739:, and the provincial and federal governments tend to squabble over funding. All levels of government are pressured to limit spending while maintaining equitable and accessible services for disabled and dependent persons. The result is a fragile system of provincially run community care services that ration medical care while avoiding the complex social issue of long-term community care reform. Canadian policymakers talk about a social model of disability and typically recognise that this model is preferred by disabled persons, however, the policy reality of independent living falls closer to a model that combines biomedical and neoliberal ideologies while neglecting social and environmental determinants of ability. Independent living remains difficult for many people and institutionalisation is offered as an ongoing practical solution to meeting care needs. Noticeable in the ideological push for independent living is the marketisation of institutional care as independent living in 21st century Canada. Funding is through a decentralised mix of publicly paid, private-for-profit, and private-not-for-profit systems. Beyond home care, community care is offered through a variety of service delivery models including supportive living, assisted living, and long-term care.
683:. His biggest educational challenge came when he was accepted at college. After struggling to get accepted, the UCBerkeley refused to give Roberts financial aid. He then sued Berkeley for access and integration. Although he won the case, Roberts was housed in school's infirmary instead of the dorms. As others with disabilities started attending the school and living in the infirmary, an activist group called the Rolling Quads was formed. They ended up starting the Disabled Students' Program, a resource for those with disabilities that was run by people with disabilities. This program led to the first independent living center in America being made, the Berkeley Center for Independent Living. These centers flourished across the United States and are a huge part of why Ed Roberts was so instrumental in the start of the Independent Living Movement. As well, a major project in Berkeley, California led by Roberts and others at the Center for Independent Living led to curb cuts up and down Telegraph and Shattuck Avenues creating an extensive path of travel.
700:
changed when farm workers and their families, replaced by technology on farms, migrated from small rural communities to large urban centres in search of gainful employment in industry. The redistribution of paid agricultural labour to industry created a shortage of unpaid domestic care for disabled and dependent persons whose caregivers also became occupied with paid industrial labour. The taken-for-granted economy of care (previously unpaid and supported by families and small rural communities) was disrupted, and industrialised communities suffered ballooning levels of homelessness and poverty as a consequence of an industrialised social structure.
691:"Independent Living does not mean that we want to do everything by ourselves, do not need anybody or like to live in isolation. Independent Living means that we demand the same choices and control in our every-day lives that our non-disabled brothers and sisters, neighbors and friends take for granted. We want to grow up in our families, go to the neighborhood school, use the same bus as our neighbors, work in jobs that are in line with our education and interests, and raise families of our own. We are profoundly ordinary people sharing the same need to feel included, recognized and loved."
679:) and of course, early friends and collaborators in the 1970s (Julie Ann Racino) and university and government supporters throughout the 1980s and 1990s. Ed Roberts was a quadriplegic who dealt with discrimination in many different aspects of his life. His fight for acceptance in schools, however, is what Roberts is most well known for. In high school, Roberts was stopped from graduating because he could not complete his gym requirement, as he was paralyzed and spent most of his time in an
25:
2392:
514:
2402:
719:. Neoliberal thinkers oppose state interventions such as institutional care, promoting competitive market-based care delivery systems as cost-effective solutions to care for dependent and disabled persons. With support from both movements, community care gained popularity as a moral and cost-effective alternative to institutional care.
791:, and are run and controlled by persons with disabilities. According to the IL approach, the example of a peer, somebody who has been in a similar situation, can be more powerful than a non-disabled professional's interventions in analyzing one's situation, in assuming responsibility for one's life and in developing coping strategies.
699:
Canada's history of independence, home living, and the independent living movement can be traced back to the industrial revolution of the 19th century. The industrial revolution precipitated rapid changes in the structure of society and the paid and unpaid labour economies. The distribution of labour
615:
contribute to negative attitudes towards people with disabilities, portraying them as sick, defective and deviant persons, as objects of professional intervention, or as a burden for themselves and their families. These images have consequences for disabled people's opportunities for raising families
742:
These newer forms of institutional care attempt to maximise independent living while minimising care provided, both to support disabled and dependent person's identified needs and to control costs in the formal care economy. Unmet needs of deinstitutionalised care-dependent people may be absorbed by
703:
Urban communities pushed governments for an ethical solution to the problem of uncared for disabled and dependent persons. Provincial governments responded by building and funding medical institutions, however, institutional care was deeply flawed. Institutionalised care created a paternalistic and
801:
There is a fundamental set of services (Core
Services) found in all of the Centers, but there is some variation in the programs that are offered, the funding sources, and the staffing, among other things. Depending on the public services in the community, Centers might assist with housing referral
707:
In the late 20th century, a social movement called the independent living movement fought to re-identify disabled and dependent persons as people with beliefs, values, dreams, and identities that extended beyond their medical diagnoses. The overarching goal of the movement was to gain choice and
722:
Deinstitutionalisation coincided with an economic downturn in the 1980s. The goals of the independent living movement - choice, control, and quality care - were essentially co-opted by neoliberal ideals of cost-control, self-sufficiency, and minimalist state intervention. Deinstitutionalisation
798:– can learn to take more initiative and control over their lives. For example, peer support is used in Independent Living Skills classes where people living with their families or in institutions learn how to run their everyday lives in preparation for living by themselves.
734:
Home care, or home-based community care, came into effect in the 1980s in most
Canadian Provinces as one policy solution to bridge the gap between institutional and community care. The transition is ongoing and contentious. Home care is not covered under the 1984
730:
independent, or at least have families that could provide support. Community care has been structured as a compromise between neoliberal values and the lived realities of disabled and dependent persons of the independent living movement.
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occurred alongside health and welfare service restructuring in a concerted effort to reduce public spending and improve the efficiency of formal care. Service reductions were justified by neoliberal beliefs that all people
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1997:
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developed by people with disabilities themselves. The first
Independent Living ideologists and organizers were people with extensive disabilities (e.g.,
825:(NCIL, 1989–2011) as a project, which became a spin-out independent organisation in the early 2000s before merging with two other organisations to form
2038:
912:
704:
segregated system that medicalised the identities of disabled and dependent persons and actively participated in the abuse of their human rights.
708:
control for dependent and disabled persons in the delivery of health and social care through state-supported community re-integration and care.
806:. Typically, Centers work with local and regional governments to improve infrastructure, raise awareness about disability issues and lobby for
35:
2012:
992:
Illario, Maddalena; Vollenbroek-Hutten, Miriam M. R.; Molloy, D. William; Menditto, Enrica; Iaccarino, Guido; Eklund, Patrik (14 June 2018).
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DiGennaro Reed, Florence D.; Strouse, Michael C.; Jenkins, Sarah R.; Price, Jamie; Henley, Amy J.; Hirst, Jason M. (11 June 2014).
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families and communities via the unpaid care economy, into existing systems of acute and primary care, or be left unaddressed.
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624:, which may result in persons with disabilities living in poverty. The alternative to the Medical Model of Disability is the
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With the rise in Senior population, Independent Living facilities have risen in popularity as an option for aging citizens.
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877:
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419:
382:
814:. Effective centers have proven to be in states like California, Massachusetts, New York, Pennsylvania, and Illinois.
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In most countries, proponents of the
Independent Living Movement claim preconceived notions and a predominantly
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According to the IL Movement, with peer support, everyone – including persons with extensive
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1295:"A critical policy analysis of an emerging agenda for home care in one Canadian province"
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167:
1043:
DeJong, Gerben (1979). "Independent Living: From Social
Movement to Analytic Paradigm".
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1239:"Reconciling tensions: Needing formal and family/friend care but feeling like a burden"
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Housing and community arrangements that maximize independence and self-determination
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1175:. Ontario Ministry of Children, Community and Social Services. March 18, 2018.
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945:"Barriers to Independent Living for Individuals with Disabilities and Seniors"
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1403:"Resetting normal: Women, decent work, and Canada's fractured care economy"
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604:, independent living is seen as a step in the continuum of care, with
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643:, which began in the 1960s. The IL Movement works at replacing the
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2018:
1971:
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1243:
Canadian
Journal on Aging / La Revue Canadienne du Vieillissement
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The independent living movement found significant support for
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in
January 2012. All these organisations subscribe to the
588:, and a worldwide movement of disabled people working for
34:
deal primarily with USA and Europe and do not represent a
1345:"Home care in Canada: From the margins to the mainstream"
994:"Active and Healthy Ageing and Independent Living 2016"
918:
Timeline of disability rights outside the United States
1372:"From bad to worse: Residential elder care in Alberta"
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denounced human rights violations of disabled people.
2008:
Convention on the Rights of
Persons with Disabilities
1292:
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and rehabilitation experts' concepts of integration,
1496:
ABC-CLIO Companion to the
Disability Rights Movement
1089:. Boston, Massachusetts: Beacon Press. p. 38.
819:
British Council of Organisations of Disabled People
1493:
1465:
913:Timeline of disability rights in the United States
1440:"Independent Living for Disabilities and Seniors"
1370:Campanella, D.; Bower, S. S. (November 6, 2013).
802:and adaptation, personal assistance referral, or
766:
2418:
639:The Independent Living Movement grew out of the
1077:
1075:
925:– social integration beyond independent living
715:through another ideological movement known as
2013:Declaration on the Rights of Disabled Persons
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1544:
1069:Richard Scotch, www.jstor.org/stable/3350150.
808:legislation that promotes equal opportunities
546:
32:The examples and perspective in this article
1500:. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, Inc.
1109:Richard Scotch, www.jstor.org/stable/3350150
775:was founded by disability activists, led by
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2202:Augmentative and alternative communication
1851:
1837:
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1472:. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
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1087:A Disability History of the United States
1019:
1009:
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70:Learn how and when to remove this message
1343:Canadian Healthcare Association (2009).
2237:Disproportionality in special education
1719:Nursing home care in the United Kingdom
1419:cripple tribunal on disabilityworld.org
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1299:Health and Social Care in the Community
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783:. These Centers were created to offer
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1724:Nursing home care in the United States
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823:National Centre for Independent Living
145:Individualized Education Program (IEP)
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420:Disabled Peoples' International (DPI)
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339:Social Security Disability Insurance
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2344:Disability in children's literature
878:List of disability rights activists
13:
2207:Emotional or behavioral disability
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383:Ontario Disability Support Program
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1739:Social care in the United Kingdom
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1119:Williamson, Bess (26 June 2012).
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1767:Caring in intimate relationships
1312:10.1111/j.1365-2524.2006.00616.x
1293:Duncan, S.; Reutter, L. (2006).
1146:http://www.independentliving.org
513:
512:
410:National Telecommuting Institute
23:
1729:Home care in the United Kingdom
1686:Caring for people with dementia
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898:Post-Polio Health International
821:(BCODP, 1981–2017) started the
2222:Disability and LGBT identities
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1787:Unlicensed assistive personnel
1734:Home care in the United States
1558:
1468:The Disability Rights Movement
1401:Faraday, F. (April 15, 2020).
1193:Galer, D. (February 5, 2015).
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767:Centers for Independent Living
415:Society for Disability Studies
267:Unlicensed assistive personnel
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2034:Services for mental disorders
1818:Distress in cancer caregiving
1125:Boom: A Journal of California
949:Behavior Analysis in Practice
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773:Center for Independent Living
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686:
2039:Services for disabled people
344:Supplemental Security Income
106:Ableism / Disablism
7:
2322:Arts, media, culture, sport
1772:Direct support professional
1714:Nursing home care in Canada
1215:Dyck, E. (April 28, 2014).
1169:"The Industrial Revolution"
836:
359:Disabled students allowance
354:Disability Living Allowance
46:, discuss the issue on the
10:
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2349:Disability in horror films
2141:Activities of daily living
1594:Activities of daily living
908:Social model of disability
863:Disability rights movement
831:Social Model of Disability
796:developmental disabilities
641:disability rights movement
626:Social Model of Disability
613:medical view of disability
218:Disability rights movement
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1464:Fleischer, Doris (2001).
1255:10.1017/S0714980816000672
1199:The Canadian Encyclopedia
998:Journal of Aging Research
961:10.1007/s40617-014-0011-6
883:Mainstreaming (education)
868:Independent senior living
364:Disabled Persons Railcard
2242:Sexuality and disability
2217:Disability and disasters
2129:Structural and assistive
1599:Long-term care insurance
1217:"Deinstitutionalization"
1121:"The People's Sidewalks"
377:the Severely Handicapped
333:Socioeconomic assistance
243:Sexuality and disability
2356:Disability in the media
2227:Disability and religion
2166:Personal Care Assistant
893:Person-centred planning
873:Intellectual disability
497:Disability in the media
2339:Disability in the arts
2232:Disability and poverty
2171:Physical accessibility
1801:Support for caregivers
1679:Special considerations
713:deinstitutionalisation
616:of their own, getting
580:, a way of looking at
487:Disability in the arts
305:Physical accessibility
1930:driver rehabilitation
1706:Caregiving by country
1173:Government of Ontario
1045:Arch Phys Med Rehabil
757:Amnesty International
608:being the next step.
233:People-first language
211:Societal implications
2263:Models of disability
2247:Youth and disability
2212:Invisible disability
2161:Orthotics and braces
2146:Assistive technology
1958:Rights, law, support
1670:Retirement community
1589:Occupational therapy
1492:Pelka, Fred (1997).
1428:Retrieved 2012-01-21
1011:10.1155/2016/8062079
888:Occupational therapy
827:Disability Rights UK
781:Berkeley, California
600:. In the context of
300:Orthotics and braces
285:Assistive technology
52:create a new article
44:improve this article
1915:Learning disability
1782:Sandwich generation
1760:Types of caregivers
1613:Living arrangements
1567:Background concepts
1237:Barken, R. (2017).
771:In 1972, the first
675:, Beverly Chapman,
590:equal opportunities
261:Personal assistance
168:Learning disability
2329:Disability culture
2256:Disability studies
2151:Independent living
1879:Disability studies
1625:Home modifications
1620:Independent living
1521:Independent living
1424:2010-11-23 at the
1379:Parkland Institute
1144:Dr. Adolf Ratzka,
594:self-determination
572:), as seen by its
566:Independent living
375:Assured Income for
2432:Disability rights
2414:
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2283:Neuroqueer theory
2186:Web accessibility
2136:Accessible toilet
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1977:Disability rights
1972:Ableism/disablism
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1777:Family caregivers
751:Analogous to the
737:Canada Health Act
695:History in Canada
645:special education
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320:Web accessibility
280:Accessible toilet
163:Special education
101:Disability theory
94:Theory and models
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54:, as appropriate.
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2376:Special Olympics
2268:Inspiration porn
2181:Universal design
1982:Pejorative terms
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1813:Caregiver stress
1696:End-of-life care
1665:Residential care
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451:Special Olympics
315:Universal design
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1889:Social model
1691:Elderly care
1660:Nursing home
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2366:Deaflympics
2176:Prosthetics
1867:Main topics
1792:Young carer
677:Lex Frieden
655:with a new
461:Deaflympics
310:Prosthetics
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2421:Categories
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1874:Disability
1860:Disability
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1560:Caregiving
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930:References
853:Camp Jened
777:Ed Roberts
747:In Germany
687:Philosophy
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134:Education
48:talk page
2396:Category
2313:Journals
2293:Eugenics
2273:Bodymind
2080:Students
2027:Services
1749:Scotland
1422:Archived
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1263:28052791
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