Indigenous intellectual property

1755: 1542:: Indigenous peoples have the right to practise and revitalize their cultural traditions and customs. This includes the right to maintain, protect and develop the past, present and future manifestations of their cultures, such as archaeological and historical sites, artefacts, designs, ceremonies, technologies and visual and performing arts and literature... States shall provide redress through effective mechanisms, which may include restitution, developed in conjunction with indigenous peoples, with respect to their cultural, intellectual, religious and spiritual property taken without their free, prior and informed consent or in violation of their laws, traditions and customs. 4546: 4516: 4531: 4501: 4486: 621: 1558:, seeds, medicines, knowledge of the properties of fauna and flora, oral traditions, literatures, designs, sports and traditional games and visual and performing arts. They also have the right to maintain, control, protect and develop their intellectual property over such cultural heritage, traditional knowledge, and traditional cultural expressions... In conjunction with indigenous peoples, States shall take effective measures to recognize and protect the exercise of these rights. 1206: 5580: 4408: 1516: 40: 1702:

rights and that shall have the right to special measures to control, develop, and protect their sciences, technologies, and cultural manifestations, including but not limited to indigenous knowledge, systems, and practices, designs, and visual and performing arts". Use of such manifestations for commercial, tourism and advertisement purposes by a third-party needs Free and Prior Informed Consent (FPIC) from the ICC/IP concerned. The

2439:. Accessed 31 January 2013: "Shequish...came to the attention of Native American people two years ago as an impostor who pretended to have Shumash ancestry... Shumash people took the decision to put a stop to Shequish Ohoho's activities in the Bay area as an 'Indian woman.' A group of real Indian women of San Francisco led a protest against Shequish and effectively terminated her money making seminars and ceremonies in this area." 2952: 2883: 1087:"Traditional cultural expressions" can include designs and styles, which means that applying traditional Western-style international copyright laws – which apply to a specific work, rather than a style – can be problematic. Indigenous customary law often treats such concepts differently, and may apply restrictions upon the use of underlying styles and concepts. 1346: 1461:, to discuss internationally dominant intellectual property rights regimes, and at that meeting they resolved to support the Kari Oca, Mataatua, Julayinbul, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, and Tambunan initiatives(above). In their statement, the Suva Statement on Indigenous Peoples Knowledge and Intellectual Property Rights, participants: 2132:

knowledge of the properties of fauna and flora, oral traditions, literatures, designs, sports and traditional games and visual and performing arts. They also have the right to maintain, control, protect and develop their intellectual property over such cultural heritage, traditional knowledge, and traditional cultural expressions.

2492:." "At the Lakota Summit V, an international gathering of US and Canadian Lakota, Dakota and Nakota (LDN) Nations, about 500 representatives from 40 different tribes and bands of the LDN peoples unanimously passed a "Declaration of War Against Exploiters of Lakota Spirituality." The following declaration was unanimously passed." 1534:

Some of UNDRIP's clauses relate to intellectual property of Indigenous peoples. The Declaration recognizes "the urgent need to respect and promote the inherent rights of Indigenous peoples which derive from their political, economic and social structures and from their cultures, spiritual traditions,

1388:

tribes demanded a number of American museums end all public exhibition of, and access to, materials from their tribal cultures; including "images, text, ceremonies, music, songs, stories, symbols, beliefs, customs, ideas, concepts and ethnographic field-notes, feature films, historical works, and any

1168:

These individuals are gathering non-Indian people as followers who believe they are receiving instructions of the original people. We, the Elders and our representatives sitting in Council, give warning to these non-Indian followers that it is our understanding this is not a proper process, that the

1050:

that includes governance rights over all property belonging to the Indigenous people. And, number two, it acknowledges that Indigenous cultural expressions are a form of intellectual property and that traditional knowledge is a form of intellectual property, but they are collective resources – so not

1217:

in June 2002. Ratifying the document were Indigenous peoples from the Americas, Asia, Africa, Australia, Europe and the Pacific who, at Kari-Oca Villages, united in one voice to collectively express their serious concern at the way the world was exploiting the natural resources upon which Indigenous

1265:

We urge traditional people, tribal leaders, and governing councils of all other Indian Nations, as well as all national Indian organizations, to join us in calling for an immediate end to this rampant exploitation of our respective American Indian sacred traditions by issuing statements denouncing

2155:

Indigenous peoples have the right to practise and revitalize their cultural traditions and customs. This includes the right to maintain, protect and develop the past, present and future manifestations of their cultures, such as archaeological and historical sites, artefacts, designs, ceremonies,

1701:

The 1997 Indigenous Peoples Rights Act (IPRA; Republic Act No. 8371) has "Community Intellectual Rights" provisions which entitles Indigenous Cultural Communities/Indigenous Peoples (ICCs/IPs) to "the recognition of the full ownership and control and protection of their cultural and intellectual

1499:

Our traditional knowledge systems must be respected, promoted and protected; our collective intellectual property rights must be guaranteed and ensured. Our traditional knowledge is not in the public domain; it is collective, cultural and intellectual property protected under our customary law.

1103:

communities have issued tribal declarations over the past 35 years. In the lead up to and during the UN International Year for the World's Indigenous Peoples (1993), then during the following UN Decade of the World's Indigenous Peoples (1995–2004), a number of conferences of both Indigenous and

1311:

region of New Zealand). The assembly affirmed Indigenous peoples' knowledge is of benefit to all humanity; recognised Indigenous peoples are willing to offer their knowledge to all humanity provided their fundamental rights to define and control this knowledge is protected by the international

2131:

Indigenous peoples have the right to maintain, control, protect and develop their cultural heritage, traditional knowledge and traditional cultural expressions, as well as the manifestations of their sciences, technologies and cultures, including human and genetic resources, seeds, medicines,

1389:

other medium in which their culture may appear literally, imagined, expressed, parodied or embellished." Many Apache tribes such as the White Mountain Apache Tribe have also asked for the return of Puebloan artifacts and bodies that were taken off of their land by various collectors overtime.

977:

Indigenous knowledge is an integral part of Indigenous cultural heritage. Knowledge about land, seas, places and associated songs, stories, social practices, and oral traditions are important assets for Indigenous communities. Transmitted from generation to generation, Indigenous knowledge is

1414:

For members of indigenous peoples, knowledge and determination of the use of resources are collective and intergenerational. No...individuals or communities, nor the Government, can sell or transfer ownership of resources which are the property of the people and which each generation has an

1673:

in 2019. The document aims to help to provide protection of traditional knowledge by recognizing and engendering respect for customary practice, providing case studies spanning a wide variety of creations in the arts, and cites ten principles contained in the UN Declaration on the Rights of

1252:

At the Lakota Summit V, an international gathering of US and Canadian Lakota, Dakota and Nakota Nations, about 500 representatives from 40 different tribes and bands of the Lakota unanimously passed a "Declaration of War Against Exploiters of Lakota Spirituality". Representatives affirmed a

1012:

International bodies such as the UN have become involved in the issue, making more specific declarations that intellectual property also includes cultural property such as historical sites, artifacts, designs, language, ceremonies, and performing arts in addition to artwork and literature.

1366:

Aboriginal intellectual property, within Aboriginal Common Law, is an inherent, inalienable right which cannot be terminated, extinguished, or taken... Any use of the intellectual property of Aboriginal Nations and Peoples may only be done in accordance with Aboriginal Common Law, and any

1809:...record the authorship and significance of the haka Ka Mate to Ngāti Toa and ... work with Ngāti Toa to address their concerns with the haka... does not expect that redress will result in royalties for the use of Ka Mate or provide Ngāti Toa with a veto on the performance of Ka Mate... 1409:

concerned about the way internationally prevailing intellectual property systems and regimes appeared to be favouring the appropriation of Indigenous peoples' knowledge and resources for commercial purposes, agreed in their Santa Cruz de la Sierra Statement on Intellectual Property:

3326: 1439:, to assert rights of self-determination, and to express concern about, and fear of, the threat unfamiliar 'western' intellectual property rights systems may pose to them. It was agreed, in the Tambunan Statement on the Protection and Conservation of Indigenous Knowledge: 4182: 1236:: As creators and carriers of civilizations which have given and continue to share knowledge, experience, and values with humanity, we require that our right to intellectual and cultural properties be guaranteed and that mechanisms for each be in favour of our peoples... 211: 1443:

For the Indigenous peoples of Asia, the intellectual property rights system is not only a very new concept but it is also very western...ith intellectual property rights, alien laws will be devised to exploit the Indigenous knowledge and resources of the Indigenous

1380:(NAGPRA) as the legal basis for these complaints. Their position was that they would only permit such uses selectively and with express permission of the living relatives of the human remains and grave goods the museums wished to exhibit. Vernon Masayesva, CEO of the 1104:

non-Indigenous specialists were held in different parts of the world, resulting in a number of unified declarations and statements identifying, explaining, refining, and defining "indigenous intellectual property" though the legal weight of most has yet to be tested.

1417:

There must be appropriate mechanisms for maintaining and ensuring the right of Indigenous peoples to deny indiscriminate access to the resources of our communities or peoples and making it possible to contest patents or other exclusive rights to what is essentially

1535:

histories and philosophies...;" reaffirms "...that indigenous peoples possess collective rights which are indispensable for their existence, well-being and integral development as peoples..." and proclaims as an agreed standard for member nations around the world:

1674:

Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP, see above). While it has no legal force, it explains the gaps in legislation, and "encourages culturally appropriate working practices and promotes communication between all Australians with an interest in Indigenous creative arts".

1554:: Indigenous peoples have the right to maintain, control, protect and develop their cultural heritage, traditional knowledge and traditional cultural expressions, as well as the manifestations of their sciences, technologies and cultures, including human and 1221:

Specific reference is made within the Indigenous Peoples Earth Charter to perceived abuses of Indigenous people's intellectual and cultural properties. Under the heading, "Culture, Science and Intellectual Property", among other matters, it is asserted:

1842:

from Māori language, imagery and folklore. The dispute ended in an amicable settlement. Lego eventually agreed that it had taken the names from Māori and agreed to change certain names or spellings to help set the toy-line apart from the Māori legends.

5070: 1527:(UNDRIP), a legally non-binding resolution delineating and defining the individual and collective rights of Indigenous peoples. 144 states voted in favour, 4 against (Australia, Canada, New Zealand and the United States) and 11 countries 4273: 252: 3330: 1361:

of the Indigenous groups' themselves. Within the declaration, Indigenous customary laws are (re)named 'Aboriginal common laws', and it is insisted these laws must be acknowledged and treated as equal to any other systems of law:

1465:

Declare Indigenous peoples are willing to share our knowledge with humanity provided we determine when, where and how it is used: at present the international system does not recognise or respect our past, present and potential

5859: 1107:

Since the 1970s, inter-tribal groups in North American have organized demonstrations against non-Native use of Native American cultural elements, such as the sale of products and services allegedly derived from

1474:

Strengthen the capacities of Indigenous peoples to maintain their oral traditions, and encourage initiatives by Indigenous peoples to record their knowledge... according to their customary access procedures.

5838: 1312:

community; insisted the first beneficiaries of Indigenous knowledge must be the direct Indigenous descendants of such knowledge; and declared all forms of exploitation of Indigenous knowledge must cease.

2604:

Julayinbul: Aboriginal Intellectual and Cultural Property: Definitions, Ownership and Strategies for Protection in the Wet Tropics World Heritage Area, 25-27 November, 1993 Daintree, Far North Queensland

2098:

1881:

Critics of the movement for granting Indigenous Intellectual Property Rights note that the indefinite duration of such a context is "unorthodox and unmanageable" within the current IP legal structure.

1593:, which was successfully tested in a 2019 court action against Birubi Art for concealing the fact that their "Aboriginal" artefacts for sale were made in Indonesia, and not by Aboriginal artists. The 1019:

across the world have experienced difficulties reconciling local indigenous laws and cultural norms with a predominantly western legal system, in many cases leaving Indigenous peoples' individual and

1315:

Under Section 2 of their declaration, the Mātaatua Declaration on Cultural and Intellectual Property Rights of Indigenous Peoples, they specifically ask state, national and international agencies to:

3554: 1548:: Indigenous peoples have the right to their traditional medicines and to maintain their health practices, including the conservation of their vital medicinal plants, animals and minerals... 5966: 978:

constantly reinterpreted by Indigenous people. Through the existence and transmission of this intangible cultural heritage, Indigenous people are able to associate with a communal identity

1243:: The protection, norms and mechanism of artistic and artisan creation of our peoples must be established and implemented in order to avoid plunder, plagiarism, undue exposure, and use... 1194:

Mechanisms be established by which Indigenous specialists are recognized as proper Authorities and are consulted in all programs affecting them, their resources and their environment...

3521: 2297: 1801:

had achieved wide recognition in New Zealand and abroad as representing New Zealand as a whole and not a particular trader. In 2009, as a part of a wider settlement of grievances, the

1470:

Seek repatriation of Indigenous peoples resources already held in external collections, and seek compensation and royalties from commercial developments resulting from these resources

2270: 5991: 3818: 288: 4109: 3405: 2902: 2320: 1084:

are embodied. They are transmitted from one generation to the next, and include handmade textiles, paintings, stories, legends, ceremonies, music, songs, rhythms and dance".

2802: 5629: 3051: 2545: 981:

Indigenous intellectual property rights relate to the legal rights to protect specific such property, which includes cultural knowledge of their groups, aspects of their

3484: 2933: 1940: 137: 4452: 3627: 2377:

Engaging – A Guide to Interacting Respectfully and Reciprocally with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People, and their Arts Practices and Intellectual Property

2148:"United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples: United Nations Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 13 September 2007 [Article 11]" 2124:"United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples: United Nations Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 13 September 2007 [Article 31]" 1034:

and intellectual property, with board member Professor Rebecca Tsosie stressing the importance of these property rights being held collectively, not by individuals:

5951: 5411: 2760: 935:(WIPO) was created in 1970 to promote and protect intellectual property across the world by cooperating with countries as well as international organizations. The 4099: 1376:

In 1994 a number of Native American tribal organizations demanded that museums remove certain materials from exhibition and access to the public. They cited the

162: 1190:, and announced that (amongst other matters) since "Indigenous cultures around the world are being disrupted and destroyed". The Declaration of Belém declared: 1377: 201: 2190:

The Declaration addresses both individual and collective rights; cultural rights and identity; rights to education, health, employment, language, and others.

1322:: Recognise that Indigenous peoples are the guardians of their customary knowledge and have the right to protect and control dissemination of that knowledge. 3347: 974:

better valued and better protected against perceived, ongoing mistreatment, based on legal theories holding them to be inadequately covered by Western law.

943:(UNDRIP), signed by 144 countries in 2007, includes several clauses relating specifically to the protection of intellectual property of Indigenous peoples. 4261: 3808: 685: 318: 298: 1124:, smaller coalitions of Indigenous cultural leaders met to issue declarations about protection of ceremonial knowledge. In 1980, spiritual leaders of the 4209: 927:

There have been various efforts made since the late 20th century towards providing some kind of legal protection for indigenous intellectual property in

206: 182: 4167: 3676: 237: 112: 3567: 5733: 5718: 5657: 1978: 1658:, or ICMR). Because of the lack of complete protection by the legislative framework, some sectors and organisations have set up their own protocols: 2630: 1178:

The first international congress of the International Society of Ethnobiology involving scientists, environmentalists and Indigenous peoples met at

5622: 2169: 3467: 4245: 3838: 3302: 2834: 1739: 1524: 1510: 1353:

The Julayinbul Statement on Indigenous Intellectual Property Rights arose out of a meeting of Indigenous and non-Indigenous specialists, who, at

940: 880: 328: 247: 3429: 2785:"United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples: United Nations Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 13 September 2007" 2342: 1266:

such abuse; for it is not the Lakota, Dakota and Nakota people alone whose spiritual practices are being systematically violated by non-Indians.

4233: 3858: 3497: 2921: 1895: 358: 242: 3534: 3023: 2755: 1859:

cigarette company had started producing a brand of cigarette in Israel called the "L & M Maori mix". In 2006, the head of Phillip Morris,

5781: 4445: 3159: 2784: 2147: 2123: 2029: 2429: 147: 5674: 4988: 3843: 3833: 1579:

covers music, literature and art by people who are living or have died within 70 years, and individual creators' work is also protected by

343: 323: 1523:

At the United Nations General Assembly's 61st session, on 13 September 2007, an overwhelming majority of members resolved to adopt the UN

5971: 5764: 5615: 5248: 1794: 1715: 670: 596: 2315: 172: 3589: 4598: 4520: 4356: 1900: 1703: 4438: 4089: 3734: 3286:

Report to the United Nations Economic and Social Council's Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues, Sixth Session, New York, 14–25 May

1682: 963: 932: 152: 5828: 3869: 788: 368: 117: 4383: 2520: 1213:

The Kari-Oca Declaration and Indigenous Peoples Earth Charter was first affirmed in Brazil in May 1992, and then re-affirmed in

1196:

Procedures must be developed to compensate native peoples for the utilization of their knowledge and their biological resources.

5728: 4079: 3669: 3445: 2375: 167: 3501: 5723: 3964: 3863: 3597: 2829: 2282: 2204:"Lack of Political Will or Academic Inertia? - The need for non-legal responses to the issue of Indigenous art and copyright" 2173: 2084:

Ann Marie Sullivan, Cultural Heritage & New Media: A Future for the Past, 15 J. MARSHALL REV. INTELL. PROP. L. 604 (2016)

1982: 1229:: The usurping of traditional medicines and knowledge from Indigenous peoples should be considered a crime against peoples... 1064:

often applying to the same concept. The term "Indigenous Cultural and Intellectual Property Rights" is abbreviated as ICIPR.

1046:

could do that, that acknowledges two things. Number one, it acknowledges that Indigenous peoples are peoples with a right to

746: 526: 445: 433: 403: 308: 3374: 5801: 5713: 5199: 4255: 3778: 3739: 1483:

Indigenous people from around the world attended an international Indigenous peoples' summit on sustainable development in

803: 705: 541: 157: 5833: 1495:, in August 2002, where they reaffirmed previous declarations and statements (above), and, among other matters, declared: 1060:

A term used especially in Australia is "Indigenous cultural and intellectual property", abbreviated as ICIP with the term

5686: 5179: 4822: 4550: 3475: 1336:: Accept that the cultural and intellectual property rights of Indigenous peoples are vested with those who created them. 873: 89: 2998: 2550:

Approaches to bioregional planning. Part 2. Background Papers to the conference; 30 October – 1 November 1995, Melbourne

1876: 6022: 5638: 4239: 3927: 3744: 3212: 2972: 1096: 4069: 1260:

we are conveners of an ongoing series of comprehensive forums on the abuse and exploitation of Lakota spirituality;...

5283: 3662: 2203: 1754: 1589: 418: 142: 5594: 5153: 4371: 4119: 3828: 3773: 3756: 3709: 1920: 1655: 1453:

Participants from the independent countries and "nonautonomous colonised territories" of the Pacific region met in

1073: 835: 521: 1051:

any one individual can give away the rights to those resources. The tribal nations actually own them collectively.

5501: 4881: 4393: 3939: 3354: 3052:"NCIP probes Nas Academy, Whang-Od controversy; public urged to report any 'exploitation, violation' against IPs" 1629: 1357:, in north-eastern Australia, agreed Indigenous intellectual property rights are best determined from within the 1121: 783: 589: 3235: 2083: 6027: 5143: 4545: 4515: 4505: 4303: 4026: 3813: 1666: 1633: 866: 561: 486: 481: 428: 283: 3257: 5174: 4591: 4535: 4366: 4134: 3419: 3131: 3105: 1834:

and several Māori tribal groups (fronted by lawyer Maui Solomon) and members of the online discussion forum (

1678: 1157: 551: 546: 531: 506: 132: 4183:

Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge, and Folklore

1329:: Recognise that Indigenous peoples also have the right to create new knowledge based on cultural tradition. 6017: 4490: 4318: 4293: 1925: 1735: 971: 516: 511: 501: 496: 3553:

Sentina, Maiko; Mason, Elizabeth; Janke, Terri; Wenitong, David; Terri Janke and Company (28 March 2018).

1654:

There is also no law that prevents the misuse, distortion or alteration of ICIP that is communally owned (

5854: 5449: 4891: 4764: 4114: 3974: 3848: 2669: 1915: 1856: 1275:

On 18 June 1993, 150 delegates from fourteen countries, including Indigenous representatives from Japan (

1027: 556: 491: 338: 3556:

International Laws and Developments relating to Indigenous Knowledge in Australia: Supplementary Paper 2

2862:"Working ethically with Indigenous cultural and intellectual property: Australia launches new protocols" 1164:, and issued the Resolution of the 5th Annual Meeting of the Traditional Elders Circle, resolving that: 4928: 4906: 4566: 4411: 1594: 1576: 582: 570: 3306: 3278: 5022: 3803: 2960: 1584: 931:

countries, including a number of declarations made by various conventions of Indigenous peoples. The

690: 536: 440: 268: 313: 4859: 4584: 4530: 4500: 4417: 4144: 3590:"A Comparative Study of the Models Employed to Protect Indigenous Traditional Cultural Expressions" 3379:

WIPO Report on Fact-finding Missions on Intellectual Property and Traditional Knowledge (1998–1999)

1727: 1488: 1120:

Before ceremonies and ceremonial knowledge were affirmed as protected intellectual property by the

273: 127: 3156: 2861: 2025: 5920: 5811: 5065: 5032: 4812: 4485: 4338: 4124: 3649:

Codes, guidelines and practices relating to the recording, digitization and dissemination of TCEs

3631: 2426: 2407: 1398: 1100: 904:, and by extension, their legal rights to protect specific such property. This property includes 695: 665: 655: 1718:

is responsible for determining some types of intellectual property in New Zealand, specifically

5956: 5509: 5392: 5138: 5107: 4923: 4827: 4805: 4430: 4323: 4274:

Treaty on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources and Associated Traditional Knowledge (GRATK)

3922: 3853: 3719: 3654: 3458: 3028: 2546:"Making things work: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Involvement in Bioregional Planning" 1976: 1905: 1839: 1802: 1690: 958:

Indigenous intellectual property is a concept that has developed as an analog to predominantly

766: 348: 69: 2167: 1253:

zero-tolerance policy on the exploitation of Lakota, Dakota and Nakota ceremonial knowledge:

5705: 5589: 5562: 5542: 5534: 5386: 5158: 4712: 4328: 3949: 3751: 3194: 2371: 1950: 1935: 1081: 905: 897: 612: 79: 2273:. Indigenous Art - Securing the Future:Australia's Indigenous visual arts and craft sector. 2046: 5816: 5425: 4759: 4621: 4298: 4009: 3898: 3761: 3606: 3468:"What is Indigenous cultural intellectual property and copyright and how can I respect it?" 1354: 1109: 1002: 3648: 2402: 1597:

ruled against the company on the basis that it had made misleading Indigenous art claims.

1583:. Performers' and designers' work are covered by separate legislation. In some instances, 8: 5925: 5759: 5743: 5548: 5236: 5231: 4918: 4832: 4774: 4707: 4004: 3903: 3724: 3520:

Sentina, Maiko; Mason, Elizabeth; Janke, Terri; Terri Janke and Company (28 March 2018).

3263:(Report). CIGI Papers No. 176. Centre for International Governance Innovation. p. 5. 1731: 756: 465: 455: 74: 2956: 2696:"FROM THIRD PERSON TO FIRST: A Call for Reciprocity Among Non-Native and Native Museums" 2695: 2176:. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner of Human Rights. Geneva. Archived from 1985:. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner of Human Rights. Geneva. Archived from 5915: 5681: 5669: 5515: 4839: 4636: 4461: 4388: 4378: 3979: 3944: 3888: 3729: 3453: 2999:"First Nations Australian Content or Participation - Doing business with us - About us" 2661: 2653: 2507: 2489: 2223: 2066: 1930: 1860: 1047: 901: 840: 650: 630: 413: 398: 3618:"Intellectual Property Issues in Cultural Heritage - Theory, Practice, Policy, Ethics" 3175: 2803:"Queensland company fined $ 2.3 million for fake Indonesian-made 'Aboriginal' artwork" 39: 5910: 5900: 5890: 5875: 5607: 5584: 5308: 5293: 4913: 4779: 4729: 4724: 4214: 3823: 3686: 3077: 2907: 2711: 2471: 2384: 2278: 2242: 2227: 2070: 1863:, issued an apology to Māori: "We sincerely regret any discomfort that was caused to 1793:

haka and to forbid its use by commercial organisations without their permission. The

1555: 1061: 982: 909: 620: 303: 221: 31: 4059: 2665: 1575:

does not protect all forms of Indigenous cultural and intellectual property (ICIP).

177: 5662: 5485: 5477: 5405: 5102: 5042: 4795: 4681: 4671: 4656: 4626: 4343: 4313: 4308: 4267: 4189: 4016: 3704: 2886: 2707: 2645: 2541: 2474:" Northern Cheyenne Nation, Two Moons' Camp, Rosebud Creek, Montana; 5 October 1980 2215: 2058: 1910: 1686: 1677:

Among the many organizations to have published their own sets of protocols are the

1669:, in 2002, with a revised edition published in 2007. A new edition was authored by 751: 460: 388: 216: 94: 54: 2903:"Protocols for using First Nations Cultural and Intellectual Property in the Arts" 2177: 2026:

WIPO Database of Indigenous Intellectual Property Codes, Guidelines, and Practices

1986: 5930: 5806: 5528: 5350: 5340: 5316: 5253: 5119: 5075: 4976: 4676: 4661: 4251: 3690: 3382: 3163: 2602: 2433: 2096: 2033: 1137: 1125: 994: 959: 761: 59: 23: 3446:"True Tracks: How to protect Indigenous knowledge and culture from exploitation" 1864: 1663:

Protocols for using First Nations Cultural and Intellectual Property in the Arts

947: 5905: 5821: 5652: 5433: 5204: 5187: 5124: 5097: 5080: 4769: 4702: 4666: 4646: 4361: 4333: 4174: 4021: 3989: 3954: 3915: 3375:"Intellectual Property Needs and Expectations of Traditional Knowledge Holders" 2219: 1643: 1572: 1006: 967: 913: 808: 771: 700: 645: 353: 191: 122: 2657: 2383:, Australian Government: Indigenous Culture Support, p. 7, archived from 2062: 6011: 5996: 5880: 5776: 5523: 5490: 5288: 5268: 5219: 4896: 4876: 4817: 4734: 4631: 3984: 3768: 1835: 1779: 1605: 1406: 1308: 1153: 1141: 1129: 830: 725: 408: 84: 3523:

Legal protection of Indigenous Knowledge in Australia: Supplementary Paper 1

3486:

Indigenous Knowledge: Issues for Protection and Management: Discussion paper

3406:"Google Scholar search "Indigenous Cultural and Intellectual Property icip"" 3220: 1600:

However, there are significant omissions in the legal framework, including:

5935: 5495: 5471: 5438: 5419: 5400: 5355: 5328: 5321: 5303: 5241: 5017: 4971: 4966: 4869: 4854: 4697: 3798: 3493: 3303:"The Universality of Intellectual Property Rights: Origins and Development" 3253: 1758: 1623: 1580: 1531:. The four dissenting countries reversed their positions some years later. 1492: 1358: 1280: 1205: 1187: 1039: 1016: 856: 825: 820: 793: 715: 675: 278: 3994: 3414: 2973:"Position statement: Indigenous Cultural and Intellectual Property (ICIP)" 2047:"Indigenous Knowledge & Intellectual Property: Negotiating the Spaces" 1783: 5895: 5769: 5463: 5263: 5148: 5037: 5012: 5000: 4981: 4864: 4844: 4754: 4651: 3893: 3441: 1706:(NCIP) is the government agency responsible for verifying alleged FPICs. 1670: 1296: 1276: 1133: 986: 815: 741: 710: 3519: 3372: 1782:; especially for New Zealand national teams. Between 1998 and 2006, the 1642:

products or processes based on traditional methods of creation, such as

1500:

Unauthorized use and misappropriation of traditional knowledge is theft.

946:

Disputes around indigenous property include several cases involving the

5976: 5885: 5556: 5443: 5060: 4641: 4348: 4031: 3483:

Terri Janke and Company; Janke, Terri; Sentina, Maiko (28 March 2018).

2955:

Text may have been copied from this source, which is available under a

2807: 2552:; Department of the Environment, Sport and Territories. Canberra. p.235 1945: 1831: 1723: 1615: 1528: 1031: 990: 450: 2243:"Current Issues in Intellectual Property Rights to Cultural Resources" 1515: 5738: 5457: 5258: 5209: 5192: 5130: 5112: 4886: 4800: 4469: 3999: 3969: 3910: 3635: 2472:

Resolution of the 5th Annual Meeting of the Traditional Elders Circle

1890: 1852: 1214: 1020: 928: 776: 720: 640: 393: 333: 3329:. Indigenous Peoples, Issues & Resources Website. Archived from 962:

concepts of intellectual property law, and has been promoted by the

5345: 5278: 5214: 5027: 5005: 4901: 4849: 4607: 3959: 3482: 3082: 2649: 1823: 1647: 1484: 1436: 1428: 1304: 1300: 1149: 1080:

to refer to "any form of artistic and literary expression in which

852: 798: 635: 293: 3381:. World Intellectual Property Organisation, Geneva. Archived from 3305:. World Intellectual Property Organisation, Geneva. Archived from 2214:(3). Melbourne: Legal Service Bulletin Co-operative Ltd: 152–156. 1349:

Julayinbul Aboriginal Intellectual Property Conference Logo (1993)

1179: 5992:

Stereotypes of Indigenous peoples of Canada and the United States

5986: 5981: 5298: 5092: 5085: 4950: 4746: 3932: 3819:

Coordinator of Indigenous Organizations of the Amazon River Basin

2271:"Chapter 11 Indigenous cultural and intellectual property rights" 1827: 1790: 1769: 1562: 1402: 1169:

authority to carry these sacred objects is given by the people...

1161: 998: 423: 4460: 3684: 3348:"United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples" 2756:"United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples" 896:

is a term used in national and international forums to describe

5273: 5225: 4994: 4110:

Ministry for the Development of the Russian Far East and Arctic

3345: 3279:"Report of the Secretariat on Indigenous traditional knowledge" 2934:"Aboriginal Cultural and Intellectual Property (ACIP) Protocol" 2450:

Ethnic Drag: Performing Race, Nation, Sexuality in West Germany

1719: 1385: 1345: 1288: 1183: 1043: 680: 363: 3415:"Indigenous/Traditional Knowledge & Intellectual Property" 5362: 4958: 4465: 3617: 2951: 2882: 2600: 2316:"Indigenous Cultural and Intellectual Property (ICIP) (AITB)" 2094: 1619: 1432: 2490:

Declaration of War Against Exploiters of Lakota Spirituality

2156:

technologies and visual and performing arts and literature."

4576: 4246:

UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP)

2869: 1819: 1775: 1458: 1454: 1381: 1292: 1284: 1145: 1077: 3564:

Indigenous Knowledge: Issues for Protection and Management

3531:

Indigenous Knowledge: Issues for Protection and Management

1941:

Intellectual property issues in cultural heritage (IPinCH)

5335: 3628:

Intellectual Property Issues in Cultural Heritage project

3552: 1786: 5952:

Contemporary Native American issues in the United States

5412:

The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State

3327:"Intellectual Property, Indigenous Peoples, and the Law" 2761:

United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs

2403:"1993 : International Year for Indigenous Peoples" 2370: 1838:). The Bionicle product line allegedly used many words 936: 5637: 3288:. United Nations Economic and Social Council. New York 2830:"Action over alleged misleading Indigenous art claims" 2343:"Indigenous Cultural and Intellectual Property Rights" 1877:

Cultural appropriation § Criticism of the concept

1378:

Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act

3430:"Indigenous Peoples and Intellectual Property Rights" 2452:; University of Michigan Press (20 August 2002) p.232 1209:

A meeting of members of the Kari-Oca Indigenous group

3809:

Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador

3106:"Iwi threatens to place trademark on All Black haka" 2569: 2567: 4234:

Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention (ILO C169)

1067: 1023:intellectual property rights largely unprotected. 16:Collective legal protections for cultural heritage 4262:UN Declaration on the Rights of Peasants (UNDROP) 3562:. A supplementary paper to the discussion paper: 3529:. A supplementary paper to the discussion paper: 3373:World Intellectual Property Organisation (2001). 3353:. United Nations General Assembly. Archived from 2564: 1979:United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights 1393:Santa Cruz de la Sierra Statement, September 1994 6009: 3587: 3032:. Governance Instruments Framework. 14 July 2020 2897: 2895: 2835:Australian Competition & Consumer Commission 2170:United Nations High Commissioner of Human Rights 1813: 4168:African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights 3839:International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs 3024:"Indigenous cultural and intellectual property" 1846: 1740:Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment 1525:Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples 1511:Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples 941:Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples 3859:Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization 3498:Department of Industry, Innovation and Science 2607:. Rainforest Aboriginal Network. pp. 9–13 2594: 2400: 2310: 2308: 2306: 2051:The Australian Journal of Indigenous Education 1896:CARE Principles for Indigenous Data Governance 1867:by our mistake and we won't be repeating it." 1778:have been popularly used by New Zealanders as 1563:Protocols, law and legal challenges by country 5623: 4592: 4446: 3670: 3457:(Interview). Late Night Live. Interviewed by 2892: 2777: 2142: 2140: 2118: 2116: 1186:. They identified themselves collectively as 918:Indigenous cultural and intellectual property 874: 590: 3844:National Indigenous Organization of Colombia 3834:Indigenous Peoples Council on Biocolonialism 2265: 2263: 1611:underlying ideas or stories behind artworks; 5972:Native American mascot laws and regulations 3566:. Commonwealth of Australia. Archived from 3533:. Commonwealth of Australia. Archived from 3500:. Commonwealth of Australia. Archived from 3258:Traditional Knowledge and the Public Domain 2855: 2853: 2502: 2500: 2498: 2366: 2364: 2303: 2101:. Rainforest Aboriginal Network. p. 65 2088: 1795:Intellectual Property Office of New Zealand 1738:is administered by a different unit of the 1716:Intellectual Property Office of New Zealand 1604:traditional Aboriginal medicines, known as 966:(WIPO), as part of a broader effort by the 671:Integrated circuit layout design protection 5630: 5616: 4599: 4585: 4453: 4439: 3677: 3663: 2748: 2741: 2739: 2508:Article On The 'Lakota Declaration of War' 2484: 2482: 2480: 2137: 2113: 1972: 1970: 908:of their groups and many aspects of their 881: 867: 597: 583: 4100:National Commission on Indigenous Peoples 3132:"Iwi claim to All Black haka turned down" 2957:Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) 2335: 2260: 2021: 2019: 2017: 2015: 2013: 1901:Commercialization of indigenous knowledge 1818:In 2001 a dispute concerning the popular 1704:National Commission on Indigenous Peoples 1504: 1038:The long-term goal is to actually have a 900:held to be collectively owned by various 4567:Indigenous peoples by geographic regions 4090:National Institute of Indigenous Peoples 3412: 3346:United Nations General Assembly (2007). 2977:National and State Libraries Australasia 2850: 2624: 2622: 2495: 2361: 1753: 1683:National and State Libraries Australasia 1514: 1367:unauthorised use is strictly prohibited. 1344: 1204: 1030:(NARF) has set out several goals around 964:World Intellectual Property Organization 933:World Intellectual Property Organization 4210:UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues 3252: 3213:"Disgust over 'Maori' brand cigarettes" 3157:Ngāti Toa Rangatira Letter of Agreement 2736: 2727: 2488:Mesteth, Wilmer, et al (10 June 1993) " 2477: 2462: 2460: 2458: 2161: 1967: 1797:turned their claim down in 2006, since 1415:obligation to safeguard for the next... 1116:Traditional Elders Circle, October 1980 789:Limitations and exceptions to copyright 6010: 4080:Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada 3598:Asian-Pacific Law & Policy Journal 3300: 3276: 3233: 3192: 2718: 2693: 2601:Rainforest Aboriginal Network (1993). 2240: 2234: 2201: 2095:Rainforest Aboriginal Network (1993). 2010: 912:and knowledge, including that held in 5611: 4580: 4434: 3965:Lands inhabited by indigenous peoples 3864:Zapatista Army of National Liberation 3658: 3465: 3440: 3427: 3324: 2859: 2800: 2628: 2619: 2442: 2427:"The Plastic Medicine People Circle." 2419: 2044: 1745: 747:Artificial intelligence and copyright 5802:NCAA Native American mascot decision 2455: 1519:United Nations General Assembly 2003 970:(UN) to see the world's indigenous, 706:Supplementary protection certificate 3476:Australian Broadcasting Corporation 3236:"Tobacco giant apologises to Maori" 2887:Attribution 3.0 IGO (CC BY 3.0 IGO) 1341:Julayinbul Statement, November 1993 1005:. It may include knowledge held in 248:United Nations Declaration (UNDRIP) 13: 5658:Tomahawk chop and name controversy 5639:Native American mascot controversy 4240:Convention on Biological Diversity 3398: 3219:. 12 December 2005. Archived from 3195:"Lego Site Irks Maori Sympathizer" 3176:"New Zealand Maori win haka fight" 1479:Kimberley Declaration, August 2002 14: 6039: 4268:High Seas Treaty (BBNJ Agreement) 3642: 2860:Adjei, Patricia (December 2020). 2415:(59): 11–13 – via Informit. 1590:Competition and Consumer Act 2010 1427:Indigenous people of Asia met at 1423:Tambunan Statement, February 1995 1082:traditional culture and knowledge 5962:Indigenous intellectual property 5579: 5578: 4544: 4529: 4514: 4499: 4484: 4407: 4406: 4120:Government of the Sakha Republic 3829:Indigenous Environmental Network 3710:Free, prior and informed consent 3193:Griggs, Kim (21 November 2002). 2950: 2881: 2712:10.1111/j.1548-1379.2010.01076.x 2629:Brown, Michael F. (April 1998). 2241:Tsosie, Rebecca (25 June 2017). 1921:Indigenous communal moral rights 1656:Indigenous communal moral rights 1405:, where Indigenous peoples from 1307:(New Zealand) met at Whakatane ( 1074:Traditional cultural expressions 1068:Traditional cultural expressions 894:Indigenous intellectual property 836:Outline of intellectual property 661:Indigenous intellectual property 619: 38: 5829:Fighting Sioux name controversy 4394:Persecution of Uyghurs in China 4256:Fair Access and Benefit-Sharing 3940:Dakota Access Pipeline protests 3270: 3246: 3227: 3205: 3186: 3168: 3150: 3124: 3098: 3078:"All Blacks fight to keep haka" 3070: 3044: 3016: 2991: 2965: 2926: 2822: 2794: 2687: 2585: 2576: 2555: 2535: 2513: 2394: 2195: 1630:Aboriginal Australian languages 1397:A regional meeting was held at 1271:Mātaatua Declaration, June 1993 1090: 5860:List of secondary school teams 5144:Right of way (property access) 4304:2009 Peruvian political crisis 3814:Congress of Aboriginal Peoples 2694:Hoerig, Karl A. (March 2010). 2077: 2038: 2001: 1774:Since the 19th century, Māori 1709: 1696: 1667:Australia Council for the Arts 1634:Torres Strait Island languages 1201:Kari-Oca Declaration, May 1992 1055: 1: 5834:San Diego State Aztec Warrior 5734:Original Americans Foundation 4135:Council of Indigenous Peoples 3466:Moran, Alexis (14 May 2020). 3420:Duke University School of Law 3234:Stokes, Jon (29 April 2006). 2801:Burke, Kelly (26 June 2019). 2745:Fourmile 1996: Pages 270–272. 2733:Fourmile 1996: Pages 268–269. 2724:Fourmile 1996: Pages 266–267. 2631:"Can Culture Be Copyrighted?" 1956: 1814:The Māori and Lego's Bionicle 1679:Government of New South Wales 1248:Lakota declaration, June 1993 1158:Northern Cheyenne Reservation 953: 4606: 4319:Expulsion of the Chagossians 3436:. Research Paper 20 1996-97. 2321:Arts Law Centre of Australia 1926:Intangible Cultural Heritage 1891:Biopiracy and Bioprospecting 1870: 1736:copyright law of New Zealand 1567: 972:intangible cultural heritage 7: 5855:Sports teams named Redskins 5450:Two Treatises of Government 4115:Government of Bashkortostan 3980:American Indian reservation 3849:Native American Rights Fund 2247:Native American Rights Fund 2028:Accessed 28 November 2007. 1916:Decolonization of knowledge 1884: 1851:In 2005 a New Zealander in 1789:attempted to trademark the 1384:Tribe, and a consortium of 1028:Native American Rights Fund 784:Idea–expression distinction 253:GRATK Anti-Biopiracy Treaty 10: 6044: 4070:Fundação Nacional do Índio 3651:(WIPO searchable database) 3624:. Simon Fraser University. 3605:(2): 50–84. Archived from 2220:10.1177/1037969X0903400302 1874: 1780:a cheer at sporting events 1767: 1595:Federal Court of Australia 1577:Copyright law in Australia 1508: 1449:Suva Statement, April 1995 105:Governmental organizations 6023:Intellectual property law 5944: 5868: 5847: 5794: 5765:name and logo controversy 5752: 5704: 5697: 5675:name and logo controversy 5646:Professional sports teams 5645: 5574: 5371: 5173: 5053: 4946: 4939: 4788: 4745: 4690: 4614: 4563: 4476: 4402: 4286: 4223: 4198: 4155: 4047: 4040: 3881: 3804:Assembly of First Nations 3789: 3697: 3588:Yang, Chih-Chieh (2010). 2506:Taliman, Valerie (1993) " 2063:10.1375/S1326011100000338 1639:unwritten dance or music; 1585:cultural misappropriation 916:. In Australia, the term 441:Indigenous decolonization 261:NGOs and political groups 5502:The Great Transformation 4860:Labor theory of property 4294:Chechen–Russian conflict 4145:Bureau of Indian Affairs 3277:DODSON, Michael (2007). 2437:Sonoma Free County Press 2277:(Report). 20 June 2007. 2153:. United Nations. 2007. 2129:. United Nations. 2007. 1961: 1587:can be protected by the 274:Amazon Conservation Team 5812:Florida State Seminoles 5071:Forest-dwelling (India) 5033:restraint on alienation 4813:Common good (economics) 4339:Little Danes experiment 4125:Government of Tatarstan 3792:political organizations 3632:Simon Fraser University 3434:Parliament of Australia 3428:Davis, Michael (1997). 3413:Anderson, Jane (2020). 2790:. United Nations. 2007. 2408:Aboriginal Law Bulletin 2401:Watson, Irene. (1992). 2275:Parliament of Australia 2208:Alternative Law Journal 2032:2 November 2007 at the 1614:specific techniques in 1399:Santa Cruz de la Sierra 1372:Hopi and Apache opt-out 696:Plant genetic resources 666:Industrial design right 656:Geographical indication 5957:Cultural appropriation 5848:Youth and school teams 5510:Pierre-Joseph Proudhon 5284:Primitive accumulation 5139:Right of way (transit) 4924:Tragedy of the commons 4806:fictitious commodities 4324:High Arctic relocation 4226:Declarations of Rights 3923:Cultural appropriation 3854:Survival International 3301:DRAHOS, Peter (2001). 3240:The New Zealand Herald 3136:The New Zealand Herald 3110:The New Zealand Herald 3029:University of Tasmania 2561:Fourmile pages 260–261 2521:"Declaration of Belem" 2374:; et al. (2015), 2202:Hadley, Marie (2009). 1906:Cultural appropriation 1803:New Zealand government 1765: 1691:University of Tasmania 1520: 1505:UNDRIP, September 2007 1502: 1476: 1446: 1420: 1369: 1350: 1338: 1268: 1245: 1210: 1198: 1171: 1076:" is a phrase used by 1053: 767:Criticism of copyright 691:Plant breeders' rights 349:Survival International 230:International Treaties 6028:Traditional knowledge 5839:List of college teams 5782:Golden State Warriors 5719:Name change advocates 5563:The Wealth of Nations 5543:Jean-Jacques Rousseau 5535:The Ethics of Liberty 4329:Human rights in Tibet 4056:Aotearoa-New Zealand 3950:Fortress conservation 3752:Traditional knowledge 3715:Intellectual property 3612:on 21 September 2011. 3325:JONES, Peter (2008). 2045:Janke, Terri (2008). 1951:Traditional knowledge 1936:Intellectual property 1757: 1665:was published by the 1661:The first edition of 1518: 1497: 1463: 1441: 1412: 1364: 1348: 1317: 1255: 1224: 1208: 1192: 1166: 1036: 1003:traditional medicines 898:intellectual property 613:Intellectual property 80:Traditional knowledge 65:Intellectual property 5817:Osceola and Renegade 5426:Progress and Poverty 4760:Common-pool resource 4353:Residential schools 4299:Sri Lankan Civil War 4041:Legal representation 4010:Urban Indian reserve 3899:Internal colonialism 3790:Non-governmental and 3745:in the United States 2763:: Indigenous Peoples 2638:Current Anthropology 2432:5 March 2013 at the 2174:"Indigenous peoples" 1983:"Indigenous peoples" 1855:discovered that the 1303:, United States and 1110:Indigenous knowledge 924:, is commonly used. 90:Water and sanitation 6018:Indigenous politics 5744:Washington Redhawks 5706:Washington Redskins 5549:The Social Contract 5237:population transfer 5154:prior-appropriation 4833:homestead principle 3904:Settler colonialism 3385:on 12 February 2006 3360:on 11 February 2009 3182:. 11 February 2009. 3162:21 May 2010 at the 2700:Museum Anthropology 2542:Fourmile, Henrietta 2372:Zuckermann, Ghil'ad 1156:Nations met on the 1122:UN General Assembly 757:Copyright abolition 466:Uncontacted peoples 456:Settler colonialism 5916:Mary Kathryn Nagle 5682:Kansas City Chiefs 5670:Chicago Blackhawks 5529:Murray N. Rothbard 4840:Free-rider problem 4462:Indigenous peoples 4389:Stolen Generations 4190:BBNJ ABS Committee 3945:Discovery doctrine 3889:Civilizing mission 3730:Self-determination 3507:on 1 November 2022 3492:. Commissioned by 3454:ABC Radio National 3312:on 2 December 2007 2938:Aboriginal Affairs 2591:Fourmile pages 264 2180:on 7 November 2007 1989:on 7 November 2007 1931:Indigenous mapping 1847:"Māori" cigarettes 1766: 1521: 1351: 1211: 1048:self-determination 1042:, and certainly a 906:cultural knowledge 902:Indigenous peoples 849:Higher categories: 841:Outline of patents 414:Discovery doctrine 399:Civilizing mission 217:BBNJ ABS Committee 6005: 6004: 5911:Jacqueline Keeler 5901:Suzan Shown Harjo 5891:Stephanie Fryberg 5876:Amanda Blackhorse 5790: 5789: 5760:Cleveland Indians 5724:Trademark dispute 5605: 5604: 5516:What Is Property? 5309:human trafficking 5294:Regulatory taking 5169: 5168: 4914:Right to property 4574: 4573: 4558: 4557: 4428: 4427: 4413:Indigenous rights 4282: 4281: 4215:Indigenous Caucus 4156:Intergovernmental 4005:Russian republics 3975:Autonomous okrugs 3824:Cultural Survival 2908:Australia Council 2582:Fourmile page 236 2573:Fourmile page 262 2466:Yellowtail, Tom, 2425:Hagan, Helene E. 2284:978-0-642-71788-7 1556:genetic resources 1126:Northern Cheyenne 1062:cultural heritage 983:cultural heritage 920:, abbreviated as 910:cultural heritage 891: 890: 607: 606: 461:Truth commissions 389:Aboriginal titles 304:Cultural Survival 222:Indigenous Caucus 32:Indigenous rights 6035: 5869:Change advocates 5777:Edmonton Eskimos 5714:Name controversy 5702: 5701: 5687:name controversy 5663:Chief Noc-A-Homa 5632: 5625: 5618: 5609: 5608: 5582: 5581: 5486:John Stuart Mill 5406:Friedrich Engels 5387:Frédéric Bastiat 5380: 5232:Forced migration 5200:Collectivization 4944: 4943: 4823:First possession 4796:Bundle of rights 4601: 4594: 4587: 4578: 4577: 4548: 4533: 4518: 4503: 4488: 4479: 4478: 4455: 4448: 4441: 4432: 4431: 4410: 4409: 4344:Mapuche conflict 4314:Chiapas conflict 4309:Alta controversy 4287:Historical cases 4045: 4044: 4027:Rainbow Warriors 4017:Manifest destiny 3705:Ancestral domain 3679: 3672: 3665: 3656: 3655: 3625: 3613: 3611: 3594: 3582: 3580: 3578: 3572: 3561: 3549: 3547: 3545: 3539: 3528: 3516: 3514: 3512: 3506: 3491: 3479: 3462: 3450: 3437: 3424: 3409: 3394: 3392: 3390: 3369: 3367: 3365: 3359: 3352: 3342: 3340: 3338: 3321: 3319: 3317: 3311: 3297: 3295: 3293: 3283: 3265: 3264: 3262: 3254:Okediji, Ruth L. 3250: 3244: 3243: 3231: 3225: 3224: 3223:on 13 June 2011. 3209: 3203: 3202: 3190: 3184: 3183: 3172: 3166: 3154: 3148: 3147: 3145: 3143: 3128: 3122: 3121: 3119: 3117: 3102: 3096: 3095: 3093: 3091: 3074: 3068: 3067: 3065: 3063: 3058:. 10 August 2021 3048: 3042: 3041: 3039: 3037: 3020: 3014: 3013: 3011: 3009: 3003:Screen Australia 2995: 2989: 2988: 2986: 2984: 2969: 2963: 2954: 2949: 2947: 2945: 2930: 2924: 2920: 2918: 2916: 2899: 2890: 2885: 2880: 2878: 2876: 2857: 2848: 2847: 2845: 2843: 2826: 2820: 2819: 2817: 2815: 2798: 2792: 2791: 2789: 2781: 2775: 2774: 2772: 2770: 2752: 2746: 2743: 2734: 2731: 2725: 2722: 2716: 2715: 2691: 2685: 2684: 2682: 2680: 2674: 2668:. Archived from 2635: 2626: 2617: 2616: 2614: 2612: 2598: 2592: 2589: 2583: 2580: 2574: 2571: 2562: 2559: 2553: 2539: 2533: 2532: 2530: 2528: 2517: 2511: 2504: 2493: 2486: 2475: 2464: 2453: 2446: 2440: 2423: 2417: 2416: 2398: 2392: 2391: 2390:on 30 March 2016 2389: 2382: 2368: 2359: 2358: 2356: 2354: 2349:. 20 August 2020 2339: 2333: 2332: 2330: 2328: 2312: 2301: 2295: 2293: 2291: 2267: 2258: 2257: 2255: 2253: 2238: 2232: 2231: 2199: 2193: 2192: 2187: 2185: 2165: 2159: 2158: 2152: 2144: 2135: 2134: 2128: 2120: 2111: 2110: 2108: 2106: 2092: 2086: 2081: 2075: 2074: 2042: 2036: 2023: 2008: 2007:DODSON, Page 12. 2005: 1999: 1998: 1996: 1994: 1974: 1911:Darrell A. Posey 1826:" arose between 1687:Screen Australia 1218:peoples depend. 1174:Belém, July 1988 950:of New Zealand. 883: 876: 869: 752:Brand protection 686:Peasants' rights 623: 609: 608: 599: 592: 585: 573: 527:Papua New Guinea 55:Ancestral domain 42: 19: 18: 6043: 6042: 6038: 6037: 6036: 6034: 6033: 6032: 6008: 6007: 6006: 6001: 5940: 5931:Charlene Teters 5864: 5843: 5807:Chief Illiniwek 5786: 5748: 5693: 5641: 5636: 5606: 5601: 5570: 5374: 5373: 5367: 5317:husband-selling 5254:Illegal logging 5249:Illegal fishing 5178: 5165: 5076:Freedom to roam 5049: 4962:(agrarian land) 4935: 4892:Property rights 4784: 4741: 4703:Estate (landed) 4686: 4610: 4605: 4575: 4570: 4559: 4554: 4549: 4539: 4534: 4524: 4519: 4509: 4504: 4494: 4489: 4472: 4459: 4429: 4424: 4419:Minority rights 4398: 4384:San controversy 4278: 4252:Nagoya Protocol 4225: 4219: 4202: 4200: 4194: 4157: 4151: 4049: 4036: 3877: 3791: 3785: 3693: 3691:minority rights 3683: 3645: 3616: 3609: 3592: 3576: 3574: 3573:on 23 July 2021 3570: 3559: 3543: 3541: 3540:on 23 July 2021 3537: 3526: 3510: 3508: 3504: 3489: 3448: 3444:(5 July 2021). 3404: 3401: 3399:Further reading 3388: 3386: 3363: 3361: 3357: 3350: 3336: 3334: 3333:on 26 June 2022 3315: 3313: 3309: 3291: 3289: 3281: 3273: 3268: 3260: 3251: 3247: 3232: 3228: 3211: 3210: 3206: 3191: 3187: 3174: 3173: 3169: 3164:Wayback Machine 3155: 3151: 3141: 3139: 3130: 3129: 3125: 3115: 3113: 3104: 3103: 3099: 3089: 3087: 3076: 3075: 3071: 3061: 3059: 3056:Manila Bulletin 3050: 3049: 3045: 3035: 3033: 3022: 3021: 3017: 3007: 3005: 2997: 2996: 2992: 2982: 2980: 2971: 2970: 2966: 2943: 2941: 2932: 2931: 2927: 2914: 2912: 2901: 2900: 2893: 2874: 2872: 2858: 2851: 2841: 2839: 2838:. 22 March 2018 2828: 2827: 2823: 2813: 2811: 2799: 2795: 2787: 2783: 2782: 2778: 2768: 2766: 2754: 2753: 2749: 2744: 2737: 2732: 2728: 2723: 2719: 2692: 2688: 2678: 2676: 2675:on 5 March 2016 2672: 2633: 2627: 2620: 2610: 2608: 2599: 2595: 2590: 2586: 2581: 2577: 2572: 2565: 2560: 2556: 2540: 2536: 2526: 2524: 2519: 2518: 2514: 2505: 2496: 2487: 2478: 2465: 2456: 2447: 2443: 2434:Wayback Machine 2424: 2420: 2399: 2395: 2387: 2380: 2369: 2362: 2352: 2350: 2341: 2340: 2336: 2326: 2324: 2314: 2313: 2304: 2296:Index and PDFs 2289: 2287: 2285: 2269: 2268: 2261: 2251: 2249: 2239: 2235: 2200: 2196: 2183: 2181: 2166: 2162: 2150: 2146: 2145: 2138: 2126: 2122: 2121: 2114: 2104: 2102: 2093: 2089: 2082: 2078: 2043: 2039: 2034:Wayback Machine 2024: 2011: 2006: 2002: 1992: 1990: 1975: 1968: 1964: 1959: 1887: 1879: 1873: 1861:Louis Camilleri 1849: 1816: 1772: 1752: 1712: 1699: 1570: 1565: 1513: 1507: 1471: 1467: 1466:contribution... 1416: 1330: 1323: 1261: 1237: 1230: 1195: 1188:ethnobiologists 1097:Native American 1093: 1070: 1058: 995:performing arts 956: 887: 851: 847: 762:Copyright troll 651:Farmers' rights 631:Authors' rights 603: 571: 446:Inhabited lands 60:Cultural rights 17: 12: 11: 5: 6041: 6031: 6030: 6025: 6020: 6003: 6002: 6000: 5999: 5994: 5989: 5984: 5979: 5974: 5969: 5964: 5959: 5954: 5948: 5946: 5942: 5941: 5939: 5938: 5933: 5928: 5923: 5918: 5913: 5908: 5906:Adrienne Keene 5903: 5898: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5878: 5872: 5870: 5866: 5865: 5863: 5862: 5857: 5851: 5849: 5845: 5844: 5842: 5841: 5836: 5831: 5826: 5825: 5824: 5822:Sammy Seminole 5819: 5809: 5804: 5798: 5796: 5792: 5791: 5788: 5787: 5785: 5784: 5779: 5774: 5773: 5772: 5767: 5756: 5754: 5750: 5749: 5747: 5746: 5741: 5736: 5731: 5726: 5721: 5716: 5710: 5708: 5699: 5695: 5694: 5692: 5691: 5690: 5689: 5679: 5678: 5677: 5667: 5666: 5665: 5660: 5653:Atlanta Braves 5649: 5647: 5643: 5642: 5635: 5634: 5627: 5620: 5612: 5603: 5602: 5600: 5599: 5598: 5597: 5587: 5575: 5572: 5571: 5569: 5568: 5567: 5566: 5554: 5553: 5552: 5540: 5539: 5538: 5526: 5521: 5520: 5519: 5507: 5506: 5505: 5493: 5488: 5483: 5482: 5481: 5469: 5468: 5467: 5455: 5454: 5453: 5441: 5436: 5434:Garrett Hardin 5431: 5430: 5429: 5417: 5416: 5415: 5403: 5398: 5397: 5396: 5383: 5381: 5369: 5368: 5366: 5365: 5360: 5359: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5343: 5333: 5332: 5331: 5326: 5325: 5324: 5319: 5311: 5306: 5296: 5291: 5286: 5281: 5276: 5271: 5266: 5261: 5256: 5251: 5246: 5245: 5244: 5239: 5229: 5222: 5217: 5212: 5207: 5205:Eminent domain 5202: 5197: 5196: 5195: 5188:Bioprospecting 5184: 5182: 5180:redistribution 5171: 5170: 5167: 5166: 5164: 5163: 5162: 5161: 5156: 5146: 5141: 5136: 5135: 5134: 5122: 5117: 5116: 5115: 5110: 5105: 5095: 5090: 5089: 5088: 5078: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5057: 5055: 5051: 5050: 5048: 5047: 5046: 5045: 5040: 5035: 5030: 5025: 5015: 5010: 5009: 5008: 4998: 4991: 4986: 4985: 4984: 4979: 4974: 4964: 4956: 4947: 4941: 4937: 4936: 4934: 4933: 4932: 4931: 4921: 4916: 4911: 4910: 4909: 4904: 4899: 4889: 4884: 4882:Natural rights 4879: 4874: 4873: 4872: 4862: 4857: 4852: 4847: 4842: 4837: 4836: 4835: 4830: 4820: 4815: 4810: 4809: 4808: 4798: 4792: 4790: 4786: 4785: 4783: 4782: 4777: 4772: 4767: 4762: 4757: 4751: 4749: 4743: 4742: 4740: 4739: 4738: 4737: 4727: 4722: 4721: 4720: 4710: 4705: 4700: 4694: 4692: 4688: 4687: 4685: 4684: 4679: 4674: 4669: 4664: 4659: 4654: 4649: 4644: 4639: 4634: 4629: 4624: 4618: 4616: 4612: 4611: 4604: 4603: 4596: 4589: 4581: 4572: 4571: 4564: 4561: 4560: 4556: 4555: 4542: 4540: 4527: 4525: 4512: 4510: 4497: 4495: 4482: 4477: 4474: 4473: 4458: 4457: 4450: 4443: 4435: 4426: 4425: 4423: 4422: 4403: 4400: 4399: 4397: 4396: 4391: 4386: 4381: 4376: 4375: 4374: 4369: 4364: 4359: 4351: 4346: 4341: 4336: 4334:Indian removal 4331: 4326: 4321: 4316: 4311: 4306: 4301: 4296: 4290: 4288: 4284: 4283: 4280: 4279: 4277: 4276: 4270: 4264: 4258: 4248: 4242: 4236: 4229: 4227: 4221: 4220: 4218: 4217: 4212: 4206: 4204: 4199:Indigenous-led 4196: 4195: 4193: 4192: 4187: 4186: 4185: 4177: 4175:Arctic Council 4172: 4171: 4170: 4164:African Union 4161: 4159: 4153: 4152: 4150: 4149: 4148: 4147: 4139: 4138: 4137: 4129: 4128: 4127: 4122: 4117: 4112: 4104: 4103: 4102: 4094: 4093: 4092: 4084: 4083: 4082: 4074: 4073: 4072: 4064: 4063: 4062: 4060:Te Puni Kōkiri 4053: 4051: 4042: 4038: 4037: 4035: 4034: 4029: 4024: 4022:Plastic shaman 4019: 4014: 4013: 4012: 4007: 4002: 3997: 3992: 3990:Indian reserve 3987: 3982: 3977: 3972: 3962: 3957: 3955:Green grabbing 3952: 3947: 3942: 3937: 3936: 3935: 3930: 3928:Sports mascots 3920: 3919: 3918: 3916:Bioprospecting 3908: 3907: 3906: 3901: 3891: 3885: 3883: 3879: 3878: 3876: 3875: 3866: 3861: 3856: 3851: 3846: 3841: 3836: 3831: 3826: 3821: 3816: 3811: 3806: 3801: 3795: 3793: 3787: 3786: 3784: 3783: 3782: 3781: 3779:in New Zealand 3776: 3766: 3765: 3764: 3759: 3749: 3748: 3747: 3742: 3737: 3727: 3722: 3717: 3712: 3707: 3701: 3699: 3695: 3694: 3685:International 3682: 3681: 3674: 3667: 3659: 3653: 3652: 3644: 3643:External links 3641: 3640: 3639: 3614: 3585: 3584: 3583: 3550: 3480: 3463: 3461:. 33min 56sec. 3459:Adams, Phillip 3438: 3425: 3410: 3400: 3397: 3396: 3395: 3370: 3343: 3322: 3298: 3272: 3269: 3267: 3266: 3245: 3226: 3204: 3185: 3167: 3149: 3123: 3097: 3086:. 16 July 2000 3069: 3043: 3015: 2990: 2964: 2925: 2891: 2849: 2821: 2793: 2776: 2747: 2735: 2726: 2717: 2686: 2658:10.1086/204721 2650:10.1086/204721 2644:(2): 193–222. 2618: 2593: 2584: 2575: 2563: 2554: 2534: 2512: 2494: 2476: 2454: 2448:Sieg, Katrin, 2441: 2418: 2393: 2360: 2334: 2302: 2283: 2259: 2233: 2194: 2168:Office of the 2160: 2136: 2112: 2087: 2076: 2037: 2009: 2000: 1977:Office of the 1965: 1963: 1960: 1958: 1955: 1954: 1953: 1948: 1943: 1938: 1933: 1928: 1923: 1918: 1913: 1908: 1903: 1898: 1893: 1886: 1883: 1872: 1869: 1857:Phillip Morris 1848: 1845: 1815: 1812: 1811: 1810: 1768:Main article: 1761:, composer of 1751: 1744: 1734:rights, while 1711: 1708: 1698: 1695: 1652: 1651: 1644:basket-weaving 1640: 1637: 1627: 1620:cross-hatching 1612: 1609: 1573:Australian law 1569: 1566: 1564: 1561: 1560: 1559: 1549: 1543: 1509:Main article: 1506: 1503: 1481: 1480: 1451: 1450: 1425: 1424: 1395: 1394: 1374: 1373: 1359:customary laws 1343: 1342: 1279:), Australia, 1273: 1272: 1250: 1249: 1203: 1202: 1176: 1175: 1118: 1117: 1092: 1089: 1069: 1066: 1057: 1054: 968:United Nations 955: 952: 889: 888: 886: 885: 878: 871: 863: 860: 859: 846: 845: 844: 843: 833: 828: 823: 818: 813: 812: 811: 809:Right to quote 806: 801: 796: 786: 781: 780: 779: 772:Bioprospecting 769: 764: 759: 754: 749: 744: 736: 735: 734:Related topics 731: 730: 729: 728: 723: 718: 713: 708: 703: 701:Related rights 698: 693: 688: 683: 678: 673: 668: 663: 658: 653: 648: 646:Database right 643: 638: 633: 625: 624: 616: 615: 605: 604: 602: 601: 594: 587: 579: 576: 575: 567: 566: 565: 564: 559: 554: 549: 544: 539: 534: 529: 524: 519: 514: 509: 504: 499: 494: 489: 484: 476: 475: 471: 470: 469: 468: 463: 458: 453: 448: 443: 438: 437: 436: 426: 421: 419:Discrimination 416: 411: 406: 404:Climate change 401: 396: 391: 383: 382: 378: 377: 376: 375: 374: 373: 361: 356: 354:The Red Nation 351: 346: 341: 336: 331: 326: 321: 316: 311: 306: 301: 296: 291: 286: 281: 276: 271: 263: 262: 258: 257: 256: 255: 250: 245: 240: 232: 231: 227: 226: 225: 224: 219: 214: 209: 204: 196: 195: 192:United Nations 188: 187: 186: 185: 180: 175: 170: 165: 160: 155: 150: 145: 140: 135: 130: 125: 123:Arctic Council 120: 115: 107: 106: 102: 101: 100: 99: 98: 97: 87: 82: 77: 72: 67: 62: 57: 49: 48: 44: 43: 35: 34: 28: 27: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6040: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6015: 6013: 5998: 5997:Tomahawk chop 5995: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5973: 5970: 5968: 5967:List of teams 5965: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5949: 5947: 5943: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5881:Brett Chapman 5879: 5877: 5874: 5873: 5871: 5867: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5852: 5850: 5846: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5814: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5799: 5797: 5795:College teams 5793: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5762: 5761: 5758: 5757: 5755: 5751: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5729:Opinion polls 5727: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5711: 5709: 5707: 5703: 5700: 5696: 5688: 5685: 5684: 5683: 5680: 5676: 5673: 5672: 5671: 5668: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5655: 5654: 5651: 5650: 5648: 5644: 5640: 5633: 5628: 5626: 5621: 5619: 5614: 5613: 5610: 5596: 5593: 5592: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5583:Categories: 5577: 5576: 5573: 5565: 5564: 5560: 5559: 5558: 5555: 5551: 5550: 5546: 5545: 5544: 5541: 5537: 5536: 5532: 5531: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5524:David Ricardo 5522: 5518: 5517: 5513: 5512: 5511: 5508: 5504: 5503: 5499: 5498: 5497: 5494: 5492: 5491:Elinor Ostrom 5489: 5487: 5484: 5480: 5479: 5475: 5474: 5473: 5470: 5466: 5465: 5461: 5460: 5459: 5456: 5452: 5451: 5447: 5446: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5432: 5428: 5427: 5423: 5422: 5421: 5418: 5414: 5413: 5409: 5408: 5407: 5404: 5402: 5399: 5395: 5394: 5390: 5389: 5388: 5385: 5384: 5382: 5378: 5370: 5364: 5361: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5338: 5337: 5334: 5330: 5327: 5323: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5314: 5312: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5302: 5301: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5289:Privatization 5287: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5269:Legal plunder 5267: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5234: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5227: 5223: 5221: 5220:Expropriation 5218: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5194: 5191: 5190: 5189: 5186: 5185: 5183: 5181: 5176: 5172: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5151: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5133: 5132: 5128: 5127: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5101: 5100: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5091: 5087: 5084: 5083: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5058: 5056: 5052: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5036: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5020: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5007: 5004: 5003: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4996: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4969: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4961: 4957: 4955: 4954:(watercourse) 4953: 4949: 4948: 4945: 4942: 4938: 4930: 4927: 4926: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4897:primogeniture 4895: 4894: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4877:Legal plunder 4875: 4871: 4868: 4867: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4846: 4843: 4841: 4838: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4828:appropriation 4826: 4825: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4818:Excludability 4816: 4814: 4811: 4807: 4804: 4803: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4794: 4793: 4791: 4787: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4752: 4750: 4748: 4744: 4736: 4733: 4732: 4731: 4728: 4726: 4723: 4719: 4716: 4715: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4695: 4693: 4689: 4683: 4680: 4678: 4675: 4673: 4670: 4668: 4665: 4663: 4660: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4648: 4645: 4643: 4640: 4638: 4635: 4633: 4630: 4628: 4625: 4623: 4620: 4619: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4602: 4597: 4595: 4590: 4588: 4583: 4582: 4579: 4569: 4568: 4562: 4553: 4552: 4551:South America 4547: 4541: 4538: 4537: 4532: 4526: 4523: 4522: 4521:North America 4517: 4511: 4508: 4507: 4502: 4496: 4493: 4492: 4487: 4481: 4480: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4456: 4451: 4449: 4444: 4442: 4437: 4436: 4433: 4421: 4420: 4415: 4414: 4405: 4404: 4401: 4395: 4392: 4390: 4387: 4385: 4382: 4380: 4377: 4373: 4372:United States 4370: 4368: 4365: 4363: 4360: 4358: 4355: 4354: 4352: 4350: 4347: 4345: 4342: 4340: 4337: 4335: 4332: 4330: 4327: 4325: 4322: 4320: 4317: 4315: 4312: 4310: 4307: 4305: 4302: 4300: 4297: 4295: 4292: 4291: 4289: 4285: 4275: 4271: 4269: 4265: 4263: 4259: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4247: 4243: 4241: 4237: 4235: 4231: 4230: 4228: 4222: 4216: 4213: 4211: 4208: 4207: 4205: 4201:international 4197: 4191: 4188: 4184: 4181: 4180: 4178: 4176: 4173: 4169: 4166: 4165: 4163: 4162: 4160: 4154: 4146: 4143: 4142: 4140: 4136: 4133: 4132: 4130: 4126: 4123: 4121: 4118: 4116: 4113: 4111: 4108: 4107: 4105: 4101: 4098: 4097: 4095: 4091: 4088: 4087: 4085: 4081: 4078: 4077: 4075: 4071: 4068: 4067: 4065: 4061: 4058: 4057: 4055: 4054: 4052: 4046: 4043: 4039: 4033: 4030: 4028: 4025: 4023: 4020: 4018: 4015: 4011: 4008: 4006: 4003: 4001: 3998: 3996: 3993: 3991: 3988: 3986: 3985:Indian colony 3983: 3981: 3978: 3976: 3973: 3971: 3968: 3967: 3966: 3963: 3961: 3958: 3956: 3953: 3951: 3948: 3946: 3943: 3941: 3938: 3934: 3931: 3929: 3926: 3925: 3924: 3921: 3917: 3914: 3913: 3912: 3909: 3905: 3902: 3900: 3897: 3896: 3895: 3892: 3890: 3887: 3886: 3884: 3880: 3873: 3872: 3867: 3865: 3862: 3860: 3857: 3855: 3852: 3850: 3847: 3845: 3842: 3840: 3837: 3835: 3832: 3830: 3827: 3825: 3822: 3820: 3817: 3815: 3812: 3810: 3807: 3805: 3802: 3800: 3797: 3796: 3794: 3788: 3780: 3777: 3775: 3772: 3771: 3770: 3769:Treaty rights 3767: 3763: 3760: 3758: 3755: 3754: 3753: 3750: 3746: 3743: 3741: 3738: 3736: 3733: 3732: 3731: 3728: 3726: 3723: 3721: 3718: 3716: 3713: 3711: 3708: 3706: 3703: 3702: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3680: 3675: 3673: 3668: 3666: 3661: 3660: 3657: 3650: 3647: 3646: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3599: 3591: 3586: 3569: 3565: 3558: 3557: 3551: 3536: 3532: 3525: 3524: 3518: 3517: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3488: 3487: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3455: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3426: 3422: 3421: 3416: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3402: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3371: 3356: 3349: 3344: 3332: 3328: 3323: 3308: 3304: 3299: 3287: 3280: 3275: 3274: 3259: 3256:(June 2018). 3255: 3249: 3241: 3237: 3230: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3208: 3200: 3196: 3189: 3181: 3177: 3171: 3165: 3161: 3158: 3153: 3138:. 2 July 2007 3137: 3133: 3127: 3112:. 22 May 2005 3111: 3107: 3101: 3085: 3084: 3079: 3073: 3057: 3053: 3047: 3031: 3030: 3025: 3019: 3004: 3000: 2994: 2979:. 28 May 2021 2978: 2974: 2968: 2961: 2958: 2953: 2940:. 6 July 2020 2939: 2935: 2929: 2923: 2910: 2909: 2904: 2898: 2896: 2888: 2884: 2871: 2867: 2866:WIPO Magazine 2863: 2856: 2854: 2837: 2836: 2831: 2825: 2810: 2809: 2804: 2797: 2786: 2780: 2765:. 5 June 2015 2764: 2762: 2757: 2751: 2742: 2740: 2730: 2721: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2690: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2632: 2625: 2623: 2606: 2605: 2597: 2588: 2579: 2570: 2568: 2558: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2538: 2522: 2516: 2509: 2503: 2501: 2499: 2491: 2485: 2483: 2481: 2473: 2469: 2463: 2461: 2459: 2451: 2445: 2438: 2435: 2431: 2428: 2422: 2414: 2410: 2409: 2404: 2397: 2386: 2379: 2378: 2373: 2367: 2365: 2348: 2344: 2338: 2323: 2322: 2317: 2311: 2309: 2307: 2299: 2286: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2266: 2264: 2248: 2244: 2237: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2198: 2191: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2164: 2157: 2149: 2143: 2141: 2133: 2125: 2119: 2117: 2100: 2099: 2091: 2085: 2080: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2041: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2022: 2020: 2018: 2016: 2014: 2004: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1973: 1971: 1966: 1952: 1949: 1947: 1944: 1942: 1939: 1937: 1934: 1932: 1929: 1927: 1924: 1922: 1919: 1917: 1914: 1912: 1909: 1907: 1904: 1902: 1899: 1897: 1894: 1892: 1889: 1888: 1882: 1878: 1868: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1844: 1841: 1837: 1836:Aotearoa Cafe 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1808: 1807: 1806: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1771: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1749: 1743: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1732:plant variety 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1707: 1705: 1694: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1675: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1659: 1657: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1638: 1635: 1631: 1628: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1610: 1607: 1606:bush medicine 1603: 1602: 1601: 1598: 1596: 1592: 1591: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1557: 1553: 1550: 1547: 1544: 1541: 1538: 1537: 1536: 1532: 1530: 1526: 1517: 1512: 1501: 1496: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1478: 1477: 1475: 1472: 1468: 1462: 1460: 1456: 1448: 1447: 1445: 1440: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1422: 1421: 1419: 1411: 1408: 1407:South America 1404: 1400: 1392: 1391: 1390: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1371: 1370: 1368: 1363: 1360: 1356: 1347: 1340: 1339: 1337: 1335: 1331: 1328: 1324: 1321: 1316: 1313: 1310: 1309:Bay of Plenty 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1270: 1269: 1267: 1264: 1259: 1254: 1247: 1246: 1244: 1242: 1238: 1235: 1231: 1228: 1223: 1219: 1216: 1207: 1200: 1199: 1197: 1191: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1173: 1172: 1170: 1165: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1150:Haudenosaunee 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1115: 1114: 1113: 1111: 1105: 1102: 1101:First Nations 1098: 1088: 1085: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1065: 1063: 1052: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1035: 1033: 1029: 1024: 1022: 1018: 1017:Nation states 1014: 1010: 1008: 1004: 1000: 997:, as well as 996: 992: 988: 984: 979: 975: 973: 969: 965: 961: 951: 949: 944: 942: 938: 934: 930: 925: 923: 919: 915: 911: 907: 903: 899: 895: 884: 879: 877: 872: 870: 865: 864: 862: 861: 858: 854: 850: 842: 839: 838: 837: 834: 832: 831:Public domain 829: 827: 824: 822: 819: 817: 814: 810: 807: 805: 802: 800: 797: 795: 792: 791: 790: 787: 785: 782: 778: 775: 774: 773: 770: 768: 765: 763: 760: 758: 755: 753: 750: 748: 745: 743: 740: 739: 738: 737: 733: 732: 727: 726:Utility model 724: 722: 719: 717: 714: 712: 709: 707: 704: 702: 699: 697: 694: 692: 689: 687: 684: 682: 679: 677: 674: 672: 669: 667: 664: 662: 659: 657: 654: 652: 649: 647: 644: 642: 639: 637: 634: 632: 629: 628: 627: 626: 622: 618: 617: 614: 611: 610: 600: 595: 593: 588: 586: 581: 580: 578: 577: 574: 569: 568: 563: 560: 558: 555: 553: 550: 548: 545: 543: 540: 538: 535: 533: 530: 528: 525: 523: 520: 518: 515: 513: 510: 508: 505: 503: 500: 498: 495: 493: 490: 488: 485: 483: 480: 479: 478: 477: 473: 472: 467: 464: 462: 459: 457: 454: 452: 449: 447: 444: 442: 439: 435: 432: 431: 430: 427: 425: 422: 420: 417: 415: 412: 410: 409:Co-governance 407: 405: 402: 400: 397: 395: 392: 390: 387: 386: 385: 384: 380: 379: 372: 371: 367: 366: 365: 362: 360: 357: 355: 352: 350: 347: 345: 342: 340: 337: 335: 332: 330: 327: 325: 322: 320: 317: 315: 312: 310: 307: 305: 302: 300: 297: 295: 292: 290: 287: 285: 282: 280: 277: 275: 272: 270: 267: 266: 265: 264: 260: 259: 254: 251: 249: 246: 244: 241: 239: 236: 235: 234: 233: 229: 228: 223: 220: 218: 215: 213: 210: 208: 205: 203: 200: 199: 198: 197: 193: 190: 189: 184: 181: 179: 176: 174: 171: 169: 166: 164: 161: 159: 156: 154: 151: 149: 146: 144: 141: 139: 136: 134: 131: 129: 126: 124: 121: 119: 116: 114: 111: 110: 109: 108: 104: 103: 96: 93: 92: 91: 88: 86: 85:Treaty rights 83: 81: 78: 76: 73: 71: 68: 66: 63: 61: 58: 56: 53: 52: 51: 50: 46: 45: 41: 37: 36: 33: 30: 29: 25: 21: 20: 5961: 5936:Philip Yenyo 5921:Robert Roche 5590:Property law 5561: 5547: 5533: 5514: 5500: 5496:Karl Polanyi 5476: 5472:Marcel Mauss 5462: 5448: 5439:David Harvey 5424: 5420:Henry George 5410: 5401:Ronald Coase 5391: 5376: 5322:wife selling 5304:bride buying 5242:repatriation 5224: 5175:Disposession 5129: 5018:Property law 4993: 4989:Forest types 4959: 4951: 4940:Applications 4870:rent-seeking 4855:Gift economy 4717: 4713:Intellectual 4565: 4543: 4528: 4513: 4498: 4483: 4418: 4412: 4367:South Africa 4224:Treaties and 4096:Philippines 4048:Governmental 3870: 3799:Amazon Watch 3774:in Australia 3735:in Australia 3714: 3621: 3607:the original 3602: 3596: 3575:. Retrieved 3568:the original 3563: 3555: 3542:. Retrieved 3535:the original 3530: 3522: 3509:. Retrieved 3502:the original 3494:IP Australia 3485: 3471: 3452: 3442:Janke, Terri 3433: 3418: 3387:. Retrieved 3383:the original 3378: 3362:. Retrieved 3355:the original 3335:. Retrieved 3331:the original 3314:. Retrieved 3307:the original 3290:. Retrieved 3285: 3271:Bibliography 3248: 3239: 3229: 3221:the original 3216: 3207: 3198: 3188: 3179: 3170: 3152: 3140:. Retrieved 3135: 3126: 3114:. Retrieved 3109: 3100: 3088:. Retrieved 3081: 3072: 3060:. Retrieved 3055: 3046: 3034:. Retrieved 3027: 3018: 3006:. Retrieved 3002: 2993: 2981:. Retrieved 2976: 2967: 2942:. Retrieved 2937: 2928: 2913:. Retrieved 2906: 2873:. Retrieved 2865: 2840:. Retrieved 2833: 2824: 2812:. Retrieved 2806: 2796: 2779: 2767:. Retrieved 2759: 2750: 2729: 2720: 2706:(1): 62–74. 2703: 2699: 2689: 2677:. Retrieved 2670:the original 2641: 2637: 2609:. Retrieved 2603: 2596: 2587: 2578: 2557: 2549: 2537: 2525:. Retrieved 2515: 2467: 2449: 2444: 2436: 2421: 2412: 2406: 2396: 2385:the original 2376: 2351:. Retrieved 2347:Smartcopying 2346: 2337: 2325:. Retrieved 2319: 2288:. Retrieved 2274: 2250:. Retrieved 2246: 2236: 2211: 2207: 2197: 2189: 2182:. Retrieved 2178:the original 2163: 2154: 2130: 2103:. Retrieved 2097: 2090: 2079: 2054: 2050: 2040: 2003: 1991:. Retrieved 1987:the original 1880: 1865:Māori people 1850: 1840:appropriated 1817: 1798: 1773: 1762: 1759:Te Rauparaha 1747: 1713: 1700: 1676: 1662: 1660: 1653: 1624:dot painting 1599: 1588: 1581:moral rights 1571: 1551: 1545: 1539: 1533: 1522: 1498: 1493:South Africa 1482: 1473: 1469: 1464: 1452: 1442: 1426: 1413: 1396: 1375: 1365: 1352: 1333: 1332: 1326: 1325: 1319: 1318: 1314: 1281:Cook Islands 1274: 1262: 1257: 1256: 1251: 1240: 1239: 1233: 1232: 1226: 1225: 1220: 1212: 1193: 1177: 1167: 1119: 1106: 1095:A number of 1094: 1091:Declarations 1086: 1071: 1059: 1040:legal system 1037: 1025: 1015: 1011: 1007:oral history 980: 976: 957: 948:Māori people 945: 926: 921: 917: 914:oral history 893: 892: 857:Property law 848: 826:Pirate Party 821:Patent troll 804:Paraphrasing 794:Fair dealing 716:Trade secret 676:Moral rights 660: 369: 279:Amazon Watch 64: 5896:Deb Haaland 5770:Chief Wahoo 5753:Other teams 5698:Prior usage 5464:Das Kapital 5351:progressive 5341:inheritance 5264:Land reform 5038:real estate 5013:Land tenure 5001:Inheritance 4929:anticommons 4865:Law of rent 4845:Game theory 4775:Information 4755:Common land 4652:Cooperative 4379:Rubber boom 4362:New Zealand 3894:Colonialism 3720:Land rights 3389:28 November 3364:26 November 3316:28 November 3292:28 November 2184:29 November 1993:29 November 1805:agreed to: 1710:New Zealand 1697:Philippines 1671:Terri Janke 1622:(rarrk) or 1487:Territory, 1418:Indigenous. 1297:Philippines 1056:Terminology 987:visual arts 816:Orphan work 742:Abandonware 711:Trade dress 542:Philippines 522:New Zealand 194:initiatives 70:Land rights 6012:Categories 5977:Pretendian 5886:Gregg Deal 5595:by country 5557:Adam Smith 5444:John Locke 5108:indigenous 5103:aboriginal 5023:alienation 4718:indigenous 4708:Intangible 4622:Collective 4349:Oka Crisis 4032:Two-spirit 3757:ecological 3687:Indigenous 3496:& the 2959:licence. ( 2808:Seven News 1957:References 1946:Pretendian 1875:See also: 1832:Lego Group 1822:toy-line " 1724:trade mark 1618:, such as 1616:visual art 1552:Article 31 1546:Article 24 1540:Article 11 1032:treaty law 991:literature 954:Background 451:Indigenism 95:Protection 5739:Chief Zee 5458:Karl Marx 5259:Land Back 5210:Enclosure 5193:biopiracy 5131:Bergregal 5113:squatting 4887:Ownership 4801:Commodity 4780:Knowledge 4691:By nature 4647:Customary 4637:Community 4470:continent 4000:Rancherie 3995:Ranchería 3970:Bantustan 3911:Biopiracy 3740:in Canada 3636:Vancouver 3062:16 August 2228:148729597 2071:112405840 2057:: 14–24. 1871:Criticism 1853:Jerusalem 1830:toymaker 1784:Ngāti Toa 1568:Australia 1529:abstained 1489:Kimberley 1355:Jingarrba 1287:, India, 1215:Indonesia 929:colonized 777:Biopiracy 721:Trademark 641:Copyright 562:Venezuela 487:Australia 482:Argentina 474:Countries 394:Biopiracy 334:Land Back 5926:Sundance 5585:Property 5478:The Gift 5377:key work 5372:Scholars 5356:property 5313:spousal 5279:Poaching 5215:Eviction 5159:riparian 5120:Littoral 5028:easement 5006:executor 4977:literary 4902:usufruct 4850:Georgism 4730:Tangible 4725:Personal 4632:Communal 4615:By owner 4608:Property 3960:Homeland 3871:more ... 3725:Language 3638:, Canada 3472:ABC News 3180:BBC News 3160:Archived 3083:BBC News 2889:licence. 2666:56117654 2430:Archived 2252:17 April 2172:(2007). 2030:Archived 1981:(2007). 1885:See also 1824:Bionicle 1689:and the 1648:medicine 1485:Khoi-San 1444:peoples. 1437:Malaysia 1429:Tambunan 1305:Aotearoa 1301:Suriname 1142:Chippewa 1138:Muskogee 1021:communal 853:Property 799:Fair use 636:Copyleft 572:Category 552:Tanzania 547:Suriname 532:Paraguay 507:Malaysia 429:Genocide 370:more ... 294:CONAECDA 212:WIPO IGC 202:9 August 75:Language 24:a series 22:Part of 5987:Redskin 5982:Redface 5945:Related 5393:The Law 5299:Slavery 5125:Mineral 5093:Hunting 5086:pannage 5081:Grazing 5066:Fishing 4952:Acequia 4919:Rivalry 4907:women's 4765:Digital 4747:Commons 4682:Unowned 4657:Private 4536:Oceania 4506:Eurasia 4464:of the 4131:Taiwan 4106:Russia 4086:Mexico 4076:Canada 4066:Brazil 3933:Redface 3762:medical 3577:23 July 3544:23 July 3511:23 July 3449:(Audio) 3036:21 July 3008:21 July 2983:21 July 2944:21 July 2915:21 July 2875:21 July 2842:26 July 2814:26 July 2769:20 July 2611:20 July 2544:(1996) 2353:23 July 2327:21 July 2290:20 July 2105:20 July 1799:Ka Mate 1791:Ka Mate 1770:Ka Mate 1763:Ka Mate 1748:Ka Mate 1435:, East 1403:Bolivia 1258:Whereas 1162:Montana 999:science 985:in the 960:western 517:Namibia 502:Finland 497:Denmark 424:Ecocide 243:ILO 169 238:ILO 107 5274:Piracy 5226:Farhud 5054:Rights 4995:Huerta 4967:Estate 4789:Theory 4770:Global 4672:Social 4662:Public 4627:Common 4491:Africa 4357:Canada 4272:2024: 4266:2023: 4260:2018: 4250:2010: 4244:2007: 4238:1992: 4232:1989: 4203:bodies 4158:bodies 4050:bodies 3882:Issues 3698:Rights 3622:IPinCH 3337:24 May 2911:. 2019 2679:3 June 2664: 2656: 2527:3 June 2523:. 1988 2281: 2226: 2069: 1828:Danish 1746:Māori 1728:design 1720:patent 1386:Apache 1289:Panama 1184:Brazil 1154:Lakota 1130:Navajo 1044:treaty 993:, and 681:Patent 557:Tawain 512:Mexico 492:Brazil 381:Issues 364:KAFFED 299:CONAIE 207:UNPFII 183:UNPFII 138:CIRNAC 47:Rights 5363:Theft 5149:Water 5043:title 4972:legal 4960:Ejido 4698:Croft 4677:State 4642:Crown 4466:world 4179:WIPO 3610:(PDF) 3593:(PDF) 3571:(PDF) 3560:(PDF) 3538:(PDF) 3527:(PDF) 3505:(PDF) 3490:(PDF) 3358:(PDF) 3351:(PDF) 3310:(DOC) 3282:(PDF) 3261:(PDF) 3199:Wired 3142:3 May 3116:3 May 3090:3 May 2788:(PDF) 2673:(PDF) 2662:S2CID 2654:JSTOR 2634:(PDF) 2468:et al 2388:(PDF) 2381:(PDF) 2224:S2CID 2151:(PDF) 2127:(PDF) 2067:S2CID 1962:Notes 1433:Sabah 1180:Belém 329:IWGIA 319:IPACC 289:COICA 173:MCHTA 158:JAKOA 148:FUNAI 113:ACHPR 5346:poll 5329:wage 5098:Land 4982:real 4735:real 4667:Self 4141:USA 3689:and 3626:The 3579:2021 3546:2021 3513:2021 3391:2007 3366:2007 3339:2010 3318:2007 3294:2007 3217:TVNZ 3144:2008 3118:2008 3092:2008 3064:2021 3038:2021 3010:2021 2985:2021 2946:2021 2917:2021 2877:2021 2870:WIPO 2844:2021 2816:2021 2771:2021 2681:2019 2613:2021 2529:2019 2355:2021 2329:2021 2298:here 2292:2021 2279:ISBN 2254:2019 2186:2007 2107:2021 1995:2007 1820:LEGO 1776:haka 1750:haka 1730:and 1714:The 1632:and 1459:Fiji 1455:Suva 1382:Hopi 1293:Peru 1285:Fiji 1277:Ainu 1152:and 1146:Cree 1134:Hopi 1099:and 1078:WIPO 1026:The 1001:and 922:ICIP 855:and 537:Peru 434:MMIW 359:UNPO 344:ONIC 339:NARF 324:IPCB 314:fPcN 309:EZLN 168:NIAA 163:NCIP 153:INPI 5336:Tax 5061:Air 4468:by 4254:on 3634:in 3630:at 2922:PDF 2708:doi 2646:doi 2548:in 2470:; " 2216:doi 2059:doi 1787:iwi 1646:or 1334:2.3 1327:2.2 1320:2.1 1241:104 1234:102 1160:in 939:'s 284:CAP 269:AFN 178:TPK 143:DTA 133:CIP 128:BIA 118:AID 6014:: 4416:• 3620:. 3603:11 3601:. 3595:. 3474:. 3470:. 3451:. 3432:. 3417:. 3377:. 3284:. 3238:. 3215:. 3197:. 3178:. 3134:. 3108:. 3080:. 3054:. 3026:. 3001:. 2975:. 2936:. 2905:. 2894:^ 2868:. 2864:. 2852:^ 2832:. 2805:. 2758:. 2738:^ 2704:33 2702:. 2698:. 2660:. 2652:. 2642:39 2640:. 2636:. 2621:^ 2566:^ 2510:." 2497:^ 2479:^ 2457:^ 2411:. 2405:. 2363:^ 2345:. 2318:. 2305:^ 2262:^ 2245:. 2222:. 2212:34 2210:. 2206:. 2188:. 2139:^ 2115:^ 2065:. 2055:37 2053:. 2049:. 2012:^ 1969:^ 1742:. 1726:, 1722:, 1693:. 1685:, 1681:, 1491:, 1457:, 1431:, 1401:, 1299:, 1295:, 1291:, 1283:, 1263:6. 1227:99 1182:, 1148:, 1140:, 1136:, 1132:, 1128:, 1112:: 1009:. 989:, 937:UN 26:on 5631:e 5624:t 5617:v 5379:) 5375:( 5177:/ 4600:e 4593:t 4586:v 4454:e 4447:t 4440:v 3874:) 3868:( 3678:e 3671:t 3664:v 3581:. 3548:. 3515:. 3478:. 3423:. 3408:. 3393:. 3368:. 3341:. 3320:. 3296:. 3242:. 3201:. 3146:. 3120:. 3094:. 3066:. 3040:. 3012:. 2987:. 2962:) 2948:. 2919:. 2879:. 2846:. 2818:. 2773:. 2714:. 2710:: 2683:. 2648:: 2615:. 2531:. 2413:2 2357:. 2331:. 2300:. 2294:. 2256:. 2230:. 2218:: 2109:. 2073:. 2061:: 1997:. 1650:. 1636:; 1626:; 1608:; 1144:- 1072:" 882:e 875:t 868:v 598:e 591:t 584:v

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.