38:
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foreign financial or ecclesiastical control. "African
Initiated Churches" indicates that they were started as a result of African initiative in African countries but they may be affiliated to wider bodies that include non-African members. African indigenous indicates that they have retained an African ethos and that their ideology has a distinctive African flavour. "African Instituted Churches" hints that their establishment and growth have taken place on African soil, under the initiatives of Africans.
521:
490:. By 1920, the Diamond Society had grown tremendously and had started to form branches around the Western region of Nigeria. In particular, David Odubanjo went to start the Lagos branch. The group emphasised divine healing, Holiness, and All Sufficiency of God, which form the three cardinal beliefs of the Church today. For this reason, the group had association with Faith Tabernacle of Philadelphia and changed its name to
467:, Nigeria, by Sophia Odunlami and Joseph Sadare, respectively a school teacher and a goldsmith. They both attended St. Saviour's Anglican Church. They rejected infant baptism and all forms of medicine, whether western or traditional. In consequence, they initiated the "Prayer Band", popularly called
370:
The black
Zionists retained much of the original Zionist tradition. The Zionists split into several different denominations, although the reason for this was more the rapid growth of the movement than divisions. A split in the Zionist movement in the US meant that after 1908 few missionaries came to
605:
These
African responses to Christianity have been described variously as African initiatives in Christianity, African Independent, African Indigenous, African Initiated or African Instituted Churches. The term "African Independent" indicates that these churches have originated in Africa and have no
497:
The Great
Revival in Nigeria started in 1930 where the Leaders of the Cherubim & Seraphim, The Church of the Lord (Aladura) and the Faith Tabernacle played important roles. Adherents believe that these leaders – Joseph Sadare of "Egbe Aladura", David Odubanjo of "Diamond Society", Moses
269:
There are thousands of
African-initiated churches (more than 10,000 in South Africa alone) and each one has its own characteristics. Ecclesiologists, missiologists, sociologists and others have tried to group them according to common characteristics, though disagreements have arisen about which
256:
Christianity, and have split from their parent churches. Bengt
Sundkler, one of the most prominent pioneers of research on African independent churches in South Africa, initially argued that AICs were bridges back to a pre-industrial culture. Later, he recognized instead that AICs helped their
177:
refers to the fact that these
Christian groupings formed in Africa, but AICs differ from one another. Not all African cultural systems are the same. Regional variations occur among West, East, North, Central, and Southern Africans, and the AICs will reflect these. AICs can now be found outside
270:
characteristics are most significant, and which taxonomy is most accurate. Though it is possible to distinguish groups of denominations with common features, there is also much overlap, with some denominations sharing the characteristics of two or more groups.
498:
Orimolade of "Cherubim & Seraphim", and Josiah
Ositelu of "The Church of the Lord (Aladura)" performed several miracles. The revival started in Ibadan in the South-West of Nigeria and later spread to other parts of the country.
505:(CAC) in 1942. Today, CAC has spread worldwide and is the precursor of Aladura Pentecostal Churches in Nigeria. The Church has established several educational establishments at all levels of Nigerian society, including
371:
southern Africa. The movement in southern Africa and its growth has been the result of black leadership and initiative. As time passed some
Zionist groups began to mix aspects of traditional African beliefs, such as
165:
covers them all. The differences in names correspond to the aspect that a researcher wishes to emphasise. For instance, those who wish to point out that AICs exhibit
African cultural forms, describe them as
210:
converts to Christianity were unable fully to reconcile their beliefs with the teachings of their church leaders, and split from their parent churches. The reasons for these splits were usually either:
471:. Joseph Sadare was compelled to give up his post in the Synod and others were forced to resign their jobs and to withdraw their children from the Anglican School. The Aladura began as a
399:, but opinions also changed. The churches that have been called "Messianic" focus on the power and sanctity of their leaders; often the leaders are thought by their followers to possess
447:
Pentecostal churches originated in Nigeria. They rely on the power of prayer and in all effects of the baptism of the Holy Spirit. Today such churches include Christ Apostolic Church,
277:, and these can also be used in classifying them. So there are AICs which share some beliefs or practices with Protestant churches. Some are Sabbatarian, some are Zionist, and so on.
289:
of their mother church in an unreformed state. Ethiopian African-initiated churches, which are recently formed Protestant congregations, mostly in southern Africa, arose from the
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of the late nineteenth century, which taught that African Christian churches should be under the control of black people. They should not be confused with the
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Oduro, Thomas (2008). "Water Baptism in African Independent Churches: The Paradigm of Christ Holy Church International". In Best, Thomas F. (ed.).
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African Initiatives in Christianity: The Growth, Gifts, and Diversities of Indigenous African Churches: A Challenge to the Ecumenical Movement
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from the United States and established congregations. They emphasised divine healing, abstention from pork, and the wearing of white robes.
17:
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1011:. African Initiatives in Christian Mission. Vol. 8. Pretoria, South Africa: University of South Africa Press. pp. 137–152.
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Lamport, M.A.; Jenkins, P.; Tahaafe-Williams, K.; Welby, J.; Robert, D.L.; Maxwell, D.; Freston, P.; Yang, F.; Kings, G. (2018).
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364:
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1124:
African Instituted Churches: Diversities, Growth, Gifts, Spirituality and Ecumenical Understanding of African Initiated Churches
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856:. World Council of Churches Faith and Order Paper. Vol. 207. Collegeville, Minnesota: Liturgical Press. pp. 181–191.
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Hayes, Stephen (2003). "Issues of 'Catholic' Ecclesiology in Ethiopian-Type AICs". In Cuthbertson, Greg; Pretorius, Hennie;
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The Revival group went through several name changes until, after 24 years of its formation, it finally adopted the name
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Zion and Pentecost: The Spirituality and Experience of Pentecostal and Zionist/Apostolic Churches in South Africa
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170:. These terms have largely been imposed upon such groups and may not be the way they would describe themselves.
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301:, which have a much longer and an utterly distinct doctrinal history. Some denominations that arose from the
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194:. Pauw suggests that at least 36 per cent of the population of Africa belong to an African-initiated church.
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Pauw, C. M. (1995). "African Independent Churches as a 'People's Response' to the Christian Message".
1091: (1996). "African Independent/Indigenous Churches in the Social Environment: An Empirical Analysis".
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affiliates to adapt to a modernizing world that was hostile to their cultural beliefs. In 1925, the
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Engaging Modernity: Methods and Cases for Studying African Independent Churches in South Africa
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belief and African traditional religion. Often these churches have resulted from a process of
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African-initiated churches are found across Africa; they are particularly well-documented in
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Schism and Renewal in Africa: An Analysis of Six Thousand Contemporary Religious Movements
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Cultural – the result of trying to accommodate Christian belief within an African
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427:, South Africa, and the Ibandla Lenkosi Apostolic Church in Zion of South Africa and
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During the colonial era starting in the 1800s, when European powers took control of
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Some scholars argue that independent churches or religious movements demonstrate
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Mwaura, Philomena Njeri (2005). "African Instituted Churches in East Africa".
482:. This consolidated the formation of the prayer group and the group was named
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arose out of this missionary effort and emphasises the Pentecostal teaching.
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Quest for Belonging: Introduction to a Study of African Independent Churches
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Some AICs with strong leadership have been described by some researchers as
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is a religion which started in Benin in the middle of the 20th century by
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Historical – many of the parent churches, particularly those from a
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A variety of overlapping terms exist for these forms of Christianity:
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769:. Routledge Religion Companions. Taylor & Francis. p. 1060.
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428:
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Post-Christianity in Africa: A Theological and Anthropological Study
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African Initiated Christianity and the Decolonisation of Development
403:-like characteristics. Denominations described as Messianic include
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Many AICs share traditions with Christians from other parts of the
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The History and Theology of the Ecumenical Movement in East Africa
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Baptism Today: Understanding, Practice, Ecumenical Implications
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1999:
332:, in the United States. Zionist Churches are found chiefly in
1943:
1028:"African Initiated Churches' Potential as Development Actors"
400:
103:
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The Journey So Far: Visionary and Result-Oriented Leadership
1026:Öhlmann, Philipp; Frost, Marie-Luise; Gräb, Wilhelm (2016).
878:. Risk Book Series. Vol. 83. Geneva: WCC Publications.
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African Christians, focus on African Initiated Orthodoxies
756:
2408:
INFORM (Information Network Focus on Religious Movements)
1228:
East African Rebels: A Study of Some Independent Churches
435:
is estimated to be the largest African Initiated Church.
363:
as the initial evidence of this. The predominantly white
808:. Berkeley, California: University of California Press.
678:
261:
was established as the first African Initiated Church.
383:, and in many congregations the leader is viewed as a
1063:
Great Revivals, Great Revivalist: Joseph Ayo Babalola
459:. The first Aladura Movement was started in 1918 at
723:
703:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 592.
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tradition, had themselves emerged from a process of
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The Routledge Companion to Modern Christian Thought
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925:
801:
285:Ethiopian churches generally retain the Christian
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700:Encyclopedia of Christianity in the Global South
375:, with Christian doctrine. Many Zionists stress
509:and a series of primary and secondary schools.
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2540:Religious discrimination against modern pagans
305:have united with these earlier denominations.
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1032:HTS Teologiese Studies / Theological Studies
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664:. e book: Routledge. 2020. pp. 95–100.
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423:of Engenas Lekganyane with headquarters in
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1200:. London: International African Institute.
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347:The Zionist missionaries were followed by
244:or partial integration between aspects of
2429:Academic study of new religious movements
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351:ones, whose teaching was concentrated on
82:Learn how and when to remove this message
2413:World Religions and Spirituality Project
1223:
1192:
1122:Ositelu, Rufus Okikiola Olubiyi (2002).
959:. Kampala, Uganda: Fountain Publishers.
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252:between traditional African beliefs and
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45:This article includes a list of general
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365:Apostolic Faith Mission of South Africa
259:Cherubim and Seraphim (Nigerian church)
14:
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2287:Classifications of religious movements
1914:Universal Church of the Kingdom of God
1224:Welbourn, Frederick Burkewood (1961).
1204:
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1002:
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215:Political – an effort to escape
2135:A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada
1564:International Peace Mission movement
1163:
1149:. Ogere, Nigeria: TCLAW Publishers.
932:. Nairobi: Oxford University Press.
31:
1954:World Mission Society Church of God
1366:Ancient Mystical Order Rosae Crucis
308:
133:by Africans rather than chiefly by
24:
2530:Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses
1904:Unitarian Universalist Association
1209:. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger.
894:
295:Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church
51:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
2598:
1635:Moorish Science Temple of America
1420:Brotherhood of the Cross and Star
1268:Brotherhood of the Cross and Star
1246:
1166:Journal for the Study of Religion
1009:Frontiers of African Christianity
2445:Journal of Contemporary Religion
1126:. Münster, Germany: LIT Verlag.
988:. Gweru, Zimbabwe: Mambo Press.
955:Byaruhanga, Christopher (2015).
763:Meister, C.; Beilby, J. (2013).
733:Religion in Global Civil Society
519:
478:A revival took place during the
475:in search of true spirituality.
409:Democratic Republic of the Congo
36:
1909:United Submitters International
1070:Oosthuizen, G. C. (1968).
792:
581:List of Christian denominations
140:
2503:Christian countercult movement
2347:Polytheistic reconstructionism
1712:Prathyaksha Raksha Daiva Sabha
1469:Chinese salvationist religions
1198:Bantu Prophets in South Africa
874:; Ositelu, Gabriel II (1998).
654:
593:
507:Joseph Ayo Babalola University
336:. In the early 1900s, Zionist
13:
1:
825:Studies in World Christianity
615:
320:, trace their origins to the
204:most of the African continent
112:Samuel Joseph Biléou Oschoffa
1499:Church of the Guanche People
620:
550:Church of the Lord (Aladura)
457:Church of the Lord (Aladura)
439:Aladura Pentecostal churches
357:baptism with the Holy Spirit
151:African independent churches
27:Independent Christian church
7:
1919:Universal White Brotherhood
1205:Venter, Dawid, ed. (2004).
1074:. London: C. Hurst and Co.
984:Daneel, M. L. (1987).
736:. Oxford University Press.
512:
492:Faith Tabernacle of Nigeria
328:, with its headquarters at
265:Classification and taxonomy
181:
159:African-instituted churches
155:African indigenous churches
98:"Spiritual headwashing" in
18:Indigenous African churches
10:
2603:
2587:African initiated churches
2190:Menachem Mendel Schneerson
2175:Joseph Franklin Rutherford
1894:Unarius Academy of Science
1258:African initiated churches
1194:Sundkler, Bengt G. M.
924:Barrett, David B. (1968).
800:Marcus, Harold G. (1994).
730:Juergensmeyer, M. (2005).
540:Celestial Church of Christ
535:Apostles of Johane Marange
453:Celestial Church of Christ
197:
147:African-initiated churches
108:Celestial Church of Christ
2548:
2525:Persecution of Falun Gong
2488:
2421:
2395:
2259:
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2095:Jorge Ángel Livraga Rizzi
1962:
1889:Twelve Tribes communities
1879:Transcendental Meditation
1310:
837:10.3366/swc.2004.10.2.160
562:of African Church Mission
129:independently started in
2535:Persecution of Rastafari
2434:Anthropology of religion
2267:African-initiated church
2140:Phineas Parkhurst Quimby
1830:Shri Ram Chandra Mission
1519:The Family International
1489:Church of Divine Science
1442:Charismatic Christianity
685:Pobee & Ositelu 1998
586:
545:Deeper Life Bible Church
419:, South Africa; and the
137:from another continent.
119:African-initiated church
2566:New religious movements
2020:Chinmayananda Saraswati
1806:Joy of Satan Ministries
1584:Kingdom of Jesus Christ
1405:Black Hebrew Israelites
1304:New religious movements
555:Christ Apostolic Church
503:Christ Apostolic Church
413:Nazareth Baptist Church
322:Christ Community Church
66:more precise citations.
2520:Persecution of Baháʼís
2515:Persecution of Ahmadis
2463:Psychology of religion
2458:Philosophy of religion
2327:Japanese new religions
2317:Hindu reform movements
2282:Christian denomination
1106:10520/AJA02562804_1467
1045:10.4102/hts.v72i4.3825
608:
600:Philomena Njeri Mwaura
571:New religious movement
373:veneration of the dead
299:Coptic Orthodox Church
114:
2473:Sociology of religion
2185:Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar
2105:Maharishi Mahesh Yogi
1934:The Way International
1665:New Kadampa Tradition
1494:Church of Scientology
1232:. London: SCM Press.
804:A History of Ethiopia
603:
576:Zion Christian Church
449:Cherubim and Seraphim
421:Zion Christian Church
318:Zion Christian Church
97:
2362:Religious syncretism
2357:Religious conversion
2342:Open-source religion
2170:Charles Taze Russell
1985:Herbert W. Armstrong
1872:Theosophical Society
1650:New Apostolic Church
415:of Isaiah Shembe in
326:John Alexander Dowie
2479:When Prophecy Fails
2439:History of religion
2382:Spiritual evolution
2352:Prosperity theology
2322:In-group favoritism
2292:Conspiracy theories
1980:Marshall Applewhite
1732:Ramakrishna Mission
1400:Jehovah's Witnesses
1065:. Omega Publishers.
1061:Olowe, Abi (2007).
527:Christianity portal
161:. The abbreviation
2561:In popular culture
2498:Anti-cult movement
2272:Buddhist modernism
2210:Emanuel Swedenborg
2205:Nirmala Srivastava
1970:Mirza Ghulam Ahmad
1924:Vipassana movement
1899:Unification Church
1884:True Buddha School
1825:Shambhala Buddhism
1796:The Satanic Temple
1717:The Process Church
1603:Maha Bodhi Society
1574:Invitation to Life
1554:Humanistic Judaism
566:Kimbanguist Church
391:Messianic churches
303:Ethiopian movement
291:Ethiopian movement
281:Ethiopian churches
115:
2574:
2573:
2468:Religious studies
2302:Cybersectarianism
2277:Chabad messianism
2251:Pacific Northwest
2235:Poykayil Yohannan
2050:Josemaría Escrivá
1929:Eastern Lightning
1727:Rajneesh movement
1675:Religious Science
1608:Messianic Judaism
1594:Latter Day Saints
1559:Iglesia ni Cristo
1484:Christian Science
1344:Aetherius Society
1216:978-0-275-96903-5
1156:978-978-900-478-2
1133:978-3-8258-6087-5
1018:978-1-86888-193-2
995:978-0-86922-426-7
976:978-9970-25-285-5
939:978-0-19-690374-3
916:978-1-86888-143-7
885:978-2-8254-1277-0
863:978-0-8146-6221-2
815:978-0-520-08121-5
776:978-1-136-67799-1
743:978-0-19-804069-9
710:978-1-4422-7157-9
671:978-0-367-82382-5
480:1918 flu pandemic
92:
91:
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16:(Redirected from
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2396:Public education
2195:Shiv Dayal Singh
2060:Charles Fillmore
2040:Aleister Crowley
2030:Helena Blavatsky
1742:Risshō Kōsei Kai
1707:Pilgrims of Arès
1687:Nuwaubian Nation
1660:New Confucianism
1479:Christadelphians
1474:Chinmaya Mission
1415:Branch Davidians
1354:Lahore Ahmadiyya
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473:renewal movement
314:Zionist Churches
309:Zionist churches
127:Christian church
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62:this article by
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2125:Elijah Muhammad
2055:Louis Farrakhan
2045:Mary Baker Eddy
2005:Sathya Sai Baba
1963:Notable figures
1958:
1815:Sathya Sai Baba
1784:Church of Satan
1640:Nation of Islam
1613:Modern paganism
1462:Neo-charismatic
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598:
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488:Diamond Society
441:
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353:spiritual gifts
334:Southern Africa
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275:Christian world
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200:
188:southern Africa
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88:
77:
71:
68:
58:Please help to
57:
41:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2600:
2590:
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2572:
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2556:Academic study
2552:
2550:
2546:
2545:
2543:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2510:Anti-Mormonism
2507:
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2227:
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2215:Rudolf Steiner
2212:
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2197:
2192:
2187:
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2180:Ahn Sahng-hong
2177:
2172:
2167:
2165:Helena Roerich
2162:
2157:
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2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2120:Sun Myung Moon
2117:
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2097:
2092:
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2075:L. Ron Hubbard
2072:
2067:
2065:Kelsang Gyatso
2062:
2057:
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2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
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1655:The New Church
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1396:Bible Students
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1247:External links
1245:
1243:
1242:
1221:
1215:
1202:
1190:
1161:
1155:
1138:
1132:
1119:
1099:(4): 308–324.
1093:Africa Insight
1084:
1067:
1058:
1023:
1017:
1000:
994:
981:
975:
952:
938:
921:
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893:
891:
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872:Pobee, John S.
868:
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849:
831:(2): 160–184.
820:
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742:
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689:
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486:and later the
484:Precious Stone
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1949:Word of Faith
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1549:Heaven's Gate
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1509:Discordianism
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1371:Anthroposophy
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426:
422:
418:
417:KwaZulu-Natal
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
388:
386:
382:
378:
377:faith healing
374:
368:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
345:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
324:, founded by
323:
319:
315:
306:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
278:
276:
271:
262:
260:
255:
251:
250:acculturation
247:
243:
236:
232:
230:and synthesis
229:
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96:
86:
83:
75:
65:
61:
55:
54:
48:
43:
34:
33:
30:
19:
2477:
2452:Nova Religio
2450:
2443:
2387:UFO religion
2332:Neoshamanism
2266:
2200:Joseph Smith
2100:Lu Sheng-yen
2085:David Koresh
2015:Alice Bailey
1840:Spiritualism
1764:Santa Muerte
1680:Unity Church
1534:Fung Loy Kok
1391:Baháʼí Faith
1381:Armstrongism
1361:Ananda Marga
1311:Major groups
1227:
1206:
1197:
1169:
1165:
1146:
1123:
1096:
1092:
1071:
1062:
1035:
1031:
1008:
1005:Robert, Dana
985:
956:
927:
906:
875:
853:
828:
824:
803:
793:Bibliography
780:. Retrieved
765:
758:
747:. Retrieved
732:
725:
714:. Retrieved
699:
692:
680:
661:
656:
640:
628:
604:
595:
500:
496:
491:
487:
483:
477:
469:Egbe Aladura
468:
442:
394:
369:
346:
342:South Africa
338:missionaries
316:such as the
312:
284:
272:
268:
239:
201:
185:
174:
172:
167:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
144:
141:Nomenclature
135:missionaries
122:
118:
116:
78:
69:
50:
29:
2422:Scholarship
2155:Ramakrishna
2090:Anton LaVey
2035:Sri Chinmoy
2010:Baháʼu'lláh
1835:Soka Gakkai
1769:Santo Daime
1757:Radha Soami
1747:Sahaja Yoga
1670:New Thought
1457:Charismatic
1447:Pentecostal
1264:2009-10-24)
1172:(1): 3–25.
645:Mwaura 2005
633:Mwaura 2005
560:Legio Maria
433:Kimbanguism
405:Kimbanguism
361:glossolalia
349:Pentecostal
192:West Africa
64:introducing
2490:Opposition
2160:Prem Rawat
2110:Meher Baba
2080:Li Hongzhi
2070:Hak Ja Han
2025:David Berg
1939:Weixinjiao
1529:Fourth Way
1514:Falun Gong
1504:Creativity
1080:1017765202
782:2023-08-04
749:2023-08-04
716:2023-08-04
649:Oduro 2008
616:References
465:Ogun State
451:movement,
381:revelation
254:Protestant
242:syncretism
235:world view
224:Protestant
168:indigenous
47:references
2244:By region
1867:Theosophy
1845:Spiritism
1737:Rastafari
1628:Rodnovery
1623:Heathenry
1598:Mormonism
1544:Godianism
1435:Noahidism
1376:Antoinism
1349:Ahmadiyya
1327:Adventism
1322:Brahmoism
1318:Adi Dharm
1178:2413-3027
1115:0256-2804
1054:2072-8050
948:780456736
845:1354-9901
621:Footnotes
463:, now in
461:Ijebu Ode
429:Swaziland
397:Messianic
287:doctrines
246:Christian
173:The term
2581:Category
2260:Concepts
2150:Rajneesh
1857:Tenrikyo
1801:Theistic
1774:Satanism
1752:Sant Mat
1697:Opus Dei
1589:Kopimism
1425:Caodaism
1262:Archived
1196:(1961).
1186:24764145
1007:(eds.).
905:(2000).
513:See also
340:went to
182:Location
178:Africa.
72:May 2019
2337:New Age
1862:Thelema
1820:Shakers
1779:LaVeyan
1722:Raëlism
1618:Druidry
1539:Goddess
1451:Oneness
1238:1140589
602:wrote:
445:Aladura
425:Limpopo
407:in the
385:prophet
359:, with
219:control
198:Origins
175:African
125:) is a
100:Cotonou
60:improve
2403:CESNUR
2367:Schism
2312:Heresy
1692:Oomoto
1569:ISKCON
1430:Chabad
1386:Bábism
1236:
1213:
1184:
1176:
1153:
1141:
1130:
1113:
1087:
1078:
1052:
1015:
992:
973:
946:
936:
913:
882:
860:
843:
812:
773:
740:
707:
668:
411:; the
228:schism
157:, and
131:Africa
49:, but
2549:Lists
1944:Wicca
1182:JSTOR
1038:(4).
587:Notes
401:Jesus
217:white
208:black
104:Benin
2372:Sect
2297:Cult
2145:Raël
1332:CoG7
1234:OCLC
1211:ISBN
1174:ISSN
1151:ISBN
1128:ISBN
1111:ISSN
1076:OCLC
1050:ISSN
1013:ISBN
990:ISBN
971:ISBN
944:OCLC
934:ISBN
911:ISBN
880:ISBN
858:ISBN
841:ISSN
810:ISBN
771:ISBN
738:ISBN
705:ISBN
666:ISBN
455:and
443:The
379:and
355:and
190:and
2000:Báb
1337:SDA
1143:———
1101:hdl
1089:———
1040:doi
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