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27:
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500:
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268:
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42:
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89:). A "color space" is a useful conceptual tool for understanding the color capabilities of a particular device or digital file. When trying to reproduce color on another device, color spaces can show whether shadow/highlight detail and color saturation can be retained, and by how much either will be compromised.
257:
As noted first by
Grassmann... the light set has the structure of a cone in the infinite-dimensional linear space. As a result, a quotient set (with respect to metamerism) of the light cone inherits the conical structure, which allows color to be represented as a convex cone in the 3- D linear space,
696:
rightness) is often used by artists because it is often more natural to think about a color in terms of hue and saturation than in terms of additive or subtractive color components. HSV is a transformation of an RGB color space, and its components and colorimetry are relative to the RGB color space
568:
and through the inks produces a given color. One starts with a white substrate (canvas, page, etc.), and uses ink to subtract color from white to create an image. CMYK stores ink values for cyan, magenta, yellow and black. There are many CMYK color spaces for different sets of inks, substrates, and
431:
with a larger number of distinct colors. This is especially important when working with wide-gamut color spaces (where most of the more common colors are located relatively close together), or when a large number of digital filtering algorithms are used consecutively. The same principle applies for
410:
Color space conversion is the translation of the representation of a color from one basis to another. This typically occurs in the context of converting an image that is represented in one color space to another color space, the goal being to make the translated image look as similar as possible to
869:
A non-absolute color space can be made absolute by defining its relationship to absolute colorimetric quantities. For instance, if the red, green, and blue colors in a monitor are measured exactly, together with other properties of the monitor, then RGB values on that monitor can be considered as
130:
Since "color space" identifies a particular combination of the color model and the mapping function, the word is often used informally to identify a color model. However, even though identifying a color space automatically identifies the associated color model, this usage is incorrect in a strict
112:
is a more or less arbitrary color system with no connection to any globally understood system of color interpretation. Adding a specific mapping function between a color model and a reference color space establishes within the reference color space a definite "footprint", known as a
952:
A different method of defining absolute color spaces is familiar to many consumers as the swatch card, used to select paint, fabrics, and the like. This is a way of agreeing a color between two parties. A more standardized method of defining absolute colors is the
794:
Early color spaces had two components. They largely ignored blue light because the added complexity of a 3-component process provided only a marginal increase in fidelity when compared to the jump from monochrome to 2-component color.
119:, and for a given color model, this defines a color space. For example, Adobe RGB and sRGB are two different absolute color spaces, both based on the RGB color model. When defining a color space, the usual reference standard is the
939:
spaces are defined as mappings of RGB. Both are non-absolute, but the conversion between them should maintain the same color. However, in general, converting between two non-absolute color spaces (for example, RGB to
920:
limitations, and converting colors that lie outside that gamut will not produce correct results. There are also likely to be rounding errors, especially if the popular range of only 256 distinct values per component
885:
profile, which contains the attributes of the RGB. This is not the only way to express an absolute color, but it is the standard in many industries. RGB colors defined by widely accepted profiles include sRGB and
358:). A three-dimensional representation would assign each of the three colors to the X, Y, and Z axes. Colors generated on a given monitor will be limited by the reproduction medium, such as the phosphor (in a
335:, the amount of cyan to its Y axis, and the amount of yellow to its Z axis. The resulting 3-D space provides a unique position for every possible color that can be created by combining those three pigments.
427:. Any color space based on such a 24-bit RGB model is thus limited to a range of 256Ă256Ă256 â 16.7 million colors. Some implementations use 16 bits per component for 48 bits total, resulting in the same
245:, who was thoroughly acquainted with Grassmann's mathematical work. Grassmann did not put down a formal definitionâthe language was not availableâbut there is no doubt that he had the concept.
57:. In combination with color profiling supported by various physical devices, it supports reproducible representations of color – whether such representation entails an
844:
A color space in which colors are unambiguous, that is, where the interpretations of colors in the space are colorimetrically defined without reference to external factors.
279:. This image demonstrates the difference between how colors will look on a computer monitor (RGB) compared to how they might reproduce in a particular CMYK print process.
419:
The RGB color model is implemented in different ways, depending on the capabilities of the system used. The most common incarnation in general use as of 2021 is the 24-
4707:
916:
A color in one absolute color space can be converted into another absolute color space, and back again, in general; however, some color spaces may have
4649:
2727:
1489:
928:
One part of the definition of an absolute color space is the viewing conditions. The same color, viewed under different natural or artificial
4787:
1299:
392:
Many color spaces can be represented as three-dimensional values in this manner, but some have more, or fewer dimensions, and some, such as
331:). To create a three-dimensional representation of a given color space, we can assign the amount of magenta color to the representation's X
249:
With this conceptual background, in 1853, Grassmann published a theory of how colors mix; it and its three color laws are still taught, as
5455:
5266:
4697:
4644:
2040:
957:, a proprietary system that includes swatch cards and recipes that commercial printers can use to make inks that are a particular color.
932:
conditions, will look different. Those involved professionally with color matching may use viewing rooms, lit by standardized lighting.
4429:
1659:
1606:
5155:
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623:) television, except that the YIQ color space is rotated 33° with respect to the YUV color space and the color axes are swapped. The
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1616:
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was one of the first attempts to produce a color space based on measurements of human color perception (earlier efforts were by
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is RGB with an additional channel, alpha, to indicate transparency. Common color spaces based on the RGB model include
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1918:
1452:
1395:
1362:
1335:
1495:
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press characteristics (which change the dot gain or transfer function for each ink and thus change the appearance).
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65:
representation. A color space may be arbitrary, i.e. with physically realized colors assigned to a set of physical
1415:
944:) or between absolute and non-absolute color spaces (for example, RGB to L*a*b*) is almost a meaningless concept.
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4153:
3114:
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values as approximate representations of the relative amounts of blue and red in the color. It is similar to the
503:
Subtractive color mixing: Three splotches of paint on white paper, subtracting together to turn the paper black.
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5489:
5283:
5071:
4332:
3815:
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and others published formal definitions. In fact, such a definition had been given thirty years previously by
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1961:
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applications. It shows the color of light (red, yellow, green etc.), but not its intensity (dark, bright).
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2412:
2186:
1505:
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3289:
2954:
2541:
2090:
2045:
1971:
1697:
183:
1105:
465:
color space is a linearly-related companion of CIE XYZ. Additional derivatives of CIE XYZ include the
186:
further in 1850: that the three types of cone photoreceptors could be classified as short-preferring (
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2719:
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1541:
935:
Occasionally, there are precise rules for converting between non-absolute color spaces. For example,
378:
171:
1264:
Charles
Poynton, "YUV and 'luminance' considered harmful: a plea for precise terminology in video",
210:
as a visible color. But it is not clear that they thought of colors as being points in color space.
206:. The relative strengths of the signals detected by the three types of cones are interpreted by the
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1303:
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Additive color mixing: Three overlapping light bulbs in a vacuum, adding together to create white.
127:
color spaces, which were specifically designed to encompass all colors the average human can see.
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531:
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82:
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2018:
2013:
2008:
1988:
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35:
31:
8:
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2028:
2003:
1993:
1966:
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838:
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standards but extends the gamut beyond the R/G/B primaries specified in those standards.
454:
66:
1160:
902:; tagging, therefore, marks the absolute meaning of colors in that graphic or document.
229:. Fearnley-Sander (1979) describes Grassmann's foundation of linear algebra as follows:
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A color space in which the perceptual difference between colors is directly related to
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2441:
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2167:
1908:
1448:
1444:
Optical
Sensors and Sensing Systems for Natural Resources and Food Safety and Quality
1421:
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1380:
1358:
1331:
1205:
1125:
911:
642:
638:
553:
405:
214:
155:
1037:
881:
A popular way to make a color space like RGB into an absolute color is to define an
96:" is an abstract mathematical model describing the way colors can be represented as
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292:
105:
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and elsewhere) television broadcasts for historical reasons. This system stores a
178:) in the eye, each of which was sensitive to a particular range of visible light.
19:
This article is about color spaces. For the YCbCr to RGB conversion matrices, see
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5516:
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2512:
2327:
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2221:
1983:
1943:
1933:
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1923:
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1669:
983:
863:
778:
771:
767:
507:
343:
332:
276:
136:
132:
101:
73:(including discrete numbers in – for example – the
522:
to produce a given color. RGB stores individual values for red, green and blue.
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5017:
5012:
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988:
580:
162:
consists of three different kinds of light receptors for red, green and blue.
58:
26:
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432:
any color space based on the same color model, but implemented at different
131:
sense. For example, although several specific color spaces are based on the
5922:
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4864:
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4719:
4608:
4603:
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4439:
4434:
4088:
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3538:
3383:
3205:
3195:
3185:
2824:
2787:
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2586:
2569:
2561:
2502:
2494:
2357:
2201:
1976:
1209:
1076:
1059:
977:
659:
is a new international digital video color space standard published by the
588:
238:
234:
218:
62:
633:
is a scaled version of YUV. It is most commonly seen in its digital form,
267:
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5759:
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5381:
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1998:
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822:
803:
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370:
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93:
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4125:
4115:
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3845:
3585:
3570:
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3230:
2971:
2814:
2642:
2546:
2534:
2290:
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2231:
1888:
1508: – C library of SSE-optimised color format conversions.
1471:
556:
mixing used in the printing process, because it describes what kind of
382:
199:
70:
727:, with "lightness" replacing "brightness". The difference is that the
221:, which allowed the algebraic representation of geometric concepts in
4623:
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4016:
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1823:
1811:
1806:
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591:
value roughly analogous to (and sometimes incorrectly identified as)
175:
1440:
1414:
Bernice Ellen
Rogowitz; Thrasyvoulos N Pappas; Scott J Daly (2007).
1200:
1183:
1144:
385:(value/lightness). With such a model, the variables are assigned to
108:); however, a color model with no associated mapping function to an
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5697:
5354:
4216:
4031:
3528:
3458:
3326:
3247:
3242:
3086:
2809:
2417:
1878:
1873:
1801:
1796:
1755:
1747:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1654:
1591:
1518:
1490:
Colour spaces â perceptual, historical and applicational background
929:
671:
667:
499:
284:
2474:
217:, who developed it in two stages. First, he developed the idea of
5621:
5095:
5044:
4256:
3405:
3351:
2858:
2140:
2023:
1913:
1225:"Why You Need to Know What Color Bit Depth Your Display Supports"
969: â Mathematical model describing colors as tuples of numbers
954:
423:
implementation, with 8 bits, or 256 discrete levels of color per
311:
300:
74:
491:
77:
collection), or structured with mathematical rigor (as with the
45:
A comparison of the chromaticities enclosed by some color spaces
5135:
3803:
3220:
3170:
3081:
2684:
2674:
2075:
1712:
1649:
980: â Principles to describe the practical behavior of colors
862:
are examples of absolute color spaces, as opposed to a generic
731:
of a pure color is equal to the brightness of white, while the
616:
612:
474:
466:
318:
203:
159:
120:
3125:
1526:
5970:
5575:
5168:
5115:
4471:
3886:
3346:
2709:
2704:
2694:
2664:
2135:
2106:
1847:
1842:
1830:
1818:
1791:
1772:
1767:
1707:
1601:
917:
874:
is sometimes referred to as absolute, though it also needs a
859:
656:
634:
630:
624:
620:
584:
539:
461:) and it is the basis for almost all other color spaces. The
428:
351:
325:
288:
226:
207:
191:
115:
97:
54:
41:
20:
735:
of a pure color is equal to the lightness of a medium gray.
627:
scheme used by SECAM television is rotated in another way.
147:
5125:
4979:
4964:
4954:
2699:
2679:
2659:
2529:
2446:
1784:
1682:
1350:
1268:, author-edited version of Appendix A of Charles Poynton,
855:
650:
646:
576:
549:
527:
355:
304:
272:
187:
86:
848:
In this article, we concentrate on the second definition.
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5066:
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2669:
2434:
1938:
1779:
1760:
604:
600:
572:
557:
420:
374:
363:
347:
195:
30:
Comparison of some RGB and CMYK chromaticity gamuts on a
2058:
For the vision capacities of organisms or machines, see
237:(vector space)... became widely known around 1920, when
369:
Another way of creating colors on a monitor is with an
1106:"Hermann Grassmann and the Creation of Linear Algebra"
1060:"Bakerian Lecture: On the Theory of Light and Colours"
719:
uminance), also known as HLS or HSI (hue, saturation,
1523:, from The Princeton Companion to Applied Mathematics
1327:
Industrial Color
Testing: Fundamentals and Techniques
1092:
Hermann
Grassmann and the Creation of Linear Algebra
837:
as represented by points in the color space, i.e. a
1377:
1379:
2728:Linguistic relativity and the color naming debate
1441:Yud-Ren Chen; George E. Meyer; Shu-I. Tu (2005).
1270:Digital Video and HDTV: Algorithms and Interfaces
603:scheme used in most video capture systems and in
5984:
1181:
16:Standard that defines a specific range of colors
1103:
4781:
3141:
2091:
1542:
1300:"Color Spaces in Frame Grabbers: RGB vs. YUV"
1175:
894:to a graphic or document is sometimes called
4795:
1323:
781:(Tint, Saturation and Luminance) is used in
396:, cannot be represented in this way at all.
4698:Conservation and restoration of photographs
1142:
1136:
1002:
692:alue), also known as HSB (hue, saturation,
170:postulated the existence of three types of
4788:
4774:
4430:Comparison of digital and film photography
3148:
3134:
3110:
2098:
2084:
1549:
1535:
1249:50 years of the 1931 CIE Standard Observer
1104:Fearnley-Sander, Desmond (December 1979).
514:mixing, because it describes what kind of
213:The color-space concept was likely due to
4650:Photographs considered the most important
1297:
1241:
1199:
1075:
991: â Fundamental color in color mixing
135:, there is no such thing as the singular
109:
2879:International Commission on Illumination
1008:
498:
490:
266:
146:
40:
25:
1417:Human Vision and Electronic Imaging XII
1084:
816:
258:which is referred to as the color cone.
5985:
2869:Color Association of the United States
1351:Gunter Buxbaum; Gerhard Pfaff (2005).
1222:
457:, KĂśnig & Dieterici, and Abney at
198:), according to their response to the
4769:
3129:
2079:
1530:
1057:
825:, there are two meanings of the term
346:, using the additive primary colors (
905:
663:(IEC 61966-2-4). It is based on the
4645:Museums devoted to one photographer
973:List of color spaces and their uses
947:
446:List of color spaces and their uses
13:
4192:Timeline of photography technology
2733:Blueâgreen distinction in language
1502:between RGB, YUV, YCbCr and YPbPr.
1184:"The geometric structure of color"
760:
14:
6029:
1498:for image and video processing â
1465:
1110:The American Mathematical Monthly
5962:
5961:
5952:
5951:
4748:
4738:
4737:
3109:
3100:
3099:
2890:International Colour Association
2473:
2105:
2060:
2059:
1520:Color Spaces and Digital Imaging
1145:"Zur Theorie der Farbenmischung"
1009:Gravesen, Jens (November 2015).
560:need to be applied so the light
4749:
3155:
1556:
1486:, Rolf G. Kuehni (October 2003)
1434:
1407:
1371:
1344:
1317:
1291:
1278:
872:CIE 1976 L*, a*, b* color space
342:with color spaces based on the
2885:International Color Consortium
2874:International Colour Authority
1258:
1216:
1122:10.1080/00029890.1979.11994921
1097:
1051:
723:ntensity) is quite similar to
414:
53:is a specific organization of
1:
4242:Painted photography backdrops
4174:Golden triangle (composition)
3449:35 mm equivalent focal length
2950:List of Crayola crayon colors
1354:Industrial Inorganic Pigments
1149:Annalen der Physik und Chemie
995:
878:specification to make it so.
750:Pantone Matching System (PMS)
738:
399:
1378:Jonathan B. Knudsen (1999).
362:) or filters and backlight (
100:of numbers (e.g. triples in
69:with corresponding assigned
7:
3952:Intentional camera movement
2753:Traditional colors of Japan
2530:Achromatic colors (Neutral)
2413:Multi-primary color display
2187:Spectral power distribution
1513:Precise Color Communication
1223:Kyrnin, Mark (2021-08-26).
1011:"The Metric of Color Space"
960:
890:. The process of adding an
789:
697:from which it was derived.
262:
10:
6034:
5843:Compressed data structures
5165:RLE + BWT + MTF + Huffman
4833:Asymmetric numeral systems
4640:Most expensive photographs
3997:Multi-exposure HDR capture
1972:Colour Index International
1030:10.1016/j.gmod.2015.06.005
909:
755:Natural Color System (NCS)
484:
480:
443:
403:
142:
18:
5947:
5931:
5915:
5833:
5758:
5690:
5681:
5604:
5538:
5529:
5430:
5347:
5338:
5254:
5202:Discrete cosine transform
5192:
5183:
5132:LZ77 + Huffman + context
5085:
4995:
4925:
4813:
4804:
4733:
4690:
4632:
4537:
4480:
4386:
4270:
4182:
4134:
3874:
3641:
3441:
3163:
3095:
3067:
2980:
2905:
2898:
2849:
2768:
2718:
2650:
2641:
2613:Color realism (art style)
2560:
2493:
2482:
2471:
2371:
2318:
2271:Evolution of color vision
2200:
2123:
2114:
2056:
1952:
1856:
1746:
1668:
1615:
1582:
1564:
1272:, MorganâKaufmann, 2003.
1182:Logvinenko A. D. (2015).
1064:Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond
338:Colors can be created on
283:Colors can be created in
5907:Smallest grammar problem
4574:Digital image processing
2930:List of colors (compact)
2748:Color in Chinese culture
2398:Digital image processing
2131:Electromagnetic spectrum
1511:Konica Minolta Sensing:
1169:10.1002/andp.18531650505
835:distances between colors
812:for early color printing
451:CIE 1931 XYZ color space
439:
295:, using the subtractive
194:), and long-preferring (
5848:Compressed suffix array
5397:NyquistâShannon theorem
4682:Photography periodicals
4247:Photography and the law
2935:List of colors by shade
955:Pantone Matching System
387:cylindrical coordinates
158:assumed that the eye's
4594:Gelatin silver process
3618:Science of photography
3603:Photographic processes
3581:Perspective distortion
2940:List of color palettes
1492:, Marko TkalÄiÄ (2003)
1247:William David Wright,
1077:10.1098/rstl.1802.0004
504:
496:
373:color model, based on
280:
260:
247:
202:of light striking the
190:), middle-preferring (
184:YoungâHelmholtz theory
163:
46:
38:
5877:Kolmogorov complexity
5745:Video characteristics
5122:LZ77 + Huffman + ANS
4052:Schlieren photography
3591:Photographic printing
3514:Exposure compensation
2864:Color Marketing Group
2619:On Vision and Colours
2552:Tinctures in heraldry
2163:Structural coloration
1517:Higham, Nicholas J.,
1402:absolute color space.
1324:Hans G. VĂślz (2001).
575:was formerly used in
502:
494:
270:
255:
231:
180:Hermann von Helmholtz
150:
44:
29:
5967:Compression software
5561:Compression artifact
5517:Psychoacoustic model
3836:Straight photography
3474:Chromatic aberration
2945:List of color spaces
2837:Tint, shade and tone
2720:Cultural differences
2535:Polychromatic colors
2520:Complementary colors
2508:Monochromatic colors
1989:Federal Standard 595
1569:List of color spaces
1386:. O'Reilly. p.
1143:Grassmann H (1853).
827:absolute color space
817:Absolute color space
745:Munsell color system
291:spaces based on the
233:The definition of a
110:absolute color space
36:chromaticity diagram
5957:Compression formats
5596:Texture compression
5591:Standard test image
5407:Silence compression
4708:photographic plates
4388:Digital photography
3566:Hyperfocal distance
3479:Circle of confusion
2925:List of colors: NâZ
2920:List of colors: GâM
2915:List of colors: AâF
1161:1853AnP...165...69G
839:uniform color space
455:James Clerk Maxwell
6018:1853 introductions
5865:Information theory
5720:Display resolution
5546:Chroma subsampling
4935:Byte pair encoding
4880:ShannonâFanoâElias
4207:Autochrome Lumière
4202:Analog photography
4027:Pigeon photography
3816:Social documentary
3295:discontinued films
2972:List of web colors
2967:List of RAL colors
2373:Color reproduction
2338:LĂźscher color test
2175:Color of chemicals
1286:Constant Luminance
1058:Young, T. (1802).
505:
497:
281:
164:
47:
39:
5980:
5979:
5829:
5828:
5779:Deblocking filter
5677:
5676:
5525:
5524:
5334:
5333:
5179:
5178:
4763:
4762:
4559:Collodion process
4495:Chromogenic print
4482:Color photography
3992:Multiple exposure
3967:Lo-fi photography
3494:Color temperature
3123:
3122:
3063:
3062:
2845:
2844:
2637:
2636:
2627:Theory of Colours
2469:
2468:
2381:Color photography
2333:Color preferences
2276:Impossible colors
2266:Color vision test
2261:Color temperature
2239:Color calibration
2168:Animal coloration
2073:
2072:
1474:, Charles Poynton
1427:978-0-8194-6605-1
1284:Charles Poynton,
1188:Journal of Vision
912:Color translation
906:Conversion errors
770:space is used in
643:image compression
637:, used widely in
595:, along with two
554:subtractive color
406:Color translation
340:computer monitors
215:Hermann Grassmann
156:Hermann Helmholtz
104:or quadruples in
6025:
6008:Image processing
5993:Data compression
5965:
5964:
5955:
5954:
5784:Lapped transform
5688:
5687:
5566:Image resolution
5551:Coding tree unit
5536:
5535:
5345:
5344:
5190:
5189:
4811:
4810:
4797:Data compression
4790:
4783:
4776:
4767:
4766:
4752:
4751:
4741:
4740:
4614:Print permanence
4564:Cross processing
4522:CMYK color model
4507:Color management
4460:Foveon X3 sensor
4455:Three-CCD camera
4099:Miniature faking
4057:Sabattier effect
3669:Astrophotography
3524:Zebra patterning
3150:
3143:
3136:
3127:
3126:
3113:
3112:
3103:
3102:
2903:
2902:
2769:Color dimensions
2758:Human skin color
2648:
2647:
2525:Analogous colors
2491:
2490:
2477:
2403:Color management
2320:Color psychology
2286:Opponent process
2202:Color perception
2121:
2120:
2100:
2093:
2086:
2077:
2076:
2063:
2062:
2049:
1678:RGB color spaces
1551:
1544:
1537:
1528:
1527:
1500:Color conversion
1459:
1458:
1438:
1432:
1431:
1411:
1405:
1404:
1385:
1382:Java 2D Graphics
1375:
1369:
1368:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1321:
1315:
1314:
1312:
1311:
1302:. Archived from
1295:
1289:
1282:
1276:
1262:
1256:
1245:
1239:
1238:
1236:
1235:
1220:
1214:
1213:
1203:
1179:
1173:
1172:
1140:
1134:
1133:
1101:
1095:
1088:
1082:
1081:
1079:
1055:
1049:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1018:Graphical Models
1015:
1006:
948:Arbitrary spaces
645:schemes such as
459:Imperial College
293:CMYK color model
277:RGB color models
271:A comparison of
6033:
6032:
6028:
6027:
6026:
6024:
6023:
6022:
5983:
5982:
5981:
5976:
5943:
5927:
5911:
5892:Rateâdistortion
5825:
5754:
5673:
5600:
5521:
5426:
5422:Sub-band coding
5330:
5255:Predictive type
5250:
5175:
5142:LZSS + Huffman
5092:LZ77 + Huffman
5081:
4991:
4927:Dictionary type
4921:
4823:Adaptive coding
4800:
4794:
4764:
4759:
4729:
4686:
4628:
4619:Push processing
4540:
4533:
4527:RGB color model
4476:
4382:
4266:
4178:
4144:Diagonal method
4130:
3870:
3774:Photojournalism
3637:
3469:Black-and-white
3437:
3416:Slide projector
3411:Movie projector
3290:available films
3159:
3154:
3124:
3119:
3091:
3059:
2976:
2894:
2851:
2841:
2764:
2743:Blue in culture
2714:
2633:
2580:Secondary color
2556:
2513:black-and-white
2485:
2478:
2465:
2367:
2353:National colors
2348:Political color
2328:Color symbolism
2314:
2244:Color constancy
2222:Color blindness
2196:
2153:Spectral colors
2110:
2104:
2074:
2069:
2052:
2043:
1977:CI list of dyes
1954:
1948:
1904:Imaginary color
1852:
1742:
1688:rg chromaticity
1664:
1611:
1578:
1560:
1555:
1468:
1463:
1462:
1455:
1439:
1435:
1428:
1412:
1408:
1398:
1376:
1372:
1365:
1349:
1345:
1338:
1322:
1318:
1309:
1307:
1298:Dean Anderson.
1296:
1292:
1283:
1279:
1263:
1259:
1246:
1242:
1233:
1231:
1221:
1217:
1201:10.1167/15.1.16
1180:
1176:
1141:
1137:
1116:(10): 809â817.
1102:
1098:
1089:
1085:
1056:
1052:
1042:
1040:
1013:
1007:
1003:
998:
984:Lists of colors
963:
950:
914:
908:
864:RGB color space
819:
792:
779:TSL color space
772:computer vision
768:RG Chromaticity
763:
761:Special-purpose
741:
489:
483:
448:
442:
417:
408:
402:
344:RGB color model
265:
251:Grassmann's law
145:
137:RGB color space
133:RGB color model
118:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6031:
6021:
6020:
6015:
6010:
6005:
6000:
5995:
5978:
5977:
5975:
5974:
5959:
5948:
5945:
5944:
5942:
5941:
5935:
5933:
5929:
5928:
5926:
5925:
5919:
5917:
5913:
5912:
5910:
5909:
5904:
5899:
5894:
5889:
5884:
5879:
5874:
5873:
5872:
5862:
5857:
5856:
5855:
5850:
5839:
5837:
5831:
5830:
5827:
5826:
5824:
5823:
5822:
5821:
5816:
5806:
5805:
5804:
5799:
5794:
5786:
5781:
5776:
5771:
5765:
5763:
5756:
5755:
5753:
5752:
5747:
5742:
5737:
5732:
5727:
5722:
5717:
5716:
5715:
5710:
5705:
5694:
5692:
5685:
5679:
5678:
5675:
5674:
5672:
5671:
5670:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5644:
5639:
5634:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5608:
5606:
5602:
5601:
5599:
5598:
5593:
5588:
5583:
5578:
5573:
5568:
5563:
5558:
5553:
5548:
5542:
5540:
5533:
5527:
5526:
5523:
5522:
5520:
5519:
5514:
5509:
5508:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5477:
5476:
5475:
5465:
5464:
5463:
5458:
5448:
5443:
5437:
5435:
5428:
5427:
5425:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5373:
5372:
5367:
5362:
5351:
5349:
5342:
5336:
5335:
5332:
5331:
5329:
5328:
5326:Psychoacoustic
5323:
5322:
5321:
5316:
5311:
5303:
5302:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5271:
5270:
5269:
5258:
5256:
5252:
5251:
5249:
5248:
5247:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5215:
5214:
5209:
5198:
5196:
5194:Transform type
5187:
5181:
5180:
5177:
5176:
5174:
5173:
5172:
5171:
5163:
5162:
5161:
5158:
5150:
5149:
5148:
5140:
5139:
5138:
5130:
5129:
5128:
5120:
5119:
5118:
5110:
5109:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5089:
5087:
5083:
5082:
5080:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5053:
5052:
5047:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5026:
5025:
5015:
5010:
5005:
4999:
4997:
4993:
4992:
4990:
4989:
4988:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4937:
4931:
4929:
4923:
4922:
4920:
4919:
4918:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4861:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4819:
4817:
4808:
4802:
4801:
4793:
4792:
4785:
4778:
4770:
4761:
4760:
4758:
4757:
4746:
4734:
4731:
4730:
4728:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4711:
4710:
4705:
4694:
4692:
4688:
4687:
4685:
4684:
4679:
4678:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4636:
4634:
4630:
4629:
4627:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4545:
4543:
4535:
4534:
4532:
4531:
4530:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4504:
4499:
4498:
4497:
4486:
4484:
4478:
4477:
4475:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4463:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4421:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4409:
4408:
4396:Digital camera
4392:
4390:
4384:
4383:
4381:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4274:
4272:
4268:
4267:
4265:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4222:Camera obscura
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4188:
4186:
4180:
4179:
4177:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4164:Rule of thirds
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4140:
4138:
4132:
4131:
4129:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4102:
4101:
4091:
4086:
4085:
4084:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3932:Harris shutter
3929:
3927:Hand-colouring
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3878:
3876:
3872:
3871:
3869:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3812:
3811:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3645:
3643:
3639:
3638:
3636:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3613:Red-eye effect
3610:
3605:
3600:
3599:
3598:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3547:
3546:
3541:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3519:Exposure value
3516:
3511:
3506:
3504:Depth of focus
3501:
3499:Depth of field
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3445:
3443:
3439:
3438:
3436:
3435:
3430:
3429:
3428:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3397:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3356:
3355:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3304:
3299:
3298:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3262:
3257:
3256:
3255:
3250:
3240:
3239:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3167:
3165:
3161:
3160:
3153:
3152:
3145:
3138:
3130:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3117:
3107:
3096:
3093:
3092:
3090:
3089:
3084:
3079:
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2772:
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2766:
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2739:Color history
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2622:(Schopenhauer)
2615:
2610:
2607:Color analysis
2604:
2602:Color triangle
2599:
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2408:Color printing
2405:
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2388:
2377:
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2369:
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2366:
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2360:
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2343:Kruithof curve
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2256:
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2219:
2218:
2217:
2215:Sonochromatism
2206:
2204:
2198:
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2184:
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2172:
2171:
2170:
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2138:
2127:
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2118:
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2111:
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2095:
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2080:
2071:
2070:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2050:
2038:
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2036:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
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1723:SMPTE 240M/"C"
1720:
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1466:External links
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910:Main article:
907:
904:
870:absolute. The
846:
845:
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814:
813:
807:
791:
788:
787:
786:
783:face detection
775:
762:
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758:
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752:
747:
740:
737:
512:additive color
485:Main article:
482:
479:
444:Main article:
441:
438:
416:
413:
411:the original.
404:Main article:
401:
398:
297:primary colors
264:
261:
182:developed the
174:(now known as
172:photoreceptors
144:
141:
114:
67:color swatches
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6030:
6019:
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6006:
6004:
6003:Color schemes
6001:
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5751:
5750:Video quality
5748:
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5439:
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5436:
5433:
5429:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5417:Speech coding
5415:
5413:
5412:Sound quality
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5387:Dynamic range
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
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5358:
5357:
5356:
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5260:
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5188:
5186:
5182:
5170:
5167:
5166:
5164:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5153:
5152:LZ77 + Range
5151:
5147:
5144:
5143:
5141:
5137:
5134:
5133:
5131:
5127:
5124:
5123:
5121:
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4657:
4656:
4655:Photographers
4653:
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4641:
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4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4549:Bleach bypass
4547:
4546:
4544:
4542:
4536:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4517:primary color
4515:
4513:
4510:
4509:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4502:Reversal film
4500:
4496:
4493:
4492:
4491:
4488:
4487:
4485:
4483:
4479:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4467:Image sharing
4465:
4461:
4458:
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4368:United States
4366:
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4230:
4228:
4227:Daguerreotype
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4208:
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4097:
4096:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4083:
4080:
4079:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4072:Stopping down
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4037:Rephotography
4035:
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4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
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4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3972:Long-exposure
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
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3827:
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3807:
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3800:
3797:
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3727:
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3717:
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3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3664:Architectural
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3646:
3644:
3640:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3623:Shutter speed
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3597:
3594:
3593:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3576:Metering mode
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3545:
3542:
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3536:
3535:
3532:
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3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3489:Color balance
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3454:Angle of view
3452:
3450:
3447:
3446:
3444:
3440:
3434:
3431:
3427:
3424:
3423:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3401:Manufacturers
3399:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3361:
3360:
3357:
3353:
3350:
3348:
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3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3309:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
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3258:
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3251:
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3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
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3179:
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3162:
3158:
3151:
3146:
3144:
3139:
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3128:
3116:
3108:
3106:
3098:
3097:
3094:
3088:
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3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3070:
3066:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
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3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
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2575:Primary color
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2386:Color balance
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2363:Chromotherapy
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2303:Tetrachromacy
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2227:Achromatopsia
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2210:Chromesthesia
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2124:Color physics
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2116:Color science
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1955:and standards
1953:Color systems
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1653:
1651:
1650:CIELUV (1976)
1648:
1646:
1645:CIELAB (1976)
1643:
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1497:
1496:Color formats
1494:
1491:
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1485:
1482:
1479:
1478:Color Science
1476:
1473:
1470:
1469:
1456:
1454:0-8194-6020-6
1450:
1446:
1445:
1437:
1429:
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1418:
1410:
1403:
1399:
1397:1-56592-484-3
1393:
1389:
1384:
1383:
1374:
1366:
1364:3-527-30363-4
1360:
1357:. Wiley-VCH.
1356:
1355:
1347:
1339:
1337:3-527-30436-3
1333:
1330:. Wiley-VCH.
1329:
1328:
1320:
1306:on 2008-07-26
1305:
1301:
1294:
1287:
1281:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1261:
1254:
1251:. Die Farbe,
1250:
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1039:
1035:
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1019:
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1005:
1001:
990:
989:Primary color
987:
985:
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979:
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971:
968:
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958:
956:
945:
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831:
830:
828:
824:
823:color science
811:
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626:
622:
619:, which uses
618:
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586:
582:
581:North America
578:
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225:-dimensional
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56:
52:
43:
37:
33:
28:
22:
5923:Hutter Prize
5887:Quantization
5792:Compensation
5586:Quantization
5555:
5309:Compensation
4875:ShannonâFano
4815:Entropy type
4720:Polaroid art
4609:K-14 process
4604:Instant film
4599:Gum printing
4554:C-41 process
4539:Photographic
4511:
4440:Image sensor
4435:Film scanner
4089:Sun printing
4022:Print toning
3809:space selfie
3779:Pictorialism
3709:Ethnographic
3689:Conservation
3561:Guide number
3556:Focal length
2825:Fluorescence
2788:Colorfulness
2781:Dichromatism
2625:
2617:
2587:Chromaticity
2570:Color mixing
2562:Color theory
2495:Color scheme
2455:
2358:Chromophobia
2307:
2066:Color vision
1574:Color models
1557:
1519:
1484:Color Spaces
1480:, Dan Bruton
1443:
1436:
1416:
1409:
1401:
1381:
1373:
1353:
1346:
1326:
1319:
1308:. Retrieved
1304:the original
1293:
1280:
1269:
1260:
1255::4/6 (1981).
1252:
1248:
1243:
1232:. Retrieved
1228:
1218:
1191:
1187:
1177:
1155:(5): 69â84.
1152:
1148:
1138:
1113:
1109:
1099:
1091:
1086:
1067:
1063:
1053:
1041:. Retrieved
1021:
1017:
1004:
978:Color theory
951:
934:
927:
915:
899:
895:
880:
868:
850:
847:
826:
820:
793:
732:
728:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
699:
693:
689:
685:
681:
676:
655:
629:
571:
561:
548:
536:ProPhoto RGB
519:
518:needs to be
515:
506:
449:
418:
409:
391:
368:
337:
327:
319:
312:
305:
282:
256:
248:
239:Hermann Weyl
235:linear space
232:
222:
219:vector space
212:
168:Thomas Young
165:
152:Thomas Young
129:
91:
50:
48:
5998:Color space
5882:Prefix code
5735:Frame types
5556:Color space
5382:Convolution
5112:LZ77 + ANS
5023:Incremental
4996:Other types
4915:Levenshtein
4725:Stereoscopy
4584:E-6 process
4579:Dye coupler
4512:color space
4425:Digiscoping
4418:camera back
4333:Philippines
4262:Visual arts
4252:Glass plate
4237:Heliography
4136:Composition
4111:Ultraviolet
4067:Stereoscopy
4062:Slow motion
4047:Scanography
3962:Kite aerial
3902:Contre-jour
3794:Post-mortem
3784:Pornography
3764:Neues Sehen
3699:Documentary
3633:Zone System
3608:Reciprocity
3534:Film format
3464:Backscatter
3442:Terminology
3312:beauty dish
3211:rangefinder
3176:light-field
3157:Photography
2962:Color chart
2820:Iridescence
2652:Basic terms
2643:Color terms
2597:Color wheel
2592:Color solid
2456:Color space
2442:subtractive
2425:Color model
2296:Unique hues
2192:Colorimetry
2158:Chromophore
2044: [
1999:ICC profile
1558:Color space
1043:28 November
967:Color model
937:HSL and HSV
925:) is used.
923:8-bit color
892:ICC profile
876:white point
804:Technicolor
711:aturation,
688:aturation,
487:Color model
415:RGB density
360:CRT monitor
200:wavelengths
94:color model
71:color names
51:color space
6013:Photometry
5987:Categories
5939:Mark Adler
5897:Redundancy
5814:Daubechies
5797:Estimation
5730:Frame rate
5652:Daubechies
5612:Chain code
5571:Macroblock
5377:Companding
5314:Estimation
5234:Daubechies
4940:LempelâZiv
4900:Exp-Golomb
4828:Arithmetic
4715:Lomography
4541:processing
4490:Print film
4406:comparison
4373:Uzbekistan
4323:Luxembourg
4283:Bangladesh
4232:Dufaycolor
4212:Box camera
4169:Simplicity
4126:Zoom burst
4121:Xerography
4116:Vignetting
4106:Time-lapse
4094:Tiltâshift
3987:Mordançage
3977:Luminogram
3942:Holography
3937:High-speed
3917:Fill flash
3897:Burst mode
3875:Techniques
3856:Vernacular
3851:Underwater
3846:Toy camera
3826:Still life
3754:Monochrome
3744:High-speed
3694:Cloudscape
3684:Conceptual
3586:Photograph
3571:Lens flare
3551:Film speed
3433:Zone plate
3379:wide-angle
3364:long-focus
2982:Shades of:
2815:Brightness
2547:Web colors
2503:Color tool
2486:philosophy
2391:Color cast
2291:Afterimage
2281:Metamerism
2254:Color code
2249:Color task
2232:Dichromacy
1889:Hexachrome
1698:Wide-gamut
1640:UVW (1964)
1635:YUV (1960)
1630:RGB (1931)
1625:XYZ (1931)
1310:2008-04-08
1234:2022-07-04
996:References
802:for early
739:Commercial
729:brightness
434:bit depths
400:Conversion
383:brightness
379:saturation
371:HSL or HSV
366:monitor).
176:cone cells
79:NCS System
5916:Community
5740:Interlace
5126:Zstandard
4905:Fibonacci
4895:Universal
4853:Canonical
4660:Norwegian
4624:Stop bath
4569:Developer
4197:Ambrotype
4159:Lead room
4082:Slit-scan
4017:Photogram
4012:Panoramic
3922:Fireworks
3907:Cyanotype
3749:Landscape
3394:telephoto
3342:reflector
3337:monolight
3332:lens hood
3317:cucoloris
3253:safelight
3164:Equipment
2832:Grayscale
2805:Lightness
2800:Luminance
2609:(fashion)
2309:The dress
2041:JIS Z8102
1824:Rec. 2100
1812:Rec. 2100
1807:Rec. 2020
1738:Rec. 2100
1733:Rec. 2020
1506:PixFC-SSE
1472:Color FAQ
1194:(1): 16.
1130:0002-9890
1070:: 12â48.
1024:: 77â86.
900:embedding
888:Adobe RGB
733:lightness
715:ightness/
615:, except
609:Australia
593:luminance
566:substrate
564:from the
562:reflected
532:Adobe RGB
166:In 1802,
83:Adobe RGB
5902:Symmetry
5870:Timeline
5853:FM-index
5698:Bit rate
5691:Concepts
5539:Concepts
5402:Sampling
5355:Bit rate
5348:Concepts
5050:Sequitur
4885:Tunstall
4858:Modified
4848:Adaptive
4806:Lossless
4744:Category
4445:CMOS APS
4343:Slovenia
4271:Regional
4217:Calotype
4154:Headroom
4032:Redscale
3947:Infrared
3892:Brenizer
3866:Wildlife
3789:Portrait
3734:Forensic
3724:Fine-art
3659:Aircraft
3649:Abstract
3529:F-number
3509:Exposure
3484:Clipping
3459:Aperture
3327:hot shoe
3248:enlarger
3243:Darkroom
3105:Category
3087:Lighting
2810:Darkness
2630:(Goethe)
2430:additive
2418:Quattron
2004:ISCCâNBS
1894:HSL, HSV
1879:Coloroid
1874:ColorADD
1802:Rec. 709
1797:Rec. 601
1728:Rec. 709
1718:Rec. 601
1703:ProPhoto
1660:CIECAM16
1655:CIECAM02
1607:CIECAM16
1592:CIECAM02
1447:. SPIE.
1420:. SPIE.
1229:Lifewire
1210:25589300
1038:33425148
961:See also
930:lighting
790:Obsolete
285:printing
263:Examples
32:CIE 1931
5860:Entropy
5809:Wavelet
5788:Motion
5647:Wavelet
5627:Fractal
5622:Deflate
5605:Methods
5392:Latency
5305:Motion
5229:Wavelet
5146:LHA/LZH
5096:Deflate
5045:Re-Pair
5040:Grammar
4870:Shannon
4843:Huffman
4799:methods
4755:Outline
4691:Related
4378:Vietnam
4363:Ukraine
4298:Denmark
4278:Albania
4257:Tintype
4184:History
4149:Framing
4042:Rollout
4007:Panning
3957:Kirlian
3861:Wedding
3739:Glamour
3719:Fashion
3704:Eclipse
3674:Banquet
3596:Albumen
3406:Monopod
3384:fisheye
3352:softbox
3201:pinhole
3191:instant
3181:digital
3069:Related
3030:Magenta
2955:history
2859:Pantone
2146:Visible
2141:Rainbow
2024:Pantone
2019:Ostwald
2009:Munsell
1914:OSA-UCS
1157:Bibcode
896:tagging
544:CIE RGB
520:emitted
481:Generic
425:channel
394:Pantone
301:pigment
143:History
75:Pantone
63:digital
5971:codecs
5932:People
5835:Theory
5802:Vector
5319:Vector
5136:Brotli
5086:Hybrid
4985:Snappy
4838:Golomb
4753:
4742:
4670:street
4665:Polish
4358:Turkey
4353:Taiwan
4338:Serbia
4328:Norway
4303:Greece
4288:Canada
3882:Afocal
3841:Street
3821:Sports
3804:Selfie
3759:Nature
3714:Erotic
3679:Candid
3654:Aerial
3642:Genres
3544:medium
3421:Tripod
3389:swivel
3302:Filter
3280:holder
3275:format
3171:Camera
3082:Qualia
3077:Vision
3025:Purple
3020:Violet
3000:Yellow
2995:Orange
2690:Orange
2685:Purple
2675:Yellow
2109:topics
2064:
1864:CcMmYK
1713:DCI-P3
1451:
1424:
1394:
1361:
1334:
1288:, 2004
1274:online
1266:online
1208:
1128:
1036:
858:, and
852:CIEXYZ
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