1673:
145:
1346:
1679:
1340:
1668:{\displaystyle y_{\text{c}}={\begin{cases}-1.1063814x_{\text{c}}^{3}-1.34811020x_{\text{c}}^{2}+2.18555832x_{\text{c}}-0.20219683&1667\,{\text{K}}\leq T\leq 2222\,{\text{K}}\\-0.9549476x_{\text{c}}^{3}-1.37418593x_{\text{c}}^{2}+2.09137015x_{\text{c}}-0.16748867&2222\,{\text{K}}\leq T\leq 4000\,{\text{K}}\\+3.0817580x_{\text{c}}^{3}-5.87338670x_{\text{c}}^{2}+3.75112997x_{\text{c}}-0.37001483&4000\,{\text{K}}\leq T\leq 25000\,{\text{K}}\end{cases}}}
1060:
2332:
20:
1335:{\displaystyle x_{\text{c}}={\begin{cases}-0.2661239{\frac {10^{9}}{T^{3}}}-0.2343589{\frac {10^{6}}{T^{2}}}+0.8776956{\frac {10^{3}}{T}}+0.179910&1667\,{\text{K}}\leq T\leq 4000\,{\text{K}}\\-3.0258469{\frac {10^{9}}{T^{3}}}+2.1070379{\frac {10^{6}}{T^{2}}}+0.2226347{\frac {10^{3}}{T}}+0.240390&4000\,{\text{K}}\leq T\leq 25000\,{\text{K}}\end{cases}}}
2041:
1871:
1687:
2851:
A new algorithm to calculate correlated colour temperature is given. This algorithm is based on a rational
Chebyshev approximation of the Planckian locus in the CIE 1960 UCS diagram and a bisection procedure. Thus time-consuming search procedures in tables or charts are no longer
2450:, the CIE worked around this problem by explicitly specifying the form of the SPD, rather than making references to black bodies and a color temperature. Nevertheless, it is useful to be aware of previous revisions in order to be able to verify calculations made in older texts:
582:
2778:
1877:
1707:
136:, making the familiar chromaticity diagram shown in the figure. The Planckian locus, the path that the color of a black body takes as the blackbody temperature changes, is often shown in this standard chromaticity space.
405:
327:
249:
2314:
The 1960 UCS diagram and 1964 Uniform Space are declared obsolete recommendation in CIE 15.2 (1986), but have been retained for the time being for calculating colour rendering indices and correlated colour
2178:
2111:
870:
787:
2339:. The isotherms are perpendicular to the Planckian locus, and are drawn to indicate the maximum distance from the locus that the CIE considers the correlated color temperature to be meaningful:
2328:
Owing to the perceptual inaccuracy inherent to the concept, it suffices to calculate to within 2 K at lower CCTs and 10 K at higher CCTs to reach the threshold of imperceptibility.
472:
2222:
2376:
2277:) is the temperature of the Planckian radiator whose perceived colour most closely resembles that of a given stimulus at the same brightness and under specified viewing conditions
1050:
scale changes more evenly along the locus than the temperature itself, it is common for such approximations to be functions of the reciprocal temperature. Kim et al. use a
2432:
2036:{\displaystyle {\bar {v}}(T)={\frac {0.317398726+4.22806245\times 10^{-5}T+4.20481691\times 10^{-8}T^{2}}{1-2.89741816\times 10^{-5}T+1.61456053\times 10^{-7}T^{2}}}}
1866:{\displaystyle {\bar {u}}(T)={\frac {0.860117757+1.54118254\times 10^{-4}T+1.28641212\times 10^{-7}T^{2}}{1+8.42420235\times 10^{-4}T+7.08145163\times 10^{-7}T^{2}}}}
2686:
2638:
2593:
2556:
2519:
2478:
2899:
Kelly, Kenneth L. (August 1963). "Lines of constant correlated color temperature based on MacAdam's (u,v) Uniform chromaticity transformation of the CIE diagram".
2718:
is now an exact value as well. Note that ... doesn't indicate a repeating fraction; it merely means that of this exact value only the first ten digits are shown.
2446:). These successive revisions caused a shift in the Planckian locus and, as a result, the correlated color temperature scale. Before ceasing publication of
2793:
462:
is the wavelength. The
Planckian locus is determined by substituting into the above equations the black body spectral radiant exitance, which is given by
2386:
The
Planckian locus is derived by the determining the chromaticity values of a Planckian radiator using the standard colorimetric observer. The relative
2937:
2711:
fixed the
Boltzmann constant to an exact value. Since the Planck constant and the speed of light were already fixed to exact values, that means that
2488:(ITS-27). Note: Was in effect during the standardization of Illuminants A, B, C (1931), however the CIE used the value recommended by the U.S.
333:
255:
177:
3177:
Mohr, Peter J.; Newell, David B.; Taylor, Barry N. (2016-11-22). "CODATA Recommended Values of the
Fundamental Physical Constants: 2014".
2964:
2865:
2435:
2116:
2049:
120:) which specify the color and brightness of a particular homogeneous visual stimulus. A chromaticity is a color projected into a
793:
710:
3001:
638:
is the black body spectral radiant exitance (power per unit area per unit wavelength: watt per square meter per meter (W/m))
1682:
Kim et al.'s approximation to the
Planckian locus (shown in red). The notches demarcate the three splines (shown in blue).
2253:
577:{\displaystyle M(\lambda ,T)={\frac {c_{1}}{\lambda ^{5}}}{\frac {1}{\exp \left({\frac {c_{2}}{{\lambda }T}}\right)-1}}}
625:
605:
2947:
2757:
3254:
Numerical table of color temperature and the corresponding xy and sRGB coordinates for both the 1931 and 1964 CMFs
2306:
on the
Planckian locus. Since the CIE's 1959 meeting in Brussels, the Planckian locus has been computed using the
3017:
2439:
148:
128:
projects directly to the corresponding chromaticity space specified by the two chromaticity coordinates known as
2816:
2183:
2290:
455:
3253:
2776:, Kim et al., "Color Temperature Conversion System and Method Using the Same", issued 2006-04-04
2489:
2342:
2310:, also known as MacAdam's (u,v) diagram. Today, the CIE 1960 color space is deprecated for other purposes:
2299:
2387:
3231:"2018 CODATA Value: second radiation constant â The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty"
1042:
space is depicted as a curve in the chromaticity diagram above. While it is possible to compute the CIE
3124:
Mohr, Peter J. (2016-09-26). "CODATA recommended values of the fundamental physical constants: 2014".
2773:
423:
3042:
Hall, J.A. (January 1967). "The Early
History of the International Practical Scale of Temperature".
1368:
1082:
2390:(SPD) of a Planckian radiator follows Planck's law, and depends on the second radiation constant,
2728:
2708:
451:
89:
2792:
Bongsoon Kang; Ohak Moon; Changhee Hong; Honam Lee; Bonghwan Cho; Youngsun Kim (December 2002).
2393:
2971:
2885:
2833:
Krystek, Michael P. (January 1985). "An algorithm to calculate correlated colour temperature".
1046:
co-ordinates exactly given the above formulas, it is faster to use approximations. Since the
3269:
3196:
3143:
2910:
2664:
2616:
2571:
2534:
2497:
2456:
2336:
2307:
1698:
156:
93:
50:
8:
2447:
125:
121:
44:
3200:
3147:
2914:
144:
3230:
3186:
3159:
3133:
2993:
2808:
673:
54:
3212:
3088:
2997:
2943:
2753:
2286:
3055:
679:
This will give the
Planckian locus in CIE XYZ color space. If these coordinates are
3204:
3163:
3151:
3107:
3080:
3051:
2918:
2877:
2842:
2812:
1691:
1690:
Animation showing an approximation of the color of the
Planckian Locus through the
897:(the âregularâ first radiation constant), in which case the formula would give the
2251:) on or near the Planckian locus to correlated color temperature, is discussed in
3155:
655:
463:
1678:
2322:
Method of Measuring and Specifying Colour Rendering Properties of Light Sources
664:
66:
2321:
2282:
3263:
3216:
32:
2965:"Results of the Intercomparison of Correlated Color Temperature Calculation"
2791:
3092:
3084:
2922:
2846:
2794:"Design of Advanced Color Temperature Control System for HDTV Applications"
1051:
113:
2303:
1701:, which is used to compute CCT and CRI, using the following expressions:
645:
400:{\displaystyle Z_{T}=\int _{\lambda }Z(\lambda )M(\lambda ,T)\,d\lambda }
322:{\displaystyle Y_{T}=\int _{\lambda }Y(\lambda )M(\lambda ,T)\,d\lambda }
244:{\displaystyle X_{T}=\int _{\lambda }X(\lambda )M(\lambda ,T)\,d\lambda }
85:
58:
3108:"CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants: 2010"
875:
Note that in the above formula for Planck's Law, you might as well use
3208:
3021:
2747:
2881:
117:
3105:
3191:
3138:
2750:
Color Science: Concepts and Methods, Quantitative Data and Formulae
898:
2529:(IPTS-48). In effect for Illuminant series D (formalized in 1967).
2331:
704:
is the temperature, then the CIE chromaticity coordinates will be
2863:
28:
19:
16:
Locus of colors of incandescent black bodies within a color space
2232:) coordinates estimated from above to derive the corresponding (
2704:
2656:
2608:
1686:
92:; that is, a color is specified by a set of three numbers (the
70:
2864:
BorbĂ©ly, Ăkos; SĂĄmson,ĂrpĂĄd; Schanda, JĂĄnos (December 2001).
1047:
912:) of the black body instead of the spectral radiant exitance
74:
3069:
Moon, Parry (March 1948). "A table of Planckian radiation".
2173:{\displaystyle \left|v-{\bar {v}}\right|<9\times 10^{-5}}
2106:{\displaystyle \left|u-{\bar {u}}\right|<8\times 10^{-5}}
3106:
Mohr, Peter J.; Taylor, Barry N.; Newell, David B. (2012).
3071:
2901:
1661:
1328:
78:
151:
functions used to map blackbody spectra to XYZ coordinates
2935:
2302:
involves finding the closest point to the light source's
2243:
The inverse calculation, from chromaticity co-ordinates (
139:
109:
62:
2866:"The concept of correlated colour temperature revisited"
865:{\displaystyle y_{T}={\frac {Y_{T}}{X_{T}+Y_{T}+Z_{T}}}}
782:{\displaystyle x_{T}={\frac {X_{T}}{X_{T}+Y_{T}+Z_{T}}}}
2748:
Wyszecki, GĂŒnter & Stiles, Walter Stanley (2000).
159:, the three coordinates defining a color are given by
2667:
2619:
2574:
2537:
2500:
2459:
2396:
2345:
2186:
2119:
2052:
1880:
1710:
1349:
1063:
796:
713:
475:
336:
258:
180:
2962:
2438:
has revised its estimate of this constant, with the
1697:
The Planckian locus can also be approximated in the
124:
that ignores brightness. For example, the standard
23:
Planckian locus in the CIE 1931 chromaticity diagram
2936:Simons, Ronald Harvey; Bean, Arthur Robert (2001).
2680:
2632:
2587:
2550:
2513:
2472:
2426:
2381:
2370:
2240:), if a larger range of temperatures is required.
2216:
2172:
2105:
2035:
1865:
1667:
1334:
864:
781:
576:
399:
321:
243:
2254:Correlated color temperature § Approximation
3261:
3176:
2566:(ITS-68), (ITS-90). Often used in recent papers.
3179:Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data
2298:The mathematical procedure for determining the
2260:
2224:. Alternatively, one can use the chromaticity (
2963:Ohno, Yoshi; Jergens, Michael (19 June 1999).
2987:
2434:. As measuring techniques have improved, the
2988:Janos Schanda (2007). "3: CIE Colorimetry".
2939:Lighting Engineering: Applied Calculations
2436:General Conference on Weights and Measures
2217:{\displaystyle 1000\,K<T<15\,000\,K}
3190:
3137:
2990:Colorimetry: Understanding the CIE System
2444:International Practical Temperature Scale
2210:
2206:
2190:
2046:This approximation is accurate to within
1652:
1634:
1555:
1537:
1458:
1440:
1319:
1301:
1197:
1179:
1030:might therefore simply be replaced by 1.
924:). However, this change only affects the
458:, shown in the diagram on the right, and
390:
312:
234:
2330:
1685:
1677:
143:
18:
2832:
1002:are calculated, the absolute values of
149:CIE 1931 Standard Colorimetric Observer
108:, for example, or other values such as
3262:
2801:Journal of the Korean Physical Society
2707:2018). Current value, as of 2020. The
1023:do not matter. For practical reasons,
140:Planckian locus in the XYZ color space
2898:
2741:
2371:{\displaystyle \Delta _{uv}=\pm 0.05}
2285:, International Lighting Vocabulary (
3123:
3068:
3041:
2752:(2E ed.). Wiley-Interscience.
13:
2347:
14:
3281:
3247:
81:white at very high temperatures.
2870:Color Research & Application
2835:Color Research & Application
1033:
3223:
3170:
3117:
3099:
3062:
3035:
3010:
2440:International Temperature Scale
2382:International Temperature Scale
988:= 100) and are normalized when
426:of the light being viewed, and
2981:
2956:
2929:
2892:
2857:
2826:
2785:
2766:
2137:
2070:
1899:
1893:
1887:
1729:
1723:
1717:
886:(the first radiation constant
491:
479:
456:standard colorimetric observer
387:
375:
369:
363:
309:
297:
291:
285:
231:
219:
213:
207:
1:
2734:
3156:10.1103/RevModPhys.88.035009
2490:National Bureau of Standards
2300:correlated color temperature
2268:correlated color temperature
2261:Correlated color temperature
65:at low temperatures through
61:changes. It goes from deep
7:
2722:
2388:spectral power distribution
53:would take in a particular
10:
3286:
3018:"The ITS-90 Resource Site"
2427:{\displaystyle c_{2}=hc/k}
974:are usually normalized to
3126:Reviews of Modern Physics
3056:10.1088/0026-1394/3/1/006
2772:
626:second radiation constant
424:spectral radiant exitance
606:first radiation constant
452:color matching functions
2942:. Architectural Press.
2729:Ultraviolet catastrophe
2709:2019 revision of the SI
1038:The Planckian locus in
90:three-dimensional space
51:incandescent black body
3256:, by Mitchell Charity.
3085:10.1364/JOSA.38.000291
2970:. CORM. Archived from
2923:10.1364/JOSA.53.000999
2847:10.1002/col.5080100109
2682:
2634:
2589:
2552:
2515:
2474:
2428:
2378:
2372:
2326:
2296:
2218:
2174:
2107:
2037:
1867:
1694:
1683:
1669:
1336:
951:relative to each other
866:
783:
578:
401:
323:
245:
152:
24:
2977:on 30 September 2006.
2774:US patent 7024034
2683:
2681:{\displaystyle c_{2}}
2635:
2633:{\displaystyle c_{2}}
2590:
2588:{\displaystyle c_{2}}
2553:
2551:{\displaystyle c_{2}}
2516:
2514:{\displaystyle c_{2}}
2475:
2473:{\displaystyle c_{2}}
2429:
2373:
2334:
2312:
2264:
2219:
2175:
2108:
2038:
1868:
1689:
1681:
1670:
1337:
888:for spectral radiance
867:
784:
579:
402:
324:
246:
147:
122:two-dimensional space
49:that the color of an
22:
2665:
2617:
2572:
2535:
2498:
2457:
2448:standard illuminants
2394:
2343:
2308:CIE 1960 color space
2184:
2117:
2050:
1878:
1708:
1699:CIE 1960 color space
1347:
1061:
794:
711:
473:
334:
256:
178:
3201:2016JPCRD..45d3102M
3148:2016RvMP...88c5009M
2915:1963JOSA...53..999K
1606:
1585:
1509:
1488:
1412:
1391:
157:CIE XYZ color space
126:CIE XYZ color space
2996:. pp. 37â46.
2994:Wiley Interscience
2678:
2630:
2585:
2548:
2511:
2470:
2442:(and briefly, the
2424:
2379:
2368:
2214:
2170:
2103:
2033:
1863:
1695:
1684:
1665:
1660:
1592:
1571:
1495:
1474:
1398:
1377:
1332:
1327:
862:
779:
674:Boltzmann constant
574:
397:
319:
241:
153:
55:chromaticity space
25:
3209:10.1063/1.4954402
3003:978-0-470-04904-4
2320:CIE 13.3 (1995),
2283:CIE/IEC 17.4:1987
2140:
2073:
2031:
1890:
1861:
1720:
1656:
1638:
1620:
1599:
1578:
1559:
1541:
1523:
1502:
1481:
1462:
1444:
1426:
1405:
1384:
1357:
1323:
1305:
1288:
1265:
1235:
1201:
1183:
1166:
1143:
1113:
1071:
949:, not the values
899:spectral radiance
860:
777:
648:of the black body
572:
559:
519:
57:as the blackbody
3277:
3241:
3240:
3238:
3237:
3227:
3221:
3220:
3194:
3174:
3168:
3167:
3141:
3121:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3103:
3097:
3096:
3066:
3060:
3059:
3039:
3033:
3032:
3030:
3029:
3020:. Archived from
3014:
3008:
3007:
2985:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2969:
2960:
2954:
2953:
2933:
2927:
2926:
2896:
2890:
2889:
2884:. Archived from
2882:10.1002/col.1065
2861:
2855:
2854:
2830:
2824:
2823:
2821:
2815:. Archived from
2798:
2789:
2783:
2782:
2781:
2777:
2770:
2764:
2763:
2745:
2702:
2700:
2696:
2693:
2687:
2685:
2684:
2679:
2677:
2676:
2654:
2652:
2648:
2645:
2639:
2637:
2636:
2631:
2629:
2628:
2606:
2604:
2600:
2594:
2592:
2591:
2586:
2584:
2583:
2565:
2563:
2557:
2555:
2554:
2549:
2547:
2546:
2528:
2526:
2520:
2518:
2517:
2512:
2510:
2509:
2487:
2485:
2479:
2477:
2476:
2471:
2469:
2468:
2433:
2431:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2406:
2405:
2377:
2375:
2374:
2369:
2358:
2357:
2335:Close up of the
2324:
2294:
2223:
2221:
2220:
2215:
2179:
2177:
2176:
2171:
2169:
2168:
2147:
2143:
2142:
2141:
2133:
2112:
2110:
2109:
2104:
2102:
2101:
2080:
2076:
2075:
2074:
2066:
2042:
2040:
2039:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2029:
2028:
2019:
2018:
1994:
1993:
1968:
1967:
1966:
1957:
1956:
1932:
1931:
1906:
1892:
1891:
1883:
1872:
1870:
1869:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1859:
1858:
1849:
1848:
1824:
1823:
1798:
1797:
1796:
1787:
1786:
1762:
1761:
1736:
1722:
1721:
1713:
1692:visible spectrum
1674:
1672:
1671:
1666:
1664:
1663:
1657:
1654:
1639:
1636:
1622:
1621:
1618:
1605:
1600:
1597:
1584:
1579:
1576:
1560:
1557:
1542:
1539:
1525:
1524:
1521:
1508:
1503:
1500:
1487:
1482:
1479:
1463:
1460:
1445:
1442:
1428:
1427:
1424:
1411:
1406:
1403:
1390:
1385:
1382:
1359:
1358:
1355:
1341:
1339:
1338:
1333:
1331:
1330:
1324:
1321:
1306:
1303:
1289:
1284:
1283:
1274:
1266:
1264:
1263:
1254:
1253:
1244:
1236:
1234:
1233:
1224:
1223:
1214:
1202:
1199:
1184:
1181:
1167:
1162:
1161:
1152:
1144:
1142:
1141:
1132:
1131:
1122:
1114:
1112:
1111:
1102:
1101:
1092:
1073:
1072:
1069:
871:
869:
868:
863:
861:
859:
858:
857:
845:
844:
832:
831:
821:
820:
811:
806:
805:
788:
786:
785:
780:
778:
776:
775:
774:
762:
761:
749:
748:
738:
737:
728:
723:
722:
600:
583:
581:
580:
575:
573:
571:
564:
560:
558:
554:
548:
547:
538:
522:
520:
518:
517:
508:
507:
498:
406:
404:
403:
398:
359:
358:
346:
345:
328:
326:
325:
320:
281:
280:
268:
267:
250:
248:
247:
242:
203:
202:
190:
189:
41:black body locus
3285:
3284:
3280:
3279:
3278:
3276:
3275:
3274:
3260:
3259:
3250:
3245:
3244:
3235:
3233:
3229:
3228:
3224:
3175:
3171:
3122:
3118:
3110:
3104:
3100:
3067:
3063:
3040:
3036:
3027:
3025:
3016:
3015:
3011:
3004:
2986:
2982:
2974:
2967:
2961:
2957:
2950:
2934:
2930:
2897:
2893:
2862:
2858:
2831:
2827:
2819:
2796:
2790:
2786:
2779:
2771:
2767:
2760:
2746:
2742:
2737:
2725:
2717:
2698:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2672:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2662:
2650:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2624:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2614:
2602:
2598:
2596:
2579:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2561:
2559:
2542:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2532:
2524:
2522:
2505:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2495:
2483:
2481:
2464:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2454:
2416:
2401:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2391:
2384:
2350:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2340:
2325:
2319:
2295:
2281:
2276:
2263:
2185:
2182:
2181:
2161:
2157:
2132:
2131:
2124:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2094:
2090:
2065:
2064:
2057:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2047:
2024:
2020:
2011:
2007:
1986:
1982:
1969:
1962:
1958:
1949:
1945:
1924:
1920:
1907:
1905:
1882:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1854:
1850:
1841:
1837:
1816:
1812:
1799:
1792:
1788:
1779:
1775:
1754:
1750:
1737:
1735:
1712:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1705:
1659:
1658:
1653:
1635:
1629:
1617:
1613:
1601:
1596:
1580:
1575:
1562:
1561:
1556:
1538:
1532:
1520:
1516:
1504:
1499:
1483:
1478:
1465:
1464:
1459:
1441:
1435:
1423:
1419:
1407:
1402:
1386:
1381:
1364:
1363:
1354:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1326:
1325:
1320:
1302:
1296:
1279:
1275:
1273:
1259:
1255:
1249:
1245:
1243:
1229:
1225:
1219:
1215:
1213:
1204:
1203:
1198:
1180:
1174:
1157:
1153:
1151:
1137:
1133:
1127:
1123:
1121:
1107:
1103:
1097:
1093:
1091:
1078:
1077:
1068:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1036:
1029:
1021:
1014:
1007:
1000:
993:
986:
979:
972:
965:
958:
947:
940:
933:
895:
881:
853:
849:
840:
836:
827:
823:
822:
816:
812:
810:
801:
797:
795:
792:
791:
770:
766:
757:
753:
744:
740:
739:
733:
729:
727:
718:
714:
712:
709:
708:
698:
691:
684:
656:Planck constant
614:
598:
595:
550:
549:
543:
539:
537:
533:
526:
521:
513:
509:
503:
499:
497:
474:
471:
470:
354:
350:
341:
337:
335:
332:
331:
276:
272:
263:
259:
257:
254:
253:
198:
194:
185:
181:
179:
176:
175:
142:
43:is the path or
37:Planckian locus
17:
12:
11:
5:
3283:
3273:
3272:
3258:
3257:
3249:
3248:External links
3246:
3243:
3242:
3222:
3169:
3116:
3098:
3079:(3): 291â294.
3061:
3034:
3009:
3002:
2980:
2955:
2948:
2928:
2891:
2888:on 2009-02-05.
2876:(6): 450â457.
2856:
2825:
2822:on 2019-03-03.
2807:(6): 865â871.
2784:
2765:
2758:
2739:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2731:
2724:
2721:
2720:
2719:
2715:
2675:
2671:
2660:
2627:
2623:
2612:
2582:
2578:
2567:
2545:
2541:
2530:
2508:
2504:
2493:
2467:
2463:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2412:
2409:
2404:
2400:
2383:
2380:
2367:
2364:
2361:
2356:
2353:
2349:
2317:
2279:
2274:
2262:
2259:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2202:
2199:
2196:
2193:
2189:
2167:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2153:
2150:
2146:
2139:
2136:
2130:
2127:
2123:
2100:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2086:
2083:
2079:
2072:
2069:
2063:
2060:
2056:
2044:
2043:
2027:
2023:
2017:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2003:
2000:
1997:
1992:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1978:
1975:
1972:
1965:
1961:
1955:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1941:
1938:
1935:
1930:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1916:
1913:
1910:
1904:
1901:
1898:
1895:
1889:
1886:
1873:
1857:
1853:
1847:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1833:
1830:
1827:
1822:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1808:
1805:
1802:
1795:
1791:
1785:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1760:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1746:
1743:
1740:
1734:
1731:
1728:
1725:
1719:
1716:
1676:
1675:
1662:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1642:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1616:
1612:
1609:
1604:
1595:
1591:
1588:
1583:
1574:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1554:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1519:
1515:
1512:
1507:
1498:
1494:
1491:
1486:
1477:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1448:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1422:
1418:
1415:
1410:
1401:
1397:
1394:
1389:
1380:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1367:
1362:
1353:
1342:
1329:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1309:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1278:
1272:
1269:
1262:
1258:
1252:
1248:
1242:
1239:
1232:
1228:
1222:
1218:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1156:
1150:
1147:
1140:
1136:
1130:
1126:
1120:
1117:
1110:
1106:
1100:
1096:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1081:
1076:
1067:
1035:
1032:
1027:
1019:
1012:
1005:
998:
991:
984:
977:
970:
963:
956:
945:
938:
931:
893:
879:
873:
872:
856:
852:
848:
843:
839:
835:
830:
826:
819:
815:
809:
804:
800:
789:
773:
769:
765:
760:
756:
752:
747:
743:
736:
732:
726:
721:
717:
696:
689:
682:
677:
676:
667:
665:speed of light
658:
649:
639:
629:
628:
612:
608:
593:
585:
584:
570:
567:
563:
557:
553:
546:
542:
536:
532:
529:
525:
516:
512:
506:
502:
496:
493:
490:
487:
484:
481:
478:
408:
407:
396:
393:
389:
386:
383:
380:
377:
374:
371:
368:
365:
362:
357:
353:
349:
344:
340:
329:
318:
315:
311:
308:
305:
302:
299:
296:
293:
290:
287:
284:
279:
275:
271:
266:
262:
251:
240:
237:
233:
230:
227:
224:
221:
218:
215:
212:
209:
206:
201:
197:
193:
188:
184:
141:
138:
77:, and finally
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3282:
3271:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3255:
3252:
3251:
3232:
3226:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3185:(4): 043102.
3184:
3180:
3173:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3132:(3): 035009.
3131:
3127:
3120:
3109:
3102:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3073:
3065:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3038:
3024:on 2008-02-21
3023:
3019:
3013:
3005:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2984:
2973:
2966:
2959:
2951:
2949:0-7506-5051-6
2945:
2941:
2940:
2932:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2903:
2895:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2860:
2853:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2829:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2795:
2788:
2775:
2769:
2761:
2759:0-471-39918-3
2755:
2751:
2744:
2740:
2730:
2727:
2726:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2673:
2669:
2661:
2658:
2625:
2621:
2613:
2610:
2580:
2576:
2568:
2543:
2539:
2531:
2506:
2502:
2494:
2491:
2465:
2461:
2453:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2410:
2407:
2402:
2398:
2389:
2365:
2362:
2359:
2354:
2351:
2338:
2333:
2329:
2323:
2316:
2311:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2278:
2273:
2269:
2258:
2256:
2255:
2250:
2246:
2241:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2200:
2197:
2194:
2191:
2187:
2165:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2151:
2148:
2144:
2134:
2128:
2125:
2121:
2098:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2084:
2081:
2077:
2067:
2061:
2058:
2054:
2025:
2021:
2015:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2001:
1998:
1995:
1990:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1976:
1973:
1970:
1963:
1959:
1953:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1939:
1936:
1933:
1928:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1914:
1911:
1908:
1902:
1896:
1884:
1874:
1855:
1851:
1845:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1820:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1806:
1803:
1800:
1793:
1789:
1783:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1769:
1766:
1763:
1758:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1744:
1741:
1738:
1732:
1726:
1714:
1704:
1703:
1702:
1700:
1693:
1688:
1680:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1631:
1626:
1623:
1614:
1610:
1607:
1602:
1593:
1589:
1586:
1581:
1572:
1568:
1565:
1552:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1534:
1529:
1526:
1517:
1513:
1510:
1505:
1496:
1492:
1489:
1484:
1475:
1471:
1468:
1455:
1452:
1449:
1446:
1437:
1432:
1429:
1420:
1416:
1413:
1408:
1399:
1395:
1392:
1387:
1378:
1374:
1371:
1365:
1360:
1351:
1343:
1316:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1298:
1293:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1276:
1270:
1267:
1260:
1256:
1250:
1246:
1240:
1237:
1230:
1226:
1220:
1216:
1210:
1207:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1176:
1171:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1154:
1148:
1145:
1138:
1134:
1128:
1124:
1118:
1115:
1108:
1104:
1098:
1094:
1088:
1085:
1079:
1074:
1065:
1057:
1056:
1055:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1034:Approximation
1031:
1026:
1022:
1015:
1008:
1001:
994:
987:
980:
973:
966:
959:
952:
948:
941:
934:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
900:
896:
890:) instead of
889:
885:
878:
854:
850:
846:
841:
837:
833:
828:
824:
817:
813:
807:
802:
798:
790:
771:
767:
763:
758:
754:
750:
745:
741:
734:
730:
724:
719:
715:
707:
706:
705:
703:
699:
692:
685:
675:
671:
668:
666:
662:
659:
657:
653:
650:
647:
643:
640:
637:
634:
633:
632:
627:
623:
619:
615:
609:
607:
603:
596:
590:
589:
588:
568:
565:
561:
555:
551:
544:
540:
534:
530:
527:
523:
514:
510:
504:
500:
494:
488:
485:
482:
476:
469:
468:
467:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
394:
391:
384:
381:
378:
372:
366:
360:
355:
351:
347:
342:
338:
330:
316:
313:
306:
303:
300:
294:
288:
282:
277:
273:
269:
264:
260:
252:
238:
235:
228:
225:
222:
216:
210:
204:
199:
195:
191:
186:
182:
174:
173:
172:
170:
166:
162:
158:
150:
146:
137:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
82:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
47:
42:
38:
34:
33:color science
30:
21:
3234:. Retrieved
3225:
3182:
3178:
3172:
3129:
3125:
3119:
3101:
3076:
3070:
3064:
3050:(1): 25â28.
3047:
3043:
3037:
3026:. Retrieved
3022:the original
3012:
2989:
2983:
2972:the original
2958:
2938:
2931:
2906:
2900:
2894:
2886:the original
2873:
2869:
2859:
2850:
2841:(1): 38â40.
2838:
2834:
2828:
2817:the original
2804:
2800:
2787:
2768:
2749:
2743:
2712:
2492:, 1.435 Ă 10
2443:
2385:
2337:CIE 1960 UCS
2327:
2315:temperature.
2313:
2297:
2271:
2267:
2265:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2242:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2045:
1696:
1052:cubic spline
1043:
1039:
1037:
1024:
1017:
1010:
1003:
996:
989:
982:
975:
968:
961:
954:
950:
943:
936:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
891:
887:
883:
876:
874:
701:
694:
687:
680:
678:
669:
660:
651:
641:
635:
630:
621:
617:
610:
601:
591:
586:
464:Planck's law
459:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
419:
415:
411:
409:
168:
164:
160:
154:
133:
129:
114:colorfulness
105:
101:
97:
96:coordinates
83:
45:
40:
36:
26:
3270:Color space
2701:10 m·K
2653:10 m·K
2605:10 m·K
2564:10 m·K
2527:10 m·K
2486:10 m·K
2304:white point
1909:0.317398726
1739:0.860117757
646:temperature
454:of the CIE
86:color space
59:temperature
3236:2020-01-17
3192:1507.07956
3139:1507.07956
3044:Metrologia
3028:2008-02-20
2909:(8): 999.
2852:necessary.
2735:References
2291:3900734070
2002:1.61456053
1977:2.89741816
1940:4.20481691
1915:4.22806245
1832:7.08145163
1807:8.42420235
1770:1.28641212
1745:1.54118254
1627:0.37001483
1611:3.75112997
1590:5.87338670
1530:0.16748867
1514:2.09137015
1493:1.37418593
1433:0.20219683
1417:2.18555832
1396:1.34811020
928:values of
450:) are the
3217:0047-2689
2363:±
2348:Δ
2163:−
2155:×
2138:¯
2129:−
2096:−
2088:×
2071:¯
2062:−
2013:−
2005:×
1988:−
1980:×
1974:−
1951:−
1943:×
1926:−
1918:×
1888:¯
1843:−
1835:×
1818:−
1810:×
1781:−
1773:×
1756:−
1748:×
1718:¯
1647:≤
1641:≤
1624:−
1587:−
1569:3.0817580
1550:≤
1544:≤
1527:−
1490:−
1472:0.9549476
1469:−
1453:≤
1447:≤
1430:−
1393:−
1375:1.1063814
1372:−
1314:≤
1308:≤
1271:0.2226347
1241:2.1070379
1211:3.0258469
1208:−
1192:≤
1186:≤
1149:0.8776956
1119:0.2343589
1116:−
1089:0.2661239
1086:−
981:= 1 (or
566:−
552:λ
531:
511:λ
483:λ
422:) is the
395:λ
379:λ
367:λ
356:λ
352:∫
317:λ
301:λ
289:λ
278:λ
274:∫
239:λ
223:λ
211:λ
200:λ
196:∫
118:luminance
71:yellowish
3264:Category
3093:18903298
2723:See also
2318:â
2280:â
1294:0.240390
1172:0.179910
953:. Since
926:absolute
3197:Bibcode
3164:1115862
3144:Bibcode
2911:Bibcode
2813:4489377
672:is the
663:is the
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