White - Knowledge

909: 2243: 1132: 1302: 67: 2870: 1172: 1188: 1148: 1112: 2934: 3125: 747: 1207: 974: 2223: 763: 952: 936: 1088: 2894: 2850: 96: 2184: 1562: 779: 1550: 2168: 996: 1716: 1364: 1596: 2298: 2274: 3141: 1318: 1577: 3463: 3498: 3431: 1995: 2918: 2262: 103: 60: 3165: 1732: 1380: 3482: 78: 3292: 7553: 5857: 3447: 146: 3198: 2148: 2132: 7563: 6927: 85: 3190: 2658: 908: 2933: 791: 2869: 3634:

Völz, Hans G.; Kischkewitz, Jürgen; Woditsch, Peter; Westerhaus, Axel; Griebler, Wolf-Dieter; De Liedekerke, Marcel; Buxbaum, Gunter; Printzen, Helmut; Mansmann, Manfred; Räde, Dieter; Trenczek, Gerhard; Wilhelm, Volker; Schwarz, Stefanie; Wienand, Henning; Adel, Jörg; Adrian, Gerhard; Brandt, Karl;

1672:

are white for the same reason as ice. They are composed of water droplets or ice crystals mixed with air, very little light that strikes them is absorbed, and most of the light is scattered, appearing to the eye as white. Shadows of other clouds above can make clouds look gray, and some clouds have

1069:

White was the universal color of both men and women's underwear and of sheets in the 18th and 19th centuries. It was unthinkable to have sheets or underwear of any other color. The reason was simple; the manner of washing linen in boiling water caused colors to fade. When linen was worn out, it was

1658:

enters snow, very little of the spectrum is absorbed; almost all of the light is reflected or scattered by the air and water molecules, so the snow appears to be the color of sunlight, white. Sometimes the light bounces around inside the ice crystals before being scattered, making the snow seem to

1464:

A range of spectral distributions of light sources can be perceived as white—there is no single, unique specification of "white light". For example, when buying a "white" light bulb, one might buy one labeled 2700K, 6000K, etc., which produce light having very different spectral distributions, and

3529:

as those "having origins in any of the original peoples of Europe, the Middle East, or North Africa. It includes people who reported "white" or wrote in entries such as Irish, German, Italian, Lebanese, Near Easterner, Arab, or Polish." White people constitute the majority of the U.S. population,

3180:

White is the color most associated with cleanliness. Objects which are expected to be clean, such as refrigerators and dishes, toilets and sinks, bed linen and towels, are traditionally white. White was the traditional color of the coats of doctors, nurses, scientists and laboratory technicians,

1887:

and violet region (usually 340–370 nm) of the electromagnetic spectrum, and re-emit light in the blue region (typically 420–470 nm). OBAs are often used in paper and clothing to create an impression of very bright white. This is due to the fact that the materials actually send out more

3217:

and phantoms. In the past the dead were traditionally buried in a white shroud. Ghosts are said to be the spirits of the dead who, for various reasons, are unable to rest or enter heaven, and so walk the earth in their white shrouds. White is also connected with the paleness of death. A common

3356:

White is the source of more names for women in western countries than any other color. Names taken from white include Alba, Albine (Latin). Blandine, Blanche and Blanchette (French); Bianca (Italian); Jennifer (Celt); Genevieve, Candice (from Latin Candida); Fenela, Fiona and Finola (Irish);

1131: 1443:(see image above). White light can be fabricated using light with only two wavelengths, for instance by mixing light from a red and cyan laser or yellow and blue lasers. This light will however have very few practical applications since color rendering of objects will be greatly distorted. 4102:"the perceived colour of an object is more or less independent of the illuminant; a white paper appears white both outdoors under bluish daylight and indoors under yellow tungsten light, though the responses of the eyes' colour receptors ... will be quite different for the two cases." 3392:

of the 18th and 19th centuries. White stone became the material of choice for government buildings in Washington, D.C., and other American cities. European cathedrals were also usually built of white or light-colored stone, though many darkened over the centuries from smoke and soot.

1537:

as "a color stimulus that an observer who is adapted to the viewing environment would judge to be perfectly achromatic and to have a luminance factor of unity. The color stimulus that is considered to be the adapted white may be different at different locations within a scene.

3229:

is a familiar figure in English, German and French ghost stories. She is a spectral apparition of a female clad in white, in most cases the ghost of an ancestor, sometimes giving warning about death and disaster. The most notable Weiße Frau is the legendary ghost of the German

3387:

were mostly made of or clad in white marble, though it is now known that some of these ancient buildings were actually brightly painted. The Roman tradition of using white stone for government buildings and churches was revived in the Renaissance and especially in the

1147: 3113:

White has long been the traditional color worn by brides at royal weddings, but the white wedding gown for ordinary people appeared in the 19th century. Before that time, most brides wore their best Sunday clothing, of whatever color. The white lace wedding gown of

585:, the white of the autumn moon, the white of silver, the white of cow's milk, the white of pearls, the white of a ray of sunlight, and the white of stars. Japanese has six different words, depending upon brilliance or dullness, or if the color is inert or dynamic. 1301: 393:

According to surveys in Europe and the United States, white is the color most often associated with perfection, the good, honesty, cleanliness, the beginning, the new, neutrality, and exactitude. White is an important color for almost all world religions. The

3635:

Cork, William B.; Winkeler, Heinrich; Mayer, Wielfried; Schneider, Klaus; Leitner, Lutz; Kathrein, Hendrik; Schwab, Ekkehard; Jakusch, Helmut; Ohlinger, Manfred; Veitch, Ronald; Etzrodt, Günter; Pfaff, Gerhard; Franz, Klaus-Dieter. "Pigments, Inorganic".

1053:

under Emperor Napoléon I was modeled after the more conservative outfits of Ancient Imperial Rome. The dresses were high in fashion but low in warmth considering the more severe weather conditions of northern France; in 1814 the former wife of Napoleon,

1317: 1899:

is a process for whitening fabrics which has been practiced for thousands of years. Sometimes it was simply a matter of leaving the fabric in the sun, to be faded by the bright light. In the 18th century several scientists developed varieties of

3005:

is an authoritative report on a major issue by a team of experts; a government report outlining policy; or a short treatise whose purpose is to educate industry customers. Associating a paper with white may signify clean facts and unbiased

1026:

style that followed it in the 18th century. Church interiors were designed to show the power, glory and wealth of the church. They seemed to be alive, filled with curves, asymmetry, mirrors, gilding, statuary and reliefs, unified by white.

862:

describes Jesus' clothing in this event as "shining, exceeding white as snow." Artists such as Fra Angelico used their skill to capture the whiteness of his garments. In his painting of the transfiguration at the Convent of Saint Mark in

4118:. "A perfect mirror reflects all of the light that strikes it... A perfect white also reflects all the light incident on it, but reflects that light diffusely. In other words, the white scatters the incident light in all directions." 1283:(1887–1965). He said a house was "a machine for living in" and called for a "calm and powerful architecture" built of reinforced concrete and steel, without any ornament or frills. Almost all the buildings of contemporary architect 3124: 878:

was a common subject of Postclassical history manuscripts, paintings and tapestries. It was a symbol of purity, chastity and grace, which could only be captured by a virgin. It was often portrayed in the lap of the Virgin Mary.

2242: 2893: 2207: 1045:) became the most fashionable color in women's costumes which were modeled after the outfits of Ancient Greece and Republican Rome. Because of the rather revealing design of these dresses, the women wearing them were called 1171: 4458: 4185:"The usual definition of achromatic color is 'a perceived color without hue.' The colorimetric definition is that of an object with a flat reflectance function at a given level of reflectance, or one of its metamers." 3023:

sporting a white feather in its tail is likely to be a poor fighter. At the beginning of the First World War, women in England were encouraged to give white feathers to men who had not enlisted in the British Armed

1363: 2849: 935: 2635:, it is used for peace, innocence, illumination, and purity. It can also be used to stand for any color. White is also associated with cleansing, a Pagan practice that cleans something using the elements. In 1561: 1715: 4752: 1510:

any, irrespective of the light's wavelength or spectral distribution. Since it does not absorb any of the incident light, white is the lightest possible color. If the reflection is not diffuse but rather

3333:("by the grace of God") and in contrast black was the color of the queen who according to the Salic Law which excluded women from the throne (and thus from power) could never become the ruling monarch. 5323: 2147: 2038:. A white dwarf is very hot when it is formed, but since it has no source of energy, it will gradually radiate away its energy and cool down. This means that its radiation, which initially has a high 2222: 1826:

is the most popular white for artists today; it is the brightest available white pigment, and has twice the coverage of lead white. It first became commercially available in 1921. It is made out of

1087: 1077:(1834–1903), working at the same time as the French impressionists, created a series of paintings with musical titles where he used color to create moods, the way composers used music. His painting 3550:

between France and England, when multicolored flags, as well as firearms, came into common use by European armies. The white flag was officially recognized as a request to cease hostilities by the

3140: 1595: 1549: 1522:. The color stimulus produced by the perfect diffuser is usually considered to be an achromatic stimulus for all illuminants, except for those whose light sources appear to be highly chromatic. 1187: 2947:, "The green represents the older Gaelic tradition while the orange represents the supporters of William of Orange. The white in the centre signifies a lasting truce between Orange and Green". 2355:, as well as other special occasions, such as the ordination of priests and the installation of new bishops. Within the hierarchy of the church, lighter colors indicated higher rank; ordinary 663:(4th century BC) and the other famous painters of ancient Greece used only four colors in their paintings; white, red, yellow and black. For painting, the Greeks used the highly toxic pigment 814:

The early Christian church adopted the Roman symbolism of white as the color of purity, sacrifice and virtue. It became the color worn by priests during Mass, the color worn by monks of the

1498:

While there is no single, unique specification of "white light", there is indeed a unique specification of "white object", or, more specifically, "white surface". A perfectly white surface

1111: 1450:

can result in a similar sensory experience is due to the way the light is processed by the visual system. One color that arises from two different spectral power distributions is called a

762: 995: 5139: 3181:

though nowadays a pale blue or green is often used. White is also the color most often worn by chefs, bakers, and butchers, and the color of the aprons of waiters in French restaurants.

1812:. It was a slow process which could take a month or more. It made an excellent white and was used by artists for centuries, but it was also toxic. It was replaced in the 19th century by 3033:

is an older, conservative firm, usually in a field such as banking or law. The phrase derives from the "white bucks", laced suede or buckskin shoes with red soles, long popular in the

2042:, will lessen and redden with time. Over a very long time, a white dwarf will cool to temperatures at which it will no longer emit significant heat or light, and it will become a cold 2552:, representing the lifeless desert that covered much of the country; black was held to be the color of life, representing the mud-covered fertile lands created by the flooding of the 2167: 2566:

In traditional China, undyed linen clothing is worn at funerals. As time passes, the bereaved can gradually wear clothing dyed with colors, then with darker colors. Small sacks of

1666:, the ice is more tightly pressed together and contains little air. As sunlight enters the ice, more light of the red spectrum is absorbed, so the light scattered will be bluish. 350:

In ancient Egypt and ancient Rome, priestesses wore white as a symbol of purity, and Romans wore white togas as symbols of citizenship. In the Middle Ages and Renaissance a white

2607:

to symbolize purity. A white kimono is often placed in the casket with the deceased for the journey to the other world, as white represents death sometimes. Condolence gifts, or

1786:. It was made of dried lime which was made into a powder, then soaked in water for eight days, with the water changed each day. It was then made into cakes and dried in the sun. 5168: 3430: 3379:

Since ancient times, temples, churches, and many government buildings in many countries have traditionally been white, the color associated with religious and civic virtue. The

2570:, one for each year of the life of the deceased are placed around the body to protect it against impurity in the next world, and white paper flowers are placed around the body. 746: 1947:

that make up the chromophore. This changes the molecule into a different substance that either does not contain a chromophore, or contains a chromophore that does not absorb

5427: 4131:, SS Number 84. "The typical reference is a white standard that has been calibrated relative to the perfect white reflecting diffuser (100% reflectance at all wavelengths)." 4037: 5344: 2628:

and some other pastoral cultures, there is a strong connection between milk and white, which is considered the color of gratitude, esteem, joy, good fortune and fertility.

902:

in the 16th century. A white tunic was also worn by many knights, along with a red cloak, which showed the knights were willing to give their blood for the king or Church.

2432:) is secured by a belt; plus a pair of sandals. Women's clothing varies considerably and reflects regional as well as religious influences. Ihram is typically worn during 4718: 386:, white became the most common color of new churches, capitols, and other government buildings, especially in the United States. It was also widely used in 20th century 1625:

also appear white, since quartz and limestone reflect or scatter sunlight, rather than absorbing it. Tropical white sand beaches may also have a high quantity of white

2603:

In Japan, undyed linen white robes are worn by pilgrims for rituals of purification, and bathing in sacred rivers. In the mountains, pilgrims wear costumes of undyed

1731: 1341:

in the eye in roughly equal amounts. Materials that do not emit light themselves appear white if their surfaces reflect back most of the light that strikes them in a

951: 4786: 5192: 5225: 4764: 2273: 3336:

Black and white also often represent formality and seriousness, as in the costumes of judges and priests, business suits, of formal evening dress. Monks of the

1265:. It had twice the covering power of lead white, and was the brightest white pigment known. By 1945, 80 percent of the white pigments sold were titanium white. 5320: 3462: 1412:

to break it up into components then using a second prism to reassemble them. Before Newton, most scientists believed that white was the fundamental color of

973: 1491:

determines a transformation of all other color stimuli. Changes in or manipulation of the white point can be used to explain some optical illusions such as

1484:

can keep the perceived color of an object relatively unchanged when the illumination changes among various broad (whitish) spectral distributions of light.

4820: 3400:

wrote in 1452 that churches should be plastered white on the inside, since white was the only appropriate color for reflection and meditation. Traditional

1030:

White was also a fashionable color for both men and women in the 18th century. Men in the aristocracy and upper classes wore powdered white wigs and white

4067: 4147:

Regular reflection (or specular, or mirrorr reflection) follows the laws of optical reflection without diffusion (scattering), as exemplified by mirrors.

2917: 2398:

ceremonies. In temple ceremonies, white clothing is also worn by all participants, both men and women, to also symbolize unity and equality before God.

1327:(1928–31) by Le Corbusier; Le Corbusier called for a "calm and powerful" architecture built of steel and reinforced concrete, without color or ornament. 7179: 3690: 3637: 2563:

In China, Korea, and some other Asian countries, white, or more precisely, the whitish color of undyed linen, is the color of mourning and funerals.

778: 4555: 4419: 1518:

Reflection of 100% of incident light at all wavelengths is a form of uniform reflectance, so white is an achromatic color, meaning a color without

1206: 3733: 2443:

White also has a long history of use as a religious and political symbol in Islam, beginning with the white banner that tradition ascribes to the

2183: 790: 4828: 4794: 4760: 4726: 3364:

In addition many names come from white flowers: Camille, Daisy, Lily, Lili, Magnolie, Jasmine, Yasemine, Leila, Marguerite, Rosalba, and others.

2387: 4607: 1276:. His most famous paintings consisted of a pure white canvas with grid of vertical and horizontal black lines and rectangles of primary colors. 5128: 4633: 4380: 4350: 4278: 2297: 1808:. The pots in turn were piled on shelves close to cow dung. The combined fumes of the vinegar and the cow dung caused the lead to corrode into 66: 3546:

has long been used to represent either surrender or a request for a truce. It is believed to have originated in the 15th century, during the

1081:, which used his mistress Joanna Hiffernan as a model, used delicate colors to portray innocence and fragility, and a moment of uncertainty. 841:, who took the sins of the world upon himself. The white lamb was the center of one of the most famous paintings of the Medieval period, the 4657: 2371:

would wear white. (Popes occasionally wore white in the Middle Ages, but usually wore red. Popes have worn white regularly since 1566, when

1379: 2573:

In China and other Asian countries, white is the color of reincarnation, showing that death is not a permanent separation from the world.

2331:

in many of the most important ceremonies and religious services connected with events in the life of Christ. White is worn by priests at

4297: 3935: 1337:

Light is perceived by the human visual system as white when the incoming light to the eye stimulates all three types of color sensitive

833:

Postclassical history art, the white lamb became the symbol of the sacrifice of Christ on behalf of mankind. John the Baptist described

4992: 1768:. It was the first white pigment used by prehistoric artists in cave paintings. The chalk used on blackboards today is usually made of 1457:

Many of the light sources that emit white light emit light at almost all visible wavelengths (sun light, incandescent lamps of various

5164: 4178: 1272:

in his 1917 painting 'the white square,' the companion to his earlier 'black square.' It was also used by the Dutch modernist painter

5895: 898:

Until the 16th century, white was commonly worn by widows as a color of mourning. The widows of the kings of France wore white until

2611:, are tied with black and white ribbons and wrapped in white paper, protecting the contents from the impurities of the other world. 1943:, the part of a molecule which absorbs light and causes fabrics to have different colors. An oxidizing bleach works by breaking the 7330: 6302: 3086:

White is the color in Western culture most often associated with beginnings. In Christianity, children are baptized and first take

1530: 618:, sometimes as a background, sometimes as a highlight, along with charcoal and red and yellow ochre in their vivid cave paintings. 5423: 5341: 4501: 4041: 3784: 882:

During the Postclassical history, painters rarely ever mixed colors; but in the Renaissance, the influential humanist and scholar

145: 4685: 354:

symbolized chastity, and a white lamb sacrifice and purity. It was the royal color of the kings of France as well as the flag of

5456: 5061: 1576: 1245:

At the end of the 19th century, lead white was still the most popular pigment; but between 1916 and 1918, chemical companies in

1141:

in a white powdered wig. The first five Presidents of the United States wore dark suits with powdered wigs for formal occasions.

7320: 7184: 6549: 4730: 4091:

Finlayson, G. D. and G. Schaefer (2001). "Convex and non-convex illuminant constraints for dichromatic colour constancy". IN:

1268:

The absoluteness of white appealed to modernist painters. It was used in its simplest form by the Russian suprematist painter

6336: 5648: 5629: 5583: 5564: 5545: 5526: 5501: 5256: 4865: 3944: 1405: 1385: 4871: 2548:

In some Asian and Slavic cultures, white is considered to be a color that represents death. White also represented death in

5684: 4442: 3118:

in 1840 had a large impact on the color and fashion of wedding dresses in both Europe and America down to the present day.

4798: 1461:). This has led to the notion that white light can be defined as a mixture of "all colors" or "all visible wavelengths". 7396: 4532: 4328: 3497: 3164: 5189: 5096: 3307:

Black and white often represent the contrast between light and darkness, day and night, male and female, good and evil.

2514:

Many religions symbolize heaven by using a sky with white clouds. This phenomenon is not limited to western culture; in

1373:, used to create colors on TV and computer screens, white is made by mixing red, blue and green light at full intensity. 678:, was worn for ceremonial occasions by all Roman citizens over the age of 14–18. Magistrates and certain priests wore a 5217: 5018: 2887:: the gold of spiritual power, the white of worldly power. The keys have been the Papal symbol since the 13th century. 2050:(approximately 13.8 billion years), even the oldest white dwarfs still radiate at temperatures of a few thousand 830:

dressed in the white or gray of natural undyed wool, but later changed to black, the color of humility and penitence.

5602: 4926: 4603: 4452: 2356: 2312:

White is an important symbolic color in most religions and cultures, usually because of its association with purity.

2026:; a white dwarf's mass is comparable to that of the Sun and its volume is comparable to that of the Earth. Its faint 3612: 3481: 2339:, and during celebrations connected with the other events of the life of Christ, such as Corpus Christi Sunday, and 7341: 2511:, where white sand or gravel was carefully raked to resemble rivers or streams, designed as objects of meditation. 3265:, or Christ himself, cleansing the world of sin. Death rides a horse whose color is described in ancient Greek as 2700:

of 1917, the White Army, a coalition of monarchists, nationalists and liberals, fought unsuccessfully against the

7566: 7520: 6520:

A typical sample is shown for each name; a range of color-variations is commonly associated with each color-name.

6273:

A typical sample is shown for each name; a range of color-variations is commonly associated with each color-name.

3341: 3246: 2131: 1555:

Snow is composed of ice and air; it scatters or reflects sunlight without absorbing other colors of the spectrum.

4832: 651:

The ancient Greeks saw the world in terms of darkness and light, so white was a fundamental color, According to

410:

religion of Japan, it is worn by pilgrims. In Western cultures and in Japan, white is the most common color for

7336: 7325: 4093:

Proceedings of the 2001 ee.EE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. CVPR 2001

4063: 3654: 2360: 2206: 2614:

In India, it is the color of purity, divinity, detachment and serenity. In Hindi, the name Sweta means white.

890:, or gaiety. Many painters followed his advice, and the palette of the Renaissance was considerably brighter. 7401: 5888: 4250: 2488:

dresses in white, as do the members of the congregation, to restore the bonds between God and his followers.

2391: 929:

on the life of Saint Benedict (1504). They later changed to black robes, the color of humility and penitence.

355: 3446: 1465:

yet this will not prevent the user from identifying the color of objects that those light bulbs illuminate.

1242:

in 1917. It was finally defeated by the Bolsheviks in 1921–22, and many of its members emigrated to Europe.

6295: 4224: 4195: 1492: 1354: 701:

a brighter white. A man who wanted public office in Rome wore a white toga brightened with chalk, called a

485: 3687: 2006:. Sirius B, a white dwarf, is the faint pinprick of light to the lower left of the much brighter Sirius A. 7204: 6864: 6638: 3522: 2762: 2652: 1447: 1178: 4563: 4415: 2424:, men's garments often consist of two white un-hemmed sheets (usually towelling material). The top (the 1154: 1055: 7406: 6993: 6542: 3729: 2782: 2731:. They wore white robes and hoods, burned crosses and violently attacked and murdered black Americans. 2526:

tradition is represented by white. Obatala is associated with calmness, morality, old age, and purity.

2364: 2019: 3270: 3261:

with a bow and arrow, according to different interpretations, represents either War and Conquest, the

1570:

look white because the water droplets reflect and scatter the sunlight without absorbing other colors.

7171: 7064: 6722: 4595: 3579: 3531: 2778: 2058: 383: 5361:

Lydon, Christopher, "J. Edgar Hoover Made the FBI Formidable With Politics, Publicity and Results",

4629: 4376: 4354: 4275: 2261: 1846:, currently the major source. Because of its brilliant whiteness, it is used as a colorant for most 1122: 7587: 7381: 7199: 6849: 6582: 5881: 5677: 2082: 1764:. It was originally deposited under the sea as the scales or plates of tiny micro-organisms called 981: 855: 3205:. Conquest, with a bow, rides a white horse. Death rides a pale or light green horse (painting by 7592: 7433: 7386: 7376: 7371: 7366: 6288: 4654: 3401: 3286: 3258: 2900: 2840: 2805: 2538: 2530: 2348: 2074: 1424: 915: 827: 414:, symbolizing purity and virginity. In many Asian cultures, white is also the color of mourning. 4114:

Program of Color Science / Munsell Color Science Laboratory, Rochester Institute of Technology,

2777:

White is a common color in national flags, though its symbolism varies widely. The white in the

2686: 95: 7391: 6440: 6415: 3371:; Pearl, Margarita (Latin), Margaret, Margarethe, Marga, Grete, Rita, Gitta, Marjorie, Margot. 3062:

In Western culture, white is the color most often associated with innocence, or purity. In the

2944: 2754: 2724: 2003: 1197: 1074: 24: 6127: 4158:"Does hue affect the perception of grayness?", R Shamey, W Sawatwarakul, Sha Fu, 13 May 2014, 2596:; with the fur of an animal; with the direction of west; with the element metal; and with the 1974:

range, can disrupt the bonds in the chromophore, rendering the resulting substance colorless.

7315: 7070: 6614: 6535: 6326: 6018: 5949: 4673:"An Introduction to Modern Astrophysics" by B.W Caroll and D.A Ostlie 1996 edition, chapter 8 4301: 3547: 3468: 3397: 3091: 2977:

is the noise of all the frequencies of sound combined. It is used to cover up unwanted noise.

2503:, spirits which had descended from the heavens or had come across the sea. Later, temples of 2316: 2102: 1633: 1583: 1063: 883: 636:

In Greece and other ancient civilizations, white was often associated with mother's milk. In

399: 126: 6789: 5944: 4988: 1608:

appears white because the sunlight is reflected or scattered by the quartz or limestone sand

7288: 6971: 6959: 6176: 5919: 4175: 2984:

in finance is a friendly investor who steps in to rescue a company from a hostile takeover.

2876: 2798: 2786: 2709: 2481: 2390:

the color white is used as a symbol of purity, innocence, and cleanliness, particularly in

2161:. Once considered the most noble of animals because it would rather die than dirty its fur. 1909: 1526: 1158: 1005: 1001: 886:

encouraged artists to add white to their colors to make them lighter, brighter, and to add

859: 629:. The priests and priestesses of Isis dressed only in white linen, and it was used to wrap 1912:(bleaching powder). Bleaching agents that do not contain chlorine most often are based on 8: 7103: 7003: 6935: 6371: 6255: 6048: 5861: 5670: 3589: 3134:(1840) set the fashion for wedding dresses of the Victorian era and for the 20th century. 2988: 2395: 2047: 1921: 1905: 1512: 387: 6455: 6435: 6351: 4682: 7418: 6824: 6732: 6626: 6499: 4493: 3780: 3453: 3238: 2993: 2813: 2728: 2697: 1880: 1865: 1725:, is the brightest white paint available. It also colors most toothpaste and sunscreen. 1697: 1499: 1451: 1428: 1342: 1239: 515: 304: 6117: 6112: 5959: 2879:(1929). The white and gold colors symbolize the colors of the keys to heaven given by 1804:. Pieces of lead were put into clay pots which had a separate compartment filled with 201: 7528: 7481: 7078: 6893: 6832: 6784: 6717: 6712: 6690: 6619: 5964: 5644: 5625: 5608: 5598: 5579: 5560: 5541: 5522: 5497: 5449: 5252: 5053: 4861: 4448: 3940: 3650: 3551: 3440:

in Athens (5th century BC) is white today, it was originally painted with many colors

2860: 2797:

represents either the monarchy or "white, the ancient French color" according to the

2693: 2682: 2542: 2470: 2463: 2455:

also used white as its dynastic color, following the personal banner of its founder,

2452: 2039: 2031: 1933: 1917: 1864:. It is similar to but not as opaque as titanium white. It is added to some foods to 1783: 1761: 1685: 1626: 1458: 1235: 1213: 1138: 1038: 729: 551: 371: 1419:

White light can be generated by the sun, by stars, or by earthbound sources such as

382:

were faced with white marble, and beginning in the 18th century, with the advent of

7476: 7471: 7451: 7446: 7209: 6976: 6854: 6804: 6799: 6771: 6737: 6727: 6597: 6331: 6201: 6191: 6132: 6107: 6043: 6023: 6003: 5934: 4159: 4095: 3642: 3488: 3417: 3389: 3206: 3074:

is considered the flower of purity and innocence, and is often associated with the

2735: 2678: 2618: 2437: 2352: 2078: 1925: 1827: 1722: 1507: 1503: 1431:. On the screen of a color television or computer, white is produced by mixing the 1420: 1269: 1118: 1098: 959: 899: 843: 815: 344: 312: 252: 155: 3646: 3184: 2681:

dynasty of France. White became the banner of the royalist rebellions against the

925:–542) first dressed in undyed white or gray wool robes, here shown in painting by 7506: 7496: 7491: 7456: 7358: 7194: 7141: 7031: 6964: 6779: 6695: 6673: 6445: 6211: 5904: 5771: 5348: 5327: 5201:

We Will Not Fight...: The Untold Story of World War One's Conscientious Objectors

5196: 4855: 4689: 4661: 4282: 4182: 3694: 3404:

also places a high emphasis on white for similar reasons. After the Reformation,

3345: 3337: 3029: 2940: 2904: 2790: 2739: 2515: 2380: 2376: 2304: 2177:

lives in Arctic and sub-arctic waters, where its color is an effective camouflage

2117:

White animals use their color as a form of camouflage in winter. Animals such as

1929: 1901: 1793: 1779: 1765: 1605: 1487:

The same principle is used in photography and cinematography where the choice of

1481: 1440: 1370: 1258: 1157:

in a classic Empire gown, modeled after the clothing of ancient Rome. (1801), by

942: 823: 801: 733: 652: 637: 474: 452: 440: 359: 324: 130: 122: 31: 3348:

to wear white shirts with their suits, to project the correct image of the FBI.

3101:

wore white when she opened each session of British Parliament. In high society,

648:, milk was one of four sacred substances, along with wine, honey, and the rose. 7602: 7597: 7556: 7501: 7486: 7466: 7461: 7244: 7058: 7053: 6881: 6859: 6794: 6666: 6631: 6604: 6341: 6311: 6092: 6013: 5783: 5213: 4324: 3584: 3567: 3518: 3254: 3147: 3131: 3115: 2908: 2794: 2720: 2421: 2340: 1967: 1879:

Some materials can be made to look "whiter than white", this is achieved using

1823: 1817: 1809: 1409: 1392: 1311:

during the Russian Civil War (1917–22). The poster says: "for a United Russia."

1254: 1250: 1227: 363: 134: 4524: 3318:, are often symbolized in black and white, Ancient games of strategy, such as 1994: 1474: 7581: 7441: 7026: 6912: 6837: 6814: 6754: 6678: 6661: 6567: 6216: 6186: 6181: 6102: 6097: 6087: 5939: 5807: 5612: 5103: 4857:

A Tale of Two Factions: Myth, Memory, and Identity in Ottoman Egypt and Yemen

4099: 3412:

were whitewashed and sober inside, a tradition that was also followed in the

3242: 3011: 2924: 2662: 2549: 2456: 2433: 2122: 2086: 2062: 1948: 1944: 1873: 1567: 1432: 1284: 1273: 797: 622: 411: 379: 375: 3237:

Seeing a white horse in a dream is said to be presentiment of death. In the

3015:

is a symbol of cowardice, particularly in Britain. It supposedly comes from

1782:

in the 15th century. It is similar to chalk, made of calcium carbonate with

1629:

from tiny bits of seashells ground to fine sand by the action of the waves.

7276: 7239: 7232: 7038: 7021: 7013: 6954: 6946: 6809: 6653: 6356: 6206: 6122: 6033: 6028: 6008: 5755: 5747: 5014: 4907:

The Great White Brotherhood in the Culture, History and Religion of America

3526: 3315: 3231: 3151: 3098: 3016: 2880: 2766: 2750: 2666: 2504: 2320: 2252: 2248: 2174: 2015: 1801: 1676:

Many mountains with winter or year-round snow cover are named accordingly:

1401: 1324: 1280: 1050: 986: 964: 848: 753: 725: 599: 231: 118: 114: 102: 20: 4922:

Symbol Sourcebook: An Authoritative Guide to International Graphic Symbols

4920: 2738:

was a series of social and political reforms launched in 1963 by the last

1981:

chemicals which glow, making the fabric look literally whiter than white.

1959:. This eliminates the ability of the chromophore to absorb visible light. 1792:

was being produced during the 4th century BC; the process is described is

500: 59: 7413: 7271: 7048: 7043: 6907: 6876: 6842: 6747: 6643: 6609: 6346: 6171: 6038: 5704: 3999:. Translated by John Goodman. Los Angeles: Getty Research Institute, 2007 3608: 3504: 3409: 3384: 3274: 3155: 3075: 3001: 2973: 2884: 2836: 2401:

In Islam, white clothing is worn during required pilgrimage to Mecca, or

2372: 2344: 2324: 2043: 2011: 1978: 1971: 1956: 1952: 1940: 1884: 1778:

is a pigment used in the Renaissance, which was described by the painter

1601: 1488: 1257:. It had first been identified in the 18th century by the German chemist 868: 838: 819: 607: 603: 577:

language has seven different words for seven different nuances of white.

429: 193: 6410: 4664:, entry at hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu, accessed on line 19 June 2007. 1295:, or Altar of Peace, are stark white, in the tradition of Le Corbusier. 686:, no Roman man was allowed to appear in the Roman forum without a toga. 573:

Some non-European languages have a wide variety of terms for white. The

77: 7423: 7266: 7094: 6998: 6986: 6742: 6705: 6700: 6683: 6430: 6425: 6366: 5924: 5693: 3543: 3413: 3262: 3250: 3222: 3197: 3102: 3034: 2758: 2705: 2674: 2508: 2477: 2460: 2407: 2190: 2094: 2027: 1861: 1857: 1847: 1813: 1789: 1741: 1737: 1689: 1308: 1231: 664: 582: 543: 367: 320: 308: 205: 4253:. International Commission on Illumination (CIE). 2014. Archived from 4227:. International Commission on Illumination (CIE). 2014. Archived from 4198:. International Commission on Illumination (CIE). 2014. Archived from 4163: 3291: 2657: 826:, it became the official color worn by the pope himself. Monks of the 581:

has specific words for bright white, the white of teeth, the white of

424: 7283: 7256: 7251: 6760: 6361: 5831: 3437: 3405: 3380: 3319: 3303:

or male energy, one of the two complementary natures of the universe.

3087: 2567: 2332: 1896: 1851: 1797: 1753: 1677: 1641: 1622: 1587: 1338: 1292: 1059: 1031: 527: 463: 402:, has worn white since 1566, as a symbol of purity and sacrifice. In 277: 227: 1883:

agents (OBA). These are chemical compounds that absorb light in the

1181:

wearing a white gown and a white pearls necklace, by Luís Schlappriz

456: 7538: 7261: 6869: 6494: 6450: 3563: 2856: 2701: 2632: 2495:, an area of white gravel or stones marks a sacred place, called a 2448: 2066: 1913: 1869: 1843: 1831: 1655: 864: 736:

or shawl, and a white veil. They protected the sacred fire and the

683: 578: 496: 220: 6926: 5873: 4254: 7310: 6592: 6280: 6196: 5775: 4791:

Endowed from on High: Temple Preparation Seminar Teacher's Manual

4127:

Harold, Richard W. "An Introduction to Appearance Analysis". IN:

3340:

wear a black cloak over a white habit. Until 1972, agents of the

3020: 2808:

of 1916; red, white, green and black. These include the flags of

2708:. A similar battle between reds and whites took place during the 2625: 2589: 2519: 2444: 2328: 2213: 2118: 2023: 1962:

Sunlight acts as a bleach through a similar process. High energy

1835: 1805: 1757: 1663: 1388: 1262: 1102: 1019: 875: 737: 660: 630: 611: 351: 340: 84: 4228: 4199: 4129:

GATFWorld, the magazine of the Graphic Arts Technical Foundation

3329:

In the French monarchy, white symbolized the King and his power

3189: 2749:

White is also associated with peace and passive resistance. The

602:

in France contains drawings of bulls and other animals drawn by

433: 7533: 7136: 7126: 6527: 5929: 5839: 5799: 5739: 3421: 3311: 3296: 3193:

The woman in white, a familiar figure in European ghost stories

3185:

Ghosts, phantoms and two of the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse

2825: 2817: 2716: 2640: 2597: 2492: 2336: 2288: 2280: 2106: 2051: 1999: 1963: 1928:. While most bleaches are oxidizing agents, a fewer number are 1839: 1769: 1618: 1279:

Black and white also appealed to modernist architects, such as

1246: 1094: 1034:, and women wore elaborate embroidered white and pastel gowns. 1023: 1018:

White was the dominant color of architectural interiors in the

926: 834: 740:

of Rome. White symbolized their purity, loyalty, and chastity.

645: 407: 3530:

with a total of 204,277,273 or 61.6% of the population in the

3383:

and other ancient temples of Greece, and the buildings of the

3277:, which can mean either green/greenish-yellow or pale/pallid. 2523: 1744:. Zinc oxide is used in paints, suntan lotion, and some foods. 7161: 7146: 7116: 6587: 6558: 5954: 5815: 5791: 5662: 3633: 3472: 3374: 3368: 3323: 3214: 3067: 3063: 2821: 2809: 2677:. The association originally came from the white flag of the 2636: 2593: 2534: 2485: 2467: 2403: 2284: 2229: 2158: 2154: 1749: 1669: 1637: 1413: 1062:

and died after taking a walk in the cold night air with Tsar

867:, Fra Angelico emphasized the white garment by using a light 713:

meant to shine, to be bright. It was the origin of the words

615: 574: 403: 336: 316: 300: 292: 280: 174: 3804: 3802: 7151: 7131: 7111: 6981: 6898: 6420: 5823: 5763: 5723: 5622: