750:, and the provincial and federal governments tend to squabble over funding. All levels of government are pressured to limit spending while maintaining equitable and accessible services for disabled and dependent persons. The result is a fragile system of provincially run community care services that ration medical care while avoiding the complex social issue of long-term community care reform. Canadian policymakers talk about a social model of disability and typically recognise that this model is preferred by disabled persons, however, the policy reality of independent living falls closer to a model that combines biomedical and neoliberal ideologies while neglecting social and environmental determinants of ability. Independent living remains difficult for many people and institutionalisation is offered as an ongoing practical solution to meeting care needs. Noticeable in the ideological push for independent living is the marketisation of institutional care as independent living in 21st century Canada. Funding is through a decentralised mix of publicly paid, private-for-profit, and private-not-for-profit systems. Beyond home care, community care is offered through a variety of service delivery models including supportive living, assisted living, and long-term care.
694:. His biggest educational challenge came when he was accepted at college. After struggling to get accepted, the UCBerkeley refused to give Roberts financial aid. He then sued Berkeley for access and integration. Although he won the case, Roberts was housed in school's infirmary instead of the dorms. As others with disabilities started attending the school and living in the infirmary, an activist group called the Rolling Quads was formed. They ended up starting the Disabled Students' Program, a resource for those with disabilities that was run by people with disabilities. This program led to the first independent living center in America being made, the Berkeley Center for Independent Living. These centers flourished across the United States and are a huge part of why Ed Roberts was so instrumental in the start of the Independent Living Movement. As well, a major project in Berkeley, California led by Roberts and others at the Center for Independent Living led to curb cuts up and down Telegraph and Shattuck Avenues creating an extensive path of travel.
711:
changed when farm workers and their families, replaced by technology on farms, migrated from small rural communities to large urban centres in search of gainful employment in industry. The redistribution of paid agricultural labour to industry created a shortage of unpaid domestic care for disabled and dependent persons whose caregivers also became occupied with paid industrial labour. The taken-for-granted economy of care (previously unpaid and supported by families and small rural communities) was disrupted, and industrialised communities suffered ballooning levels of homelessness and poverty as a consequence of an industrialised social structure.
702:"Independent Living does not mean that we want to do everything by ourselves, do not need anybody or like to live in isolation. Independent Living means that we demand the same choices and control in our every-day lives that our non-disabled brothers and sisters, neighbors and friends take for granted. We want to grow up in our families, go to the neighborhood school, use the same bus as our neighbors, work in jobs that are in line with our education and interests, and raise families of our own. We are profoundly ordinary people sharing the same need to feel included, recognized and loved."
690:) and of course, early friends and collaborators in the 1970s (Julie Ann Racino) and university and government supporters throughout the 1980s and 1990s. Ed Roberts was a quadriplegic who dealt with discrimination in many different aspects of his life. His fight for acceptance in schools, however, is what Roberts is most well known for. In high school, Roberts was stopped from graduating because he could not complete his gym requirement, as he was paralyzed and spent most of his time in an
36:
2403:
525:
2413:
730:. Neoliberal thinkers oppose state interventions such as institutional care, promoting competitive market-based care delivery systems as cost-effective solutions to care for dependent and disabled persons. With support from both movements, community care gained popularity as a moral and cost-effective alternative to institutional care.
802:, and are run and controlled by persons with disabilities. According to the IL approach, the example of a peer, somebody who has been in a similar situation, can be more powerful than a non-disabled professional's interventions in analyzing one's situation, in assuming responsibility for one's life and in developing coping strategies.
710:
Canada's history of independence, home living, and the independent living movement can be traced back to the industrial revolution of the 19th century. The industrial revolution precipitated rapid changes in the structure of society and the paid and unpaid labour economies. The distribution of labour
626:
contribute to negative attitudes towards people with disabilities, portraying them as sick, defective and deviant persons, as objects of professional intervention, or as a burden for themselves and their families. These images have consequences for disabled people's opportunities for raising families
753:
These newer forms of institutional care attempt to maximise independent living while minimising care provided, both to support disabled and dependent person's identified needs and to control costs in the formal care economy. Unmet needs of deinstitutionalised care-dependent people may be absorbed by
714:
Urban communities pushed governments for an ethical solution to the problem of uncared for disabled and dependent persons. Provincial governments responded by building and funding medical institutions, however, institutional care was deeply flawed. Institutionalised care created a paternalistic and
812:
There is a fundamental set of services (Core
Services) found in all of the Centers, but there is some variation in the programs that are offered, the funding sources, and the staffing, among other things. Depending on the public services in the community, Centers might assist with housing referral
718:
In the late 20th century, a social movement called the independent living movement fought to re-identify disabled and dependent persons as people with beliefs, values, dreams, and identities that extended beyond their medical diagnoses. The overarching goal of the movement was to gain choice and
733:
Deinstitutionalisation coincided with an economic downturn in the 1980s. The goals of the independent living movement - choice, control, and quality care - were essentially co-opted by neoliberal ideals of cost-control, self-sufficiency, and minimalist state intervention. Deinstitutionalisation
809:– can learn to take more initiative and control over their lives. For example, peer support is used in Independent Living Skills classes where people living with their families or in institutions learn how to run their everyday lives in preparation for living by themselves.
745:
Home care, or home-based community care, came into effect in the 1980s in most
Canadian Provinces as one policy solution to bridge the gap between institutional and community care. The transition is ongoing and contentious. Home care is not covered under the 1984
741:
independent, or at least have families that could provide support. Community care has been structured as a compromise between neoliberal values and the lived realities of disabled and dependent persons of the independent living movement.
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occurred alongside health and welfare service restructuring in a concerted effort to reduce public spending and improve the efficiency of formal care. Service reductions were justified by neoliberal beliefs that all people
1992:
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2008:
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developed by people with disabilities themselves. The first
Independent Living ideologists and organizers were people with extensive disabilities (e.g.,
836:(NCIL, 1989–2011) as a project, which became a spin-out independent organisation in the early 2000s before merging with two other organisations to form
2049:
923:
715:
segregated system that medicalised the identities of disabled and dependent persons and actively participated in the abuse of their human rights.
719:
control for dependent and disabled persons in the delivery of health and social care through state-supported community re-integration and care.
817:. Typically, Centers work with local and regional governments to improve infrastructure, raise awareness about disability issues and lobby for
46:
2023:
1003:
Illario, Maddalena; Vollenbroek-Hutten, Miriam M. R.; Molloy, D. William; Menditto, Enrica; Iaccarino, Guido; Eklund, Patrik (14 June 2018).
563:
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DiGennaro Reed, Florence D.; Strouse, Michael C.; Jenkins, Sarah R.; Price, Jamie; Henley, Amy J.; Hirst, Jason M. (11 June 2014).
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2013:
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families and communities via the unpaid care economy, into existing systems of acute and primary care, or be left unaddressed.
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635:, which may result in persons with disabilities living in poverty. The alternative to the Medical Model of Disability is the
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With the rise in Senior population, Independent Living facilities have risen in popularity as an option for aging citizens.
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349:
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888:
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430:
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17:
825:. Effective centers have proven to be in states like California, Massachusetts, New York, Pennsylvania, and Illinois.
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In most countries, proponents of the
Independent Living Movement claim preconceived notions and a predominantly
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According to the IL Movement, with peer support, everyone – including persons with extensive
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1306:"A critical policy analysis of an emerging agenda for home care in one Canadian province"
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178:
1054:
DeJong, Gerben (1979). "Independent Living: From Social
Movement to Analytic Paradigm".
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1250:"Reconciling tensions: Needing formal and family/friend care but feeling like a burden"
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Housing and community arrangements that maximize independence and self-determination
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1186:. Ontario Ministry of Children, Community and Social Services. March 18, 2018.
971:
956:"Barriers to Independent Living for Individuals with Disabilities and Seniors"
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1414:"Resetting normal: Women, decent work, and Canada's fractured care economy"
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615:, independent living is seen as a step in the continuum of care, with
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654:, which began in the 1960s. The IL Movement works at replacing the
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1982:
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1254:
Canadian
Journal on Aging / La Revue Canadienne du Vieillissement
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The independent living movement found significant support for
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in
January 2012. All these organisations subscribe to the
599:, and a worldwide movement of disabled people working for
45:
deal primarily with USA and Europe and do not represent a
1356:"Home care in Canada: From the margins to the mainstream"
1005:"Active and Healthy Ageing and Independent Living 2016"
929:
Timeline of disability rights outside the United States
1383:"From bad to worse: Residential elder care in Alberta"
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denounced human rights violations of disabled people.
2019:
Convention on the Rights of
Persons with Disabilities
1303:
658:
and rehabilitation experts' concepts of integration,
1507:
ABC-CLIO Companion to the
Disability Rights Movement
1100:. Boston, Massachusetts: Beacon Press. p. 38.
830:
British Council of Organisations of Disabled People
1504:
1476:
924:Timeline of disability rights in the United States
1451:"Independent Living for Disabilities and Seniors"
1381:Campanella, D.; Bower, S. S. (November 6, 2013).
813:and adaptation, personal assistance referral, or
777:
2429:
650:The Independent Living Movement grew out of the
1088:
1086:
936:– social integration beyond independent living
726:through another ideological movement known as
2024:Declaration on the Rights of Disabled Persons
1855:
1555:
1080:Richard Scotch, www.jstor.org/stable/3350150.
819:legislation that promotes equal opportunities
557:
43:The examples and perspective in this article
1511:. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, Inc.
1120:Richard Scotch, www.jstor.org/stable/3350150
786:was founded by disability activists, led by
1083:
2412:
2213:Augmentative and alternative communication
1862:
1848:
1562:
1548:
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550:
1483:. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
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1321:
1098:A Disability History of the United States
1030:
1020:
979:
81:Learn how and when to remove this message
1354:Canadian Healthcare Association (2009).
2248:Disproportionality in special education
1730:Nursing home care in the United Kingdom
1430:cripple tribunal on disabilityworld.org
1411:
1310:Health and Social Care in the Community
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794:. These Centers were created to offer
14:
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1735:Nursing home care in the United States
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834:National Centre for Independent Living
156:Individualized Education Program (IEP)
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1206:"Disability right movement in Canada"
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431:Disabled Peoples' International (DPI)
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350:Social Security Disability Insurance
29:
2355:Disability in children's literature
889:List of disability rights activists
24:
2218:Emotional or behavioral disability
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394:Ontario Disability Support Program
25:
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1750:Social care in the United Kingdom
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1130:Williamson, Bess (26 June 2012).
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2402:
2401:
1778:Caring in intimate relationships
1323:10.1111/j.1365-2524.2006.00616.x
1304:Duncan, S.; Reutter, L. (2006).
1157:http://www.independentliving.org
524:
523:
421:National Telecommuting Institute
34:
1740:Home care in the United Kingdom
1697:Caring for people with dementia
1442:
1423:
909:Post-Polio Health International
832:(BCODP, 1981–2017) started the
2233:Disability and LGBT identities
1869:
1798:Unlicensed assistive personnel
1745:Home care in the United States
1569:
1479:The Disability Rights Movement
1412:Faraday, F. (April 15, 2020).
1204:Galer, D. (February 5, 2015).
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1123:
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996:
947:
778:Centers for Independent Living
426:Society for Disability Studies
278:Unlicensed assistive personnel
13:
1:
2045:Services for mental disorders
1829:Distress in cancer caregiving
1136:Boom: A Journal of California
960:Behavior Analysis in Practice
940:
784:Center for Independent Living
757:
697:
2050:Services for disabled people
355:Supplemental Security Income
117:Ableism / Disablism
7:
2333:Arts, media, culture, sport
1783:Direct support professional
1725:Nursing home care in Canada
1226:Dyck, E. (April 28, 2014).
1180:"The Industrial Revolution"
847:
370:Disabled students allowance
365:Disability Living Allowance
57:, discuss the issue on the
10:
2464:
2360:Disability in horror films
2152:Activities of daily living
1605:Activities of daily living
919:Social model of disability
874:Disability rights movement
842:Social Model of Disability
807:developmental disabilities
652:disability rights movement
637:Social Model of Disability
624:medical view of disability
229:Disability rights movement
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2001:
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1475:Fleischer, Doris (2001).
1266:10.1017/S0714980816000672
1210:The Canadian Encyclopedia
1009:Journal of Aging Research
972:10.1007/s40617-014-0011-6
894:Mainstreaming (education)
879:Independent senior living
375:Disabled Persons Railcard
2253:Sexuality and disability
2228:Disability and disasters
2140:Structural and assistive
1610:Long-term care insurance
1228:"Deinstitutionalization"
1132:"The People's Sidewalks"
388:the Severely Handicapped
344:Socioeconomic assistance
254:Sexuality and disability
2367:Disability in the media
2238:Disability and religion
2177:Personal Care Assistant
904:Person-centred planning
884:Intellectual disability
508:Disability in the media
2350:Disability in the arts
2243:Disability and poverty
2182:Physical accessibility
1812:Support for caregivers
1690:Special considerations
724:deinstitutionalisation
627:of their own, getting
591:, a way of looking at
498:Disability in the arts
316:Physical accessibility
1941:driver rehabilitation
1717:Caregiving by country
1184:Government of Ontario
1056:Arch Phys Med Rehabil
768:Amnesty International
619:being the next step.
244:People-first language
222:Societal implications
2274:Models of disability
2258:Youth and disability
2223:Invisible disability
2172:Orthotics and braces
2157:Assistive technology
1969:Rights, law, support
1681:Retirement community
1600:Occupational therapy
1503:Pelka, Fred (1997).
1439:Retrieved 2012-01-21
1022:10.1155/2016/8062079
899:Occupational therapy
838:Disability Rights UK
792:Berkeley, California
611:. In the context of
311:Orthotics and braces
296:Assistive technology
63:create a new article
55:improve this article
1926:Learning disability
1793:Sandwich generation
1771:Types of caregivers
1624:Living arrangements
1578:Background concepts
1248:Barken, R. (2017).
782:In 1972, the first
686:, Beverly Chapman,
601:equal opportunities
272:Personal assistance
179:Learning disability
2340:Disability culture
2267:Disability studies
2162:Independent living
1890:Disability studies
1636:Home modifications
1631:Independent living
1532:Independent living
1435:2010-11-23 at the
1390:Parkland Institute
1155:Dr. Adolf Ratzka,
605:self-determination
583:), as seen by its
577:Independent living
386:Assured Income for
18:Independent Living
2443:Disability rights
2425:
2424:
2294:Neuroqueer theory
2197:Web accessibility
2147:Accessible toilet
2135:
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1988:Disability rights
1983:Ableism/disablism
1837:
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1788:Family caregivers
762:Analogous to the
748:Canada Health Act
706:History in Canada
656:special education
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331:Web accessibility
291:Accessible toilet
174:Special education
112:Disability theory
105:Theory and models
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65:, as appropriate.
16:(Redirected from
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2387:Special Olympics
2279:Inspiration porn
2192:Universal design
1993:Pejorative terms
1973:
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1936:Physical therapy
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1824:Caregiver stress
1707:End-of-life care
1676:Residential care
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462:Special Olympics
326:Universal design
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1900:Social model
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306:Mobility aid
204:Occupational
132:Other models
127:Social model
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2382:Paralympics
2377:Deaflympics
2187:Prosthetics
1878:Main topics
1803:Young carer
688:Lex Frieden
666:with a new
472:Deaflympics
321:Prosthetics
2438:Caregiving
2432:Categories
2372:Parasports
1909:Approaches
1885:Disability
1871:Disability
1585:Disability
1571:Caregiving
1015:: 542183.
941:References
864:Camp Jened
788:Ed Roberts
758:In Germany
698:Philosophy
676:Hale Zukas
672:Ed Roberts
597:disability
589:philosophy
530:Disability
454:Parasports
97:Disability
2319:Education
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1958:education
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815:legal aid
692:iron lung
684:Peg Nosek
629:education
613:eldercare
585:advocates
234:Inclusion
145:Education
59:talk page
2407:Category
2324:Journals
2304:Eugenics
2284:Bodymind
2091:Students
2038:Services
1760:Scotland
1433:Archived
1332:16650121
1274:28052791
1096:(2012).
1041:26346624
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848:See also
668:paradigm
199:Physical
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2448:Housing
2059:Support
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1590:Aging
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790:, in
739:to be
736:ought
535:Lists
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2009:AODA
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2002:Law
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