138:
5132:
5131:
5125:
5114:
5113:External links
5111:
5109:
5108:
5069:
5037:
5027:
5009:
4992:
4983:
4977:
4952:
4926:
4897:
4894:. Babel Color.
4879:
4876:. vendian.org.
4864:
4836:
4805:
4784:
4766:
4755:(4): 243–251.
4739:
4724:
4704:
4685:
4670:
4646:
4617:
4615:
4614:
4593:
4544:
4518:(6): 971–977.
4512:Applied Optics
4499:
4497:
4496:
4486:(4): 437–450.
4473:
4434:
4424:(3): 391–398.
4411:
4401:(3): 319–323.
4388:
4375:(4): 456–464.
4354:
4343:
4332:
4321:
4297:(4): 250–259.
4277:
4253:
4242:(5): 583–617.
4226:
4199:
4184:
4157:
4146:(8): 968–974.
4128:
4094:
4075:(8): 947–952.
4047:(3): 125–131.
4031:
4020:(7): 937–944.
4004:
3981:
3978:on 2008-02-13.
3970:
3947:
3926:(4): 243–251.
3910:
3902:. S012/E:2004.
3888:
3873:
3853:
3846:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3801:
3800:
3783:
3782:
3779:
3778:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3762:
3758:
3757:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3741:
3737:
3736:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3720:
3716:
3715:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3699:
3695:
3694:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3678:
3674:
3673:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3657:
3653:
3652:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3636:
3632:
3631:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3615:
3611:
3610:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3594:
3590:
3589:
3586:
3583:
3580:
3577:
3574:
3571:
3567:
3566:
3563:
3560:
3557:
3554:
3551:
3548:
3544:
3543:
3540:
3537:
3534:
3531:
3528:
3525:
3521:
3520:
3517:
3514:
3511:
3508:
3505:
3502:
3498:
3497:
3494:
3491:
3488:
3485:
3482:
3479:
3475:
3474:
3468:
3465:
3462:
3459:
3456:
3453:
3449:
3448:
3445:
3442:
3439:
3436:
3433:
3430:
3426:
3425:
3422:
3419:
3416:
3413:
3410:
3407:
3403:
3402:
3399:
3396:
3393:
3390:
3387:
3384:
3380:
3379:
3376:
3373:
3370:
3367:
3364:
3361:
3357:
3356:
3353:
3350:
3347:
3344:
3341:
3338:
3334:
3333:
3330:
3327:
3324:
3321:
3318:
3315:
3311:
3310:
3307:
3304:
3301:
3298:
3295:
3292:
3288:
3287:
3277:
3274:
3271:
3268:
3265:
3262:
3258:
3257:
3254:
3251:
3248:
3245:
3242:
3239:
3235:
3234:
3224:
3221:
3218:
3215:
3212:
3209:
3203:
3202:
3199:
3196:
3193:
3190:
3187:
3184:
3180:
3179:
3170:
3167:
3164:
3161:
3158:
3155:
3151:
3150:
3139:
3136:
3133:
3130:
3127:
3124:
3120:
3119:
3116:
3113:
3110:
3107:
3104:
3101:
3097:
3096:
3093:
3090:
3087:
3084:
3081:
3078:
3074:
3073:
3070:
3065:
3062:
3057:
3054:
3049:
3046:
3040:
3039:
3036:
3026:
3020:
3017:
2993:
2990:
2954:Main article:
2951:
2948:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2930:
2924:
2917:
2915:
2909:
2902:
2900:
2894:
2887:
2846:
2843:
2834:
2814:
2798:
2795:
2781:
2778:
2739:
2736:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2721:
2715:
2709:
2706:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2688:
2685:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2644:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2630:
2627:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2613:
2581:
2578:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2563:
2557:
2551:
2548:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2530:
2527:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2473:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2459:
2456:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2417:
2414:
2408:
2402:
2398:
2378:
2375:
2372:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2356:
2353:
2350:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2334:
2331:
2328:
2323:
2319:
2307:
2306:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2282:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2266:
2263:
2260:
2257:
2247:
2236:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2209:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2193:
2190:
2187:
2184:
2179:
2175:
2164:
2153:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2126:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2110:
2107:
2104:
2101:
2098:
2093:
2089:
2078:
2067:
2064:
2061:
2058:
2053:
2049:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2032:
2029:
2026:
2021:
2017:
2011:
2007:
2003:
2000:
1997:
1994:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1978:
1975:
1972:
1967:
1963:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1924:
1904:
1901:
1896:
1892:
1889:
1883:
1872:
1863:; for example
1850:
1845:
1841:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1786:
1785:
1774:
1771:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1734:
1731:
1726:
1722:
1711:
1698:
1692:
1685:
1682:
1679:
1676:
1672:
1665:
1662:
1656:
1652:
1646:
1642:
1636:
1633:
1626:
1622:
1616:
1612:
1606:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1589:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1569:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1550:
1546:
1539:
1536:
1530:
1526:
1520:
1516:
1510:
1507:
1500:
1496:
1490:
1486:
1480:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1463:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1431:
1407:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1353:
1350:
1347:
1342:
1338:
1321:
1318:
1304:
1301:
1296:
1293:
1289:
1266:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1152:
1144:
1140:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1113:
1112:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1087:
1083:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1055:
1051:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1001:
997:
981:
977:
973:
967:
966:
955:
952:
947:
943:
939:
936:
933:
930:
927:
924:
855:daylight locus
832:
829:
805:copper sulfate
777:
763:
760:
720:
719:
708:
702:
699:
693:
690:
683:
679:
675:
672:
666:
663:
658:
655:
649:
646:
643:
636:
632:
628:
625:
619:
616:
608:
603:
598:
595:
590:
585:
582:
579:
576:
573:
568:
564:
548:
545:
544:
533:
522:
519:
516:
513:
502:
499:
494:
491:
486:
481:
478:
475:
471:
467:
462:
459:
456:
452:
432:
420:
416:
412:
409:
406:
403:
398:
394:
371:
367:
363:
360:
357:
354:
351:
348:
343:
339:
327:
326:
315:
309:
306:
302:
296:
293:
287:
283:
277:
273:
270:
263:
260:
256:
250:
246:
239:
236:
233:
230:
227:
224:
219:
216:
213:
209:
173:
163:
160:
138:
112:
109:
71:
70:
42:
40:
33:
26:
18:Illuminant D65
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6765:
6754:
6751:
6749:
6746:
6744:
6741:
6740:
6738:
6723:
6715:
6713:
6705:
6704:
6701:
6695:
6692:
6690:
6687:
6685:
6682:
6681:
6679:
6677:
6673:
6663:
6660:
6658:
6655:
6653:
6650:
6648:
6645:
6643:
6640:
6638:
6635:
6633:
6630:
6628:
6625:
6623:
6620:
6618:
6615:
6613:
6610:
6608:
6605:
6603:
6600:
6598:
6595:
6594:
6592:
6590:
6586:
6580:
6577:
6575:
6572:
6570:
6567:
6563:
6560:
6559:
6558:
6555:
6553:
6550:
6548:
6545:
6543:
6540:
6538:
6535:
6533:
6530:
6528:
6525:
6523:
6520:
6519:
6517:
6515:
6511:
6508:
6504:
6498:
6495:
6493:
6490:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6479:
6477:
6474:
6472:
6469:
6467:
6464:
6463:
6461:
6459:organizations
6455:
6445:
6442:
6440:
6437:
6433:
6430:
6428:
6425:
6423:
6420:
6418:
6415:
6413:
6410:
6409:
6408:
6405:
6401:
6400:Pastel colors
6398:
6397:
6396:
6393:
6389:
6386:
6385:
6384:
6381:
6380:
6378:
6374:
6366:
6363:
6361:
6358:
6356:
6353:
6351:
6348:
6347:
6345:
6341:
6338:
6337:
6336:
6333:
6332:
6330:
6328:
6324:
6318:
6315:
6313:
6310:
6308:
6305:
6303:
6300:
6298:
6295:
6293:
6290:
6288:
6285:
6283:
6280:
6278:
6275:
6273:
6270:
6268:
6265:
6264:
6262:
6260:
6256:
6253:
6251:
6247:
6236:
6235:
6231:
6228:
6227:
6223:
6221:
6218:
6215:
6212:
6210:
6207:
6205:
6202:
6200:
6197:
6195:
6192:
6188:
6185:
6183:
6182:Primary color
6180:
6179:
6178:
6175:
6174:
6172:
6170:
6166:
6160:
6157:
6155:
6152:
6150:
6149:Light-on-dark
6147:
6143:
6140:
6138:
6135:
6133:
6130:
6128:
6125:
6121:
6118:
6117:
6116:
6113:
6112:
6111:
6108:
6107:
6105:
6103:
6099:
6096:
6094:
6088:
6083:
6069:
6068:Color mapping
6066:
6064:
6061:
6055:
6052:
6051:
6050:
6047:
6043:
6040:
6039:
6038:
6035:
6034:
6033:
6030:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6017:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6003:
5999:
5996:
5994:
5993:Color balance
5991:
5990:
5989:
5986:
5985:
5983:
5981:
5977:
5971:
5970:Chromotherapy
5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5932:
5930:
5928:
5924:
5918:
5917:
5913:
5911:
5910:Tetrachromacy
5908:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5895:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5881:
5879:
5876:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5866:
5862:
5859:
5858:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5844:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5834:Achromatopsia
5832:
5831:
5830:
5827:
5823:
5820:
5819:
5818:
5817:Chromesthesia
5815:
5814:
5812:
5810:
5806:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5792:
5788:
5785:
5784:
5783:
5780:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5767:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5741:
5740:
5739:
5736:
5735:
5733:
5731:Color physics
5729:
5726:
5724:
5723:Color science
5720:
5715:
5708:
5703:
5701:
5696:
5694:
5689:
5688:
5685:
5674:
5662:
5654:
5649:
5646:
5642:
5639:
5638:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5624:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5585:
5582:
5581:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5566:
5564:
5562:and standards
5560:Color systems
5558:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5468:
5466:
5462:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5444:
5441:
5440:
5439:
5436:
5432:
5429:
5428:
5427:
5424:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5401:
5400:
5397:
5393:
5390:
5389:
5388:
5385:
5381:
5378:
5377:
5376:
5373:
5369:
5366:
5365:
5364:
5361:
5360:
5358:
5356:
5352:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5282:
5280:
5278:
5274:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5257:CIELUV (1976)
5255:
5253:
5252:CIELAB (1976)
5250:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5229:
5227:
5225:
5221:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5196:
5194:
5192:
5188:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5173:
5170:
5166:
5159:
5154:
5152:
5147:
5145:
5140:
5139:
5136:
5130:
5126:
5124:
5120:
5117:
5116:
5105:
5090:
5086:
5079:
5073:
5066:
5054:
5047:
5041:
5034:
5030:
5028:9781558607927
5024:
5020:
5013:
5002:
4996:
4987:
4980:
4974:
4970:
4966:
4962:
4956:
4943:on 2011-07-25
4942:
4938:
4937:
4930:
4917:on 2005-05-23
4916:
4909:
4908:
4901:
4890:
4883:
4875:
4868:
4849:
4845:
4840:
4827:
4816:
4809:
4802:
4795:
4788:
4780:
4776:
4770:
4762:
4758:
4754:
4750:
4743:
4736:
4731:
4727:
4721:
4717:
4716:
4708:
4700:
4696:
4689:
4681:
4674:
4667:
4663:
4659:
4653:
4651:
4636:on 2017-12-04
4635:
4631:
4630:www.cie.co.at
4627:
4621:
4601:
4600:
4594:
4590:
4586:
4582:
4578:
4573:
4572:10.1.1.384.70
4568:
4564:
4560:
4556:
4552:
4551:
4545:
4541:
4537:
4533:
4529:
4525:
4521:
4517:
4513:
4508:
4507:
4503:
4493:
4489:
4485:
4481:
4480:
4474:
4470:
4466:
4462:
4458:
4454:
4450:
4446:
4442:
4441:
4435:
4431:
4427:
4423:
4419:
4418:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4400:
4396:
4395:
4389:
4386:
4382:
4378:
4374:
4370:
4369:
4363:
4362:
4358:
4351:
4349:
4342:
4338:
4331:
4327:
4320:
4314:
4310:
4305:
4304:10.1.1.42.521
4300:
4296:
4292:
4288:
4281:
4262:
4257:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4237:
4230:
4222:
4218:
4214:
4210:
4203:
4195:
4188:
4180:
4176:
4172:
4168:
4161:
4153:
4149:
4145:
4141:
4140:
4132:
4124:
4120:
4116:
4112:
4111:
4103:
4101:
4099:
4090:
4086:
4082:
4078:
4074:
4070:
4062:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4035:
4027:
4023:
4019:
4015:
4008:
4000:
3996:
3992:
3985:
3977:
3973:
3967:
3963:
3962:
3954:
3952:
3942:
3937:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3914:
3907:
3901:
3900:
3892:
3885:
3880:
3876:
3870:
3866:
3865:
3857:
3849:
3843:
3839:
3835:
3828:
3826:
3824:
3822:
3820:
3818:
3813:
3806:
3795:
3793:
3791:
3789:
3784:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3763:
3760:
3759:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3742:
3739:
3738:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3721:
3718:
3717:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3700:
3697:
3696:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3679:
3676:
3675:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3658:
3655:
3654:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3637:
3634:
3633:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3616:
3613:
3612:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3595:
3592:
3591:
3587:
3584:
3581:
3578:
3575:
3572:
3569:
3568:
3564:
3561:
3558:
3555:
3552:
3549:
3546:
3545:
3541:
3538:
3535:
3532:
3529:
3526:
3523:
3522:
3518:
3515:
3512:
3509:
3506:
3503:
3500:
3499:
3495:
3492:
3489:
3486:
3483:
3480:
3477:
3476:
3472:
3469:
3466:
3463:
3460:
3457:
3454:
3451:
3450:
3446:
3443:
3440:
3437:
3434:
3431:
3428:
3427:
3423:
3420:
3417:
3414:
3411:
3408:
3405:
3404:
3400:
3397:
3394:
3391:
3388:
3385:
3382:
3381:
3377:
3374:
3371:
3368:
3365:
3362:
3359:
3358:
3354:
3351:
3348:
3345:
3342:
3339:
3336:
3335:
3331:
3328:
3325:
3322:
3319:
3316:
3313:
3312:
3309:equal energy
3308:
3305:
3302:
3299:
3296:
3293:
3290:
3289:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3275:
3272:
3269:
3266:
3263:
3260:
3259:
3255:
3249:
3246:
3243:
3240:
3237:
3236:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3219:
3216:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3204:
3200:
3194:
3191:
3188:
3185:
3182:
3181:
3178:
3175:
3171:
3165:
3162:
3159:
3156:
3153:
3152:
3149:
3145:
3140:
3137:
3134:
3131:
3128:
3125:
3122:
3121:
3117:
3114:
3111:
3108:
3105:
3102:
3099:
3098:
3094:
3091:
3088:
3085:
3082:
3079:
3076:
3075:
3069:
3061:
3053:
3045:
3041:
3034:
3030:
3024:
3014:
3008:
3006:
3002:
3000:
2989:
2985:
2983:
2977:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2957:
2947:
2943:
2941:
2927:
2921:
2916:
2912:
2906:
2901:
2897:
2891:
2886:
2885:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2858:
2856:
2852:
2842:
2840:
2831:
2828:
2824:
2812:
2808:
2803:
2794:
2792:
2788:
2777:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2754:
2737:
2730:
2728:
2723:
2713:
2707:
2700:
2698:
2693:
2686:
2679:
2677:
2672:
2660:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2632:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2615:
2603:
2601:
2596:
2579:
2572:
2570:
2565:
2555:
2549:
2542:
2540:
2535:
2528:
2521:
2519:
2514:
2502:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2461:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2444:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2423:
2413:
2412:
2392:
2373:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2351:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2329:
2321:
2317:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2280:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2264:
2261:
2258:
2255:
2248:
2234:
2231:
2227:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2207:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2191:
2188:
2182:
2177:
2173:
2165:
2151:
2148:
2144:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2124:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2108:
2105:
2102:
2096:
2091:
2087:
2079:
2065:
2059:
2051:
2047:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2027:
2019:
2015:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1995:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1973:
1965:
1961:
1953:
1952:
1951:
1928:
1902:
1899:
1894:
1890:
1887:
1881:
1870:
1848:
1843:
1839:
1811:
1791:
1772:
1769:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1732:
1729:
1724:
1720:
1712:
1683:
1680:
1677:
1674:
1663:
1654:
1650:
1644:
1640:
1634:
1631:
1624:
1620:
1614:
1610:
1604:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1587:
1581:
1578:
1575:
1557:
1554:
1551:
1548:
1537:
1528:
1524:
1518:
1514:
1508:
1505:
1498:
1494:
1488:
1484:
1478:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1461:
1455:
1452:
1449:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1429:
1421:
1420:
1419:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1387:
1383:
1371:
1367:
1348:
1340:
1336:
1327:
1324:The relative
1302:
1299:
1294:
1291:
1276:
1265:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1252:
1247:
1245:
1233:
1213:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1160:
1156:
1150:
1138:
1117:
1099:
1093:
1085:
1081:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1061:
1053:
1049:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1029:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1007:
999:
995:
987:
986:
985:
971:
953:
950:
945:
941:
937:
934:
931:
928:
925:
922:
915:
914:
913:
911:
907:
905:
901:
895:
891:
890:David MacAdam
887:
886:Deane B. Judd
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
858:
856:
852:
839:
835:
828:
826:
822:
818:
817:sulfuric acid
814:
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799:
795:
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786:
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769:
759:
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743:
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566:
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108:
106:
102:
101:visible light
98:
82:
77:
67:
57:
51:
46:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
6432:Fluorescence
6395:Colorfulness
6388:Dichromatism
6232:
6224:
6194:Chromaticity
6177:Color mixing
6169:Color theory
6102:Color scheme
5965:Chromophobia
5914:
5673:Color vision
5181:Color models
5103:
5096:. Retrieved
5089:the original
5084:
5072:
5064:
5057:. Retrieved
5052:
5040:
5032:
5018:
5012:
4995:
4986:
4960:
4955:
4945:, retrieved
4941:the original
4935:
4929:
4919:, retrieved
4915:the original
4906:
4900:
4882:
4867:
4839:
4808:
4800:
4787:
4778:
4769:
4752:
4748:
4742:
4733:
4730:the original
4714:
4707:
4698:
4694:
4688:
4679:
4673:
4668:for details.
4658:Planck's law
4638:. Retrieved
4634:the original
4629:
4620:
4607:. Retrieved
4598:
4554:
4548:
4515:
4511:
4502:
4483:
4477:
4447:(1): L1–L3.
4444:
4438:
4421:
4415:
4398:
4392:
4384:
4372:
4366:
4357:
4347:
4340:
4336:
4329:
4325:
4318:
4316:
4294:
4290:
4280:
4256:
4239:
4235:
4229:
4212:
4208:
4202:
4193:
4187:
4173:(2): 84–98.
4170:
4166:
4160:
4143:
4137:
4131:
4114:
4108:
4072:
4068:
4044:
4040:
4034:
4017:
4013:
4007:
3994:
3990:
3984:
3976:the original
3960:
3923:
3919:
3913:
3898:
3891:
3882:
3879:the original
3863:
3856:
3833:
3804:
3067:
3059:
3051:
3043:
3019:CIE 1931 2°
2996:
2995:
2986:
2982:fluorescence
2978:
2965:
2959:
2944:
2937:
2928:: Narrowband
2925:
2910:
2895:
2882:
2859:
2850:
2848:
2832:
2820:
2797:Illuminant E
2783:
2755:
2661:
2604:
2597:
2503:
2496:
2489:
2433:
2419:
2406:
2308:
1929:
1789:
1787:
1323:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1248:
1211:
1177:
1168:CIE 1960 UCS
1134:
968:
903:
899:
859:
850:
848:
834:
802:
787:
784:
773:
765:
753:
749:
741:
737:
733:
721:
546:
328:
194:Planck's law
183:
169:
165:
162:Illuminant A
145:
134:
129:
125:
120:
114:
96:
94:
64:January 2024
61:
44:
6569:Color chart
6427:Iridescence
6259:Basic terms
6250:Color terms
6204:Color wheel
6199:Color solid
6063:Color space
6049:subtractive
6032:Color model
5903:Unique hues
5799:Colorimetry
5765:Chromophore
5651: [
5606:ICC profile
5165:Color space
5123:CIE 15:2004
3961:Colorimetry
3941:10397/26550
3174:ICC profile
2966:white point
2956:White point
2950:White point
2913:: Broadband
2768:of 6504 K.
2762:white point
2431:of D65 are
2391:eigenvector
1888:1.438776877
1320:Computation
775:illuminant.
6737:Categories
6589:Shades of:
6422:Brightness
6154:Web colors
6110:Color tool
6093:philosophy
5998:Color cast
5898:Afterimage
5888:Metamerism
5861:Color code
5856:Color task
5839:Dichromacy
5496:Hexachrome
5305:Wide-gamut
5247:UVW (1964)
5242:YUV (1960)
5237:RGB (1931)
5232:XYZ (1931)
5098:5 November
5059:5 November
4947:2017-12-11
4921:2017-12-11
4826:US 6666993
4815:US 5447660
4640:2018-12-17
4609:2008-05-13
4317:Later the
4001:: 641–805.
3809:References
3228:television
2970:normalized
2898:: Standard
2772:, used in
2420:Using the
2416:D65 values
1127:(green), S
190:black body
152:Metamerism
6439:Grayscale
6412:Lightness
6407:Luminance
6216:(fashion)
5916:The dress
5648:JIS Z8102
5431:Rec. 2100
5419:Rec. 2100
5414:Rec. 2020
5345:Rec. 2100
5340:Rec. 2020
4792:Philips.
4695:Die Farbe
4662:Lindbloom
4567:CiteSeerX
4469:250832186
4299:CiteSeerX
3719:LED-RGB1
3144:NTSC 1953
2940:white LED
2866:manganese
2374:λ
2352:λ
2330:λ
2281:−
2192:−
2109:−
2103:−
2060:λ
2028:λ
1996:λ
1974:λ
1891:…
1882:×
1770:−
1733:−
1681:≤
1632:−
1555:≤
1549:≤
1506:−
1349:λ
1288:Δ
1246:instead.
1123:(blue), S
1094:λ
1062:λ
1030:λ
1008:λ
951:−
935:−
910:quadratic
798:color gel
698:−
692:λ
674:×
665:
654:−
645:×
627:×
618:
597:λ
575:λ
512:×
485:×
408:⋅
362:⋅
356:⋅
353:π
305:−
292:λ
272:
259:−
255:λ
226:λ
218:λ
79:Relative
56:talk page
6712:Category
6694:Lighting
6417:Darkness
6237:(Goethe)
6037:additive
6025:Quattron
5611:ISCC–NBS
5501:HSL, HSV
5486:Coloroid
5481:ColorADD
5409:Rec. 709
5404:Rec. 601
5335:Rec. 709
5325:Rec. 601
5310:ProPhoto
5267:CIECAM16
5262:CIECAM02
5214:CIECAM16
5199:CIECAM02
4589:11393625
4540:18268673
3698:LED-BH1
3582:0.39717
3576:0.40441
3559:0.37123
3553:0.37713
3536:0.35444
3530:0.35986
3513:0.37045
3507:0.37281
3490:0.35939
3484:0.35875
3464:0.32960
3458:0.32933
3441:0.37847
3435:0.38835
3418:0.34246
3412:0.34531
3395:0.39074
3389:0.40329
3372:0.38324
3366:0.39430
3349:0.36733
3343:0.37529
3326:0.33559
3320:0.33727
3303:0.33333
3297:0.33333
3273:0.30043
3267:0.29711
3250:0.31740
3244:0.31485
3220:0.33100
3214:0.32903
3195:0.34877
3189:0.34743
3166:0.35952
3160:0.35850
3135:0.31905
3129:0.31616
3112:0.35270
3106:0.35161
3089:0.40594
3083:0.40745
3023:CIE 1964
2926:FL 10–12
2870:phosphor
2862:antimony
2770:Rec. 709
2598:For the
2490:and the
1813:series—D
1576:0.237040
1450:0.244063
1267:—
813:pyridine
778:—
515:1.002648
192:follows
174:—
139:—
6676:Related
6637:Magenta
6562:history
6466:Pantone
5753:Visible
5748:Rainbow
5631:Pantone
5626:Ostwald
5616:Munsell
5521:OSA-UCS
4559:Bibcode
4520:Bibcode
4449:Bibcode
4077:Bibcode
4049:Bibcode
3767:0.3775
3761:LED-V2
3746:0.4548
3740:LED-V1
3725:0.4211
3704:0.4066
3683:0.3236
3677:LED-B5
3662:0.3502
3656:LED-B4
3641:0.3723
3635:LED-B3
3620:0.4012
3614:LED-B2
3599:0.4078
3593:LED-B1
3579:0.44256
3573:0.43695
3556:0.38541
3550:0.38052
3533:0.35090
3527:0.34609
3510:0.37829
3504:0.37417
3487:0.34902
3481:0.34588
3461:0.31569
3455:0.31292
3438:0.38660
3432:0.37790
3415:0.31975
3409:0.31379
3392:0.44920
3386:0.44018
3369:0.41761
3363:0.40910
3346:0.37925
3340:0.37208
3323:0.31811
3317:0.31310
3300:0.33333
3294:0.33333
3281:BT.2035
3270:0.28327
3264:0.28315
3247:0.29968
3241:0.29902
3217:0.31382
3211:0.31272
3192:0.33411
3186:0.33242
3163:0.34773
3157:0.34567
3132:0.31039
3126:0.31006
3109:0.34980
3103:0.34842
3086:0.45117
3080:0.44758
2827:CIE XYZ
2738:107.304
2643:0.33100
2626:0.31382
2580:108.883
2501:), are
2472:0.32903
2455:0.31272
2211:30.0717
2195:31.4424
1903:6503.51
1804:, and D
1582:0.24748
1456:0.09911
1368:in the
1251:et al.'
1234:of the
809:mannite
521:2855.54
103:with a
6689:Qualia
6684:Vision
6632:Purple
6627:Violet
6607:Yellow
6602:Orange
6297:Orange
6292:Purple
6282:Yellow
5716:topics
5671:
5471:CcMmYK
5320:DCI-P3
5025:
4975:
4860:780 nm
4856:380 nm
4850:), in
4831:
4820:
4722:
4701:: 43–.
4660:. See
4587:
4569:
4550:JOSA A
4538:
4467:
4339:) and
4301:
4269:780 nm
4265:380 nm
3968:
3871:
3844:
3764:0.3781
3743:0.4560
3722:0.4557
3701:0.4474
3680:0.3118
3659:0.3422
3638:0.3756
3617:0.4357
3596:0.4560
3285:NTSC-J
2911:FL 7–9
2896:FL 1–6
2687:94.811
2529:95.047
2424:, the
2395:560 nm
2309:where
2284:0.7341
2268:0.2562
2262:0.0241
2189:0.0300
2128:5.9114
2112:1.7703
2106:1.3515
1906:
1895:1.4380
1874:
1849:1.4380
1788:where
1687:
1667:
1635:2.0064
1605:1.9018
1564:
1561:
1541:
1509:4.6070
1479:2.9678
1328:(SPD)
1255:et al.
1228:830 nm
1224:700 nm
1220:330 nm
1216:300 nm
1212:et al.
1131:(red).
954:0.275.
892:, and
866:Ottawa
843:560 nm
823:, and
821:cobalt
728:560 nm
524:
504:
490:1.4388
89:780 nm
85:380 nm
50:sds.py
6748:Color
6743:Light
6722:Index
6662:Black
6652:White
6647:Brown
6612:Green
6514:Lists
6506:Names
6488:(CIE)
6457:Color
6317:Brown
6312:White
6302:Black
6272:Green
6091:Color
5787:Water
5743:Light
5714:Color
5655:]
5516:Oklab
5464:Other
5455:YCoCg
5450:xvYCC
5438:YPbPr
5426:ICtCp
5399:YCbCr
5380:SECAM
5375:YDbDr
5315:scRGB
5300:Adobe
5209:CAM16
5092:(PDF)
5081:(PDF)
5049:(PDF)
5004:(PDF)
4911:(PDF)
4892:(PDF)
4848:Excel
4797:(PDF)
4603:(PDF)
4465:S2CID
4263:from
3774:4070
3753:2724
3732:2840
3711:2851
3690:6598
3669:5109
3648:4103
3627:2998
3606:2733
3585:3000
3562:4000
3539:5000
3516:4150
3493:5000
3467:6500
3444:4150
3421:6350
3398:2940
3375:3450
3352:4230
3329:6430
3306:5454
3276:9305
3253:7504
3223:6504
3198:5503
3169:5003
3148:PAL-M
3138:6774
3115:4874
3092:2856
3038:Note
3016:Name
2758:white
2499:= 100
2401:and M
1946:and S
1938:and M
1923:for D
1773:0.275
1757:2.870
1736:3.000
1684:25000
1303:0.003
1236:10 nm
980:and S
938:3.000
929:2.870
671:1.435
624:1.435
493:1.435
188:of a
176:CIE,
6657:Gray
6642:Pink
6622:Blue
6617:Cyan
6307:Gray
6287:Pink
6267:Blue
6054:CMYK
5641:list
5574:ANPA
5569:ACES
5526:PCCS
5476:CMYK
5392:NTSC
5355:Y′UV
5290:sRGB
5204:iCAM
5100:2016
5061:2016
5023:ISBN
4973:ISBN
4852:5 nm
4720:ISBN
4585:PMID
4536:PMID
4479:JOSA
4417:JOSA
4394:JOSA
4368:JOSA
4273:5 nm
4209:JOSA
4139:JOSA
4110:JOSA
4014:JOSA
3966:ISBN
3869:ISBN
3842:ISBN
3570:F12
3547:F11
3524:F10
3261:D93
3238:D75
3183:D55
3154:D50
3025:10°
2864:and
2849:The
2813:of D
2774:HDTV
2714:.000
2556:.000
1871:6500
1675:<
1664:7000
1558:7000
1538:4000
1240:5 nm
1222:and
1162:The
849:The
689:2848
642:2848
501:2848
184:The
115:The
6597:Red
6383:Hue
6277:Red
6042:RGB
5636:RAL
5621:NCS
5601:HKS
5591:DIC
5551:TSL
5546:YJK
5541:HWB
5536:RYB
5506:HCL
5491:LMS
5443:MAC
5387:YIQ
5368:PAL
5363:YUV
5277:RGB
5224:CIE
5191:CAM
4965:doi
4858:to
4757:doi
4577:doi
4528:doi
4488:doi
4457:doi
4426:doi
4403:doi
4377:doi
4328:),
4309:doi
4267:to
4244:doi
4240:230
4217:doi
4175:doi
4148:doi
4119:doi
4085:doi
4057:doi
4022:doi
3936:hdl
3928:doi
3501:F9
3478:F8
3471:D65
3452:F7
3429:F6
3406:F5
3383:F4
3360:F3
3337:F2
3314:F1
3207:D65
3177:PCS
3071:10°
3063:10°
3029:CCT
2811:CCT
2708:100
2550:100
1825:, D
1821:, D
1817:, D
1810:D65
1800:, D
1796:, D
984:):
880:in
872:in
864:in
726:at
724:100
662:exp
648:560
615:exp
594:560
584:100
269:exp
121:CIE
87:to
6739::
5653:ja
5531:RG
5102:.
5083:.
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4777:.
4753:27
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3787:^
3291:E
3283:,
3230:,
3146:,
3123:C
3100:B
3077:A
3055:2°
3047:2°
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3007:.
2976:.
2857:.
2841:.
2835:55
2815:55
2602:,
1927:.
1925:65
1827:75
1823:65
1819:55
1815:50
1806:75
1802:65
1798:55
1794:50
1641:10
1611:10
1588:10
1515:10
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1462:10
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752:,
740:,
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3068:y
3060:x
3052:y
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2851:F
2817:.
2731:=
2724:Z
2701:=
2694:Y
2680:=
2673:X
2640:=
2633:y
2623:=
2616:x
2573:=
2566:Z
2543:=
2536:Y
2522:=
2515:X
2497:Y
2469:=
2462:y
2452:=
2445:x
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2409:D
2407:S
2403:2
2399:1
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2371:(
2366:2
2362:S
2358:,
2355:)
2349:(
2344:1
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2327:(
2322:0
2318:S
2292:D
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2265:+
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2256:M
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2215:y
2208:+
2203:D
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2136:D
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2100:(
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2042:2
2038:M
2034:+
2031:)
2025:(
2020:1
2016:S
2010:1
2006:M
2002:+
1999:)
1993:(
1988:0
1984:S
1980:=
1977:)
1971:(
1966:D
1962:S
1948:2
1944:1
1940:2
1936:1
1932:D
1910:K
1900:=
1878:K
1844:2
1840:c
1790:T
1765:D
1761:x
1754:+
1749:2
1744:D
1740:x
1730:=
1725:D
1721:y
1691:K
1678:T
1671:K
1655:3
1651:T
1645:9
1625:2
1621:T
1615:6
1602:+
1597:T
1592:3
1579:+
1568:K
1552:T
1545:K
1529:3
1525:T
1519:9
1499:2
1495:T
1489:6
1476:+
1471:T
1466:3
1453:+
1444:{
1439:=
1434:D
1430:x
1406:)
1401:D
1397:y
1393:,
1388:D
1384:x
1380:(
1352:)
1346:(
1341:D
1337:S
1315:.
1300:=
1295:v
1292:u
1226:–
1218:–
1198:)
1195:y
1192:,
1189:x
1186:(
1153:2
1145:1
1141:0
1129:2
1125:1
1121:0
1100:.
1097:)
1091:(
1086:2
1082:S
1076:2
1072:M
1068:+
1065:)
1059:(
1054:1
1050:S
1044:1
1040:M
1036:+
1033:)
1027:(
1022:0
1018:S
1014:=
1011:)
1005:(
1000:D
996:S
982:2
978:1
974:0
946:2
942:x
932:x
926:=
923:y
904:y
900:x
898:(
851:D
845:.
754:y
750:x
748:(
742:Z
738:Y
734:X
732:(
707:.
701:1
682:7
657:1
635:7
607:5
602:)
589:(
581:=
578:)
572:(
567:A
563:S
549:2
532:.
528:K
518:=
508:K
498:=
480:d
477:l
474:o
470:T
466:=
461:w
458:e
455:n
451:T
433:2
419:k
415:/
411:c
405:h
402:=
397:2
393:c
370:2
366:c
359:h
350:2
347:=
342:1
338:c
314:.
308:1
301:)
295:T
286:2
282:c
276:(
262:5
249:1
245:c
238:=
235:)
232:T
229:,
223:(
215:,
212:e
208:M
91:.
66:)
62:(
58:.
52:.
20:)
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