97:
without changing the overall number in the DNA. Indels can also be contrasted with Tandem Base
Mutations (TBM), which may result from fundamentally different mechanisms. A TBM is defined as a substitution at adjacent nucleotides (primarily substitutions at two adjacent nucleotides, but substitutions
116:
in a different frame. Indels that are not multiples of 3 are particularly uncommon in coding regions but relatively common in non-coding regions. There are approximately 192-280 frameshifting indels in each person. Indels are likely to represent between 16% and 25% of all sequence polymorphisms in
160:
Using passenger-immunoglobulin mouse models, a study found that the most prevalent indel events are the activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID)-dependent ±1-base pair (bp) indels, which can lead to deleterious outcomes, whereas longer in-frame indels were rare outcomes.
140:. In systematics, researchers could find differences between sequences, such as from two different species. But it was impossible to infer if one species lost the sequence or the other species gained it. For example, species
889:
Hao, Qian; Zhan, Chuanzong; Lian, Chaoyang; Luo, Simin; Cao, Wenyi; Wang, Binbin; Xie, Xia; Ye, Xiaofei; Gui, Tuantuan; Voena, Claudia; Pighi, Chiara; Wang, Yanyan; Tian, Ying; Wang, Xin; Dai, Pengfei (2023-03-31).
152:
has 5 G's at the same locus. If the mode of selection is unknown, one can not tell if species A lost one G (a "deletion" event") or species B gained one G (an "insertion" event). When one cannot infer the
364:
Buettner VL, Hill KA, Halangoda A, Sommer SS (1999). "Tandem-base mutations occur in mouse liver and adipose tissue preferentially as G:C to T:A transversions and accumulate with age".
660:"Identifying the genome-wide sequence variations and developing new molecular markers for genetics research by re-sequencing a Landrace cultivar of foxtail millet"
329:
Hill KA, Wang J, Farwell KD, Sommer SS (January 2003). "Spontaneous tandem-base mutations (TBM) show dramatic tissue, age, pattern and spectrum specificity".
566:
Nakamura H, Muro T, Imamura S, Yuasa I (March 2009). "Forensic species identification based on size variation of mitochondrial DNA hypervariable regions".
294:
Kaneko T, Tahara S, Matsuo M (May 1996). "Non-linear accumulation of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine, a marker of oxidized DNA damage, during aging".
460:"Whole-gene positive selection, elevated synonymous substitution rates, duplication, and indel evolution of the chloroplast clpP1 gene"
377:
194:
Mahmoud, Medhat; Gobet, Nastassia; Cruz-Dávalos, Diana Ivette; Mounier, Ninon; Dessimoz, Christophe; Sedlazeck, Fritz J. (2019).
105:
studies. It has been shown that genomic regions with multiple indels can also be used for species-identification procedures.
964:
101:
Indels, being either insertions, or deletions, can be used as genetic markers in natural populations, especially in
89:. An indel inserts or deletes nucleotides from a sequence, while a point mutation is a form of substitution that
118:
136:
for use in the sense described above. This is a change from its original use and meaning, which arose from
892:"DNA repair mechanisms that promote insertion-deletion events during immunoglobulin gene diversification"
117:
humans. In most known genomes, including humans, indel frequency tends to be markedly lower than that of
1149:
1123:
1073:
126:
609:
Taberlet P, Coissac E, Pompanon F, Gielly L, Miquel C, Valentini A, et al. (26 January 2007).
1118:
112:
results in a frameshift during mRNA translation that could lead to an inappropriate (premature)
957:
768:
Abecasis GR, Altshuler D, Auton A, Brooks LD, Durbin RM, Gibbs RA, et al. (October 2010).
28:
17:
825:
Mills RE, Luttig CT, Larkins CE, Beauchamp A, Tsui C, Pittard WS, Devine SE (September 2006).
517:
Pereira F, Carneiro J, Matthiesen R, van Asch B, Pinto N, GusmĂŁo L, Amorim A (December 2010).
1078:
1042:
1005:
987:
781:
671:
471:
170:
122:
65:
49:
247:"Haplotype-resolved diverse human genomes and integrated analysis of structural variation"
157:
direction of the sequence change, the sequence change event is referred to as an "indel".
8:
1052:
992:
175:
76:
53:
1113:
1103:
1098:
924:
891:
785:
719:"Genome-wide patterns of genetic variation in sweet and grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor)"
675:
475:
851:
826:
802:
769:
745:
718:
694:
659:
635:
610:
591:
543:
518:
494:
459:
435:
408:
389:
271:
246:
222:
195:
342:
307:
1144:
1037:
1032:
950:
929:
911:
856:
807:
750:
699:
640:
583:
548:
499:
440:
409:"Insertion-deletion polymorphisms (indels) as genetic markers in natural populations"
381:
346:
311:
276:
227:
611:"Power and limitations of the chloroplast trnL (UAA) intron for plant DNA barcoding"
595:
393:
1108:
1057:
919:
903:
846:
838:
797:
789:
740:
730:
689:
679:
630:
622:
575:
538:
530:
489:
479:
430:
420:
373:
338:
303:
266:
258:
217:
207:
75:
of the genome, unless the length of an indel is a multiple of 3, it will produce a
1047:
684:
484:
827:"An initial map of insertion and deletion (INDEL) variation in the human genome"
1024:
907:
735:
85:
80:
717:
Zheng LY, Guo XS, He B, Sun LJ, Peng Y, Dong SS, et al. (November 2011).
579:
519:"Identification of species by multiplex analysis of variable-length sequences"
212:
1138:
915:
72:
262:
1000:
933:
860:
811:
754:
703:
644:
587:
552:
503:
444:
385:
350:
280:
231:
102:
425:
315:
626:
534:
137:
94:
793:
79:. For example, a common microindel which results in a frameshift causes
842:
113:
57:
83:
in the Jewish or
Japanese population. Indels can be contrasted with a
378:
10.1002/(SICI)1098-2280(1999)33:4<320::AID-EM9>3.0.CO;2-S
154:
133:
973:
770:"A map of human genome variation from population-scale sequencing"
516:
145:
658:
Bai H, Cao Y, Quan J, Dong L, Li Z, Zhu Y, et al. (2013).
406:
193:
108:
An indel change of a single base pair in the coding part of an
61:
407:
Väli U, Brandström M, Johansson M, Ellegren H (January 2008).
244:
64:
of an organism. Indels ≥ 50 bases in length are classified as
608:
132:
The term "indel" has been co-opted in recent years by genome
767:
942:
824:
710:
363:
109:
196:"Structural variant calling: the long and the short of it"
565:
27:
For the rural locality in
Murmansk Oblast, Russia, see
328:
458:
Erixon P, Oxelman B (January 2008). Volff JN (ed.).
651:
121:, except near highly repetitive regions, including
98:at three adjacent nucleotides have been observed).
293:
1136:
878:(9th ed.). W. H. Freeman. pp. 726–892.
888:
657:
958:
716:
457:
322:
965:
951:
287:
48:etion) is a molecular biology term for an
923:
850:
801:
744:
734:
693:
683:
634:
542:
493:
483:
451:
434:
424:
270:
221:
211:
1092:Mutation with respect to overall fitness
568:International Journal of Legal Medicine
400:
366:Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis
14:
1137:
873:
946:
818:
119:single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP)
34:Insertions and deletions in a genome
148:nucleotides at a locus and species
24:
1017:Mutation with respect to structure
245:Ebert, Peter; et al. (2021).
25:
1161:
882:
867:
761:
602:
559:
510:
357:
238:
187:
13:
1:
343:10.1016/S1383-5718(02)00277-2
308:10.1016/S0921-8734(96)90010-7
181:
972:
685:10.1371/journal.pone.0073514
485:10.1371/journal.pone.0001386
7:
164:
10:
1166:
1074:Chromosomal translocations
908:10.1126/sciimmunol.ade1167
736:10.1186/gb-2011-12-11-r114
26:
1091:
1066:
1023:
1016:
980:
580:10.1007/s00414-008-0306-7
213:10.1186/s13059-019-1828-7
1114:Nearly neutral mutation
263:10.1126/science.abf7117
1124:Nonsynonymous mutation
1079:Chromosomal inversions
981:Mechanisms of mutation
876:Molecular Cell Biology
615:Nucleic Acids Research
523:Nucleic Acids Research
29:Indel (rural locality)
1104:Advantageous mutation
1043:Conservative mutation
426:10.1186/1471-2156-9-8
1099:Deleterious mutation
1067:Large-scale mutation
171:Insertion (genetics)
1119:Synonymous mutation
1053:Frameshift mutation
794:10.1038/nature09534
786:2010Natur.467.1061T
780:(7319): 1061–1073.
676:2013PLoSO...873514B
476:2008PLoSO...3.1386E
176:Deletion (genetics)
77:frameshift mutation
66:structural variants
896:Science Immunology
874:Lodish, H (2021).
843:10.1101/gr.4565806
627:10.1093/nar/gkl938
535:10.1093/nar/gkq865
257:(6537): eabf7117.
1150:Molecular biology
1132:
1131:
1087:
1086:
1038:Missense mutation
1033:Nonsense mutation
331:Mutation Research
296:Mutation Research
16:(Redirected from
1157:
1109:Neutral mutation
1058:Dynamic mutation
1021:
1020:
967:
960:
953:
944:
943:
938:
937:
927:
902:(81): eade1167.
886:
880:
879:
871:
865:
864:
854:
837:(9): 1182–1190.
822:
816:
815:
805:
765:
759:
758:
748:
738:
714:
708:
707:
697:
687:
655:
649:
648:
638:
606:
600:
599:
563:
557:
556:
546:
514:
508:
507:
497:
487:
455:
449:
448:
438:
428:
404:
398:
397:
361:
355:
354:
337:(1–2): 173–186.
326:
320:
319:
302:(5–6): 277–285.
291:
285:
284:
274:
242:
236:
235:
225:
215:
191:
21:
1165:
1164:
1160:
1159:
1158:
1156:
1155:
1154:
1135:
1134:
1133:
1128:
1083:
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1048:Silent mutation
1012:
976:
971:
941:
887:
883:
872:
868:
831:Genome Research
823:
819:
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762:
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656:
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452:
405:
401:
362:
358:
327:
323:
292:
288:
243:
239:
192:
188:
184:
167:
144:has a run of 4
127:microsatellites
35:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1163:
1153:
1152:
1147:
1130:
1129:
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1116:
1111:
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1095:
1093:
1089:
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1085:
1084:
1082:
1081:
1076:
1070:
1068:
1064:
1063:
1061:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1029:
1027:
1025:Point mutation
1018:
1014:
1013:
1011:
1010:
1009:
1008:
1003:
995:
990:
984:
982:
978:
977:
970:
969:
962:
955:
947:
940:
939:
881:
866:
817:
760:
723:Genome Biology
709:
650:
601:
574:(2): 177–184.
558:
509:
450:
399:
372:(4): 320–324.
356:
321:
286:
237:
200:Genome Biology
185:
183:
180:
179:
178:
173:
166:
163:
86:point mutation
81:Bloom syndrome
73:coding regions
33:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1162:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1140:
1125:
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1120:
1117:
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1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
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1080:
1077:
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1065:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1022:
1019:
1015:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
998:
997:Substitution
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
985:
983:
979:
975:
968:
963:
961:
956:
954:
949:
948:
945:
935:
931:
926:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
885:
877:
870:
862:
858:
853:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
821:
813:
809:
804:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
764:
756:
752:
747:
742:
737:
732:
728:
724:
720:
713:
705:
701:
696:
691:
686:
681:
677:
673:
670:(9): e73514.
669:
665:
661:
654:
646:
642:
637:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
605:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
562:
554:
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545:
540:
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520:
513:
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501:
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491:
486:
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442:
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432:
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395:
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375:
371:
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352:
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309:
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301:
297:
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273:
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147:
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99:
96:
92:
88:
87:
82:
78:
74:
69:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
30:
19:
1001:Transversion
899:
895:
884:
875:
869:
834:
830:
820:
777:
773:
763:
729:(11): R114.
726:
722:
712:
667:
663:
653:
618:
614:
604:
571:
567:
561:
529:(22): e203.
526:
522:
512:
470:(1): e1386.
467:
463:
453:
416:
413:BMC Genetics
412:
402:
369:
365:
359:
334:
330:
324:
299:
295:
289:
254:
250:
240:
203:
199:
189:
159:
155:phylogenetic
149:
141:
131:
123:homopolymers
107:
103:phylogenetic
100:
90:
84:
70:
45:
41:
37:
36:
138:systematics
95:nucleotides
93:one of the
1139:Categories
1006:Transition
621:(3): e14.
206:(1): 246.
182:References
134:scientists
114:stop codon
988:Insertion
916:2470-9468
50:insertion
1145:Mutation
993:Deletion
974:Mutation
934:36961908
925:10351598
861:16902084
812:20981092
755:22104744
704:24039970
664:PLOS ONE
645:17169982
596:10531572
588:19052767
553:20923781
504:18167545
464:PLOS ONE
445:18211670
394:37019230
386:10398380
351:12504766
281:33632895
232:31747936
165:See also
91:replaces
54:deletion
44:sertion-
852:1557762
803:3042601
782:Bibcode
746:3334600
695:3769310
672:Bibcode
636:1807943
544:3001097
495:2148103
472:Bibcode
436:2266919
316:8649461
272:8026704
251:Science
223:6868818
60:in the
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922:
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774:Nature
753:
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541:
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384:
349:
314:
279:
269:
230:
220:
62:genome
18:Indels
592:S2CID
419:: 8.
390:S2CID
58:bases
38:Indel
930:PMID
912:ISSN
857:PMID
808:PMID
751:PMID
700:PMID
641:PMID
584:PMID
549:PMID
500:PMID
441:PMID
382:PMID
347:PMID
312:PMID
277:PMID
228:PMID
125:and
110:mRNA
920:PMC
904:doi
847:PMC
839:doi
798:PMC
790:doi
778:467
741:PMC
731:doi
690:PMC
680:doi
631:PMC
623:doi
576:doi
572:123
539:PMC
531:doi
490:PMC
480:doi
431:PMC
421:doi
374:doi
339:doi
335:534
304:doi
300:316
267:PMC
259:doi
255:372
218:PMC
208:doi
71:In
56:of
52:or
46:del
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582:.
570:.
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537:.
527:38
525:.
521:.
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488:.
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429:.
415:.
411:.
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310:.
298:.
275:.
265:.
253:.
249:.
226:.
216:.
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129:.
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792::
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757:.
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482::
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423::
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376::
353:.
341::
318:.
306::
283:.
261::
234:.
210::
150:B
146:G
142:A
40:(
31:.
20:)
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