The Emergency (India)

1511:, historically a Congress stronghold, turned against Gandhi and her party failed to win a single seat in the state. Dhanagare says the structural reasons behind the discontent against the Government included the emergence of the strong and united opposition, disunity and weariness inside Congress, an effective underground opposition, and the ineffectiveness of Gandhi's control of the mass media, which had lost much credibility. The structural factors allowed voters to express their grievances, notably their resentment of the emergency and its authoritarian and repressive policies. One grievance often mentioned was the 'nasbandi' ( 303: 1251:

residents of "encroachments" to avoid a case in a civil court, instead, they notified them through public channels, or in the case of Haryana through drum beats, and in some cases gave no prior information. States passed various laws to aid them in this process such as Maharashtra Vacant Land Act 1975, Bihar Public Encroachment Act 1975, and Madhya Pradesh Land Revenue Code (Amendment) Act. These demolitions were often accompanied by the police to threaten the residents with arrest under

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income taxes on those earning more than Rs 100,000 were reduced from 77% to 66%. This was expected to lower the government's revenue by Rs 3.08-3.25 billion. To compensate for this indirect taxes grew, the ratio of indirect taxes to direct taxes was at 5.31 in 1976. Despite this there was a loss in revenue of Rs 400 million (40 crores), to compensate for this the Indira Gandhi government decided to cut spending in education and social welfare.

33: 1534: 242: 865:, five programs in the 20 point program were aimed at benefiting the middle classes and industrialists, these included- liberalising investment procedures, introducing new schemes for workers' associations in the industry, implementing a national permit scheme for road transport, tax breaks to the middle class by exempting anyone earning under Rs. 8,000 from income taxes, and an austerity program to reduce public spending. 5328: 6161: 966:. Quotas were set up that enthusiastic supporters and government officials worked hard to achieve. There were allegations of coercion of unwilling candidates too. In 1976–1977, the program led to 8.3 million sterilisations, most of them forced, up from 2.7 million the previous year. The bad publicity led many 1977 governments to stress that family planning is entirely voluntary. 592:, proposed to the prime minister to impose an "internal emergency". He drafted a letter for the President to issue the proclamation based on information Indira had received that "there is an imminent danger to the security of India being threatened by internal disturbances". He showed how democratic freedom could be suspended while remaining within the ambit of the Constitution. 890:

public sector industries, while a National Apex Board was set up for the private industries. These were meant to give a veneer of worker participation in decision making but were in reality stacked in favour of the management, and tasked with increasing "productivity" by cutting holidays (including Sundays), bonuses, agreeing to wage freeze, and allowing layoffs.

501:. The court also banned her from contesting any election for an additional six years. Serious charges such as bribing voters and election malpractices were dropped and she was held responsible for misusing government machinery and found guilty on charges such as using the state police to build a dais, availing herself of the services of a government officer, 580:, the economy was in poor condition. The Government claimed that the strikes and protests had paralysed the government and hurt the economy of the country greatly. In the face of massive political opposition, desertion and disorder across the country and the party, Gandhi stuck to the advice of a few loyalists and her younger son 1826:

has the protagonist, Saleem Sinai, in India during the Emergency. His home in a low-income area, called the "magician's ghetto", is destroyed as part of the national beautification program. He is forcibly sterilised as part of the vasectomy program. The principal antagonist of the book is "the Widow"

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policy of putting in place a 6 per cent ceiling on annual money supply growth months before the emergency, record monsoon in the year of 1975 leading to record harvest of foodgrains which led to food prices declining, increased import of grains, and reduced demand due to cutting of worker's wages and

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Elections for the Parliament and state governments were postponed. Gandhi and her parliamentary majorities could rewrite the nation's laws since her Congress party had the required mandate to do so – a two-thirds majority in the Parliament. And when she felt the existing laws were 'too slow', she got

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of workers was withheld as part of the Wage Freeze act as compulsory deposits to combat inflation. However, these reduced prices only lasted till March 1976 when the prices of commodities started to go up again, on account of foodgrain production declining by 7.9%. Between 1 April and 6 October 1976

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Coal miners were forced to work in abysmal conditions with irregular pay, collieries were made to run for all seven days a week, and complaints of workers and unions about the abysmal and dangerous working conditions were ignored and met with state repression. These terrible workplace conditions led

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Worker demonstrations during the emergency were subject to heavy state repression, such as when the AITUC organised a one-day strike to protest the slashing of bonuses in January 1976, to which the state responded by arresting 30,000-40,000 workers. In another such instance, the 8,000 workers of the

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If the Indian constitution is our heritage bequeathed to us by our founding fathers, no less are we, the people of India, the trustees, and custodians of the values which pulsate within its provisions! A constitution is not a parchment of paper, it is a way of life and has to be lived up to. Eternal

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strike. This strike was led by the firebrand trade union leader George Fernandes who was the President of the All India Railwaymen's Federation. He was also the President of the Socialist Party. The strike was brutally suppressed by the Indira Gandhi government, which arrested thousands of employees

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Kartar, a cobbler, was taken to a block development office by six policemen, where he was asked how many children he had. He was forcefully taken for sterilisation in a jeep. En route, the police forced a man on a bicycle into the jeep because he was not sterilised. Kartar had an infection and pain

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The emergency regime exempted those earning between Rs 6,000-8,000 from taxation, provided tax breaks for those earning between Rs 8,000-15,000 in the range of Rs 45-264. There were only 3.8 million (38 lakh) taxpayers in the country at the time. Wealth taxes were also cut from 8% to 2.5% while the

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continued its opposition for which it had 20 of its leaders arrested. State governments were asked to form bipartite councils composed of representatives of the workers and the management for firms having more than 500 employees, similar apex bipartite committees were formed by the centre for major

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as its secretary. The committee aimed to surround the Prime Minister's house and refuse anybody's entry in order to paralyze the functioning of government. The committee further asked people to obstruct the railway lines so that the trains could not move and to prevent the functioning of courts and

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and Congress MPs sided with the prime minister. Indira's party was of a different breed from the Congress of old, which had been a robust institution with traditions of internal democracy. In the Congress (R), on the other hand, members quickly realised that their progress within the ranks depended

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The Congress, on the other hand, charges Sanjay Gandhi of "over-enthusiasm" in dealing with certain programmes and I quote yet again: "Unfortunately, in certain spheres, over-enthusiasm led to compulsion in the enforcement of certain programmes like compulsory sterilisation and clearance of slums.

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had not included it in recent list of deaths. As a result, Swamy was expelled from parliament. In November 1976, over 30 leaders of the RSS, led by Madhavrao Muley, Dattopant Thengadi, and Moropant Pingle, wrote to Indira Gandhi, promising support to the Emergency if all RSS workers were released

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In Muzaffarnagar, Uttar Pradesh, on 18 October 1976, police picked up 17 people, of which two were over 75 and two under 18. Hundreds of people surrounded the police station demanding they free captives. The police refused to release them and used tear gas shells. The crowd retaliated by throwing

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Indira Gandhi devised a '20-point' economic programme to increase agricultural and industrial production, improve public services and fight poverty and illiteracy, through "the discipline of the graveyard". In addition to the official twenty points, Sanjay Gandhi declared his five-point programme

1827:(a likeness that Indira Gandhi successfully sued Rushdie for). There was one line in the book that repeated an old Indian rumour that Indira Gandhi's son disliked his mother because he suspected her of causing the death of his father. As this was a rumour, there was no substantiation to be found. 956:

program to limit population growth. The exact extent of Sanjay Gandhi's role in the implementation of the program is disputed, with some writers holding Gandhi directly responsible for his authoritarianism, and other writers blaming the officials who implemented the programme rather than Gandhi

1367:) in Delhi, was among the first to be arrested, and he spent the entire Emergency in jail. However, other ABVP leaders such as Balbir Punj and Prabhu Chawla pledged allegiance to Indira Gandhi's Twenty Point Programme and Sanjay Gandhi's Five Point Programme, in return for staying out of jail. 750:

they were classified into three categories- Class A, Class B, and Class C. Class A prisoners included prominent political leaders, members of parliament, and members of the legislative assembly. Class B prisoners included less prominent political prisoners. Class C included those detained for

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On 18 January 1977, Gandhi called fresh elections for March and released several opposition leaders; however, many others remained in prison even after she left office, despite the Emergency officially ending on 21 March 1977. The opposition Janata movement's campaign warned Indians that the

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During the Emergency, various state governments also carried out demolitions to clear "encroachments", undertaken to please Sanjay Gandhi. In many of these cases, residents were given very short notices, state governments like those of Bihar and Haryana avoided giving official notices to the

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in his article: "I must add that not all in the RSS were in a surrender mode ... But a tearful Muley told me in early November 1976 and I had better escape abroad again since the RSS had finalized the Document of Surrender to be signed in end of January 1977, and that on Mr. Vajpayee's

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Sanjay Gandhi, started to run the country as though it were his fiefdom and earned the fierce hatred of many whom his policies had victimized. He ordered the removal of slum dwellings, and in an attempt to curb India's growing population, initiated a highly resented program of forced

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fought the case for Narain (Nani Palkhivala fought the case for Indira). Indira Gandhi was also cross-examined in the High Court which was the first such instance for an Indian Prime Minister (Indira Gandhi had to present herself for 5 hours in front of judge).

639:, Indira Gandhi granted herself extraordinary powers and launched a massive crackdown on civil rights and political opposition. The Government used police forces across the country to place thousands of protestors and strike leaders under preventive detention. 1607:

of states of emergencies and actions taken during them, also likely played a role in this lack of success. Although special tribunals were organised and scores of senior Congress Party and government officials arrested and charged, including Mrs. Gandhi and

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because of the poor discipline and factionalism among Congress activists as well as the numerous defections that weakened the party. Opponents emphasised the issues of corruption in Congress and appealed to a deep desire by the voters for fresh leadership.

1938:, penned while the author was imprisoned as a political prisoner during the Emergency under MISA for sixteen months at Poojappura state prison in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, gives a personal account of his travails during the dark days of Indian democracy. 1333:

While some of the senior RSS leaders supported the Emergency, others had apologised and were released, and several senior leaders, notably Madhukar Dattatraya Deoras sought an accommodation with Sanjay and Indira Gandhi. Zonal RSS leaders also authorised

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Ottawa, a village 80 kilometres south of Delhi, woke up to the police loudspeakers at 03:00. Police gathered 400 men at the bus stop. In the process of finding more villagers, police broke into homes and looted. A total of 800 forced sterilisations were

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on 27 December 1975, at Chasnala coal mine near Dhanbad which claimed the lives of 375 miners due to more than 100 million gallons of water flooding the mine. This was the 222nd such accident that year, the previous incidents having claimed 288 lives.

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in 725 A.D. It explains how the widowed Queen and the Princess kill the freedom of the people. Most of the incidents described in the novel resemble the Emergency period. Even the name of the characters in the novel is similar to Mrs. Gandhi and her

898:(a Bangalore-based state-owned company) took part in a peaceful sit-in protest in response to the management reneging its promise of a 20% bonus to just 8%, they found themselves lathi-charged by the police who also arrested a few hundred of them. 515:, on 24 June 1975, upheld the High Court judgement and ordered all privileges Gandhi received as an MP be stopped, and that she be debarred from voting. However, she was allowed to continue as Prime Minister pending the resolution of her appeal. 961:

was a socialite known for being one of Sanjay Gandhi's close associates and she gained a lot of notoriety in leading Sanjay Gandhi's sterilisation campaign in Muslim areas of old Delhi. The campaign primarily involved getting males to undergo

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Indira's ascent was backed by her charismatic appeal among the masses that was aided by her government's near-radical leftward turns. These included the July 1969 nationalisation of several major banks and the September 1970 abolition of the

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to non-violently transform Indian society. He also demanded the dissolution of the state government, but this was not accepted by the center. A month later, the railway-employees union, the largest union in the country, went on a nationwide

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movement in Gujarat, between December 1973 and March 1974. Student unrest against the state's education minister ultimately forced the central government to dissolve the state legislature, leading to the resignation of the chief minister,

1676:, "things had gone too far. You can't imagine what we've been through here—strikes, boycotts, demonstrations. Why, there were days I couldn't walk out of my house into the streets. The parliamentary system is not suited to our needs." 523:

called for daily anti-government protests. The next day, Jayaprakash Narayan organised a large rally in Delhi, where he said that a police officer must reject the orders of government if the order is immoral and unethical as this was

536:. Within three hours, the electricity to all major newspapers was cut and the political opposition arrested. The proposal was sent without discussion with the Union Cabinet, who only learnt of it and ratified it the next morning. 1426:

and subjected to third-degree methods. On his release, Pinarayi reached the Assembly and made an impassionate speech holding up the blood-stained shirt he wore when in police custody, causing serious embarrassment to the then

134:, a central figure in Indira's inner circle of advisors. Further, Haksar promoted the idea of a "committed bureaucracy" that required hitherto-impartial government officials to be "committed" to the ideology of the Congress. 619:

promoting literacy, family planning, tree planting, the eradication of casteism and the abolition of dowry. Later during the Emergency, the two projects merged into a twenty-five-point programme. In 2013, a report by the

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On his return from his meeting with Om Mehta, Vajpayee ordered the cadres of the ABVP to apologise unconditionally to Indira Gandhi. The ABVP students refused. The RSS "Document of Surrender" was also confirmed by

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who himself had a desire to "beautify" the city. During the emergency Jagmohan emerged as the single most powerful person in the DDA, and went to extraordinary lengths to do the bidding of Sanjay Gandhi, as the

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to get government officials and Congress politicians tried for Emergency-era abuses and crimes were largely unsuccessful due to a disorganised, over-complex, and politically motivated process of litigation. The

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became routine. In the coming years, Indira's influence was such that she could install hand-picked loyalists as chief ministers of states, rather than their being elected by the Congress legislative party.

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Shahu Ghalake, a peasant from Barsi in Maharashtra, was taken for sterilisation. After mentioning that he was already sterilised, he was beaten. A sterilisation procedure was undertaken on him for a second

1288:, and launched in Amritsar, 9 July. The Akali Dal was the most successful regional party that opposed the morcha. Over 40,000 Akalis and other Sikhs courted arrest during the morcha. Their statement was: 1325:

wrote a letter to Indira Gandhi, aiming to "dispel misconceptions" regarding the RSS and assured her his organisation was working for Hindus but was never against her government. Deoras also praised the

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The emergency regime cracked down on trade unionism, banned strikes, imposed wage freezes, and phased out wage bonuses. The largest trade unions in the country at the time such as the Congress'

1310:, 140,000 people had been arrested without trial during the twenty months of Gandhi's Emergency. Jasjit Singh Grewal estimates that 43,000 of them came from India's two per cent Sikh minority. 846:

Many cases where teens were arrested and imprisoned have come to light, one such example is of Dilip Sharma who aged 16 was arrested and imprisoned for over 11 months. He was released based on

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given to erstwhile princes, Parliament passed the 26th Amendment. This gave constitutional validity to the government's abolition of the privy purse and nullified the Supreme Court's order.

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Shri Jagmohan during the emergency, became a law unto himself and went about doing the biddings of Shri Sanjay Gandhi without care or concern for the miseries of the people affected thereby

4359: 171:, women and minorities. Indira was seen as "standing for socialism in economics and secularism in matters of religion, as being pro-poor and for the development of the nation as a whole." 4987: 4456: 564:, which was withdrawn in 1967. Defence of India rules were given an expanded mandate 5 days into the emergency and renamed as Defence and Internal Security of India Rules. Another law, 751:"economic offences" and other offences. Class A and B prisoners were treated better and received better amenities in prison than other categories of prisoners. Those arrested under 101:, and ratified by the Cabinet and the Parliament from July to August 1975. It was based on the rationale that there were imminent internal and external threats to the Indian state. 4514: 1299:

and its head at the time, Sant Kartar Singh Bhindranwale, held many protests and marches against the emergency He also held 37 processions which defied the rules of the emergency.

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because of prevailing "internal disturbance", the Emergency was in effect from 25 June 1975 and ended on 21 March 1977. The order bestowed upon the prime minister the authority to

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the wholesale price index rose by 10%, in which the price of rice rose by 8.3%, groundnut oil rose by 48%, while the prices of industrial raw materials as a group rose by 29.3%.

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highlights many waves of abuse that occurred during the Emergency including forced sterilisation of men and the destruction of houses and shops owned by Muslims in Turkmen Gate.

477:, who had been defeated in the 1971 parliamentary election by Indira Gandhi, lodged cases of election fraud and use of state machinery for election purposes against her in the 3882:

The Hindu Nationalist Movement and Indian Politics: 1925 to the 1990s: Strategies of Identity-building, Implantation and Mobilisation (with Special Reference to Central India)

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vigilance is the price of liberty and in the final analysis, its only keepers are the people. The imbecility of men, history teaches us, always invites the impudence of power.

528:'s motto during the freedom struggle. Such a statement was taken as a sign of inciting rebellion in the country. Later that day, Indira Gandhi requested a compliant President 1711:

to it. ... The most important changes were designed to strengthen the executive at the cost of the judiciary, and thus disturb the carefully crafted system of Constitutional

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Before the emergency, the Indira Gandhi government passed draconian laws which would be used to arrest political opponents before and during emergency. One of these was the

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were arrested along with many others involved with their party. Congress leaders who dissented against the Emergency declaration and amendment to the constitution, such as

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Hundreds of Communists, whether from the CPI(M), other Marxist parties, or the Naxalites, were arrested during the Emergency. Some were tortured or, as in the case of the

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take place during the Emergency and highlight many of the abuses that occurred during that period, largely through the lens of India's small but culturally influential

4563: 3451: 2134:, a 2012 adaptation of Rushdie's novel, created widespread controversy due to the negative portrayal of Indira Gandhi and other leaders. The film was not shown at the 493:

of the Allahabad High Court found the prime minister guilty on the charge of misuse of government machinery for her election campaign. The court declared her election

2054:, where each one of the characters is trying to find sterilisation cases. The film was banned after its release due to its portrayal of the Indira Gandhi government. 1500:. The Janata Party's 298 seats were further augmented by an additional 47 seats won by its various political allies, thereby giving them a two-thirds supermajority. 1306:

region. During Emergency SGPC offices used to be flooded with Anti-Emergency activists from RSS and BJP who had taken shelter to escape the government. According to

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The question before us is not whether Indira Gandhi should continue to be prime minister or not. The point is whether democracy in this country is to survive or not.

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A fallout of the Emergency era was the Supreme Court laid down that, although the Constitution is amenable to amendments (as abused by Indira Gandhi), changes that

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The Government cited threats to national security, as a war with Pakistan had recently been concluded. Due to the war and additional challenges of drought and the

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The emergency government enjoyed a degree of popular support due to lower prices of goods and services at least during 1975. This was due to many reasons such as

1515:) campaign in rural areas. The middle classes also emphasised the curbing of freedom throughout the state and India. Meanwhile, Congress hit an all-time low in 788:, which brought about extensive changes to the letter and spirit of the Constitution, is one of the lasting legacies of the Emergency. In the conclusion of his 6065: 4608: 1699:

at the time, were keen on postponing elections and prolonging the emergency by several years. In October–November 1976, an effort was made to change the basic

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on 1 March 1976, tortured in custody until he died and then his body was disposed of and was never recovered. The facts of this incident came out owing to a

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As the constitution requires, Mrs. Gandhi advised and President Ahmed approved the continuation of Emergency over every six months until she decided to hold

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movement during the Emergency era. The film tells the story of three youngsters in the 1970s when India was undergoing massive social and political changes.

746:. This included both political prisoners and ordinary criminals. Most states classified those arrested under MISA into multiple categories. For instance in 5620: 5056: 3347: 1600: 341: 2528: 1400:

were identified and arrested all over India. Raids were conducted in houses suspected to be sympathetic to the CPI(M) or the opposition to the emergency.

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later wrote, Congress (R) came to be known as the real Congress, "requiring no qualifying suffix." In December 1971, under her proactive war leadership,

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carried an obituary that read, "Democracy, beloved husband of Truth, loving father of Liberty, brother of Faith, Hope and Justice, expired on June 26."

719:, resigned their government and party positions and were thereafter arrested and placed under detention. Members of regional opposition parties such as 768:

the President to issue 'Ordinances' – a law-making power in times of urgency, invoked sparingly – completely bypassing the Parliament, allowing her to

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if the changes affect basic issues such as fundamental rights. To nullify this judgement, Parliament, dominated by the Gandhi-led Congress, passed the

167:; these changes were often done suddenly, via ordinance, to the shock of her opponents. She had strong support in the disadvantaged sections—the poor, 218:

s description of her as the 'Empress of India' seemed apt." Even opposition leaders, who routinely accused her of being a dictator and of fostering a

3321: 4464: 6242: 4928: 2841: 2493: 784:, where anti-Indira parties ruled (state legislatures were thereby dissolved and suspended indefinitely), and jailing thousands of opponents. The 358:, where the 24th Amendment was called into question. With a wafer-thin majority of 7 to 6, the bench of the Supreme Court restricted Parliament's 5316: 4251: 2736: 627:(CIA) had gained a source in Indira Gandhi's household between 1975 and 1977. However, the CIA did not expect the declaration of the Emergency. 423:

by a bomb. All of these indicated a growing law and order problem in the entire country, which Mrs. Gandhi's advisors warned her of for months.

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Emergency- Proclamation of Emergency in the Country by the President of India on the 25th June, 1975; and Extension of Emergency to J & K

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tendency of the Congress". The "Democracy Bachao Morcha" (translates to 'Campaign to Save Democracy') was organised by the Akali Dal, led by

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only managed to win 154—a decrease of 198 as compared to the previous election. Indira Gandhi herself was voted out of office in the

3919: 3194: 3159: 1345:, who was in poor health, quickly reached an agreement with Indira Gandhi, and spent most of the Emergency under parole at his residence. 6090: 3967: 1620:

The Emergency lasted 21 months, and its legacy remains controversial. A few days after the Emergency was imposed, the Bombay edition of

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walked into the parliament and when obituary references were concluding, Swamy raised a point of order that Democracy had also died and

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by a margin of over 55,000 votes. INC candidates failed to win a single seat in the constituencies of several northern states, such as

772:. Also, she had little trouble amending the Constitution that exonerated her from any culpability in her election-fraud case, imposing 3834: 2855: 6287: 5256:

Sahasrabuddhe, P. G., & Vājapeyī, M. (1991). The people versus emergency: A saga of struggle. New Delhi : Suruchi Prakashan.

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Anderson, Edward, and Patrick Clibbens. "'Smugglers of Truth': The Indian diaspora, Hindu nationalism, and the Emergency (1975–77)."

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https://www.business-standard.com/politics/june-4-to-go-down-as-modi-mukti-diwas-cong-on-samvidahaan-hatya-diwas-124071300013_1.html

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Hawa Singh, a young widower from Pipli, was taken from the bus against his will and sterilised. The ensuing infection took his life.

6232: 6035: 5726: 2715: 1846: 826: 759:, depending on the state, found themselves detained with ordinary criminals, as Class C prisoners, or their own separate category. 390:. Indira Gandhi's tendency to control the judiciary met with severe criticism, both from the press and political opponents such as 122:

party, as well as a huge majority in Parliament. The first was achieved by concentrating the central government's power within the

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is a 2021 Tamil language sports film which is set in the backdrop of the Emergency and shows the arrest of DMK political members.

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is partly set during the Emergency and deals with themes such as political corruption and oppression in the context of the event.

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emergency declaration with a more powerful directly elected executive. The most significant of the initial such movement was the

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himself. The United States, United Nations, and World Bank had earlier raised concern over India's population control measures.

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was held from 16 to 20 March, and resulted in a landslide victory for the Janata Party and the CFD, securing 298 seats in the

6297: 6237: 5572: 5040: 5000: 4904: 4886: 4868: 4642: 4497: 4440: 4088: 3890: 3863: 3822: 3736: 3709: 3673: 3051: 2657: 2467: 2355: 2254: 2139: 610:. In 1976, Parliament voted to delay elections, something it could only do with the Constitution suspended by the Emergency. 5228:

Ramashray Roy and D. L. Sheth. "The 1977 Lok Sabha Election Outcome: The Salience of Changing Voter Alignments Since 1969,"

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Her supporters organised mass pro-Indira demonstrations in the streets of Delhi close to the Prime Minister's residence.

438:, against the Bihar government. In April 1974, in Patna, JP called for "total revolution," asking students, peasants, and 6267: 6095: 5635: 5309: 5285: 1485: 895: 4539: 3426: 6262: 6165: 5532: 5143: 3950: 2016:

plays Janata ("the public"), a mute protagonist, was subsequently banned and reportedly, all its prints were burned by

1397: 1364: 700: 123: 2872: 419:. Meanwhile, there were assassination attempts on public leaders as well as the assassination of the railway minister 6282: 5987: 5240: 5219: 5205: 5152:

Jinks, Derek P. "The Anatomy of an Institutionalized Emergency: Preventive Detention and Personal Liberty in India."

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from prison. Their "Document of Surrender", to take effect from January 1977, was processed by H. Y. Sharada Prasad.

1259:. In Maharashtra, Mumbai alone saw demolitions of 12,000 huts, while Pune saw demolitions of 1285 huts and 29 shops. 289: 5157: 2067:

is a children's comedy, it is also a satire on the Emergency where the ruler forcefully mind washes the poor people.

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upon the prime minister's advice on the night of 25 June 1975, just a few minutes before the clock struck midnight.

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to be suspended. For much of the Emergency, most of Gandhi's political opponents were imprisoned and the press were

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Gwatkin, Davidson R. 'Political Will, and Family Planning: The Implications of India's Emergency Experience', in:

185:(Abolish poverty!) to award her a huge majority (352 seats out of 518). "By the margin of its victory," historian 6136: 6070: 2983: 2940: 2782: 3351: 2517: 584:, whose own power had grown considerably over the last few years to become an "extra-constitutional authority". 6227: 6197: 6085: 5302: 4044: 3993: 1646: 1559: 1055: 878: 267: 5324: 6257: 5660: 4515:"Centre to observe June 25 as 'Samvidhaan Hatya Diwas'; Congress hits back with June 4 as 'Modi Mukti Diwas'" 4396: 2130: 1831: 1637: 886: 589: 130:, whose elected members she saw as a threat and distrusted. For this, she relied on her principal secretary, 6222: 5552: 1719: 1473: 1463: 691:, the dowager queen of Jaipur, and other protest leaders were immediately arrested. Organisations like the 607: 175: 146: 142: 60: 4609:"'Balasaheb Thackeray openly supported Emergency imposed by Indira Gandhi': Shiv Seva (UBT)'s Sanjay Raut" 6110: 6100: 6013: 5919: 5608: 5577: 5274:

Democratic Norms, Human Rights and the States of Emergency: Lessons from the Experience of Four Countries

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Sanjay Gandhi's rash promotion of sterilization and forcible clearance of slums ... sparked popular anger

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D. N. Dhanagare, "Sixth Lok Sabha Election in Uttar Pradesh – 1977: The End of the Congress Hegemony",

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on a 2001 stamp of India. He is remembered for leading the mid-1970s opposition against Prime Minister

190: 3688:

Gurmit Singh, A History of Sikh Struggles, New Delhi, Atlantic Publishers and Distributors, 1991, 2:39

1454:

was supportive of the move and criticised the opponents of Indira Gandhi as right-wing reactionaries.

426:

In March–April 1974, a student agitation by the Bihar Chatra Sangharsh Samiti received the support of

6252: 5892: 5716: 5537: 5266: 3621: 3605: 2212: 720: 379: 5273: 4540:"'Modi Govt Has Observed Samvidhaan Hatya Diwas Every Day for a Decade': Opposition on June 25 Move" 3637: 3024: 3008: 6272: 5897: 5686: 5557: 3753:"Narendra Modi: Sardar Narendra 'Singh' Modi: When PM disguised himself as a Sikh to escape arrest" 3528: 2105: 1544: 1481: 1415: 953: 903: 252: 119: 3067: 2235:

Bose, Sugata; Jalal, Ayesha (2024), "The Indian Emergency (1975–1977) in Historical Perspective",

137:

Within the Congress, Indira outmaneuvered her rivals, forcing the party to split in 1969—into the

5839: 5587: 5401: 5396: 5064: 1603:, put in place shortly after the outset of the Emergency and which among other things prohibited 1548: 1327: 1285: 256: 151: 4019:"Did Vajpayee ask ABVP to apologise for arson attacks during Emergency in return for democracy?" 3920:"The story of how RSS leaders deserted Jayaprakash and the resistance during Indira's Emergency" 1849:

in Nagpur. They tell the reader what they went through during those politically turbulent times.

6212: 6207: 6202: 6008: 5966: 5961: 5844: 5721: 5496: 4132: 2975: 2752: 2206: 1818: 1762: 989:

stones and to control the situation, the police fired on the crowd. 30 people died as a result.

585: 375: 329: 5267:

Telegram 8557 from the United States Embassy in India to the Department of State, 27 June 1975

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They protested for two years fighting against policemen and curfew was declared in the entire

1028:

In total, 700,000 people in Delhi were displaced due to the demolitions carried out in Delhi.

6075: 5939: 5778: 5351: 5283:, a book by Eachara Varier, father of a student killed in police custody during the emergency 4487: 2343: 2178: 1307: 916: 333: 71: 3880: 3853: 3562:

Carl Haub and O. P. Sharma, "India's Population Reality: Reconciling Change and Tradition,"

2967: 97:

The final decision to impose an emergency was proposed by Indira Gandhi, agreed upon by the

6105: 6060: 6028: 6023: 5949: 5924: 5880: 5640: 5522: 5471: 5381: 5346: 5189:

Paul, Subin. "When India Was Indira Indian Express's Coverage of the Emergency (1975–77)."

5131: 2196: 1375: 1346: 1342: 858: 696: 676: 596: 553: 529: 478: 451:

In his speech, Narayan announced his decision to form "Lok Sangarsh Samiti" committee with

420: 345: 164: 67: 41: 4707: 1845:, an English-language novel by Sanjeev Tare, is the story told by four youths studying at 1766:(1989), describing it as "The Siege". He also authored a satirical play on the Emergency, 302: 8: 6217: 6176: 5954: 5785: 5736: 5679: 5582: 5426: 4731: 2609: 2245: 2170: 2051: 1984:, by Vishwajyoti Ghosh, was published in 2010, that narrates the events of the Emergency. 1729: 1712: 1704: 1642: 773: 704: 648: 644: 636: 516: 431: 416: 403: 391: 337: 306: 2712: 2083:

has the human rights violations by the police during the Emergency as its main plotline.

1411:. Both were then leaders of the Students Federation of India, the party's student wing. 6080: 6018: 5806: 5795: 5773: 5768: 5757: 5451: 5431: 5028: 4203: 3757: 3316: 3222: 3135: 2835: 2675: 2488: 2387: 1931: 1853: 1673: 1622: 1403:

Those jailed during the Emergency include the current general secretary of the CPI(M),

1388:

insistence I would be sacrificed to appease an irate Indira and a fulminating Sanjay."

1321:, which was seen close to opposition leaders, was banned. On 22 August 1975, RSS chief 921: 882: 680: 664: 640: 600: 533: 512: 344:

in 1971. Similarly, after the government lost a Supreme Court case for withdrawing the

98: 4840:

Democracy and Authoritarianism in South Asia: a Comparative and Historical Perspective

4751:. New Delhi, Mumbai: Encyclopædia Britannica (India), Popular Prakashan. p. 425. 4288:

Mira Ganguly and Bangendu Ganguly, "Lok Sabha Election, 1977: The West Bengal Scene",

3567: 3241: 6055: 5929: 5822: 5731: 5542: 5527: 5501: 5421: 5215: 5201: 5162: 5139: 5103: 5068: 5047: 5036: 5018: 4996: 4972: 4950: 4918: 4900: 4882: 4864: 4847: 4825: 4803: 4752: 4711: 4638: 4583: 4493: 4436: 4339: 4084: 3946: 3886: 3859: 3818: 3810: 3732: 3705: 3669: 3405: 3261: 3257: 3214: 3172: 3047: 2979: 2968: 2946: 2878: 2816: 2663: 2653: 2559: 2463: 2351: 2250: 2158: 2151: 2063: 1469:

elections might be their last chance to choose between "democracy and dictatorship".

1384: 1371: 1354: 840: 490: 3113: 2907:"CIA files: Despite keeping tabs, US was unaware of Indira Gandhi's Emergency plans" 63:

declared across the country by citing internal and external threats to the country.

6277: 6131: 6126: 5912: 5907: 5790: 5746: 5481: 5386: 5361: 4982: 4968: 4946: 4685: 4360:"This Is How Express Stood up to 'The Emergency' Declared by Indira Gandhi in 1975" 4192:"India Votes For Democracy: The Sixth Parliamentary Elections In India, March 1977" 3253: 3206: 2240: 2163: 1807: 1747: 1669: 1428: 1419: 958: 847: 672: 668: 412: 219: 186: 127: 4700: 3652:

J.S. Grewal, The Sikhs of Punjab,(Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1990) 213

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Harijan, a 70-year-old with no teeth and bad eyesight, was sterilised forcefully.

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passed in December 1974, was also frequently used to target political opponents.

511:

Indira Gandhi challenged the High Court's decision in the Supreme Court. Justice

456: 444: 363: 79: 2583: 1629:

A few days later censorship was imposed on newspapers. The Delhi edition of the

6146: 5456: 5441: 5198:

Brewing Resistance: Indian Coffee House and the Emergency in Postcolonial India

5011:

The Dynasty: A Political Biography of the Premier Ruling Family of Modern India

4910: 4892: 4856: 4364: 2432:"Indira Jaising: "In India, you can't even dream of equal justice. Not at all"" 2183: 2071: 2008: 1960:

by Ramachandra Vaidyanath deals with the political movements during the period.

1935: 1904: 1858: 1823: 1780: 1757: 1631: 1296: 769: 747: 708: 549: 525: 502: 482: 322: 314: 206: 75: 5279: 4134:

Emergency – Revocation of Emergency Proclaimed on 25.6.1975. Connected matters

2667: 6191: 5885: 5834: 5562: 5491: 5466: 5461: 5406: 5014: 4992: 4874: 4587: 4460: 3265: 3218: 2820: 2406:"I. C. Golaknath & Ors vs State Of Punjab & Anrs. (27 February 1967)" 2110: 2080: 2017: 1891: 1836: 1732:

declared 25 June as ‘Samvidhan Hatya Diwas’ (Day of Murder of Constitution).

1688: 1684: 1661: 1609: 1508: 1501: 1497: 1447: 1408: 1335: 1004: 949: 835: 656: 581: 557: 520: 494: 452: 310: 211: 198: 115: 91: 56: 37: 4682:"Rushdie Talk Recasts Role of Public and Private in Politics and Literature" 5934: 5567: 5446: 5411: 5366: 5247: 5235: 5222: 5095: 4835: 2647: 2122: 2058: 2013: 1813: 1802: 1723: 1653: 1595: 1360: 712: 688: 684: 660: 566:

Conservation of Foreign Exchange and Prevention of Smuggling Activities Act

439: 202: 180: 131: 2998:

Narasimha Rao, the Best Prime Minister? by Janak Raj Jai - 1996 - Page 101

2348:

Dynasties and Female Political Leaders in Asia: Gender, Power and Pedigree

2003:(1975) was banned, because the film was supposedly based on Indira Gandhi. 5817: 3497: 3470: 3377: 2150:

is a 2017 Hindi political thriller film about the emergency, directed by

2146: 2037: 1970: 1923: 1887: 1867: 1516: 862: 802: 383: 4207: 4191: 2696: 2100:, who had been arrested by the police (and allegedly killed in custody). 1652:

The Emergency also received support. It was endorsed by social reformer

27:

1975–1977 state of emergency in India under Prime Minister Indira Gandhi

5702: 5655: 5506: 5486: 5436: 5170: 5120: 4813: 4791: 3226: 2405: 2391: 2201: 2097: 2030: 1965: 1489: 1435: 819: 781: 652: 474: 407: 194: 155: 83: 3835:"The Emergency and the Sangh Parivar's tacit support to Indira Gandhi" 3365:

Sanjay Gandhi had by then emerged as a leader of great significance.".

2970:

Working a Democratic Constitution - A History of the Indian Experience

5872: 5356: 5085:

Advani, L. K. (2002). A prisoner's scrapbook. New Delhi: Ocean Books.

2737:"[Explained] Why Did Indira Gandhi Impose Emergency In 1975?" 2087: 2041: 1950: 1692: 1512: 1477: 1423: 963: 620: 498: 367: 87: 32: 4076: 3210: 2109:

is set against the backdrop of the Emergency. The film, directed by

1533: 241: 5944: 5867: 5828: 5476: 5416: 4664:

International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology

3924: 2942:

The Last Maharani of Gwalior: An Autobiography By Manohar Malgonkar

2807:

Times, William Borders; Special to The New York (5 February 1976).

2484:"Justice Sinha, who set aside Indira Gandhi's election, dies at 87" 2114: 2046: 2024: 1919: 1277: 1012: 427: 313:

and the Indian Emergency, for whose overthrow he had called for a "

5212:

Emergency Chronicles: Indira Gandhi and Democracy's Turning Point

5046:

Mithi Mukherjee, New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2010. Print

4489:

House of the People: Parliament and the Making of Indian Democracy

4796:

Democracy and Discontent: India's Growing Crisis of Governability

4163:"Opposition Accuses Mrs. Gandhi Of 'Murdering' India's Democracy" 3851: 1281: 1273: 777: 231: 205:

the next month, she was at her greatest peak; for her biographer

118:

came to obtain near-absolute control over the government and the

4988:

India After Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest Democracy

3452:"Tragedy at Turkman Gate: Witnesses recount horror of Emergency" 3378:"Sanjay Gandhi worked in an authoritarian manner: Congress book" 402:

This led some Congress party leaders to demand a move towards a

366:" of the Constitution. Subsequently, Prime Minister Gandhi made 5849: 4060:"Pinarayi Vijayan: Steeled by a life of relentless adversities" 2874:

Unsettling memories : narratives of the emergency in Delhi

2182:

is a 2024 Hindi biographical film, directed and co-produced by

2092: 2075: 1999: 1994: 1974: 1876:, a book by Chanakya Sen, is based on the internal politics of 830: 351:

This judiciary–executive battle would continue in the landmark

168: 4576:"RSS had supported several of Emergency measures: Ex-IB chief" 3195:"To the Brink and Back: Representation and the State in India" 5671: 5327: 5184:

Indira Gandhi and the emergency as viewed in the Indian novel

4635:

Indira Gandhi and the emergency as viewed in the Indian novel

4457:"New book flays Indira Gandhi's decision to impose Emergency" 4080:

India and the United States: Estranged Democracies, 1941-1991

3136:"rediff.com: Emergency: 'Rajan's mother died asking for him'" 1973:, Pi's father decides to sell his zoo and move his family to 1795: 1668:, and Indira Gandhi's close friend and Odisha Chief Minister 1493: 1303: 224: 52: 5253:

Shourie, Arun (1978). Symptoms of fascism. New Delhi: Vikas.

4105:"Mrs. Gandhi, Easing Crisis Rule, Decides on March Election" 3701:

Fighting for Faith and Nation: Dialogues with Sikh Militants

3242:"Economic trends and policies in India during the Emergency" 885:

were made to comply with the new regime, while the CPI(M)'s

861:

considers the economic policy of the emergency regime to be

141:(comprising the old-guard known as the "Syndicate") and her 55:

was a 21-month period from 1975 to 1977 when Prime Minister

4861:

Warrior of the Fourth Estate: Ramnath Goenka of the Express

3466:"Rukhsana Sultana: The chief glamour girl of the Emergency" 3193:

Rudolph, Lloyd I.; Rudolph, Susanne Hoeber (1 April 1978).

2856:"A tale of three Emergencies: real reason always different" 2649:

India's first dictatorship : the emergency, 1975 -1977

1451: 3427:"The legacy of India's quest to sterilize millions of men" 1918:) by Ra. Su. Nallaperumal is based on the history of the 1953:

deals with the socio-political changes during the period.

1422:, then a young MLA. He was taken into custody during the 738:. During the emergency 34,988 people were arrested under 44:

proclaimed a state of national emergency on 25 June 1975.

4744: 4335:

Working a Democratic Constitution: The Indian Experience

3493:"Rukhsana Sultana: diehearted follower of Sanjay Gandhi" 370:—the senior-most judge amongst those in the minority in 178:, the people rallied behind Indira's populist slogan of 5115:

In the name of Democracy: JP movement and the Emergency

4138:. New Delhi: Ministry of Home Affairs. 1977. p. 14 2758:. New Delhi: Ministry of Home Affairs. 1975. p. 11 2378:

Puri, Balraj (1993). "Indian Muslims since Partition".

2344:"The Pioneers: Durga Amma, The Only Man in the Cabinet" 1504:

became the first non-Congress Prime Minister of India.

971:

because of the procedure and could not work for months.

6066:

International Conference on Population and Development

4657:"India Under Emergency: Rich Like us Nayantara Sahgal" 1414:

Other CPI(M) members to be jailed included the future

1363:, Student leader and head of the RSS affiliated ABVP ( 5100:

The Judgement: Inside Story of the Emergency in India

4745:

Gulzar; Nihalani, Govind; Chatterjee, Saibal (2003).

3079:

Frontline (vol. 29 – Issue 01 :: 14–27 Jan 2012)

1726:

concluded that Indian politics "returned to normal".

1357:

managed to escape the police and led the resistance.

1338:

to quietly enter into a dialogue with Indira Gandhi.

5250:(1984). Mrs Gandhi's second reign. New Delhi: Vikas. 5125:

Indira Gandhi, the "Emergency", and Indian Democracy

4702:

London calling: V. S. Naipaul, Postcolonial Mandarin

4252:"Mrs. Gandhi's Party Is Defeated After 30-Year Rule" 3878: 3312:"Cong blames Sanjay Gandhi for Emergency 'excesses'" 2645: 2341: 2020:

and his associates at his Maruti factory in Gurgaon.

1601:

Thirty-eighth Amendment of the Constitution of India

1272:

Shortly after the declaration of the Emergency, the

5165:"Indira's India: Democracy and Crisis Government", 5061:

State and Nation in the Context of Social.00 Change

4389:"Emergency: The Darkest Period in Indian Democracy" 4229:"March 21, 1977, Forty Years Ago: Mrs Gandhi Loses" 4077:Kux, D.; National Defense University Press (1992). 868: 762: 5136:India's First Dictatorship: The Emergency, 1975-77 4699: 4131: 4083:. National Defense University Press. p. 337. 2877:. University of California Press. pp. 27–28. 2751: 2551: 2516: 2166:about the torture methods performed by the police. 726:Most of these arrests happened under laws such as 699:, along with some political parties, were banned. 4915:Indira Gandhi: A Personal and Political Biography 4045:"പിണറായിയുടെ 1977 മാര്‍ച്ച് 30 ലെ നിയമസഭ പ്രസംഗം" 3794:Indira Gandhi: A Personal and Political Biography 3665:Religion and Politics: New Developments Worldwide 2346:. In Derichs, Claudia; Thompson, Mark R. (eds.). 1635:on 28 June, carried a blank editorial, while the 546:Maintenance of Internal Security Act (MISA), 1971 378:. Ray superseded three judges more senior to him— 6189: 5033:Indian Constitution: Conflicts and Controversies 4965:Empire and Nation: Essential Writings, 1985–2005 4435:(2007 ed.). India: Pan Books. p. 110. 3783:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 214. 3704:. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 54. 3309: 1007:"urban renewal" program, aided in large part by 571: 448:and drove their families out of their quarters. 3796:, London/Toronto: Hodder and Stoughton, p. 178. 3724: 3128: 2549: 595:After resolving a procedural matter, President 3192: 2974:. New Delhi: Oxford University Press. p. 2319: 2317: 2126:discusses the issues related to the Emergency. 2050:is a satire on the sterilisation drive of the 1450:government was critical of the Emergency, the 910: 687:, Jai Kishan Gupta Satyendra Narayan Sinha, 362:by stating it could not be used to alter the " 232:Increasing government control of the judiciary 5687: 5310: 5130: 3872: 3345: 2239:, Oxford University Press, pp. 221–236, 2138:and was banned from further screening at the 2012:(1977), a bold spoof on the Emergency, where 1934:autobiographical diary by political activist 1715:between the three organs of the government." 150:solely on their loyalty to Indira Gandhi and 4933:Indira Gandhi: In the Crucible of Leadership 4654: 4185: 4183: 3725:Singh, Harjinder; Publishers, Akaal (2014). 3623:Shah Commission of Inquiry Interim Report II 3607:Shah Commission of Inquiry Interim Report II 3095:(24 April 2013). Retrieved 4 September 2013. 3039: 2840:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2646:Christophe Jaffrelot, Pratinav Anil (2021). 2514: 1760:portrays the Emergency allegorically in his 1245: 539: 6091:United Nations world population conferences 4773:"1978 – Kissa Kursi Ka: Celluloid chutzpah" 4301:M. R. Masani, "India's Second Revolution", 3968:"Between sessions, democracy has also died" 3845: 3639:Shah Commission Of Inquiry 3rd Final Report 3165: 3026:Shah Commission Of Inquiry 3rd Final Report 3010:Shah Commission Of Inquiry 3rd Final Report 2314: 1750:criticised the Emergency through his novel 1562:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1507:Voters in the electorally largest state of 904:deadliest mining disaster in Indian history 270:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 6004:Population and housing censuses by country 5694: 5680: 5317: 5303: 4492:. Cambridge University Press. p. 78. 3994:"The Masters of Disguise During Emergency" 3852:Abdul Gafoor Abdul Majeed Noorani (2000). 3698:Mahmood, Cynthia Keppley (3 August 2010). 2680:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2113:, also tries to portray the growth of the 1267: 386:and Grover—all members of the majority in 5232:(1978), Vol. 17 Issue 3/4, pp. 51–63 4897:Introduction to the Constitution of India 4655:Hassan, Nigeenah; Sharma, Mukesh (2017). 4180: 3885:. Penguin Books India. pp. 273–274. 3855:The RSS and the BJP: A Division of Labour 2938: 2926:"Arun Jaitley: From Prison to Parliament" 2244: 2234: 1582:Learn how and when to remove this message 920:bonuses. In addition to this half of the 560:. The Indira government also renewed the 290:Learn how and when to remove this message 191:India routed arch-enemy Pakistan in a war 78:, allowing elections to be cancelled and 5727:Estimates of historical world population 4706:. New York: Oxford Univ. Press. p. 4386: 4338:. Oxford University Press. p. 295. 2780: 2694: 2096:is about a father searching for his son 1839:, is also oriented around The Emergency. 1660:, a time for discipline), industrialist 1488:constituency, losing to electoral rival 742:, and 75,818 people were arrested under 301: 109: 31: 6243:History of the Indian National Congress 5548:Indian National Congress (Organisation) 4325: 4249: 4243: 4160: 3697: 3425:Green, Hannah Harris (6 October 2018). 2904: 2582:. Mount Holyoke College. Archived from 2554:Indira: The Life of Indira Nehru Gandhi 2455: 1880:, Delhi during the period of Emergency. 1773:The Five Dollar Smile and Other Stories 998: 937: 14: 6190: 4331: 3809:, p. 297, Princeton University Press, 3089:"The case that saved Indian democracy" 2965: 2959: 2274:Interview relecast through India times 1768:Twenty-Two Months in the Life of a Dog 812:Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala 809:cannot be made by the Parliament (see 497:and unseated her from her seat in the 114:Between 1967 and 1971, Prime minister 5675: 5298: 5154:Michigan Journal of International Law 4697: 4688:, Brown University. 17 February 2010. 4190:Lodhi, Maliha (Second Quarter 1977). 4189: 3965: 3937: 3935: 3914: 3912: 3910: 3908: 3906: 3904: 3902: 3661: 3589: 3585: 3583: 3581: 3579: 3577: 3575: 3424: 3310:Subodh Ghildiyal (29 December 2010). 3278: 3188: 3186: 2945:. SUNY Press. pp. 233, 242–244. 2870: 2809:"DELAY IN ELECTION IS VOTED IN INDIA" 2806: 2698:Democracy and Emergency rule in India 2641: 2639: 2637: 2635: 2633: 2631: 2629: 2627: 2429: 2342:Hellmann-Rajanayagam, Dagmar (2013). 2140:International Film Festival of Kerala 944:Compulsory sterilization § India 827:Regional Engineering College, Calicut 635:Invoking articles 352 and 356 of the 463: 6160: 5651:Maintenance of Internal Security Act 5615:State of Uttar Pradesh v. Raj Narain 4479: 4430: 4161:Borders, William (24 January 1977). 4070: 4057: 3991: 3827: 3731:. Akaal Publishers. pp. 51–52. 3239: 2898: 2449: 2423: 2377: 2230: 2228: 2136:International Film Festival of India 2028:, a 1977 Telugu film (Hindi re-make 1560:adding citations to reliable sources 1527: 1457: 556:, and the Anglo-Indian nominated MP 470:State of Uttar Pradesh v. Raj Narain 268:adding citations to reliable sources 235: 6096:Voluntary Human Extinction Movement 5636:Turkman gate demolition and rioting 5138:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 4512: 4485: 4431:Guha, Ramachandran (25 July 2013). 4231:. The Indian Express. 21 March 2017 4058:Nair, C. Gouridasan (21 May 2016). 3966:Swamy, Subramanian (22 June 2015). 3662:Amore, Roy C. (17 September 2019). 3160:"Fresh probe in Rajan case sought " 2598: 2558:. HarperCollins. pp. 372–373. 1280:where they resolved to oppose the " 397: 24: 5573:People's Union for Civil Liberties 5533:Communist Party of India (Marxist) 5079: 4899:. LexisNexis Butterworths. 1960 . 4771:Farzand Ahmed (24 December 2009). 4387:Arputham, Avneesh (27 June 2009). 3932: 3899: 3858:. LeftWord Books. pp. 31–32. 3594:. Harper Collins Publishers India. 3572: 3183: 3046:. Eastern Book Co, Lucknow, 1981. 2905:Katakam, Anand (23 January 2017). 2854:Jaitely, Arun (5 November 2007) – 2624: 2508: 2476: 2246:10.1093/oso/9780197760789.003.0008 1922:dynasty and a popular uprising in 1398:Communist Party of India (Marxist) 1365:Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad 25: 6309: 5988:Population and Development Review 5260: 5241:The Emergency: A Personal History 3943:The Emergency: A Personal History 3551:Population and Development Review 3401:India: The Years of Indira Gandhi 2923: 2781:Malhotra, Inder (4 August 2014). 2572: 2531:from the original on 18 June 2022 2225: 1977:around the time of the Emergency. 1718:After Indira Gandhi's victory in 1330:speech of Gandhi in this letter. 1032:Demolitions carried out in Delhi 1003:Delhi served as the epicenter of 613: 6288:History of the Republic of India 6172: 6171: 6159: 6036:Population concern organizations 5742:Projections of population growth 5326: 5102:. 1977. Vikas Publishing House. 4935:. Jaico Publishing House. 1979 . 4818:The Success of India's Democracy 4765: 4738: 4724: 4691: 4674: 4648: 4250:Icanevi, Henry (22 March 1977). 3346:Kumkum Chadha (4 January 2011). 3106:"PUCL Archives, Oct 1981, Rajan" 2695:Mussells, Premila Menon (1980). 2142:where it was premiered in India. 1532: 1441: 1313: 1276:leadership convened meetings in 869:Trade unions and worker's rights 829:, was arrested by the police in 763:Laws, human rights and elections 723:also found themselves arrested. 240: 193:that led to the independence of 36:On the advice of Prime Minister 6233:Democratic backsliding in India 6137:Human impact on the environment 6071:Population Action International 4863:. Viking, Penguin India. 2005. 4627: 4601: 4568: 4557: 4532: 4506: 4449: 4424: 4411: 4380: 4352: 4308: 4295: 4282: 4269: 4221: 4154: 4123: 4097: 4051: 4037: 4011: 3985: 3959: 3945:. Penguin Books Limited. 2015. 3799: 3786: 3773: 3745: 3718: 3691: 3682: 3655: 3646: 3630: 3614: 3598: 3556: 3543: 3513: 3485: 3458: 3444: 3418: 3392: 3370: 3339: 3303: 3272: 3240:Toye, J. F. J. (1 April 1977). 3233: 3153: 3098: 3082: 3060: 3033: 3017: 3001: 2992: 2932: 2917: 2864: 2848: 2800: 2774: 2743: 2729: 2705: 2688: 2543: 2492:. 22 March 2008. Archived from 2296:"Recalling the Emergency years" 2034:), spoofs the emergency issues. 1523: 1474:Indian general election of 1977 154:, and ostentatious displays of 66:Officially issued by President 6086:United Nations Population Fund 5701: 4917:. Hodder and Stoughton. 1989. 4322:. Retrieved 10 November 2018. 3521:"THE NIGHT OF THE LONG KNIVES" 3043:Making of India's Constitution 2711:NAYAR, KULDIP (25 June 2000). 2515:Kuldip Singh (11 April 1995). 2398: 2371: 2335: 2326: 2288: 2270:"Interview with Indira Gandhi" 2262: 1672:. Tata told a reporter of the 1647:Where the mind is without fear 993: 790:Making of India's Constitution 13: 1: 5661:Indian general election, 1977 5169:(1981) 96#2 pp. 241–259 4943:Lineages of Political Society 4748:Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema 4463:. 30 May 2011. Archived from 3992:Virk, Aviral (25 June 2015). 3879:Christophe Jaffrelot (1999). 3805:Jaffrelot Christophe (1987), 3162:. The Hindu, 25 January 2011. 2783:"The abrupt end of Emergency" 2750:"Proclamation of Emergency". 2580:"Indian Emergency of 1975-77" 2430:Doshi, Vidhi (9 March 2017). 2380:Economic and Political Weekly 2219: 1900:and effects of the Emergency. 1832:India: A Wounded Civilization 1740: 1681:JP Movement and the Emergency 928: 850:'s judgment on 29 July 1976. 590:Chief Minister of West Bengal 572:Proclamation of the Emergency 6298:Indira Gandhi administration 6238:Human rights abuses in India 5553:Indian National Congress (R) 5179:New Delhi: Vikas Pub. House. 5035:. Vitasta Publishing. 2010. 4513:Joy, Shemin (12 July 2024). 4314:Joseph, Manu (20 May 2007). 3404:. Brill Academic Pub. 1988. 3258:10.1016/0305-750X(77)90036-5 1770:, that was published in his 1464:1977 Indian general election 1341:Bharatiya Jana Sangh leader 853: 147:All-India Congress Committee 124:Prime Minister's Secretariat 7: 6111:World Population Foundation 6101:World Population Conference 6014:World population milestones 5609:State of Emergency in India 5578:Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh 5167:Political Science Quarterly 3173:"PALPAL INDIA January 2017" 2939:Malgonkar, Manohar (1987). 2606:"The Rise of Indira Gandhi" 2190: 1878:Jawaharlal Nehru University 1319:Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh 1262: 911:Inflation and price control 896:Indian Telephone Industries 881:, and Socialist affiliated 693:Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh 625:Central Intelligence Agency 601:state of internal emergency 90:was spearheaded by her son 10: 6314: 6268:Police misconduct in India 5983:Population and Environment 5333:The Emergency of 1975–1977 4881:. Penguin India. 2008 . e- 4844:Cambridge University Press 4822:Cambridge University Press 4800:Cambridge University Press 4785: 4637:. Sarup & Sons. 2004. 4332:Austin, Granville (1999). 4148:National Archives of India 2966:Austin, Granville (1999). 2768:National Archives of India 2459:Indira Gandhi, a Biography 2276:. TV Eye. 18 December 2016 1735: 1461: 1323:Madhukar Dattatraya Deoras 941: 630: 467: 104: 6263:Police brutality in India 6155: 6119: 6044: 5996: 5975: 5893:Human population planning 5858: 5804: 5755: 5717:Demographics of the world 5709: 5601: 5538:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 5515: 5339: 5186:(Sarup & Sons, 2004). 5134:; Anil, Pratinav (2021). 4417:Ashish Ranjan Mohapatra. 2518:"OBITUARY: Morarji Desai" 2213:The Case That Shook India 1956:The Tamil-language novel 1941:The Tamil-language novel 1641:reproduced in large type 1615: 1391: 1336:Eknath Ramakrishna Ranade 1246:Demolitions outside Delhi 1040:Structures Demolished by 1039: 792:, Justice Khanna writes: 540:Preventive detention laws 489:On 12 June 1975, Justice 70:under Article 352 of the 6283:Indian National Congress 5898:Compulsory sterilization 5588:Socialist Party of India 5558:Indian National Congress 5230:Political Science Review 4879:India Since Independence 4290:Political Science Review 4277:Political Science Review 3348:"Sanjay's men and women" 2718:11 February 2010 at the 2550:Katherine Frank (2001). 2462:. Penguin. p. 275. 2106:Hazaaron Khwaishein Aisi 1482:Indian National Congress 1416:Chief Minister of Kerala 954:compulsory sterilisation 415:, and the imposition of 336:could not be amended by 120:Indian National Congress 6248:Enforced disappearances 5840:Malthusian growth model 5397:Harchand Singh Longowal 5175:Malkani, K. R. (1978). 5092:52.5 (2018): 1729–1773. 5065:Oxford University Press 3792:Inder Malhotra (1989), 3075:3 December 2013 at the 1988: 1436:Kerala student P. Rajan 1407:, and his predecessor, 1286:Harchand Singh Longowal 1268:Democracy Bachao Morcha 952:initiated a widespread 5967:Zero population growth 5962:Sustainable population 5886:Malthusian catastrophe 5845:Overshoot (population) 5722:Demographic transition 5497:Siddhartha Shankar Ray 5214:(Princeton UP, 2019). 5200:(Cambridge UP, 2020). 2350:. LIT Verlag Münster. 2207:Samvidhaan Hatya Diwas 2120:The 2012 Marathi film 1763:The Great Indian Novel 1722:, political scientist 1294: 1191:1977 (up to 23 March) 1026: 799: 586:Siddhartha Shankar Ray 562:Defence of India rules 376:Chief Justice of India 318: 176:1971 general elections 45: 6228:Collective punishment 6198:The Emergency (India) 6076:Population Connection 5940:Mere addition paradox 5779:Physiological density 5352:Basawon Singh (Sinha) 5193:42.4 (2017): 201–211. 5132:Jaffrelot, Christophe 4582:. 21 September 2015. 4433:The glory of J. R. D. 4316:"How Indians Protest" 3779:J. S. Grewal (1990), 3590:Mehta, Vinod (1978). 3040:H. R. Khanna (2008). 2237:When Democracy Breaks 1909:Marukkozhunthu Mangai 1730:Third Modi government 1691:and his cronies like 1596:Janata administration 1480:, whereas the ruling 1308:Amnesty International 1290: 1210:during the emergency 1022: 794: 305: 222:, referred to her as 110:Rise of Indira Gandhi 35: 6258:Political repression 6106:World Population Day 6061:Church of Euthanasia 5950:Non-identity problem 5925:Political demography 5881:Human overpopulation 5641:Baroda dynamite case 5523:Bharatiya Jana Sangh 5472:Neelam Sanjiva Reddy 5382:Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed 5347:Atal Bihari Vajpayee 5281:Memories of a Father 5182:Mathur, Om Prakash. 5090:Modern Asian Studies 4399:on 13 September 2013 4305:(1977) 5#1 pp 19–38. 4292:(1979) 18#3 pp 28–53 4279:(1979) 18#1 pp 28–51 3668:. MDPI. p. 32. 3069:Revisiting a verdict 2871:Tarlo, Emma (2001). 2456:Jayakar, P. (1995). 2197:Baroda dynamite case 2103:The 2005 Hindi film 2006:Amrit Nahata's film 1897:Death and the Maiden 1556:improve this section 1376:Rajya Sabha Chairman 1347:Bharatiya Jana Sangh 1343:Atal Bihari Vajpayee 1208:Year unspecified but 999:Demolitions in Delhi 938:Forced sterilisation 859:Christophe Jaffrelot 677:Atal Bihari Vajpayee 597:Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed 554:Atal Bihari Vajpayee 530:Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed 479:Allahabad High Court 460:government offices. 421:Lalit Narayan Mishra 264:improve this section 145:. A majority of the 68:Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed 42:Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed 6223:Censorship in India 5955:Reproductive rights 5786:Population dynamics 5737:Population momentum 5583:Shiromani Akali Dal 5427:Jayaprakash Narayan 5288:27 May 2005 at the 5177:The Midnight Knock. 5117:(Penguin UK, 2017). 4698:Nixon, Rob (1992). 4467:on 23 November 2013 3781:The Sikhs of Punjab 3728:Reflections on 1984 3642:. pp. 208–217. 3566:(2006) 61#3 pp 3+. 3564:Population Bulletin 3116:on 28 December 2011 3029:. pp. 135–152. 2713:Yes, Prime Minister 2610:Library of Congress 2171:Sarpatta Parambarai 2131:Midnight's Children 2052:Government of India 1969:by Canadian author 1913:Girl with Fragrant 1819:Midnight's Children 1787:Such a Long Journey 1705:Indian Constitution 1697:Minister of Defence 1643:Rabindranath Tagore 1594:The efforts of the 1370:On 10 August 1976, 1033: 948:In September 1976, 649:Mulayam Singh Yadav 645:Jayaprakash Narayan 637:Indian Constitution 517:Jayaprakash Narayan 432:Jayaprakash Narayan 404:presidential system 392:Jayaprakash Narayan 388:Kesavananda Bharati 372:Kesavananda Bharati 354:Kesavananda Bharati 307:Jayaprakash Narayan 228:, a Hindu goddess. 6081:Population Matters 5796:Population pyramid 5774:Population density 5769:Population decline 5452:M. G. Ramachandran 5432:Jivatram Kripalani 5191:Journalism History 5057:T. V. Sathyamurthy 5029:Subhash C. Kashyap 4613:The Indian Express 4580:The Economic Times 4320:The Times of India 4256:The New York Times 4167:The New York Times 4109:The New York Times 3758:The Economic Times 3525:Telegraphindia.com 3380:. 28 December 2010 3354:on 4 February 2011 3317:The Times of India 3179:. 14 January 2017. 2860:The Indian Express 2813:The New York Times 2787:The Indian Express 2724:The Indian Express 2489:The Indian Express 2300:The Indian Express 1980:The graphic novel 1932:Malayalam-language 1854:Malayalam-language 1720:the 1980 elections 1713:checks and balance 1623:The Times of India 1110:1975 (up to June) 1031: 922:dearness allowance 839:suit filed in the 825:, P. Rajan of the 705:V.S. Achuthanandan 681:Lal Krishna Advani 665:Jivatram Kripalani 641:Vijayaraje Scindia 534:state of emergency 513:V. R. Krishna Iyer 464:Raj Narain verdict 319: 126:, rather than the 99:President of India 61:state of emergency 46: 6293:Politics of India 6185: 6184: 6056:7 Billion Actions 5930:Population ethics 5823:Carrying capacity 5732:Population growth 5669: 5668: 5543:Dravidar Kazhagam 5528:Bharatiya Lok Dal 5502:Subramanian Swamy 5422:Jagmohanlal Sinha 5163:Klieman, Aaron S. 5041:978-81-89766-41-2 5001:978-0-330-50554-3 4961:Partha Chatterjee 4939:Partha Chatterjee 4905:978-81-8038-559-9 4887:978-81-8475-053-9 4869:978-0-67005-842-6 4643:978-81-7625-461-8 4499:978-1-009-18025-2 4442:978-0-330-54022-3 4111:. 19 January 1977 4090:978-1-4289-8189-8 3892:978-0-14-024602-5 3865:978-81-87496-13-7 3823:978-0-691-13098-9 3807:Hindu Nationalism 3738:978-0-9554587-3-6 3711:978-0-8122-0017-1 3675:978-3-03921-429-7 3324:on 28 August 2011 3246:World Development 3053:978-81-7012-108-4 2659:978-93-90351-60-2 2469:978-0-14-011462-1 2386:(40): 2141–2149. 2357:978-3-643-90320-4 2256:978-0-19-776078-9 2159:21 Months of Hell 2152:Madhur Bhandarkar 2064:Hirak Rajar Deshe 1963:In the 2001 book 1890:, is inspired by 1703:structure of the 1701:civil libertarian 1638:Financial Express 1592: 1591: 1584: 1458:Elections of 1977 1385:Subramanian Swamy 1372:Subramanian Swamy 1355:Madan Lal Khurana 1243: 1242: 1013:Jagmohan Malhotra 841:Kerala High Court 608:elections in 1977 491:Jagmohanlal Sinha 434:, referred to as 300: 299: 292: 16:(Redirected from 6305: 6253:Forced migration 6175: 6174: 6163: 6162: 6132:Green Revolution 5913:Two-child policy 5908:One-child policy 5831: 5791:Population model 5747:World population 5696: 5689: 5682: 5673: 5672: 5482:Pranab Mukherjee 5387:George Fernandes 5362:C. Achutha Menon 5331: 5330: 5319: 5312: 5305: 5296: 5295: 5210:Prakash, Gyan. 5156:22 (2000): 311+ 5149: 5113:Chandra, Bipan. 4983:Ramachandra Guha 4780: 4769: 4763: 4762: 4742: 4736: 4735: 4728: 4722: 4721: 4705: 4695: 4689: 4686:Watson Institute 4680:Joseph Bendaña. 4678: 4672: 4671: 4661: 4652: 4646: 4631: 4625: 4624: 4622: 4620: 4605: 4599: 4598: 4596: 4594: 4572: 4566: 4561: 4555: 4554: 4552: 4550: 4536: 4530: 4529: 4527: 4525: 4510: 4504: 4503: 4486:Sen, R. (2023). 4483: 4477: 4476: 4474: 4472: 4453: 4447: 4446: 4428: 4422: 4419:Nandini Satpathy 4415: 4409: 4408: 4406: 4404: 4395:. 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Achutha Menon 1420:Pinarayi Vijayan 1034: 1030: 959:Rukhsana Sultana 848:Patna High Court 774:President's Rule 673:Anantram Jaiswal 669:George Fernandes 455:as its head and 417:President's rule 413:Chimanbhai Patel 398:Political unrest 315:total revolution 295: 288: 284: 281: 275: 244: 236: 220:personality cult 217: 187:Ramachandra Guha 21: 18:Indian Emergency 6313: 6312: 6308: 6307: 6306: 6304: 6303: 6302: 6273:Totalitarianism 6188: 6187: 6186: 6181: 6151: 6115: 6049: 6047: 6040: 5992: 5971: 5920:Overconsumption 5903:Family planning 5860: 5854: 5827: 5811: 5808: 5800: 5762: 5759: 5751: 5705: 5700: 5670: 5665: 5646:Shah Commission 5597: 5593:Swatantra Party 5511: 5392:Hans Raj Khanna 5377:Devakanta Barua 5372:Chandra Shekhar 5335: 5325: 5323: 5290:Wayback Machine 5263: 5244:. Viking Books. 5196:Plys, Kristin. 5146: 5082: 5080:Further reading 4969:Permanent Black 4947:Permanent Black 4788: 4783: 4770: 4766: 4759: 4743: 4739: 4730: 4729: 4725: 4718: 4696: 4692: 4679: 4675: 4659: 4653: 4649: 4632: 4628: 4618: 4616: 4607: 4606: 4602: 4592: 4590: 4574: 4573: 4569: 4562: 4558: 4548: 4546: 4538: 4537: 4533: 4523: 4521: 4511: 4507: 4500: 4484: 4480: 4470: 4468: 4455: 4454: 4450: 4443: 4429: 4425: 4416: 4412: 4402: 4400: 4385: 4381: 4371: 4369: 4368:. 25 June 2021 4358: 4357: 4353: 4346: 4330: 4326: 4313: 4309: 4300: 4296: 4287: 4283: 4274: 4270: 4260: 4258: 4248: 4244: 4234: 4232: 4227: 4226: 4222: 4212: 4210: 4188: 4181: 4171: 4169: 4159: 4155: 4141: 4139: 4129: 4128: 4124: 4114: 4112: 4103: 4102: 4098: 4091: 4075: 4071: 4056: 4052: 4043: 4042: 4038: 4028: 4026: 4023:The News Minute 4017: 4016: 4012: 4002: 4000: 3990: 3986: 3976: 3974: 3964: 3960: 3953: 3941: 3940: 3933: 3928:. 25 June 2020. 3918: 3917: 3900: 3893: 3877: 3873: 3866: 3850: 3846: 3841:. 25 June 2023. 3839:The News Minute 3833: 3832: 3828: 3804: 3800: 3791: 3787: 3778: 3774: 3764: 3762: 3751: 3750: 3746: 3739: 3723: 3719: 3712: 3696: 3692: 3687: 3683: 3676: 3660: 3656: 3651: 3647: 3636: 3635: 3631: 3620: 3619: 3615: 3604: 3603: 3599: 3588: 3573: 3561: 3557: 3548: 3544: 3534: 3532: 3519: 3518: 3514: 3504: 3502: 3491: 3490: 3486: 3476: 3474: 3464: 3463: 3459: 3454:. 28 June 2015. 3450: 3449: 3445: 3435: 3433: 3423: 3419: 3412: 3398: 3397: 3393: 3383: 3381: 3376: 3375: 3371: 3357: 3355: 3344: 3340: 3327: 3325: 3308: 3304: 3290: 3288: 3281:"Indira Gandhi" 3277: 3273: 3238: 3234: 3211:10.2307/2643401 3191: 3184: 3171: 3170: 3166: 3158: 3154: 3144: 3142: 3140:News.rediff.com 3134: 3133: 3129: 3119: 3117: 3104: 3103: 3099: 3087: 3083: 3077:Wayback Machine 3066:V. 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Mathur. 4626: 4600: 4567: 4556: 4531: 4505: 4498: 4478: 4448: 4441: 4423: 4410: 4393:The Viewspaper 4379: 4365:Indian Express 4351: 4344: 4324: 4307: 4294: 4281: 4268: 4242: 4220: 4179: 4153: 4122: 4096: 4089: 4069: 4050: 4036: 4010: 3984: 3958: 3952:978-0143426134 3951: 3931: 3898: 3891: 3871: 3864: 3844: 3826: 3798: 3785: 3772: 3761:. 27 June 2018 3744: 3737: 3717: 3710: 3690: 3681: 3674: 3654: 3645: 3629: 3613: 3610:. p. 118. 3597: 3571: 3555: 3542: 3531:on 2 July 2015 3512: 3484: 3457: 3443: 3417: 3410: 3391: 3369: 3338: 3302: 3298:sterilization. 3287:on 4 July 2013 3271: 3252:(4): 303–316. 3232: 3205:(4): 379–400. 3182: 3164: 3152: 3127: 3097: 3081: 3059: 3052: 3032: 3016: 3013:. p. 134. 3000: 2991: 2984: 2958: 2951: 2931: 2924:Today, India. 2916: 2897: 2883: 2863: 2847: 2799: 2773: 2742: 2728: 2704: 2687: 2658: 2623: 2597: 2586:on 19 May 2017 2571: 2564: 2542: 2507: 2475: 2468: 2448: 2422: 2397: 2370: 2356: 2334: 2325: 2313: 2302:. 29 June 2015 2287: 2261: 2255: 2223: 2221: 2218: 2217: 2216: 2209: 2204: 2199: 2192: 2189: 2188: 2187: 2184:Kangana Ranaut 2175: 2167: 2155: 2143: 2127: 2118: 2101: 2084: 2072:Malayalam film 2068: 2055: 2035: 2021: 2009:Kissa Kursi Ka 2004: 1990: 1987: 1986: 1985: 1978: 1961: 1954: 1939: 1936:R. 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Unnithan 1928: 1905:Tamil-language 1901: 1881: 1871: 1859:Delhi Gadhakal 1850: 1840: 1828: 1824:Salman Rushdie 1811: 1799: 1781:A Fine Balance 1777: 1758:Shashi Tharoor 1755: 1742: 1739: 1737: 1734: 1709:42nd amendment 1632:Indian Express 1617: 1614: 1590: 1589: 1540: 1538: 1531: 1525: 1522: 1462:Main article: 1459: 1456: 1443: 1440: 1393: 1390: 1315: 1312: 1297:Damdami Taksal 1269: 1266: 1264: 1261: 1247: 1244: 1241: 1240: 1237: 1234: 1231: 1228: 1224: 1223: 1220: 1217: 1214: 1211: 1205: 1204: 1201: 1198: 1195: 1192: 1188: 1187: 1184: 1181: 1178: 1175: 1171: 1170: 1167: 1164: 1161: 1158: 1154: 1153: 1151: 1149: 1147: 1145: 1141: 1140: 1137: 1134: 1131: 1128: 1124: 1123: 1120: 1117: 1114: 1111: 1107: 1106: 1103: 1100: 1097: 1094: 1090: 1089: 1086: 1083: 1080: 1077: 1073: 1072: 1067: 1060: 1053: 1046: 1045:Pre-Emergency 1042: 1041: 1038: 1000: 997: 995: 992: 991: 990: 986: 982: 979: 976: 972: 942:Main article: 939: 936: 930: 927: 912: 909: 870: 867: 855: 852: 786:42nd Amendment 770:rule by decree 764: 761: 748:Andhra Pradesh 709:Jyotirmoy Basu 632: 629: 615: 614:Administration 612: 573: 570: 550:Jyotirmoy Basu 541: 538: 532:to proclaim a 526:Mahatma Gandhi 503:Yashpal Kapoor 483:Shanti Bhushan 465: 462: 399: 396: 342:24th Amendment 332:said that the 298: 297: 248: 246: 239: 233: 230: 207:Inder Malhotra 201:. Awarded the 111: 108: 106: 103: 76:rule by decree 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6310: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6241: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6231: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6213:1977 in India 6211: 6209: 6208:1976 in India 6206: 6204: 6203:1975 in India 6201: 6199: 6196: 6195: 6193: 6178: 6170: 6168: 6167: 6158: 6157: 6154: 6148: 6145: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6130: 6128: 6127:Bennett's law 6125: 6124: 6122: 6118: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6054: 6053: 6051: 6048:organizations 6043: 6037: 6034: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6016: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6002: 6001: 5999: 5995: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5980: 5978: 5974: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5960: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5932: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5895: 5894: 5891: 5887: 5884: 5883: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5875: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5865: 5863: 5857: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5835:Kaya identity 5833: 5830: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5803: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5780: 5777: 5776: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5754: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5714: 5712: 5708: 5704: 5697: 5692: 5690: 5685: 5683: 5678: 5677: 5674: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5616: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5606: 5604: 5600: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5563:Janata Morcha 5561: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5520: 5518: 5516:Organisations 5514: 5508: 5505: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5495: 5493: 5492:Sanjay Gandhi 5490: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5480: 5478: 5475: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5467:Narendra Modi 5465: 5463: 5462:Morarji Desai 5460: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5407:Indira Gandhi 5405: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5345: 5344: 5342: 5340:Personalities 5338: 5334: 5329: 5320: 5315: 5313: 5308: 5306: 5301: 5300: 5297: 5291: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5278: 5275: 5271: 5268: 5265: 5264: 5255: 5252: 5249: 5248:Shourie, Arun 5246: 5243: 5242: 5237: 5234: 5231: 5227: 5224: 5223:online review 5221: 5220:9780691186726 5217: 5213: 5209: 5207: 5206:9781108490528 5203: 5199: 5195: 5192: 5188: 5185: 5181: 5178: 5174: 5172: 5168: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5155: 5151: 5147: 5141: 5137: 5133: 5129: 5127:(2000), 424pp 5126: 5122: 5119: 5116: 5112: 5109: 5108:0-7069-0557-1 5105: 5101: 5097: 5094: 5091: 5087: 5084: 5083: 5074: 5073:0-19-563136-6 5070: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5052:9780198062509 5049: 5045: 5042: 5038: 5034: 5030: 5027: 5024: 5023:81-7223-245-4 5020: 5016: 5015:HarperCollins 5012: 5008: 5005: 5002: 4998: 4994: 4993:HarperCollins 4990: 4989: 4984: 4981: 4978: 4977:81-7824-267-2 4974: 4970: 4966: 4962: 4959: 4956: 4955:81-7824-317-2 4952: 4948: 4944: 4940: 4937: 4934: 4930: 4927: 4924: 4923:0-340-40540-6 4920: 4916: 4912: 4909: 4906: 4902: 4898: 4894: 4891: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4876: 4875:Bipan Chandra 4873: 4870: 4866: 4862: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4852:81-85618-75-5 4849: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4834: 4831: 4830:81-7596-107-4 4827: 4823: 4819: 4815: 4812: 4809: 4808:0-521-39161-X 4805: 4801: 4797: 4793: 4790: 4789: 4778: 4774: 4768: 4760: 4758:81-7991-066-0 4754: 4750: 4749: 4741: 4733: 4727: 4719: 4717:9780195067170 4713: 4709: 4704: 4703: 4694: 4687: 4683: 4677: 4669: 4665: 4658: 4651: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4630: 4615:. 7 July 2024 4614: 4610: 4604: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4571: 4565: 4560: 4545: 4541: 4535: 4520: 4519:Deccan Herald 4516: 4509: 4501: 4495: 4491: 4490: 4482: 4466: 4462: 4461:IBN Live News 4458: 4452: 4444: 4438: 4434: 4427: 4420: 4414: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4383: 4367: 4366: 4361: 4355: 4347: 4345:0-19-564888-9 4341: 4337: 4336: 4328: 4321: 4317: 4311: 4304: 4303:Asian Affairs 4298: 4291: 4285: 4278: 4272: 4257: 4253: 4246: 4230: 4224: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4186: 4184: 4168: 4164: 4157: 4149: 4136: 4135: 4126: 4110: 4106: 4100: 4092: 4086: 4082: 4081: 4073: 4065: 4061: 4054: 4046: 4040: 4024: 4020: 4014: 3999: 3995: 3988: 3973: 3969: 3962: 3954: 3948: 3944: 3938: 3936: 3927: 3926: 3921: 3915: 3913: 3911: 3909: 3907: 3905: 3903: 3894: 3888: 3884: 3883: 3875: 3867: 3861: 3857: 3856: 3848: 3840: 3836: 3830: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3815:0-691-13098-1 3812: 3808: 3802: 3795: 3789: 3782: 3776: 3760: 3759: 3754: 3748: 3740: 3734: 3730: 3729: 3721: 3713: 3707: 3703: 3702: 3694: 3685: 3677: 3671: 3667: 3666: 3658: 3649: 3641: 3640: 3633: 3626:. p. 78. 3625: 3624: 3617: 3609: 3608: 3601: 3593: 3586: 3584: 3582: 3580: 3578: 3576: 3569: 3565: 3559: 3553:, 5/1, 29–59; 3552: 3546: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3516: 3501:. 21 May 2007 3500: 3499: 3494: 3488: 3473: 3472: 3467: 3461: 3453: 3447: 3432: 3428: 3421: 3413: 3411:9788131734650 3407: 3403: 3402: 3395: 3379: 3373: 3366: 3353: 3349: 3342: 3335: 3323: 3319: 3318: 3313: 3306: 3299: 3286: 3282: 3275: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3236: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3189: 3187: 3178: 3174: 3168: 3161: 3156: 3141: 3137: 3131: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3101: 3094: 3090: 3085: 3078: 3074: 3071: 3070: 3063: 3055: 3049: 3045: 3042: 3036: 3028: 3027: 3020: 3012: 3011: 3004: 2995: 2987: 2981: 2977: 2972: 2971: 2962: 2954: 2952:9780887066597 2948: 2944: 2943: 2935: 2927: 2920: 2912: 2908: 2901: 2886: 2884:0-520-23122-8 2880: 2876: 2875: 2867: 2861: 2857: 2851: 2843: 2837: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2803: 2788: 2784: 2777: 2769: 2756: 2755: 2746: 2738: 2732: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2714: 2708: 2700: 2699: 2691: 2683: 2677: 2669: 2665: 2661: 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1955: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1916: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1899: 1898: 1893: 1892:Ariel Dorfman 1889: 1885: 1882: 1879: 1875: 1872: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1860: 1855: 1851: 1848: 1844: 1841: 1838: 1837:V. S. Naipaul 1834: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1820: 1815: 1812: 1809: 1805: 1804: 1800: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1788: 1783: 1782: 1778: 1775: 1774: 1769: 1765: 1764: 1759: 1756: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1744: 1733: 1731: 1727: 1725: 1721: 1716: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1689:Sanjay Gandhi 1686: 1685:Bipan Chandra 1683:, historian, 1682: 1677: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1662:J. R. D. Tata 1659: 1655: 1650: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1639: 1634: 1633: 1627: 1625: 1624: 1613: 1611: 1610:Sanjay Gandhi 1606: 1602: 1597: 1586: 1583: 1575: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1551: 1550: 1546: 1541:This section 1539: 1535: 1530: 1529: 1521: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1509:Uttar Pradesh 1505: 1503: 1502:Morarji Desai 1499: 1498:Uttar Pradesh 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1470: 1465: 1455: 1453: 1449: 1448:United States 1442:Outside India 1439: 1437: 1432: 1430: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1412: 1410: 1409:Prakash Karat 1406: 1401: 1399: 1389: 1386: 1380: 1377: 1373: 1368: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1339: 1337: 1331: 1329: 1324: 1320: 1314:Sangh Parivar 1311: 1309: 1305: 1300: 1298: 1293: 1289: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1260: 1258: 1254: 1238: 1235: 1232: 1229: 1226: 1225: 1221: 1218: 1215: 1212: 1207: 1206: 1202: 1199: 1196: 1193: 1190: 1189: 1185: 1182: 1179: 1176: 1173: 1172: 1168: 1165: 1162: 1159: 1156: 1155: 1152: 1150: 1148: 1146: 1143: 1142: 1138: 1135: 1132: 1129: 1126: 1125: 1121: 1118: 1115: 1112: 1109: 1108: 1104: 1101: 1098: 1095: 1092: 1091: 1087: 1084: 1081: 1078: 1075: 1074: 1071: 1068: 1066: 1065: 1061: 1059: 1058: 1054: 1052: 1051: 1047: 1044: 1043: 1036: 1035: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1019: 1014: 1010: 1006: 987: 983: 980: 977: 973: 969: 968: 967: 965: 960: 955: 951: 950:Sanjay Gandhi 945: 935: 926: 923: 918: 908: 905: 899: 897: 891: 888: 884: 880: 876: 866: 864: 860: 851: 849: 844: 842: 838: 837: 836:habeas corpus 832: 828: 824: 822: 816: 814: 813: 808: 804: 798: 793: 791: 787: 783: 779: 775: 771: 760: 758: 754: 749: 745: 741: 737: 733: 729: 724: 722: 718: 714: 710: 706: 702: 698: 694: 690: 686: 682: 678: 674: 670: 666: 662: 658: 657:Morarji Desai 654: 650: 646: 642: 638: 628: 626: 622: 611: 609: 604: 602: 598: 593: 591: 587: 583: 582:Sanjay Gandhi 579: 569: 567: 563: 559: 558:Frank Anthony 555: 551: 547: 537: 535: 531: 527: 522: 521:Morarji Desai 518: 514: 509: 506: 504: 500: 496: 495:null and void 492: 487: 484: 480: 476: 471: 461: 458: 454: 453:Morarji Desai 449: 446: 441: 440:labour unions 437: 433: 429: 424: 422: 418: 414: 409: 405: 395: 393: 389: 385: 381: 377: 373: 369: 365: 361: 357: 355: 349: 347: 343: 339: 335: 331: 330:Supreme Court 327: 325: 316: 312: 311:Indira Gandhi 308: 304: 294: 291: 283: 273: 269: 265: 259: 258: 254: 249:This section 247: 243: 238: 237: 229: 227: 226: 221: 214: 213: 212:The Economist 208: 204: 200: 199:East Pakistan 196: 192: 188: 184: 182: 177: 172: 170: 166: 160: 157: 153: 148: 144: 140: 135: 133: 129: 125: 121: 117: 116:Indira Gandhi 102: 100: 95: 93: 92:Sanjay Gandhi 89: 85: 81: 77: 73: 69: 64: 62: 58: 57:Indira Gandhi 54: 50: 49:The Emergency 43: 39: 38:Indira Gandhi 34: 30: 19: 6164: 5976:Publications 5935:Antinatalism 5873: 5850:World3 model 5710:Major topics 5613: 5568:Janata Party 5447:L. K. Advani 5412:Jagjivan Ram 5367:Charan Singh 5332: 5280: 5239: 5236:Coomi Kapoor 5229: 5211: 5197: 5190: 5183: 5176: 5166: 5153: 5135: 5124: 5114: 5099: 5096:Kuldip Nayar 5089: 5060: 5032: 5010: 4986: 4964: 4942: 4932: 4914: 4896: 4878: 4860: 4839: 4836:Ayesha Jalal 4817: 4795: 4776: 4767: 4747: 4740: 4732:"Delhi Calm" 4726: 4701: 4693: 4676: 4667: 4663: 4650: 4634: 4629: 4617:. Retrieved 4612: 4603: 4591:. Retrieved 4579: 4570: 4559: 4547:. Retrieved 4543: 4534: 4522:. Retrieved 4518: 4508: 4488: 4481: 4469:. Retrieved 4465:the original 4451: 4432: 4426: 4418: 4413: 4401:. Retrieved 4397:the original 4392: 4382: 4370:. Retrieved 4363: 4354: 4334: 4327: 4319: 4310: 4302: 4297: 4289: 4284: 4276: 4271: 4259:. Retrieved 4255: 4245: 4233:. Retrieved 4223: 4211:. Retrieved 4202:(2): 13–34. 4199: 4195: 4170:. Retrieved 4166: 4156: 4146:– via 4142:13 September 4140:. Retrieved 4133: 4125: 4113:. Retrieved 4108: 4099: 4079: 4072: 4063: 4053: 4039: 4027:. Retrieved 4022: 4013: 4001:. 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M. Shelat 371: 353: 350: 334:Constitution 323: 320: 286: 277: 262:Please help 250: 223: 210: 203:Bharat Ratna 181:Garibi Hatao 179: 173: 161: 143:Congress (R) 139:Congress (O) 136: 132:P. N. Haksar 113: 96: 72:Constitution 65: 48: 47: 40:, President 29: 5859:Society and 5818:Biocapacity 5272:A. Z. Huq, 5158:online free 4777:India Today 4471:23 November 4421:(in Oriya). 4261:27 February 4235:27 February 4213:27 February 4172:27 February 4115:26 February 4029:29 December 4003:29 December 3977:29 December 3498:India Today 3471:India Today 3279:Vinay Lal. 2985:019565610-5 2147:Indu Sarkar 2038:I. S. Johar 1971:Yann Martel 1888:Torit Mitra 1868:M. Mukundan 1517:West Bengal 1328:15th August 994:Demolitions 863:corporatist 803:tinker with 599:declared a 384:K. S. Hegde 346:privy purse 197:, formerly 165:privy purse 6218:Censorship 6192:Categories 6046:Events and 5861:population 5807:Population 5758:Population 5703:Population 5656:Rajan case 5507:Zail Singh 5487:Raj Narain 5437:K. 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