Indiana bat - Knowledge

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temperatures and precipitation, appears to influence the use of interior alternate roost trees over primary roosts, as alternate roosts generally offer more shade and protection during inclement weather and extreme heat. However, this preference may fluctuate from season to season. Indiana bats moved to the alternate roost during periods of heavy rain and colder ambient temperatures during fall in Missouri, but chose to roost in the primary snag during inclement weather in the spring. These differences may be attributed to variation in the heat-retention capabilities of the trees at different times of the year. Bats from a maternity colony switched roosts more frequently in summer and autumn than they did in spring in an oak-pine forest in Kentucky. They exhibit strong fidelity to individual roost trees from year to year if they are still suitable roost sites. Many trees are no longer usable after just a few years, while others may last as long as 20 years.

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been found roosting under bridges at night. Some Indiana bats were tracked to three different night roosts within the same night. Night roosts are often found within the bats' foraging area. Indiana bats using night roosts are thought to roost alone and only and for short periods, typically 10 minutes or less. Lactating bats may return to the day roost several times each night, presumably to nurse their young. Pregnant bats have not been tracked back to the day roost during the night except during heavy rain. Because Indiana bats are difficult to track during their nightly movements and usually rest for such short periods of time, the specific requirements that Indiana bats need in a night roost, and reasons why night roosts are needed, are still unknown.

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interior of the stand. A general trend is that primary roosts are found in low cover, while alternate roosts tend to be more shaded. Few data directly compare the differences between roost types. In Alabama, canopy cover at the roost tended to be low at an average of 35.5%, but at the stand level, canopy cover was higher with a mean of 65.8%. In a habitat suitability model, Romme and others recommended the ideal canopy cover for roosting Indiana bats as 60% to 80%. Actual roost sites in eastern Tennessee were very high in the tree, and Indiana bats were able to exit the roost above the surrounding canopy. Thus, canopy cover measurements taken from the bases of roost trees may overestimate the actual amount of cover required by roosting Indiana bats.

715:. Trees that support smaller numbers of Indiana bats from the same maternity colony are designated as alternate roosts. In cases where smaller maternity colonies are present in an area, primary roosts may be defined as those used for more than 2 days at a time by each bat, while alternate roosts are generally used 1 day. Maternity colonies may use up to three primary roosts and up to 33 alternate roosts in a single season. Reproductively active females frequently switch roosts to find optimal roosting conditions. When switching between day roosts, Indiana bats may travel as little as 23 feet (7.0 m) or as far as 3.6 miles (5.8 km). In general, moves are relatively short and typically less than 0.6 miles (0.97 km). 823:

reproductive status of females, and from night to night. In southern Michigan, Indiana bats primarily ate caddisflies (Trichoptera) and bees, wasps, and ants (Hymenoptera), in addition to the more common prey previously listed. In the Ozarks of southern Missouri, the bats also primarily ate bees, wasps, ants, moths, and beetles, as well as leafhoppers (Homoptera), although diet did vary throughout the summer. Bats in Indiana were found to prefer beetles, moths, mosquitoes, midges, leafhoppers, and wasps. Other arthropod groups which are consumed by Indiana bats in very limited quantities are lacewings (Neuroptera), spiders (Araneae), stoneflies (Plecoptera), mayflies (Ephemeroptera), mites and ticks (Acari), and lice (

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throughout the winter, Indiana bats sometimes fly to different areas within the hibernaculum to find optimal conditions, but this does not appear necessary for every hibernaculum. Indiana bats may even switch between nearby hibernacula in search of the most appropriate hibernating conditions. Indiana bats are generally loyal to specific hibernacula or to the general area near hibernacula that they have occupied previously. Critical winter habitats of Indiana bats have been designated by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and include 13 hibernacula distributed across Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Missouri, Tennessee, and West Virginia.

396:, and killed 23 Indiana bats. Skaggs re-entered the cave three days later and killed another 82 endangered Indiana bats. An investigation began when Carter Caves State Park employees discovered at least 105 dead Indiana bats. The two men admitted to knowingly slaughtering an endangered species, using flashlights and rocks to knock hibernating bats off their roosts, and smashing their bodies with rocks. Bats that attempted to escape by flying away were knocked down from the air. The men stomped bats to death, bludgeoned them with flashlights, and crushed their bodies with rocks in several areas of the hibernaculum. BCI worked with the 806:

areas as winter progresses. During October and November, temperatures at roosting sites within major hibernacula in six states averaged 43.5 to 53.2 °F (6.4 to 11.8 °C). Roost temperatures at the same hibernacula ranged from 34.5 to 48.6 °F (1.4 to 9.2 °C) from December to February. Temperatures in March and April were slightly lower than in autumn at 39.6 to 51.3 °F (4.2 to 10.7 °C). Indiana bat populations increased over time in hibernacula that had stable midwinter temperatures averaging 37.4 to 45.0 °F (3.0 to 7.2 °C), and declined in hibernacula with temperatures outside this range.

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has been documented. In Illinois, most roosts used by adult females and juveniles were about 2,300 feet (700 m) or more from a paved highway, while adult males roosted less than 790 feet (240 m) from the road. In Michigan, roosts were only slightly closer to paved roads: 2,000 feet (610 m) on average for all roosts located. In general, roosts were located 1,600 to 2,600 feet (490 to 790 m) from unpaved roads in Illinois and Michigan. Roost trees used during autumn in Kentucky were very close to unpaved roads at an average of 160 feet (49 m).

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green ash-silver maple stand. Clark and others estimated that the density of potential roosts in southern Iowa in areas where Indiana bats were caught was 10 to 26/ha in riparian, floodplain, and upland areas dominated by eastern cottonwood-silver maple, oak-hickory, and black walnut-silver maple-American elm, respectively. In Illinois, the suggested optimal number of potential roost trees in an upland oak-hickory habitat was 64/ha; the optimal number for riparian and floodplain forest, dominated by silver maple and eastern cottonwood, was proposed to be 41/ha.

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may travel up to 300 miles (480 km). Many males remain close to hibernacula during the spring and summer rather than migrating long distances like females. Occasionally, they even roost within hibernacula during the summer. Males also roost in caves and trees during fall swarming. Few data exist for the roosting requirements of Indiana bats during spring and fall migrations; data indicate that requirements during these times are similar to summer needs in that the bats chose large trees with direct sunlight and exfoliating bark.

323:. The Indiana bat lives in caves only in winter; but, there are few caves that provide the conditions necessary for hibernation. Stable, low temperatures are required to allow the bats to reduce their metabolic rates and conserve fat reserves. These bats hibernate in large, tight clusters which may contain thousands of individuals. Indiana bats feed entirely on night flying insects, and a colony of bats can consume millions of insects each night. The range of the Indiana bat overlaps with that of the more narrowly distributed 97: 373: 839:

A male bat used a foraging area of 1,544 acres (625 hectares) in Virginia. In Illinois, however, the foraging ranges were much smaller at an average of 625 acres (253 hectares) for adult females, 141 acres (57 hectares) for adult males, 91 acres (37 hectares) for juvenile females, and only 69 acres (28 hectares) for juvenile males. Foraging areas used by Indiana bats in Indiana increased throughout the summer season, but only averaged 11.2 acres (4.5 hectares) in midsummer.

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are meant to keep vandals out of caves have altered the temperature and airflow of hibernacula, resulting in population declines of Indiana bats at many major hibernacula throughout their range. Removing or modifying gates at some of these have given these populations a chance to rebound. Also, the bats seem to prefer a relative humidity of 74 to 100%, although the air is not commonly saturated. Relative humidities of only 50.4% have also been recorded.

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three hibernacula are any with fewer than 500 bats. At least 50% of Indiana bats are thought to hibernate in the eight priority one hibernacula, which can be found in Indiana (three), Missouri (three), and Kentucky (two). Estimates of hibernating populations in 2001 suggest that priority one hibernacula have experienced a 48% decline since 1983. Overall, populations have fallen around 57% since 1960 across all hibernacula.

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activity, large numbers of bats fly in and out of caves from sunset to sunrise. Swarming mainly occurs during August to September and is thought to be an integral part of mating. Bats have been observed copulating in caves until early October. During the swarming/breeding period, very few bats are found roosting within the hibernacula during the day. Limited mating may also occur at the end of hibernation.

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preferred hibernacula often had multiple entrances promoting airflow. Hibernacula choice may be influenced by the ability of the outside landscape to provide adequate forage upon arrival at the hibernacula, as well as the specific microclimate inside. Having forested areas around the hibernacula entrance and low amounts of open farmland may be important factors influencing the suitability of hibernacula.

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typically form. Bats awaken periodically throughout the hibernation period, presumably to eliminate waste or to move to more appropriate microclimates. This periodic waking does not seem to affect their survival, but waking caused by disturbance can cause Indiana bats to use up large amounts of energy, which can cause them to run out of fat reserves before the end of winter, possibly leading to death.

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Indiana bats required tree roosts greater than 8 inches (20 cm) dbh, while roosts of 12 inches (30 cm) dbh or larger were preferred. The heights of roost trees vary, but they tend to be tall, with average heights ranging from 62.7 to 100 feet (19.1 to 30.5 m). The heights of the actual roosting sites are variable, as well, ranging from 4.6 to 59 feet (1.4 to 18.0 m).

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Typically, Indiana bats roost in snags, but a few species of live trees are also used. Live roost trees are usually shagbark hickory, silver maple, and white oak. Shagbark hickories make excellent alternate roosts throughout the Indiana bats' range due to their naturally exfoliating bark. Although Indiana bats primarily roost under loose bark, a small fraction roosts in tree cavities.

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assessments of Indiana bat foraging habitat in Michigan; the majority of bats was found foraging in forested wetlands and other woodlands, while one bat foraged in an area around a small lake and another in an area with 50% woodland and 50% open fields. Another Indiana bat foraged over a river, while 10 others foraged in areas greater than 0.6 miles (0.97 km) from the same river.

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the species's range. Indiana bats are found in hardwood forests throughout most of their range and mixed hardwood-pine forests in the southeastern United States. Stone and Battle found a significantly greater proportion (p<0.05) of old-growth forest (greater than 100 years), more hardwoods, and fewer conifers in stands occupied by Indiana bats than in random stands in Alabama.

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female at the North Allegheny Wind Energy Facility, Pennsylvania, in September 2011, one male at the Laurel Mountain Wind Power facility, West Virginia in July 2012, and one female at the Blue Creek Wind Farm, Ohio in October 2012. Fatality rates of up to 63.9 bats per turbine, per year have been estimated. Mortality is caused both by direct impact with rotors and by barotrauma.

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extreme, roosts of a maternity colony from Michigan were all found in a 12-acre (5 ha) wetland that was inundated for most of the year. In Virginia, foraging areas near a stream were used. Intermittent streams may be located closer to roosts than more permanent sources of water. Ponds, streams, and road ruts appear to be important water sources, especially in upland habitats.

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community types. Roosts found by Kurta and others in an elm-ash-maple forest in Michigan were in a woodland/marsh edge, a lowland hardwood forest, small wetlands, a shrub wetland/cornfield edge, and a small woodlot. Around hibernacula in autumn, Indiana bats tended to choose roost trees on upper slopes and ridges that were exposed to direct sunlight throughout the day.

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show any preference for early successional habitats, such as old fields, shrublands, and early successional forests, showing 71% to 75% of activity occurring in other habitats. Although much of the landscape throughout the distributional range of the Indiana bat is dominated by agricultural lands and other open areas, these areas are typically not used by Indiana bats.

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primary roosts than at alternate roosts. At the landscape level, the basal area for stands with roosts was 30% lower than basal area of random stands in Alabama. Tree density in southern Iowa varied between different habitats. In a forested floodplain, tree density was lowest at 229 trees/ha, while a riparian strip had the highest tree density at 493 trees/ha.

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attic, a utility pole, and bat boxes as roosts. However, use of man-made structures appears to be rare. Roost selection by females may be related to environmental factors, especially weather. Cool temperatures can slow fetal development, so choosing roosts with appropriate conditions is essential for reproductive success and probably influences roost choice.

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foraging in upland forest in addition to riparian areas such as floodplain forest edges. Romme and others also suggested that foraging habitat would ideally have 50% to 70% canopy closure. Indiana bats rarely use open agricultural fields and pastures, upland hedgerows, open water, and deforested creeks for traveling or foraging.

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Kentucky. Roosts of two maternity colonies in southern Illinois were located in roosting areas estimated at 11.72 hectares and 146.5 hectares, and included green ash, American elm, silver maple, pin oak, and shagbark hickory. The extent of the maternity home range may depend on the availability of suitable roosts in the area.

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summer locations beginning in mid-April. Females form summer nursery colonies of up to 100 adult females during summer. Males typically roost alone or in small bachelor groups during the summer. Many males spend the summer near their winter hibernacula, while others migrate to other areas, similar to areas used by females.

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early to late July, but sometimes do not fly until early August. Humphrey and others reported an 8% mortality rate by the time young were weaned. However, they assumed that all females mate in the autumn, which is not the case, so not all the females would give birth. Thus, mortality of young may be even lower than 8%.

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MacGregor, John R.; Kiser, James D.; Gumbert, Mark W.; Reed, Timothy O. 1999. Autumn roosting habitat of male Indiana bats (Myotis sodalis) in a managed forest setting in Kentucky. In: Stringer, Jeffrey W.; Loftis, David L., eds. "Proceedings, 12th central hardwood forest conference; 1999 February 28

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In southern Illinois, Carter and others reported that all roosts were located in bottomland, swamp, and floodplain areas. Miller and others determined the predominant habitat types near areas where Indiana bats were captured in Missouri were forest, crop fields, and grasslands. Indiana bats did not

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sentenced Skaggs to eight months in federal prison, and placed Carpenter on three years' probation. The case marks the first time nationwide that individuals were sentenced for killing endangered Indiana bats. BCI thanked members and donors for allowing them to help protect these bats and work toward

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Indiana bats spend the summer living throughout the eastern United States. During winter, however, they cluster together and hibernate in only a few caves. Since about 1975, their population has declined by about 50%. Based on a 1985 census of hibernating bats, the Indiana bat population is estimated

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Differences in the extent of foraging ranges have also been noted. Bats from the same colony foraged in different areas at least some of the time. The average foraging area for female bats in Indiana was 843 acres (341 hectares), but the foraging area for males averaged 6,837 acres (2,767 hectares).

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During spring and fall, Indiana bats migrate between hibernacula and summer roosting sites. In New York and Vermont, bats traveled up to 25 miles (40 km) between hibernacula and summer roosting sites in spring. This is a considerably shorter distance than what is seen in the Midwest, where bats

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In addition to day roosts, Indiana bats use temporary roosts throughout the night to rest between foraging bouts. Limited research has examined the use of night roosts by Indiana bats, thus their use and importance are poorly understood. Males, lactating and postlactating females, and juveniles have

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During hibernation, Indiana bats occupy open areas of hibernacula ceilings and generally avoid crevices and other enclosed areas. They were associated with hibernacula that were long (μ=2,817 feet or 858 m), had high ceilings (μ=15 feet or 4.5 m), and had large entrances (μ=104.4 feet or 9.7 m). The

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The number of roosts used and home range occupied by a maternity colony can vary widely. In Missouri, the highest density of roosts being used in an oak-hickory stand was 0.25 tree/ha. In Michigan, the number of trees used by a colony was 4.6 trees/ha, with as many as 13.2 potential roosts/ha in the

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Studies have identified at least 29 tree species used by Indiana bats during the summer and during spring and fall migrations. Since so many tree species are used as roosts, tree species is likely not a limiting habitat requirement. In addition to trees, Indiana bats have used a Pennsylvania church

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Three types of hibernacula have been designated depending on the amount of use each receives from year to year. Priority one hibernacula are those that consistently have greater than 30,000 Indiana bats hibernating inside each winter. Priority two hibernacula contain 500 to 30,000 bats, and priority

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In an Illinois study by Gardner and others, the study area where Indiana bats were found was estimated as roughly 67% agricultural land including cropland and old fields; 30% was upland forest; while 2.2% was floodplain forest. Finally, only 0.1% of the area was covered with water. Kurta and others

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Habitat requirements for the Indiana bat are not completely understood. Bottomland and floodplain forests were once thought to be the most important habitats during the summer, but subsequent study has shown that upland forest habitats may be equally important, especially in the southern portions of

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Spring migration can begin as early as late March, but most Indiana bats do not leave their winter hibernacula until late April to early May. Females emerge from hibernacula first, usually between late March and early May. Most males do not begin to emerge until mid- to late April. Females arrive at

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Clawson, Richard L. 2000. Implementation of a recovery plan for the endangered Indiana bat. In: Vories, Kimery C.; Throgmorton, Dianne, eds. In: Proceedings of bat conservation and mining: a technical interactive forum; 2000 November 14–16; St. Louis, MO. Alton, IL: U.S. Department of the Interior,

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the sounds in order to make the sounds audible to humans. This "sound library" of the Indiana bat was sent to musicians who then combined the sounds from the Indiana bat along with original music. Hyatt was quoted as saying that "bat noises are like bird songs, just in a register no one can hear. I

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One way in which caves retain low temperatures is through a constant input of cold air from outside the cave. Typically, the caves supporting the largest populations have multiple entrances that allow cool air from outside the cave to come in, creating a circulation of fresh, cooled air. Gates that

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Primary roosts used by Indiana bats are typically snags in canopy gaps and forest edges that receive direct sunlight throughout the day. Alternative roosts are live or dead trees, generally located in the forest interior, that usually receive little or no direct sunlight. Weather, such as very warm

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Roost proximity to water is highly variable, so probably not as important as once thought. In Indiana, roost trees were discovered less than 660 feet (200 m) from a creek, while roosts in another part of Indiana were 1.2 miles (1.9 km) from the nearest permanent water source. To the other

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Salyers and others suggested a potential roost density of 15 trees/ha was needed, or 30 roosts/ha if artificial roost boxes are erected in a stand with American elm and shagbark hickory. The roosting home range used by any single Indiana bat was as large as 568 hectares in an oak-pine community in

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The impact of natural predators on Indiana bats is minimal compared to the damage to habitat and mortality caused by humans, especially during hibernation. The presence of people in caves can cause Indiana bats to come out of hibernation, leading to a large increase in their energy use. By causing

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Distances seen between roosts and other habitat features may be influenced by the age, sex, and reproductive condition of these bats. Distances between roosts and paved roads is greater than the distances between roosts and unpaved roads in some locales, although overlap between the two situations

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Fertilization does not occur until the end of hibernation, and gestation takes about 60 days. Parturition occurs in late May to early July. Female Indiana bats typically give birth to one pup. Juveniles are weaned after 25 to 37 days and are able to fly around the same time. Most young can fly by

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are characteristics used to differentiate the Indiana bat from other bats. Indiana bats typically live 5 to 9 years, but some have reached 12 years of age. They can have fur from black to chestnut with a light gray to cinnamon belly. Unlike other common bats with brown hair and black lips, Indiana

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In addition to differences in diet, variation in foraging behaviors have been documented. For instance, the distance that an individual Indiana bat travels between a day roost and a nightly foraging range can vary. Indiana bats traveled up to 1.6 miles (2.6 km) from their day roosts to their

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The ability for Indiana bats to find suitable hibernating conditions is critical for their survival. A hibernaculum that remained too warm during one winter caused a 45% mortality rate in hibernating bats. They generally hibernate in warmer portions of the hibernacula in fall, then move to cooler

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Indiana bats feed exclusively on terrestrial and aquatic flying insects. The most common prey items taken are moths (Lepidoptera), beetles (Coleoptera), and mosquitoes and midges (Diptera). Selection of prey depends largely on availability in the foraging habitat with diet varying seasonally, by

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Another important factor relating to roost suitability is tree condition. Indiana bats prefer dead or dying trees with exfoliating bark. The amount of exfoliating bark present on a tree seems to be insignificant. Indiana bats show an affinity for very large trees that receive plentiful sunlight.

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The preferred amount of canopy cover at the roost is unclear. Many studies have reported the need for low cover, while others have documented use of trees with moderate to high canopy cover, occasionally up to complete canopy closure. Canopy cover ranges from 0% at the forest edge to 100% in the

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Primary roosts are most often found at forest edges or in canopy gaps. Alternate roosts are generally located in a shaded portion of the interior forest and occasionally at the forest edge. Most roost trees in a Kentucky study occurred in canopy gaps in oak, oak-hickory, oak-pine, and oak-poplar

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females arriving late. Most Indiana bats hibernate from October through April, but many at the northern extent of their range hibernate from September to May. Occasionally, Indiana bats are found hibernating singly, but almost all are found hibernating in dense clusters of 3,230 to 5,215 bats/m.

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Indiana bats begin to arrive at hibernacula (caves and mines in which they spend the winter) from their summer roosting sites in late August, with most returning in September. Females enter hibernation shortly after arriving at hibernacula, but males remain active until late autumn to breed with

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Several studies have documented similarities in how foraging habitats are actually used by Indiana bats. Indiana bats in Indiana were foraging around the canopy, which was 7 to 98 feet (2.1 to 29.9 m) above ground. In Missouri, a female bat foraged 7 to 33 feet (2.1 to 10.1 m) above a

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Primary roosts are generally larger than alternate roosts, but both show variability. Females typically use large roost trees averaging 10.8 to 25.7 inches (27 to 65 centimetres) as maternity roosts. Males are more flexible, roosting in trees as small as 3 inches (7.6 cm) dbh. In a review,

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Studies on the foraging needs for Indiana bats are inconclusive. Bats forage in a landscape composed of pasture, corn fields, woodlots, and a strip of riparian woodland, although Indiana bat activity was not necessarily recorded in all these habitat types. Murray and Kurta made some qualitative

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Indiana bats use at least 29 tree species during the summer. The greatest numbers of tree species are found in the central portion of Indiana bats' range (primarily Missouri, southern Illinois, southern Indiana, and Kentucky), but this is likely because the majority of research conducted on the

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Additionally, Indiana bat mortality due to wind turbines has been confirmed, even resulting in a December 2009 injunction against a West Virginia wind farm. As of 2013, only five Indiana bat mortalities have been documented; two females at Fowler Ridge in Indiana in September 2009 and 2010, one

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Temperatures slightly above freezing during hibernation allow Indiana bats to slow their metabolic rates as much as possible without the risk of freezing to death or using up fat too quickly. Hibernating bats may also survive low temperatures by sharing body heat within the tight clusters they

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Stands occupied by this species can vary greatly. A Virginia pine roost was in a stand with a density of only 367 trees/ha, while in Kentucky, a shagbark hickory roost was in a closed-canopy stand with 1,210 trees/ha. Overall tree density in Great Smoky Mountain National Park was higher around

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Other anthropogenic effects have contributed to the loss of Indiana bat populations, including pesticide use, human disturbance of hibernacula, improper application of cave gates, climate change, and agricultural development. As a result, the Indiana bat experienced a nationwide 57% population

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The Indiana bat was listed as federally endangered under the Endangered Species Preservation Act, on 11 March 1967, due to the dramatic decline of populations throughout their range. Reasons for the bat's decline include disturbance of colonies by human beings, pesticide use and loss of summer

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Bat activity was centered around small canopy gaps or closed forest canopy along small second-order streams in West Virginia. Indiana bats foraged under the dense oak-hickory forest canopy along ridges and hillsides in eastern Missouri, but rarely over streams. Indiana bats have been detected

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Females can mate during their first fall, but some do not breed until their second year. Males become reproductively active during their second year. Breeding occurs in and around hibernacula in fall. During the breeding season, Indiana bats undergo a phenomenon known as swarming. During this

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Indiana bats typically spend the winter in caves or mines. However, a few bats have been found hibernating on a dam in northern Michigan. They need very specific conditions to survive the winter hibernation period, which lasts about 6 months. As the microclimate in a hibernaculum fluctuates

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to establish a reward fund and provided the initial contribution. The reward quickly grew to $ 5,000 with support from the Southeastern Bat Diversity Network and Defenders of Wildlife and was widely reported, and the two men were caught following an anonymous tip. This incident was called a

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Most habitat attributes measured for the Indiana bat were insignificant and inconsistent from one location to another. In Missouri, oak-hickory stands with maternity colonies had significantly more medium trees (12–22 in or 30–57 cm dbh) and significantly more large-sized trees

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Reeder, DeeAnn M.; Frank, Craig L.; Turner, Gregory G.; Meteyer, Carol U.; Kurta, Allen; Britzke, Eric R.; Vodzak, Megan E.; Darling, Scott R.; Stihler, Craig W.; Hicks, Alan C.; Jacob, Roymon; Grieneisen, Laura E.; Brownlee, Sarah A.; Muller, Laura K.; Blehert, David S. (20 June 2012).

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found that in southern Michigan, the general landscape occupied by Indiana bats consisted of open fields and agricultural lands (55%), wetlands and lowland forest (19%), other forested habitats (17%), developed areas (6%), and perennial water sources such as ponds and streams (3%).

246:. It lives primarily in Southern and Midwestern U.S. states and is listed as an endangered species. The Indiana bat is grey, black, or chestnut in color and is 1.2–2.0 in long and weighs 4.5–9.5 g (0.16–0.34 oz). It is similar in appearance to the more common 875:). While not a predator, woodpeckers (Picidae) may disturb roosting bats through their foraging activities by peeling away sections of bark being used by Indiana bats, causing them to fly from the roost during the day and making the tree unsuitable for future habitation. 1406:(Indiana bat) in Illinois. Final report. Champaign, IL: Illinois Department of Conservation, Illinois Natural History Survey. On file with: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, MT 668:

Indiana bats are relatively long lived. One Indiana bat was captured 20 years after being banded as an adult. Data from other recaptured individuals show that females live at least 14 years 9 months, while males may live for at least 13 years 10 months.

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foraging sites in Illinois. Similarly, bats traveled up to 1.5 miles (2.4 km) to forage in Kentucky. In Michigan, female bats traveled as far as 2.6 miles (4.2 km) to reach foraging areas with an average of 1.5 miles (2.4 km).

616:. And finally, in the southern areas of the Indiana bat's range (primarily Tennessee, Arkansas, and northern Alabama), which include the oak-hickory and oak-pine cover types, Indiana bats use shagbark hickory, white oak, red oak, pitch pine ( 1701:

Kiser, James D.; Elliott, Charles L. 1996. Foraging habitat, food habits, and roost tree characteristics of the Indiana bat (Myotis sodalis) during autumn in Jackson County, Kentucky. Frankfort, KY: Kentucky Department of Fish and Wildlife

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U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. (1999). Biological opinion on the impacts of forest management and other activities to the bald eagle, Indiana bat, clubshell, and northern riffleshell on the Allegheny National

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river. A male Indiana bat was observed flying in an elliptical pattern among trees at 10 to 33 feet (3.0 to 10.1 m) above the ground under the canopy of dense forests. In addition, bats were foraging at canopy height in Virginia.

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them to wake up and use greater amounts of energy stores, humans can cause high mortality in a cave population of hibernating Indiana bats. Human disturbance and the degradation of habitat are the primary causes for their decline.

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Indiana bats lose 10- to 30-days-worth of their limited fat reserves during every spontaneous arousal from torpor caused by human disturbance of their hibernaculum. Multiple disturbances during a cold winter can cause Indiana bat

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The length of the Indiana bat's head to the body is from 4.1 to 4.9 cm. The animal weighs about 8 g (.25 ounce). These bats are very difficult to distinguish from other species, especially the more common little brown bat

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LaVal, Richard K.; Clawson, Richard L.; LaVal, Margaret L.; Caire, William (1977). "Foraging behavior and nocturnal activity patterns of Missouri bats, with emphasis on the endangered species

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habitat resulting from the clearing of forest cover. As of 1973, the Indiana bat has been listed as endangered under the Endangered Species Act (as amended), and additionally protected by the

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Richter, Andreas R.; Humphrey, Stephen R.; Cope, James B.; Brack, Virgil Jr. (1993). "Modified cave entrances: thermal effect on body mass and resulting decline of endangered Indiana bats (

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Two types of day roosts used by Indiana bats have been identified as primary and alternate roosts. Primary roosts typically support more than 30 bats at a time and are used most often by a

2660:; 1983 June 7–9; Flagstaff, AZ. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-99. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station: 111–113 1230: 1967:

Schultz, John R. 2003. Appendix C – Biological Assessment. In: Prescribed Fire Environmental Assessment. Bradford, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Allegheny National Forest

608:

In southern Michigan and northern Indiana, which are mainly in the oak-hickory and elm-ash-cottonwood cover types, trees used as roosts include green, white, and black ash (

1288: 2227:

Romme, Russell C.; Tyrell, Karen; Brack, Virgil, Jr. (1995). Literature summary and habitat suitability index model: components of summer habitat for the Indiana bat,

292:. It has had serious population decline, estimated to be more than 50% over the past 10 years, based on direct observation and a decline on its extent of occurrence. 401:"senseless killing" by James Gale, Special Agent-in-Charge for the USFWS Southeast Region, and resulted in conviction. They pleaded guilty to violating the federal 3991: 3975: 2160:"Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants: Determination of critical habitat for American crocodile, California condor, Indiana bat, and Florida manatee" 4372: 533:

species has occurred in this region. Roost trees from these central states, which are mainly in the oak-hickory cover type, include silver maple, red maple (

406: 4342: 397: 4263: 3363: 3058: 2297:

Martin, Chester O.; Kiser James D. (2004). "Managing special landscape features for forest bats, with emphasis on riparian areas and water sources".

1721:– March 2"; Lexington, KY. Gen. Tech. Rep. SRS-24. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station.: 169–170 1060: 497:

Indiana bats were found in a variety of plant associations in a southern Iowa study. Riparian areas were dominated by eastern cottonwood, hackberry (

4352: 4347: 4141: 2774: 2451:

Sparks, Dale W.; Simmons, Michael T.; Gummer, Curtis L.; Duchamp, Joseph E. (2003). "Disturbance of roosting bats by woodpeckers and raccoons".

2231:. Project C7188: Federal Aid Project E-1-7, Study No. 8. Bloomington, IN: Indiana Department of Natural Resources, Division of Fish and Wildlife 855:). During other times of the year, northern raccoons have been observed trying to grab bats from the air when they attempt to fly away. Skunks ( 4382: 4312: 1754:

Kurta, Allen; King, David; Teramino, Joseph A.; Stribley, John M.; Williams, Kimberly J. (1993). "Summer roosts of the endangered Indiana bat (

2769: 4362: 4332: 4232: 4193: 2799: 341: 2807: 2634:

Warwick, Adam; Fredrickson, Leigh H.; Heitmeyer, Mickey (2001). "Distribution of bats in fragmented wetland forests of southeast Missouri".

2750: 1537:

Carter, Timothy C.; Carroll, Steven K.; Feldhamer, George A. (2001). "Preliminary work on maternity colonies of Indiana bats in Illinois".

4337: 2211:

Biological opinion on the impacts of forest management and other activities to the Indiana bat on the Cherokee National Forest, Tennessee

1289:"Pruitt, L. and J. Okajima. 2013. Indiana Bat Fatalities at Wind Energy Facilities. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Bloomington, Indiana" 739:(>22 inches or 57 cm dbh) than areas where Indiana bats were not found. No other major landscape differences were detected. 2112: 2184:

Salyers, Jo; Tyrell, Karen; Brack, Virgil (1996). "Artificial roost structure use by Indiana bats in wooded areas in central Indiana".

1234: 867:) may pose a similar threat. If Indiana bats fly from their day roosts during the day, they may be susceptible to predation by hawks ( 1098:"A five-year assessment of mortality and geographic spread of white-nose syndrome in North American bats, with a look at the future" 4115: 4167: 2041:

Miller, Nancy E.; Drobney, Ronald D.; Clawson, Richard L.; Callahan, E. V. "Summer habitat in northern Missouri", pp. 165–171 in

1204: 952: 376:

A large and very dense cluster of hibernating Indiana bats clinging to a cave ceiling with a single active bat flying beneath it.

380:

Although becoming less common, direct and intentional killings by humans have occurred. On 23 October 2007, Lonnie W. Skaggs of

2843: 1324:

Cryan, P.M. and R.M.R. Barclay. 2009. Causes of Bat Fatalities at Wind Turbines; Hypotheses and Predictions. 90 (6):1330–1340.

1295: 1097: 4211: 2256:

Hobson, Christopher S.; Holland, J. Nathaniel (1995). "Post-hibernation movement and foraging habitat of a male Indiana bat,

2018:

Kurta, Allen; Murray, Susan W.; Miller, David H. "Roost selection and movements across the summer landscape", pp. 118–129 in

1638:

Humphrey, Stephen R.; Richter, Andreas R.; Cope, James B. (1977). "Summer habitat and ecology of the endangered Indiana bat,

1570:

Garner, James D.; Gardner, James E. (1992). Determination of summer distribution and habitat utilization of the Indiana bat (

4172: 2728: 1275: 4258: 1942: 2816: 2785: 4367: 1862:

Stone, William E.; Battle, Ben L. (2004). "Indiana bat habitat attributes at three spatial scales in northern Alabama".

4377: 4357: 4327: 3012: 2210: 4237: 1427:

Clark, Bryon K.; Bowles, John B.; Clark, Brenda S. (1987). "Summer status of the endangered Indiana bat in Iowa".

1125:"Frequent Arousal from Hibernation Linked to Severity of Infection and Mortality in Bats with White-Nose Syndrome" 4317: 2671: 305:), unless examined closely. The size of the feet, the length of the toe hairs, and the presence of a keel on the 2595: 2464: 2159: 1923:) revised recovery plan. Fort Snelling, MN: U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Region 3 1827: 3539: 1402:

Gardner, James E.; Garner, James D.; Hofmann, Joyce E. (1991). Summer roost selection and roosting behavior of

345: 289: 1574:) in Illinois. Illinois Department of Conservation, Illinois Natural History Survey. Final Report: Project E-3 3828: 3582: 1257: 927:

and others. The album also features a poem written and read by the poet Cecily Parks about the Indiana bat.

1071: 4206: 4154: 4074: 4069: 3981: 3749: 3469: 3181: 529:). Black walnut, American basswood, American elm, and bur oak dominated other upland Indiana bat sites. 3803: 3521: 2836: 2496: 2388:

Raesly, Richard L.; Gates, J. Edward (1987). "Winter habitat selection by north temperate cave bats".

4322: 4107: 3505: 3217: 2653: 2450: 2432:

Office of Surface Mining; Carbondale, IL: Coal Research Center, Southern Illinois University: 173–186

2320: 2110: 2085: 4047: 3335: 3154: 1588:

Gumbert, Mark W.; O'Keefe, Joy M.; MacGregor, John R. "Roost fidelity in Kentucky", pp. 143–152 in

994: 96: 4224: 2804: 946: 3837: 3697: 3670: 3591: 3369: 712: 389: 513:), and eastern cottonwood. In undisturbed upland forest, the most common plants were black oak ( 356:

Indiana bat populations in the northeastern United States are crashing with the rapid spread of

4289: 4146: 4009: 3812: 3353: 3082: 3073: 2080: 1919:

U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. (1999). Agency draft: Indiana bat (

402: 81: 2144: 4284: 3932: 3564: 2829: 1274:

Good, R. E., W. Erickson, A. Merrill, S. Simon, K. Murray, K. Bay, and C. Fritchman. (2011).

1182: 348:

listed this species as one of the 35 species of its worldwide priority list of conservation.

191: 4276: 2582:

Whitaker, John O. (2004). "Prey Selection in a Temperate Zone Insectivorous Bat Community".

2547:

Thomas, Donald W. (1995). "Hibernating bats are sensitive to nontactile human disturbance".

4185: 4092: 4056: 3776: 3530: 3453: 3413: 2933: 2656:. In: Davis, Jerry W.; Goodwin, Gregory A.; Ockenfeis, Richard A., technical coordinators. 2510: 1753: 1136: 894:

released a music album which combines sounds made by the Indiana bat along with music from

381: 2157: 1807: 8: 3435: 3283: 3039: 3021: 2690: 1276:

Bat monitoring studies at the fowler ridge wind energy facility in Benton County, Indiana

903: 357: 39: 2522: 2514: 2370:

Murray, Susan W.; Kurta, Allen "Spatial and temporal variation in diet", pp. 182–192 in

1536: 1486: 1312: 1140: 4061: 3923: 3914: 3874: 3794: 3740: 3722: 3549: 3403: 3387: 3378: 3199: 3091: 3064: 3003: 2607: 2564: 2526: 2476: 2468: 2405: 2346: 2136: 1994: 1977:

Paradiso, John L.; Greenhall, Arthur M. (1967). "Longevity records for American bats".

1831: 1775: 1659: 1514: 1444: 1208: 1159: 1124: 916: 899: 285: 250:, but is distinguished by its feet size, toe hair length, pink lips, and a keel on the 91: 76: 4271: 3716: 3706: 3688: 3636: 3609: 3429: 3397: 3277: 3267: 3251: 3208: 3163: 3127: 3118: 3030: 2979: 2709: 2599: 1637: 1164: 971: 385: 258: 2770:

Indiana Department of Natural Resources, Division of Fish and Wildlife: Indiana Bats

2611: 2480: 2067:

Murray, S. W.; Kurta, A. (2004). "Nocturnal activity of the endangered Indiana bat (

1835: 3822: 3496: 3487: 3478: 3444: 3326: 3317: 3299: 3261: 3233: 3227: 2915: 2889: 2633: 2591: 2556: 2518: 2460: 2397: 2338: 2269: 2128: 2111:

Clawson, Richard L.; LaVal, Richard K.; LaVal, Margaret L.; Caire, William (1980).

2090: 1986: 1823: 1767: 1651: 1504: 1436: 1339: 1154: 1144: 1045: 989: 924: 247: 158: 1313:

Results of bat and bird mortality at the expanded buffalo mountain wind farm, 2005

4245: 3767: 3758: 3573: 3515: 3308: 3109: 3100: 3048: 2985: 2951: 2924: 2895: 2811: 2789: 1149: 888: 239: 168: 54: 4198: 2821: 2782: 1945:. Terrestrial Series #8. Jefferson City, MO: Missouri Department of Conservation 1805: 871:). Indiana bats foraging at night may also be susceptible to predation by owls ( 426:

Common dominant trees used by Indiana bats throughout their range include oaks (

363: 3889: 3880: 3846: 3731: 3679: 3661: 3618: 3419: 3242: 3172: 3136: 2994: 2969: 2960: 1361:

Clawson, Richard L. "Trends in population size and current status", pp. 2–8 in

1205:"Kentucky Residents Sentenced After Pleading Guilty to Killing Endangered Bats" 920: 911:

wanted to bring out the musicality of their voices." Hyatt's album is entitled

565:), eastern cottonwood, shagbark hickory, bitternut hickory, mockernut hickory ( 261:

and in agricultural land, mainly in forest, crop fields, and grasslands. As an

2094: 1426: 1344: 1327: 4306: 4180: 4032: 3950: 3908: 3655: 3600: 3555: 3463: 3293: 2603: 980: 895: 243: 59: 2213:. Cookeville, TN: U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service 847:

During hibernation, predators of Indiana bats may include black rat snakes (

768: 4159: 3645: 3627: 3145: 2942: 2255: 1168: 907: 891: 868: 824: 613: 505:). In the forested floodplains, the dominant plants included black walnut ( 1048: 4250: 4219: 4128: 4041: 3965: 3941: 3898: 2794: 1207:. United States: Fish and Wildlife Service. 18 March 2010. Archived from 310:

bats have brown hair and pink lips, which is helpful for identification.

262: 257:

Indiana bats live in hardwood and hardwood-pine forests. It is common in

4084: 1012: 214: 4120: 3864: 3785: 2568: 2530: 2472: 2409: 2350: 2140: 1998: 1779: 1663: 1518: 1448: 1328:"Causes of Bat Fatalities at Wind Turbines: Hypotheses and Predictions" 1311:

Fiedler, J. K., H. Henry, R.D. Tankersley, and C.P. Nicholson. (2007).

856: 2273: 1095: 4133: 2775:

Ohio Department of Natural Resources Life History Notes: Indiana Bat

2183: 1976: 1487:

Callahan, Edward V.; Drobney, Ronald D.; Clawson, Richard L. (1997).

872: 108: 4003: 2560: 2401: 2342: 2132: 1990: 1771: 1655: 1509: 1488: 1440: 969: 265:, the bat eats both terrestrial and aquatic flying insects, such as 4026: 3344: 3190: 2871: 2853: 2158:

U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service (1976).

393: 324: 274: 128: 2387: 30: 644: 320: 2752:

The Indiana bat: biology and management of an endangered species

2729:"Stuart Hyatt on Turning Bat Sounds into Stunning Ambient Music" 2296: 4097: 2906: 2877: 2865: 1861: 372: 306: 270: 251: 138: 118: 965: 963: 319:

around 244,000. About 23% of these bats hibernate in caves in

2800:

Species Profile: Indiana Bat U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

1806:

Britzke, Eric R.; Harvey, Michael J.; Loeb, Susan C. (2003).

1070:. Bat Conservation International. August 2014. Archived from 278: 2672:"Vilified for Virus, Bats are a New Album's Seductive Stars" 2783:

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service: Indiana Bat, Myotis sodalis

2596:

10.1644/1545-1542(2004)085<0460:PSIATZ>2.0.CO;2

2465:

10.1656/1092-6194(2003)010[0105:DORBBW]2.0.CO;2

1828:

10.1656/1528-7092(2003)002[0235:IBMSMR]2.0.CO;2

960: 266: 2883: 1183:"Unexplained "White Nose" Disease Killing Northeast Bats" 148: 1121: 1315:. Final report prepared for Tennessee Valley Authority. 2260:(Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae), in western Virginia". 2658:

Snag habitat management: proceedings of the symposium

1489:"Selection of summer roosting sites by Indiana bats ( 2805:

U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service: Indiana bat images

398:

Kentucky Department of Fish & Wildlife Resources

344:, to protect hibernacula on federal lands. In 2013, 1096:Turner G.G.; Reeder, D.M.; Coleman, J.T.H. (2011). 1943:Ecological studies and management of Missouri bats 2851: 2654:"Use of dead trees by the endangered Indiana bat" 2546: 1812:, maternity roosts in the southern United States" 4304: 970:Arroyo-Cabrales, J.; Ospina-Garces, S. (2016). 1941:LaVal, Richard K.; LaVal, Margaret L. (1980). 1326:Cryan, Paul M.; Barclay, Robert M. R. (2009). 995:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T14136A22053184.en 2837: 2758:. Austin, TX: Bat Conservation International. 454:spp.). The understory may include hawthorns ( 342:Federal Cave Resources Protection Act of 1988 4373:Natural history of the Great Smoky Mountains 1325: 648:An Indiana bat being handled by a researcher 4343:Fauna of the Plains-Midwest (United States) 2066: 1185:. Environment News Service. 31 January 2008 2844: 2830: 1294:. United States. July 2013. Archived from 1053: 213: 70: 48: 29: 2795:National Wildlife Federation: Indiana Bat 2749:Kurta, Allen; Kennedy, Jim, eds. (2002). 2084: 1508: 1343: 1158: 1148: 993: 410:a time when such killings finally cease. 2581: 1021:Environmental Conservation Online System 767: 643: 371: 362: 4353:Fauna of the Southeastern United States 4348:Fauna of the Northeastern United States 2726: 2205: 2203: 2201: 2199: 1915: 1913: 1911: 1909: 1907: 1905: 1903: 1901: 1899: 1897: 1749: 1747: 1697: 1695: 1693: 1633: 1631: 1629: 1627: 1625: 1623: 1621: 1619: 1617: 1482: 1480: 1478: 1398: 1396: 1394: 1392: 1390: 953:United States Department of Agriculture 902:artists. Hyatt recorded the ultrasonic 702: 612:), silver maple, shagbark hickory, and 4305: 2670:Currin, Grayson Haver (10 June 2020). 2669: 2629: 2627: 2625: 2623: 2621: 2542: 2540: 2492: 2490: 2446: 2444: 2442: 2440: 2438: 2427: 2425: 2423: 2421: 2419: 2383: 2381: 2379: 2366: 2364: 2362: 2360: 2316: 2314: 2312: 2251: 2249: 2247: 2245: 2243: 2241: 2239: 2237: 2223: 2221: 2219: 2179: 2177: 2106: 2104: 2062: 2060: 2058: 2056: 2054: 2052: 2050: 2037: 2035: 2033: 2031: 2029: 2027: 2014: 2012: 2010: 2008: 1963: 1961: 1959: 1957: 1955: 1953: 1951: 1937: 1935: 1933: 1931: 1929: 1895: 1893: 1891: 1889: 1887: 1885: 1883: 1881: 1879: 1877: 1857: 1855: 1853: 1851: 1849: 1847: 1845: 1801: 1799: 1797: 1795: 1793: 1791: 1789: 1758:) on the northern edge of its range". 1745: 1743: 1741: 1739: 1737: 1735: 1733: 1731: 1729: 1727: 1716: 1714: 1712: 1710: 1708: 1691: 1689: 1687: 1685: 1683: 1681: 1679: 1677: 1675: 1673: 1615: 1613: 1611: 1609: 1607: 1605: 1603: 1601: 1599: 1597: 1584: 1582: 1580: 1566: 1564: 1562: 1560: 1558: 1556: 1554: 1552: 1532: 1530: 1528: 1476: 1474: 1472: 1470: 1468: 1466: 1464: 1462: 1460: 1458: 1422: 1420: 1418: 1416: 1414: 1412: 1388: 1386: 1384: 1382: 1380: 1378: 1376: 1374: 1372: 1370: 1357: 1355: 1040: 1038: 1007: 1005: 4383:Endangered fauna of the United States 4313:IUCN Red List near threatened species 4008: 4007: 2825: 1255: 882: 780: 222:Approximate range of the Indiana bat 4363:Ecology of the Appalachian Mountains 4333:Endemic mammals of the United States 2575: 2196: 2113:"Clustering behavior of hibernating 639: 421: 334: 2817:Capture and release of Indiana bats 2688: 2646: 2618: 2537: 2523:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1993.07020407.x 2487: 2435: 2416: 2376: 2357: 2309: 2290: 2280: 2234: 2216: 2174: 2151: 2101: 2047: 2024: 2005: 1970: 1948: 1926: 1874: 1842: 1786: 1724: 1705: 1670: 1594: 1577: 1549: 1525: 1455: 1409: 1367: 1352: 1035: 1002: 981:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 750: 13: 4338:Fauna of the Eastern United States 1023:. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 351: 14: 4394: 3013:Sir David Attenborough's myotis ( 2763: 2707: 1258:"Judge Halts Wind Farm Over Bats" 3540:Dark-nosed small-footed myotis ( 2742: 1256:Woody, Todd (10 December 2009). 940: This article incorporates 935: 284:The Indiana bat is listed as an 95: 3583:Wall-roosting mouse-eared bat ( 2720: 2701: 2682: 2663: 2390:The American Midland Naturalist 1979:The American Midland Naturalist 1760:The American Midland Naturalist 1429:The American Midland Naturalist 1318: 1305: 1281: 1268: 1249: 573:), American elm, slippery elm ( 509:), silver maple, American elm ( 313: 2727:Carroll, Tobias (1 May 2020). 1223: 1197: 1175: 1115: 1089: 915:, and it features music from " 817: 772:Indiana bats at a hibernaculum 763: 384:, and Kaleb Dee Carpenter, of 346:Bat Conservation International 331:), also listed as endangered. 295: 290:U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1: 3982:Taiwan broad-muzzled myotis ( 3470:Eastern small-footed myotis ( 930: 3829:Mandelli's mouse-eared bat ( 3522:Pallid large-footed myotis ( 1150:10.1371/journal.pone.0038920 906:of the Indiana bat and then 842: 677: 442:spp.), eastern cottonwoods ( 7: 3506:Eastern long-fingered bat ( 476:Parthenocissus quinquefolia 418:decline from 1960 to 2001. 10: 4399: 4368:Natural history of Indiana 3750:Rickett's big-footed bat ( 3336:Malagasy mouse-eared bat ( 3182:Csorba's mouse-eared bat ( 3155:Western small-footed bat ( 2748: 2371: 2042: 2019: 1589: 1362: 851:) and northern raccoons ( 672: 525:), and bitternut hickory ( 4378:Mammals described in 1928 4358:Fauna of the Great Plains 4328:Bats of the United States 4016: 3963: 3838:Himalayan whiskered bat ( 3813:Northern long-eared bat ( 3804:Scott's mouse-eared bat ( 3698:Beijing mouse-eared bat ( 3671:Singapore whiskered bat ( 3592:Greater mouse-eared bat ( 3370:Lesser large-footed bat ( 2904: 2860: 2209:Widlak, James C. (1997). 2095:10.1017/S0952836903004503 1345:10.1644/09-MAMM-S-076R1.1 1061:"Annual Report 2013-2014" 474:spp.), Virginia creeper ( 388:, entered Laurel Cave in 221: 212: 197: 190: 92:Scientific classification 90: 68: 46: 37: 28: 23: 3354:Armenian whiskered bat ( 3218:Kock's mouse-eared bat ( 3083:Rufous mouse-eared bat ( 3074:Lesser mouse-eared bat ( 2810:7 September 2008 at the 632:), and eastern hemlock ( 207:Miller & Allen, 1928 3933:Yanbaru whiskered bat ( 3565:Burmese whiskered bat ( 2652:Brady, John T. (1983). 2453:Northeastern Naturalist 1816:Southeastern Naturalist 1231:"BATS Magazine Archive" 462:spp.), fragrant sumac ( 390:Carter Caves State Park 4318:ESA endangered species 3777:Thick-thumbed myotis ( 3454:Chinese water myotis ( 2934:Silver-tipped myotis ( 2788:4 January 2006 at the 942:public domain material 887:In 2020, the American 859:), Virginia opossums ( 849:Pantherophis obsoletus 773: 649: 597:), American sycamore ( 587:Fraxinus pennsylvanica 488:Toxicodendron radicans 403:Endangered Species Act 377: 369: 4285:Paleobiology Database 3436:Hairy-legged myotis ( 3040:Southeastern myotis ( 3022:Southwestern myotis ( 2852:Species of subfamily 988:: e.T14136A22053184. 771: 647: 599:Platanus occidentalis 579:Gleditsia triacanthos 521:), shagbark hickory ( 501:), and silver maple ( 375: 366: 3915:Long-legged myotis ( 3723:Flat-headed myotis ( 3637:Nimba mountain bat ( 3092:Far Eastern myotis ( 2584:Journal of Mammalogy 2549:Journal of Mammalogy 2503:Conservation Biology 2331:Journal of Mammalogy 2121:Journal of Mammalogy 1644:Journal of Mammalogy 1497:Journal of Mammalogy 1332:Journal of Mammalogy 1278:. WEST, Incorporated 861:Didelphis virginiana 703:Site characteristics 382:Olive Hill, Kentucky 238:) is a medium-sized 3707:Eastern water bat ( 3689:Peninsular myotis ( 3531:Schwartz's myotis ( 3268:Long-eared myotis ( 3164:Guatemalan myotis ( 3128:Long-fingered bat ( 3119:California myotis ( 3031:Australian myotis ( 2515:1993ConBi...7..407R 2170:(187): 41914–41916. 1141:2012PLoSO...738920R 863:), and feral cats ( 620:), shortleaf pine ( 583:Oxydendrum arboreum 569:), pignut hickory ( 499:Celtis occidentalis 490:), and wild grape ( 486:spp.), poison ivy ( 480:Laportea canadensis 450:spp.), and maples ( 407:Judge Edward Atkins 358:white-nose syndrome 40:Conservation status 3815:M. septentrionalis 3497:Little brown bat ( 3488:Kashmir cave bat ( 3479:Yellowish myotis ( 3327:Gomantong myotis ( 3318:Fraternal myotis ( 3284:Findley's myotis ( 3234:Dominican myotis ( 2916:Large-footed bat ( 2710:"The Indiana Bats" 2676:The New York Times 2073:Journal of Zoology 1262:The New York Times 883:In popular culture 781:Cover requirements 774: 650: 624:), loblolly pine ( 601:), and sassafras ( 593:), Virginia pine ( 466:), giant ragweed ( 430:spp.), hickories ( 405:. U.S. Magistrate 378: 370: 286:endangered species 4300: 4299: 4272:Open Tree of Life 4010:Taxon identifiers 4001: 4000: 3924:Welwitsch's bat ( 3795:Schaub's myotis ( 3768:Riparian myotis ( 3741:Felten's myotis ( 3533:M. martiniquensis 3404:Ikonnikov's bat ( 3388:Horsfield's bat ( 3379:Herman's myotis ( 3329:M. gomantongensis 3309:Cinnamon myotis ( 3200:Daubenton's bat ( 3110:Bocharic myotis ( 3065:Bechstein's bat ( 3049:Chestnut myotis ( 3042:M. austroriparius 3004:Peters's myotis ( 2986:Hairy-faced bat ( 2952:Szechwan myotis ( 2943:Myotis alcathoe ( 2925:Southern myotis ( 2636:Bat Research News 2323:Myotis grisescens 2299:Bat Research News 2186:Bat Research News 1864:Bat Research News 1539:Bat Research News 1301:on 30 April 2017. 1105:Bat Research News 640:Major life events 603:Sassafras albidum 577:), honey locust ( 458:spp.), dogwoods ( 444:Populus deltoides 422:Plant communities 386:Grayson, Kentucky 335:Endangered status 329:Myotis grisescens 259:old-growth forest 226: 225: 85: 63: 4390: 4323:Mouse-eared bats 4293: 4292: 4280: 4279: 4267: 4266: 4254: 4253: 4241: 4240: 4228: 4227: 4215: 4214: 4202: 4201: 4189: 4188: 4176: 4175: 4163: 4162: 4150: 4149: 4137: 4136: 4124: 4123: 4111: 4110: 4101: 4100: 4088: 4087: 4078: 4077: 4065: 4064: 4052: 4051: 4050: 4037: 4036: 4035: 4005: 4004: 3890:Cape hairy bat ( 3881:Fringed myotis ( 3847:Velvety myotis ( 3732:Frosted myotis ( 3680:Montane myotis ( 3662:Arizona myotis ( 3619:Curacao myotis ( 3610:Natterer's bat ( 3508:M. macrodactylus 3420:Insular myotis ( 3414:M. indochinensis 3252:Geoffroy's bat ( 3243:Elegant myotis ( 3209:David's myotis ( 3175:Myotis crypticus 3173:Cryptic myotis ( 3137:Chilean myotis ( 3015:M. attenboroughi 2995:Atacama myotis ( 2970:Annamit myotis ( 2961:Anjouan myotis ( 2890:Vespertilionidae 2846: 2839: 2832: 2823: 2822: 2759: 2757: 2737: 2736: 2724: 2718: 2717: 2705: 2699: 2698: 2686: 2680: 2679: 2667: 2661: 2650: 2644: 2643: 2631: 2616: 2615: 2579: 2573: 2572: 2544: 2535: 2534: 2494: 2485: 2484: 2448: 2433: 2429: 2414: 2413: 2385: 2374: 2368: 2355: 2354: 2318: 2307: 2306: 2294: 2288: 2284: 2278: 2277: 2253: 2232: 2225: 2214: 2207: 2194: 2193: 2181: 2172: 2171: 2164:Federal Register 2155: 2149: 2148: 2147:on 22 July 2011. 2143:. Archived from 2108: 2099: 2098: 2088: 2064: 2045: 2039: 2022: 2016: 2003: 2002: 1974: 1968: 1965: 1946: 1939: 1924: 1917: 1872: 1871: 1859: 1840: 1839: 1803: 1784: 1783: 1751: 1722: 1718: 1703: 1699: 1668: 1667: 1635: 1592: 1586: 1575: 1568: 1547: 1546: 1534: 1523: 1522: 1512: 1484: 1453: 1452: 1424: 1407: 1400: 1365: 1359: 1350: 1349: 1347: 1338:(6): 1330–1340. 1322: 1316: 1309: 1303: 1302: 1300: 1293: 1285: 1279: 1272: 1266: 1265: 1253: 1247: 1246: 1244: 1242: 1233:. Archived from 1227: 1221: 1220: 1218: 1216: 1201: 1195: 1194: 1192: 1190: 1179: 1173: 1172: 1162: 1152: 1119: 1113: 1112: 1102: 1093: 1087: 1086: 1084: 1082: 1076: 1065: 1057: 1051: 1042: 1033: 1032: 1030: 1028: 1009: 1000: 999: 997: 967: 956: 939: 938: 925:Ben Lukas Boysen 889:"field recorder" 751:Foraging habitat 713:maternity colony 634:Tsuga canadensis 628:), sweet birch ( 595:Pinus virginiana 561:), shingle oak ( 553:), scarlet oak ( 537:), sugar maple ( 515:Quercus velutina 503:Acer saccharinum 478:), wood nettle ( 468:Ambrosia trifida 303:Myotis lucifugus 248:little brown bat 217: 203: 159:Vespertilionidae 100: 99: 79: 74: 73: 57: 52: 51: 33: 21: 20: 4398: 4397: 4393: 4392: 4391: 4389: 4388: 4387: 4303: 4302: 4301: 4296: 4288: 4283: 4275: 4270: 4262: 4257: 4249: 4246:Observation.org 4244: 4236: 4231: 4223: 4218: 4210: 4205: 4197: 4192: 4184: 4179: 4171: 4166: 4158: 4153: 4145: 4140: 4132: 4127: 4119: 4114: 4106: 4104: 4096: 4091: 4083: 4081: 4073: 4068: 4060: 4055: 4046: 4045: 4040: 4031: 4030: 4025: 4012: 4002: 3997: 3959: 3953:Myotis zenatius 3951:Zenati myotis ( 3840:M. siligorensis 3691:M. peninsularis 3601:Whiskered bat ( 3556:Maluku myotis ( 3542:M. melanorhinus 3445:Keen's myotis ( 3356:M. hajastanicus 3300:Hodgson's bat ( 3236:M. dominicensis 3121:M. californicus 2963:M. anjouanensis 2900: 2856: 2850: 2812:Wayback Machine 2790:Wayback Machine 2766: 2755: 2745: 2740: 2725: 2721: 2708:Parks, Cecily. 2706: 2702: 2689:Simpson, Paul. 2687: 2683: 2668: 2664: 2651: 2647: 2632: 2619: 2580: 2576: 2561:10.2307/1382764 2545: 2538: 2495: 2488: 2449: 2436: 2430: 2417: 2402:10.2307/2425624 2386: 2377: 2369: 2358: 2343:10.2307/1380007 2319: 2310: 2295: 2291: 2285: 2281: 2254: 2235: 2226: 2217: 2208: 2197: 2182: 2175: 2156: 2152: 2133:10.2307/1380045 2109: 2102: 2086:10.1.1.595.9215 2065: 2048: 2040: 2025: 2017: 2006: 1991:10.2307/2423387 1975: 1971: 1966: 1949: 1940: 1927: 1918: 1875: 1860: 1843: 1804: 1787: 1772:10.2307/2426441 1752: 1725: 1719: 1706: 1700: 1671: 1656:10.2307/1379332 1636: 1595: 1587: 1578: 1569: 1550: 1535: 1526: 1510:10.2307/1382939 1485: 1456: 1441:10.2307/2425625 1425: 1410: 1401: 1368: 1360: 1353: 1323: 1319: 1310: 1306: 1298: 1291: 1287: 1286: 1282: 1273: 1269: 1254: 1250: 1240: 1238: 1237:on 9 March 2014 1229: 1228: 1224: 1214: 1212: 1211:on 9 March 2014 1203: 1202: 1198: 1188: 1186: 1181: 1180: 1176: 1120: 1116: 1100: 1094: 1090: 1080: 1078: 1074: 1063: 1059: 1058: 1054: 1043: 1036: 1026: 1024: 1011: 1010: 1003: 968: 961: 945: 936: 933: 885: 845: 820: 783: 766: 753: 705: 680: 675: 642: 511:Ulmus americana 424: 354: 352:Current threats 337: 316: 298: 240:mouse-eared bat 208: 205: 199: 186: 183:M. sodalis 94: 86: 75: 71: 64: 55:Near Threatened 53: 49: 42: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4396: 4386: 4385: 4380: 4375: 4370: 4365: 4360: 4355: 4350: 4345: 4340: 4335: 4330: 4325: 4320: 4315: 4298: 4297: 4295: 4294: 4281: 4268: 4255: 4242: 4229: 4216: 4203: 4190: 4177: 4164: 4151: 4138: 4125: 4112: 4102: 4089: 4079: 4066: 4062:Myotis_sodalis 4053: 4048:Myotis sodalis 4038: 4022: 4020: 4018:Myotis sodalis 4014: 4013: 3999: 3998: 3996: 3995: 3992:S. moupinensis 3988: 3984:S. latirostris 3979: 3976:S. caliginosus 3971: 3969: 3961: 3960: 3958: 3957: 3948: 3939: 3935:M. yanbarensis 3930: 3926:M. welwitschii 3921: 3912: 3905: 3896: 3887: 3878: 3875:M. taiwanensis 3871: 3862: 3853: 3844: 3835: 3826: 3819: 3810: 3801: 3792: 3783: 3774: 3765: 3759:Ridley's bat ( 3756: 3747: 3738: 3729: 3720: 3713: 3704: 3695: 3686: 3677: 3668: 3659: 3652: 3646:Nepal myotis ( 3643: 3634: 3628:Black myotis ( 3625: 3616: 3607: 3598: 3589: 3580: 3574:Morris's bat ( 3571: 3562: 3553: 3550:M. midastactus 3546: 3537: 3528: 3524:M. macrotarsus 3519: 3512: 3503: 3494: 3485: 3476: 3467: 3460: 3451: 3442: 3433: 3426: 3417: 3410: 3401: 3394: 3390:M. horsfieldii 3385: 3376: 3367: 3360: 3351: 3342: 3333: 3324: 3315: 3306: 3297: 3290: 3281: 3274: 3265: 3258: 3254:M. emarginatus 3249: 3240: 3231: 3224: 3215: 3206: 3202:M. daubentonii 3197: 3188: 3179: 3170: 3161: 3157:M. ciliolabrum 3152: 3146:Large myotis ( 3143: 3134: 3125: 3116: 3112:M. bucharensis 3107: 3101:Brandt's bat ( 3098: 3089: 3080: 3071: 3067:M. bechsteinii 3062: 3055: 3046: 3037: 3028: 3019: 3010: 3001: 2997:M. atacamensis 2992: 2983: 2976: 2972:M. annamiticus 2967: 2958: 2949: 2940: 2931: 2922: 2912: 2910: 2902: 2901: 2899: 2898: 2892: 2886: 2880: 2874: 2868: 2861: 2858: 2857: 2849: 2848: 2841: 2834: 2826: 2820: 2819: 2814: 2802: 2797: 2792: 2780: 2777:Myotis sodalis 2772: 2765: 2764:External links 2762: 2761: 2760: 2744: 2741: 2739: 2738: 2733:Vol.1 Brooklyn 2719: 2714:Orion Magazine 2700: 2691:"Field Works: 2681: 2662: 2645: 2617: 2590:(3): 460–469. 2574: 2555:(3): 940–946. 2536: 2509:(2): 407–415. 2499:Myotis sodalis 2486: 2459:(1): 105–108. 2434: 2415: 2375: 2356: 2337:(4): 592–599. 2327:Myotis sodalis 2308: 2289: 2279: 2258:Myotis sodalis 2233: 2229:Myotis sodalis 2215: 2195: 2173: 2150: 2127:(2): 245–253. 2115:Myotis sodalis 2100: 2069:Myotis sodalis 2046: 2023: 2004: 1985:(1): 251–252. 1969: 1947: 1925: 1921:Myotis sodalis 1873: 1841: 1822:(2): 235–242. 1810:Myotis sodalis 1808:"Indiana bat, 1785: 1766:(1): 132–138. 1756:Myotis sodalis 1723: 1704: 1669: 1650:(3): 334–346. 1640:Myotis sodalis 1593: 1576: 1572:Myotis sodalis 1548: 1524: 1503:(3): 818–825. 1493:) in Missouri" 1491:Myotis sodalis 1454: 1408: 1404:Myotis sodalis 1366: 1351: 1317: 1304: 1280: 1267: 1248: 1222: 1196: 1174: 1114: 1088: 1077:on 7 July 2017 1052: 1034: 1015:Myotis sodalis 1013:"Indiana bat ( 1001: 974:Myotis sodalis 958: 948:Myotis sodalis 932: 929: 921:Machinefabriek 884: 881: 844: 841: 819: 816: 782: 779: 765: 762: 752: 749: 704: 701: 679: 676: 674: 671: 641: 638: 610:Fraxinus nigra 589:), white ash ( 585:), green ash ( 541:), white oak ( 527:C. cordiformis 482:), goldenrod ( 464:Rhus aromatica 434:spp.), ashes ( 423: 420: 353: 350: 336: 333: 315: 312: 297: 294: 235:Myotis sodalis 224: 223: 219: 218: 210: 209: 206: 201:Myotis sodalis 195: 194: 188: 187: 180: 178: 174: 173: 166: 162: 161: 156: 152: 151: 146: 142: 141: 136: 132: 131: 126: 122: 121: 116: 112: 111: 106: 102: 101: 88: 87: 69: 66: 65: 47: 44: 43: 38: 35: 34: 26: 25: 16:Species of bat 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4395: 4384: 4381: 4379: 4376: 4374: 4371: 4369: 4366: 4364: 4361: 4359: 4356: 4354: 4351: 4349: 4346: 4344: 4341: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4331: 4329: 4326: 4324: 4321: 4319: 4316: 4314: 4311: 4310: 4308: 4291: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4182: 4178: 4174: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4103: 4099: 4094: 4090: 4086: 4080: 4076: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4058: 4054: 4049: 4043: 4039: 4034: 4028: 4024: 4023: 4021: 4019: 4015: 4011: 4006: 3994: 3993: 3989: 3987: 3985: 3980: 3978: 3977: 3973: 3972: 3970: 3968: 3967: 3962: 3956: 3954: 3949: 3947: 3945: 3944:M. yumanensis 3942:Yuma myotis ( 3940: 3938: 3936: 3931: 3929: 3927: 3922: 3920: 3918: 3913: 3911: 3910: 3906: 3904: 3902: 3899:Cave myotis ( 3897: 3895: 3893: 3888: 3886: 3884: 3883:M. thysanodes 3879: 3877: 3876: 3872: 3870: 3868: 3863: 3861: 3859: 3856:Indiana bat ( 3854: 3852: 3850: 3845: 3843: 3841: 3836: 3834: 3832: 3827: 3825: 3824: 3820: 3818: 3816: 3811: 3809: 3807: 3802: 3800: 3798: 3793: 3791: 3789: 3784: 3782: 3780: 3775: 3773: 3771: 3766: 3764: 3762: 3757: 3755: 3753: 3748: 3746: 3744: 3739: 3737: 3735: 3730: 3728: 3726: 3721: 3719: 3718: 3717:M. phanluongi 3714: 3712: 3710: 3705: 3703: 3701: 3696: 3694: 3692: 3687: 3685: 3683: 3678: 3676: 3674: 3669: 3667: 3665: 3660: 3658: 3657: 3653: 3651: 3649: 3648:M. nipalensis 3644: 3642: 3640: 3639:M. nimbaensis 3635: 3633: 3631: 3626: 3624: 3622: 3617: 3615: 3613: 3608: 3606: 3604: 3603:M. mystacinus 3599: 3597: 3595: 3590: 3588: 3586: 3581: 3579: 3577: 3572: 3570: 3568: 3567:M. montivagus 3563: 3561: 3559: 3558:M. moluccarum 3554: 3552: 3551: 3547: 3545: 3543: 3538: 3536: 3534: 3529: 3527: 3525: 3520: 3518: 3517: 3513: 3511: 3509: 3504: 3502: 3500: 3495: 3493: 3491: 3486: 3484: 3482: 3477: 3475: 3473: 3468: 3466: 3465: 3461: 3459: 3457: 3452: 3450: 3448: 3443: 3441: 3439: 3434: 3432: 3431: 3430:M. izecksohni 3427: 3425: 3423: 3418: 3416: 3415: 3411: 3409: 3407: 3406:M. ikonnikovi 3402: 3400: 3399: 3398:M. hyrcanicus 3395: 3393: 3391: 3386: 3384: 3382: 3377: 3375: 3373: 3368: 3366: 3365: 3361: 3359: 3357: 3352: 3350: 3348: 3347:M. grisescens 3343: 3341: 3339: 3334: 3332: 3330: 3325: 3323: 3321: 3316: 3314: 3312: 3307: 3305: 3303: 3298: 3296: 3295: 3291: 3289: 3287: 3282: 3280: 3279: 3278:M. fimbriatus 3275: 3273: 3271: 3266: 3264: 3263: 3259: 3257: 3255: 3250: 3248: 3246: 3241: 3239: 3237: 3232: 3230: 3229: 3225: 3223: 3221: 3216: 3214: 3212: 3207: 3205: 3203: 3198: 3196: 3194: 3189: 3187: 3185: 3180: 3178: 3176: 3171: 3169: 3167: 3166:M. cobanensis 3162: 3160: 3158: 3153: 3151: 3149: 3144: 3142: 3140: 3139:M. chiloensis 3135: 3133: 3131: 3130:M. capaccinii 3126: 3124: 3122: 3117: 3115: 3113: 3108: 3106: 3104: 3099: 3097: 3095: 3090: 3088: 3086: 3081: 3079: 3077: 3072: 3070: 3068: 3063: 3061: 3060: 3056: 3054: 3052: 3047: 3045: 3043: 3038: 3036: 3034: 3029: 3027: 3025: 3020: 3018: 3016: 3011: 3009: 3007: 3002: 3000: 2998: 2993: 2991: 2989: 2984: 2982: 2981: 2980:M. annatessae 2977: 2975: 2973: 2968: 2966: 2964: 2959: 2957: 2955: 2950: 2948: 2946: 2941: 2939: 2937: 2932: 2930: 2928: 2923: 2921: 2919: 2914: 2913: 2911: 2909: 2908: 2903: 2897: 2893: 2891: 2887: 2885: 2881: 2879: 2875: 2873: 2869: 2867: 2863: 2862: 2859: 2855: 2847: 2842: 2840: 2835: 2833: 2828: 2827: 2824: 2818: 2815: 2813: 2809: 2806: 2803: 2801: 2798: 2796: 2793: 2791: 2787: 2784: 2781: 2779: 2778: 2773: 2771: 2768: 2767: 2754: 2753: 2747: 2746: 2743:Cited sources 2734: 2730: 2723: 2715: 2711: 2704: 2696: 2694: 2685: 2677: 2673: 2666: 2659: 2655: 2649: 2641: 2637: 2630: 2628: 2626: 2624: 2622: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2578: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2543: 2541: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2493: 2491: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2447: 2445: 2443: 2441: 2439: 2428: 2426: 2424: 2422: 2420: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2384: 2382: 2380: 2373: 2367: 2365: 2363: 2361: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2317: 2315: 2313: 2304: 2300: 2293: 2283: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2252: 2250: 2248: 2246: 2244: 2242: 2240: 2238: 2230: 2224: 2222: 2220: 2212: 2206: 2204: 2202: 2200: 2191: 2187: 2180: 2178: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2154: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2116: 2107: 2105: 2096: 2092: 2087: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2063: 2061: 2059: 2057: 2055: 2053: 2051: 2044: 2038: 2036: 2034: 2032: 2030: 2028: 2021: 2015: 2013: 2011: 2009: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1973: 1964: 1962: 1960: 1958: 1956: 1954: 1952: 1944: 1938: 1936: 1934: 1932: 1930: 1922: 1916: 1914: 1912: 1910: 1908: 1906: 1904: 1902: 1900: 1898: 1896: 1894: 1892: 1890: 1888: 1886: 1884: 1882: 1880: 1878: 1869: 1865: 1858: 1856: 1854: 1852: 1850: 1848: 1846: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1811: 1802: 1800: 1798: 1796: 1794: 1792: 1790: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1750: 1748: 1746: 1744: 1742: 1740: 1738: 1736: 1734: 1732: 1730: 1728: 1717: 1715: 1713: 1711: 1709: 1698: 1696: 1694: 1692: 1690: 1688: 1686: 1684: 1682: 1680: 1678: 1676: 1674: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1634: 1632: 1630: 1628: 1626: 1624: 1622: 1620: 1618: 1616: 1614: 1612: 1610: 1608: 1606: 1604: 1602: 1600: 1598: 1591: 1585: 1583: 1581: 1573: 1567: 1565: 1563: 1561: 1559: 1557: 1555: 1553: 1544: 1540: 1533: 1531: 1529: 1520: 1516: 1511: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1492: 1483: 1481: 1479: 1477: 1475: 1473: 1471: 1469: 1467: 1465: 1463: 1461: 1459: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1423: 1421: 1419: 1417: 1415: 1413: 1405: 1399: 1397: 1395: 1393: 1391: 1389: 1387: 1385: 1383: 1381: 1379: 1377: 1375: 1373: 1371: 1364: 1358: 1356: 1346: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1321: 1314: 1308: 1297: 1290: 1284: 1277: 1271: 1263: 1259: 1252: 1236: 1232: 1226: 1210: 1206: 1200: 1184: 1178: 1170: 1166: 1161: 1156: 1151: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1135:(6): e38920. 1134: 1130: 1126: 1118: 1110: 1106: 1099: 1092: 1073: 1069: 1062: 1056: 1050: 1047: 1041: 1039: 1022: 1018: 1016: 1008: 1006: 996: 991: 987: 983: 982: 977: 975: 966: 964: 959: 957: 954: 950: 949: 943: 928: 926: 922: 918: 914: 909: 905: 904:echolocations 901: 897: 893: 890: 880: 876: 874: 870: 866: 862: 858: 854: 853:Procyon lotor 850: 840: 836: 832: 828: 826: 815: 811: 807: 803: 799: 795: 791: 787: 778: 770: 761: 757: 748: 744: 740: 736: 732: 728: 724: 720: 716: 714: 709: 700: 696: 692: 688: 684: 670: 666: 662: 658: 654: 646: 637: 635: 631: 627: 623: 619: 615: 611: 606: 604: 600: 596: 592: 588: 584: 581:), sourwood ( 580: 576: 572: 568: 564: 563:Q. imbricaria 560: 557:), post oak ( 556: 552: 548: 544: 540: 536: 530: 528: 524: 520: 519:Q. macrocarpa 516: 512: 508: 507:Juglans nigra 504: 500: 495: 493: 489: 485: 481: 477: 473: 469: 465: 461: 457: 453: 449: 445: 441: 438:spp.), elms ( 437: 433: 429: 419: 415: 411: 408: 404: 399: 395: 391: 387: 383: 374: 365: 361: 359: 349: 347: 343: 332: 330: 326: 322: 311: 308: 304: 293: 291: 287: 282: 280: 276: 272: 268: 264: 260: 255: 253: 249: 245: 244:North America 241: 237: 236: 231: 220: 216: 211: 204: 202: 196: 193: 192:Binomial name 189: 185: 184: 179: 176: 175: 172: 171: 167: 164: 163: 160: 157: 154: 153: 150: 147: 144: 143: 140: 137: 134: 133: 130: 127: 124: 123: 120: 117: 114: 113: 110: 107: 104: 103: 98: 93: 89: 83: 78: 67: 61: 56: 45: 41: 36: 32: 27: 22: 19: 4017: 3990: 3983: 3974: 3964: 3952: 3943: 3934: 3925: 3916: 3907: 3900: 3891: 3882: 3873: 3866: 3865:Kei myotis ( 3857: 3855: 3848: 3839: 3830: 3823:M. sibiricus 3821: 3814: 3805: 3796: 3787: 3786:Red myotis ( 3778: 3769: 3760: 3751: 3742: 3734:M. pruinosus 3733: 3725:M. planiceps 3724: 3715: 3708: 3700:M. pequinius 3699: 3690: 3681: 3672: 3663: 3654: 3647: 3638: 3630:M. nigricans 3629: 3621:M. nesopolus 3620: 3612:M. nattereri 3611: 3602: 3593: 3584: 3575: 3566: 3557: 3548: 3541: 3532: 3523: 3514: 3507: 3499:M. lucifugus 3498: 3489: 3480: 3471: 3462: 3455: 3446: 3437: 3428: 3422:M. insularum 3421: 3412: 3405: 3396: 3389: 3380: 3372:M. hasseltii 3371: 3362: 3355: 3346: 3337: 3328: 3319: 3311:M. fortidens 3310: 3301: 3292: 3285: 3276: 3269: 3262:M. escalerai 3260: 3253: 3244: 3235: 3228:M. diminutus 3226: 3219: 3210: 3201: 3193:M. dasycneme 3192: 3183: 3174: 3165: 3156: 3148:M. chinensis 3147: 3138: 3129: 3120: 3111: 3102: 3093: 3084: 3075: 3066: 3057: 3050: 3041: 3033:M. australis 3032: 3024:M. auriculus 3023: 3014: 3005: 2996: 2988:M. annectans 2987: 2978: 2971: 2962: 2953: 2944: 2936:M. albescens 2935: 2926: 2917: 2905: 2776: 2751: 2732: 2722: 2713: 2703: 2692: 2684: 2675: 2665: 2657: 2648: 2639: 2635: 2587: 2583: 2577: 2552: 2548: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2456: 2452: 2396:(1): 15–31. 2393: 2389: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2302: 2298: 2292: 2282: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2228: 2189: 2185: 2167: 2163: 2153: 2145:the original 2124: 2120: 2117:in Missouri" 2114: 2076: 2072: 2068: 1982: 1978: 1972: 1920: 1867: 1863: 1819: 1815: 1809: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1571: 1542: 1538: 1500: 1496: 1490: 1435:(1): 32–39. 1432: 1428: 1403: 1335: 1331: 1320: 1307: 1296:the original 1283: 1270: 1261: 1251: 1239:. Retrieved 1235:the original 1225: 1213:. Retrieved 1209:the original 1199: 1187:. Retrieved 1177: 1132: 1128: 1117: 1108: 1104: 1091: 1079:. Retrieved 1072:the original 1067: 1055: 1025:. Retrieved 1020: 1014: 985: 979: 973: 947: 934: 912: 900:experimental 892:Stuart Hyatt 886: 877: 869:Accipitridae 864: 860: 852: 848: 846: 837: 833: 829: 825:Phthiraptera 821: 812: 808: 804: 800: 796: 792: 788: 784: 775: 758: 754: 745: 741: 737: 733: 729: 725: 721: 717: 710: 706: 697: 693: 689: 685: 681: 667: 663: 659: 655: 651: 633: 630:Betula lenta 629: 625: 621: 617: 614:American elm 609: 607: 602: 598: 594: 591:F. americana 590: 586: 582: 578: 574: 570: 566: 562: 558: 554: 551:Q. palustris 550: 549:), pin oak ( 546: 545:), red oak ( 542: 539:A. saccharum 538: 534: 531: 526: 522: 518: 517:), bur oak ( 514: 510: 506: 502: 498: 496: 491: 487: 483: 479: 475: 471: 467: 463: 459: 455: 451: 447: 446:), locusts ( 443: 439: 435: 431: 427: 425: 416: 412: 379: 355: 338: 328: 317: 314:Distribution 302: 299: 283: 256: 234: 233: 229: 227: 200: 198: 182: 181: 169: 24:Indiana bat 18: 4264:indiana-bat 4220:NatureServe 4129:iNaturalist 4042:Wikispecies 3966:Submyotodon 3892:M. tricolor 3867:M. stalkeri 3831:M. sicarius 3770:M. riparius 3752:M. ricketti 3664:M. occultus 3585:M. muricola 3516:M. macropus 3490:M. longipes 3364:M. handleyi 3302:M. formosus 3286:M. findleyi 3103:M. brandtii 3094:M. bombinus 3059:M. bartelsi 2954:M. altarium 2945:M. alcathoe 2918:M. adversus 2894:Subfamily: 2697:. AllMusic. 2305:(2): 62–63. 1545:(2): 28–29. 1189:14 February 865:Felis catus 818:Food habits 764:Hibernacula 622:P. echinata 575:Ulmus rubra 559:Q. stellata 555:Q. coccinea 535:Acer rubrum 523:Carya ovata 470:), sedges ( 296:Description 263:insectivore 230:Indiana bat 4307:Categories 3901:M. velifer 3858:M. sodalis 3797:M. schaubi 3779:M. rosseti 3761:M. ridleyi 3743:M. punicus 3682:M. oxyotus 3576:M. morrisi 3456:M. laniger 3381:M. hermani 3345:Gray bat ( 3338:M. goudoti 3245:M. elegans 3220:M. dieteri 3211:M. davidii 3191:Pond bat ( 3184:M. csorbai 3085:M. bocagii 3076:M. blythii 2927:M. aelleni 2884:Chiroptera 2693:Ultrasonic 2274:1911/21696 2268:: 95–101. 2262:Brimleyana 2079:(2): 197. 1068:batcon.org 931:References 913:Ultrasonic 857:Mephitidae 368:mortality. 275:mosquitoes 242:native to 149:Chiroptera 77:Endangered 3917:M. volans 3909:M. vivesi 3806:M. scotti 3673:M. oreias 3656:M. nyctor 3594:M. myotis 3472:M. leibii 3464:M. lavali 3447:M. keenii 3438:M. keaysi 3320:M. frater 3294:M. flavus 3270:M. evotis 3051:M. badius 2864:Kingdom: 2642:(4): 187. 2604:1545-1542 2192:(4): 148. 2081:CiteSeerX 1702:Resources 908:modulated 873:Strigidae 843:Predators 678:Landscape 618:P. rigida 571:C. glabra 456:Crataegus 177:Species: 115:Kingdom: 109:Eukaryota 4225:2.100428 4212:13802548 4147:10685643 4027:Wikidata 3849:M. simus 3788:M. ruber 3709:M. petax 3481:M. levis 2896:Myotinae 2888:Family: 2878:Mammalia 2872:Chordata 2870:Phylum: 2866:Animalia 2854:Myotinae 2808:Archived 2786:Archived 2612:85724389 2481:86050031 1870:(2): 71. 1836:85918376 1169:22745688 1129:PLOS ONE 1111:: 13–27. 1027:12 April 626:P. taeda 547:Q. rubra 484:Solidago 436:Fraxinus 394:Kentucky 325:Gray Bat 155:Family: 139:Mammalia 129:Chordata 125:Phylum: 119:Animalia 105:Domain: 60:IUCN 3.1 4199:1005475 4121:2432418 4033:Q281343 3006:M. ater 2882:Order: 2876:Class: 2569:1382764 2531:2386439 2511:Bibcode 2473:3858677 2410:2425624 2351:1380007 2287:Forest. 2141:1380045 1999:2423387 1780:2426441 1664:1379332 1519:1382939 1449:2425625 1241:9 March 1160:3380050 1137:Bibcode 917:Eluvium 896:ambient 673:Habitat 567:C. alba 543:Q. alba 494:spp.). 448:Robinia 428:Quercus 321:Indiana 288:by the 271:beetles 165:Genus: 145:Order: 135:Class: 80: ( 58: ( 4277:939110 4238:385036 4173:180001 4105:FEIS: 4098:327548 4082:ECOS: 4075:531125 2907:Myotis 2610: 2602: 2567: 2529: 2479: 2471: 2408: 2349: 2139: 2083: 1997: 1834: 1778: 1662: 1517: 1447: 1215:11 May 1167: 1157: 460:Cornus 307:calcar 279:midges 277:, and 252:calcar 170:Myotis 4290:48917 4251:85655 4186:14136 4160:73626 4142:IRMNG 4134:40350 2756:(PDF) 2608:S2CID 2565:JSTOR 2527:JSTOR 2477:S2CID 2469:JSTOR 2406:JSTOR 2372:Kurta 2347:JSTOR 2137:JSTOR 2043:Kurta 2020:Kurta 1995:JSTOR 1832:S2CID 1776:JSTOR 1660:JSTOR 1590:Kurta 1515:JSTOR 1445:JSTOR 1363:Kurta 1299:(PDF) 1292:(PDF) 1101:(PDF) 1081:1 May 1075:(PDF) 1064:(PDF) 944:from 492:Vitis 472:Carex 440:Ulmus 432:Carya 267:moths 4259:ODNR 4233:NCBI 4181:IUCN 4168:ITIS 4116:GBIF 4108:myso 4085:5949 4070:BOLD 2600:ISSN 2501:)". 2325:and 2071:)". 1243:2014 1217:2018 1191:2008 1165:PMID 1083:2017 1049:4001 1029:2023 986:2016 919:", " 898:and 452:Acer 228:The 4207:MSW 4194:MDD 4155:ISC 4093:EoL 4057:ADW 2592:doi 2557:doi 2519:doi 2461:doi 2398:doi 2394:118 2339:doi 2329:". 2270:hdl 2129:doi 2091:doi 2077:262 1987:doi 1824:doi 1768:doi 1764:129 1652:doi 1642:". 1505:doi 1437:doi 1433:118 1340:doi 1155:PMC 1145:doi 1044:32 990:doi 923:", 827:). 636:). 605:). 82:ESA 4309:: 4287:: 4274:: 4261:: 4248:: 4235:: 4222:: 4209:: 4196:: 4183:: 4170:: 4157:: 4144:: 4131:: 4118:: 4095:: 4072:: 4059:: 4044:: 4029:: 2731:. 2712:. 2674:. 2640:42 2638:. 2620:^ 2606:. 2598:. 2588:85 2586:. 2563:. 2553:76 2551:. 2539:^ 2525:. 2517:. 2505:. 2489:^ 2475:. 2467:. 2457:10 2455:. 2437:^ 2418:^ 2404:. 2392:. 2378:^ 2359:^ 2345:. 2335:58 2333:. 2311:^ 2303:45 2301:. 2266:23 2264:. 2236:^ 2218:^ 2198:^ 2190:37 2188:. 2176:^ 2168:41 2166:. 2162:. 2135:. 2125:61 2123:. 2119:. 2103:^ 2089:. 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