Indigenous peoples of California

2937: 2896: 2850: 1853: 1299: 2869: 2884: 4813: 2991: 1726: 2955:, were a primary traditional food throughout much of California. The acorns were ground into meal, and then either boiled into mush or baked in ashes to make bread. Acorns contain large amounts of tannic acid, so turning them into a food source required a discovery of how to remove this acid and significant amounts of labor to process them. Grinding in the mortal and pestle, then boiling allows for the tannins to be leached out in the water. There was also the need to harvest and store acorns like crops since they were only available in the fall. Acorns were stored in large granaries within villages, "providing a reliable food source through the winter and spring." 2309: 2732: 2230: 1288: 50: 3029: 2595: 2371: 9896: 1641: 2246: 2447: 2186: 1482: 2106: 5724: 9431: 2840:, woven tight enough that they could hold water for cooking. Tribes made baskets in a wide variety of shapes and sizes to fulfill different daily functions, including "baby baskets, collecting vessels, food bowls, cooking items, ceremonial items" and wearable basket caps for both men and women. The watertight cooking baskets were often used for making acorn soup by placing fire-heated stones in the baskets with food mixtures, which were then stirred until cooked. 5738: 1549: 2918:

primary food supply diminished for any reason it could be devastating for the people in that region. In California, the variety meant that if one supply failed there were hundreds of others to fall back on. Despite this abundance, there were still 20-30 primary food resources which native peoples were dependent on. Different tribes' diets included fish, shellfish, insects, deer, elk, antelope, and plants such as buckeye, sage seed, and

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1,000 BCE). In the earliest periods of the Black Marsh occupation, individuals were buried in an extended position facing north if on the east side of the site and south if on the west side. Observations by researchers suggest that individuals were not interned based on their sex or age, leading some archaeologists to assume a more culturally significant reason.

2493: 2621:. The similar California Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act is an act that requires all state agencies and museums that receive state funding and that have possession or control over collections of humans remains or cultural items to provide a process for identification and repatriates of these items to appropriate tribes. 1943: 2449: 2453: 2452: 2448: 2454: 1763:. He noted that local women, who were used to physical labor, seemed to be of stronger constitution than men, whose main activity was hunting. He summarized his impressions of the California Indians as a people with a natural propensity for independence, inventive spirit, and a unique sense of the beautiful. 1672:. The Spanish built 20 additional missions in California, most of which were constructed in the late 18th century. From 1769 to 1832, an estimated total of 87,787 baptisms and 24,529 marriages had been conducted at the missions. In that same period, 63,789 deaths at the missions were recorded, indicating 2342:

sided with the U.S. Forest Service to build a road through a forest used for religious purposes by three nearby tribal nations in northwestern California. This was despite the recommendations of the expert witness on the matter, who stated that the construction of the road would destroy the religions

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and their hair was cut upon arrival. Poor ventilation and nutrition and diseases were typical problems at schools. In addition to that, most parents disagreed with the idea of their children being raised as whites, with students being forced to wear European style clothes and haircuts, given European

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Settlers took land both for their camps and to farm and supply food for their camps. The surging mining population resulted in the disappearance of many food sources. Toxic waste from their operations killed fish and destroyed habitats. Settlers viewed indigenous people as obstacles for gold, so they

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upon the Indian frontier ... That a war of extermination will continue to be waged between the races until the Indian race becomes extinct must be expected. While we cannot anticipate this result but with painful regret, the inevitable destiny of the race is beyond the power or wisdom of man to avert.

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as another reproduction of the "punishing institutions" that have been imposed onto them and built on their homelands since the arrival of European settlers, including military forts, ranchos, Spanish missions, Indian reservations, boarding schools, and prisons, each of which exploited native people

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signed an executive order formally apologizing to native people and for the formation of a Truth and Healing Council that would be "aimed at reporting on the historical relationships between the state and its Indigenous people." Of this history, Newsom stated: "Genocide. No other way to describe it,

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Since the 1920s, various Indian activist groups were demanding that the federal government fulfill the conditions of the 18 treaties of 1851–1852 that were never ratified and were classified. In 1944 and in 1946, native peoples brought claims for reimbursements asking for compensations for the lands

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period. By the late 1850s, Anglo-American militias were invading the homelands of native people in the northern and mountainous areas of the state, which had avoided some earlier waves of violence due to their more remote locations. Near the end of the period associated with the California genocide,

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The white man, to whom time is money, and who labors hard all day to create the comforts of life, cannot sit up all night to watch his property; and after being robbed a few times, he becomes desperate, and resolve upon a war of extermination. This is a common feeling among our people who have lived

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was reduced by 90% during the 19th century—from more than 200,000 in the early 19th century to approximately 15,000 at the end of the century. The majority of this population decline occurred in the latter half of the century, under American occupation. While in 1848, the population of native people

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Along the middle reaches of Marsh Creek near the modern day city of Brentwood lies land that was once occupied by the Bay Miwok speaking peoples more specifically the Volvon tribelet. Radiocarbon dates at the burial site estimate that the individuals were interred around 5,000 to 3,000 BP (3,000 to

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The indigenous peoples of California had a rich and diverse resource base, with access to hundreds of types of edible plants, both terrestrial and marine mammals, birds and insects. The diversity of the food supply was particularly important and sets California apart from other areas, where if the

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California has the largest population of Native Americans out of any state, with 1,252,083 identifying an "American Indian or Alaska Native" tribe as a component of their race (14.6% of the nation-wide total). This population grew by 15% between 2000 and 2010, much less than the nation-wide growth

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settlers in California responded with dissatisfaction and contempt at the treaties, believing the native people were being reserved too much land. Despite making agreements, the U.S. government sided with the settlers and tabled the treaties without informing the signees. They remained shelved and

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Any person could go before a Justice of Peace to obtain Indian children for indenture. The Justice determined whether or not compulsory means were used to obtain the child. If the Justice was satisfied that no coercion occurred, the person obtain a certificate that authorized him to have the care,

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A recurring issue that biological archaeologists face is, during the prehistoric/historic period and late period, Malibu was a common burial site for Indigenous Californians. This makes it nearly impossible to separate the remains of individuals who lived during the historic period and those who

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was passed by the U.S. government in 1978, which gave indigenous people some rights toward practicing their religion. In practice, this did not extend or include religious freedom in regard to indigenous people's religious relationship to environmental sites or their relationship with ecosystems.

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that was integral to native children being brought to the boarding schools. This separation often occurred without knowledge by parents, or under white claims that native children were "unsupervised" and were thus obligated to the school, and sometimes under threatening circumstances to families.

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Prior to European contact, indigenous Californians had 500 distinct sub-tribes or groups, each consisting of 50 to 500 individual members. The size of California tribes today are small compared to tribes in other regions of the United States. Prior to contact with Europeans, the California region

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a clerk with the Jedediah Smith fur-trapping party spent considerable time observing his San Gabriel mission surroundings. He soon found himself unable to tolerate the site of the natives working in the nearby vineyards and fields. 'They are kept in great fear, and for the least offense they are

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as a staple food source. The ripe berries were eaten raw, cooked or made into jellies. The pulp of the berries could also be dried and crushed to make a cider, while the dry seeds were sometimes ground to make flour. The bark was also used to make a tea, which would help the bladder and kidneys.

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By 1900, the population of native people who survived the eliminatory policies and acts carried out in the 19th century was estimated at 16,000 people. Remaining native people continued to be the recipients of the U.S. policies of cultural genocide throughout the 20th century. Many other native

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During the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, the government attempted to force indigenous peoples to further break the ties with their native culture and assimilate into white society. In California, the federal government established such forms of education as the

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At the time of the establishment of the first Spanish Mission in 1769, the most widely accepted estimates say that California's indigenous population was around 340,000 people and possibly more. The indigenous peoples of California were extremely diverse and made up of ten different linguistic

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was not acknowledged as a genocide by non-native people for over a century in California. In the 2010s, denial among politicians, academics, historians, and institutions such as public schools was commonplace. This has been credited to a lingering unwillingness of settler descendants who are

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around the year 1840 and invited the Modocs to a feast. As they sat down to eat, the cannon was fired and many Indians were killed. The father of Captain Jack was among the survivors of that attack. Since then the Modocs resisted the intruders notoriously. Additionally, when in 1846 the

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to make treaties with the indigenous peoples of California in 1851. Leaders throughout the state signed 18 treaties with the government officials that guaranteed 7.5 million acres of land (or about 1/7th of California) in an attempt to ensure the future of their peoples amid encroaching

4830:, and to a sociopolitical organization into small tribelets (usually 100 individuals or fewer) with a shared "ideology that defined language boundaries as unalterable natural features inherent in the land". Together, the area had more linguistic diversity than all of Europe combined. 1687:

practices that significantly transformed the California landscape, altering native people's relationship to the land as well as key plant and animal species that had been integral to their ways of life and worldviews for thousands of years. The missions further perpetuated

2354:(USFS) requires a special permit and fee, which prohibits native people's religious freedom. A 1995 mandate that would have provided conditional opportunities for gathering for this purpose failed to pass. Pesticide use in forests, such as the dropping of 11,000 pounds of 2552:

For tens of thousands of years, the land had been prayed to and became accustomed to the Yuki and Wailaki languages. Not only do the people need the wisdom contained in the language, but the land misses hearing the people and needs to hear those healing songs and prayers

3075:, Salmon was the defining food. For example, more than half of the diet of the Karuk people consisted of acorns and salmon from the Klamath River. This combination of fish with acorns distinguished them from some societies in the north which focused solely on fishing. 1517:

is an excavation of 10,000-year-old human remains in the Channel Islands. Marine shellfish remains associated with Kelp Forests were recovered in the Channel Island sites and at other sites such as Daisy Cave and Cardwell Bluffs dated between 12,000 and 9000 cal BP.

2649:) struggle to protect burial grounds, village sites, and artifacts from disturbance and desecration, usually from residential and commercial developments, which has been a feature of daily life for native people in California since the arrival of European settlers. 2200:

to force indigenous peoples off of their homelands had begun much earlier in the United States in 1813, it was still being implemented as late as 1903 in Southern California. The last native removal in U.S. history occurred in what has been referred to as the

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The mass decline in population has been attributed to disease and epidemics that swept through Spanish missions in the early part of the century, such as an 1833 malaria epidemic, among other factors including state-sanctioned massacres that accelerated under

2670:. Over 600 burial remains were removed for a residential development and the Miwok had no power to stop development or to the remains of their ancestors, since Native American burial grounds were not legally considered cemeteries. The has been referred to as 2470:"beneficiaries of genocidal policies (similar to throughout the United States generally)." This meant that the genocide was largely dismissed, distorted, and denied, sometimes through trivialization or even humor to create a self-positive image of settlers. 1887:

With this shift in power, the U.S. government instituted a policy of elimination toward indigenous people in California. In his second state address in 1851, Burnett framed an eliminatory outlook toward native people as one of defense for the property of

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Tribes lived in societies where men and women had different roles. Women were generally responsible for weaving, harvesting, processing, and preparing food, while men were generally responsible for hunting and other forms of labor. It was also noted by

1676:. This massive drop in population has been attributed to the introduction of diseases, which rapidly spread while native people were forced into close quarters at the missions, as well as torture, overworking, and malnourishment at the missions. 2624:

This protection to ancestral remains does not prevent development on indigenous burial grounds, just a temporary consultation and return of remains or artifacts found. Tribes and tribal bands in urbanized or high-development areas, such as the

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Jelmer W. Eerkens, Eric J. Bartelink, Karen S. Gardner & Randy S. Wiberg (2013) The Evolution of a Cemetery: Rapid Change in Burial Practices in a Middle Holocene Site in Central Alta California, California Archaeology, 5:1, 3-35, DOI:

1545:, both dating from c. 6050–1000 BCE. From 3000 to 2000 BCE, regional diversity developed, with the peoples making fine-tuned adaptations to local environments. Traits recognizable to historic tribes were developed by approximately 500 BCE. 2779:

voted to return the island. An article for CNN stated that this return is perhaps "the first time that a US municipality repatriated land to an indigenous tribe without strings attached." The official transfer occurred in 2019.

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Different tribes encountered non-Native European explorers and settlers at widely different times. The southern and central coastal tribes encountered European explorers in the mid-16th century. Tribes such as the

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in particular were very important in the Californian Native American diet. Pacific salmon ran in Californian coastal rivers and streams from the Oregon line down to Baja California. For northwestern groups like

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Walker, P. L., Drayer, F. J., & Siefkin, S. (1996). Malibu human skeletal remains: a bioarchaeological analysis. Report to the Resource Management Division. Sacramento: Department of Parks and Recreation.

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The Mexican government did not return the lands to tribes, but made land grants to settlers of at least partial European ancestry, transforming the remaining parts of mission land into large land grants or

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movement has taken shape in the state with more support to return land to tribes. There is a growing recognition by California of Native peoples' environmental knowledge to improve ecosystems and mitigate

1997:

on both the local indigenous inhabitants and the environment were substantial, decimating the people still remaining. 100,000 native people died during the first two years of the gold rush alone.

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families with at least 78 distinct languages. These are further broken down into many dialects, while the people were organized into sedentary and semi-sedentary villages of 400-500 micro-tribes.

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brewed a tea made from juniper leaves to use as a painkiller and to help remedy a hangover. They also picked the berries for eating, either fresh or dried and pulverised. The ripe berries of the

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at the peace tent in 1873. However, it's not widely known that between 1851 and 1872 the Modoc population decreased by 75 to 88% as a result of seven anti-Modoc campaigns started by the whites.

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A large quantity and variety of marine fish lived along the west coast of California, providing shoreline communities with food. Tribes living along the coast did mostly shore-based fishing.

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Creating the Space to Reimagine and Rematriate Beyond a Settler-Colonial Present: The Importance of Land Rematriation and "Land Back" for Non-Federally Recognized California Native Nations

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referred to this as "a thinly disguised substitute for slavery." Auctions continued as a weekly practice for nearly twenty years until there were no California native people left to sell.

2512:, some Indigenous languages are being reawakened. Indigenous language revitalization in California has gained momentum among several tribes. There are some obstacles that remain, such as 2843:

Baskets were generally made by women. Girls learned about the process from an early age, not just the act of weaving, but also how to tend, harvest, and prepare the plants for weaving.

1920:

In the fiscal year of 1851–1852, California paid approximately $ 1 million toward the formation of militia groups who would eliminate native people. Volunteer militia groups were also

1005: 7677: 3017:. Marine mammals were hunted for their meat and blubber, but even more importantly for their furs. Otter pelts in particular were important both for trade and as symbols of status. 2392:

rate of 27%, but higher than the population growth rate for all races, which was about 10% in California over that decade. Over 50,000 indigenous people live in Los Angeles alone.

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Evidence of human occupation of California dates from at least 19,000 years ago. Archeological sites with dates that support human settlement in period 12,000 -7,000 ybp are:

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involved a series of massacres and conflicts between settlers and the indigenous peoples of California lasting from about 1846 to 1873 that is generally referred to as the

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in present-day southeast California and southwest Arizona first encountered Spanish explorers in the 1760s and 1770s. Tribes on the coast of northwest California, like the

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terms, which differs from indigenous terms. While in theory religious freedom was protected, in practice, religious or ceremonial sites and practices were not protected.

1622:, had contact with Russian explorers and seafarers in the late 18th century. In remote interior regions, some tribes did not meet non-natives until the mid-19th century. 8643: 8103: 5270: 9780: 9419: 3086:

and they could only be caught during a brief seasonal window. During this time, salmon would be harvested, dried and stored in large quantities for later consumption.

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Uyeda, Ray Levy; Martin, Nick; Martin, Nick; Rosenthal, Tracy; Rosenthal, Tracy; Pandell, Lexi; Pandell, Lexi; O'Donnell, James; O'Donnell, James (December 9, 2021).

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Before European contact, native Californians spoke over 300 dialects of approximately 100 distinct languages. The large number of languages has been related to the

10256: 9796: 2283:. They demanded the right for their children to access public schools. In 1935, restrictions that forbid native people from attending public schools were removed. 1274: 6390: 10246: 10241: 7913: 5370: 4498: 4146: 7507: 2300:

affected by treaties and Mexican land grants. They won $ 17.5 million and $ 46 million, respectively. Yet, the land agreed to in the treaties was not returned.

10159: 9927: 3967: 3888: 2618: 1223: 310: 7644: 6638:

History of the State of California and Biographical Record to Oakland and Environs: Also Containing Biographies of Well-known Citizens of the Past and Present

9773: 9397: 5245: 4572: 3732: 2859: 2799:("guest exchange") respectively as a way for people living on their traditional homelands to pay a form of contribution for living on the land. In 2021, the 2334: 1852: 11199: 10231: 8416: 5856: 4045: 175: 6605: 2419:, and 125,019 identified as Cherokee. 108,319 identified with "all other tribes," which includes all of the Indigenous Californian tribes except for the 1579:

in loose rotation. By burning underbrush and grass, the natives revitalized patches of land and provided fresh shoots to attract food animals. A form of

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The traditional homelands of many tribal nations may not conform exactly to the state of California's boundaries. Many tribes on the eastern border with

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do not have a land base, which makes tribal identity more invisible. Land back movements have formed to return land to these tribes. This includes the

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and that's the way it needs to be described in the history books." This was a significant event in reducing the dismissal of the California genocide.

2427: 10025: 9821: 5791: 2883: 1325:, are a diverse group of nations and peoples that are indigenous to the geographic area within the current boundaries of California before and after 1230: 1154: 1071: 10226: 9856: 9851: 8690: 8036: 2784: 2016: 1955: 1334: 1245: 1081: 1061: 59: 6128: 2145:

There is evidence that the first massacre of the Modocs by non-natives took place as early as 1840. According to the story told by a chief of the

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In the early 19th century, Russian exploration of California and contacts with indigenous people were usually associated with the activity of the

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including those that spread to several states. Federal recognition officially grants the Indian tribes access to services and funding from the

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of "men who dressed as women" being an integral part of native society. The Spanish generally detested these people, who they referred to as

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continues to be threatened by housing developments and has become a significant site of contention in the San Francisco Bay Area. Numerous

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However, the majority of Indigenous people in California today do not identify with the tribes indigenous to the state, rather they are of

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Raids on native villages were common, where adults and children were threatened with fatal consequence for refusing what was essentially

2004:

Sexual violence against native women and young girls was a normal part of white settler life, who were often forced into prostitution or

1917:

authorized "five dollars for every Indian head." In this period, 303 volunteer militia groups of 35,000 men were formed by the settlers.

1144: 1066: 7474: 1742: 10420: 10035: 9920: 1471: 1159: 320: 160: 8331: 7622: 7589: 1755:, visited California in 1818, 1833, and 1835. Looking for a potential site for a new outpost of the company in California in place of 11179: 10600: 10580: 10480: 9405: 9361: 7437: 5729: 4523: 4166: 2279:

children attended the boarding schools. Native people recognized the American Indian boarding schools as institutionalized forces of

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After a long decline of Indigenous language speakers as a result of violent punitive measures for speaking Indigenous languages at

8905: 7003: 10828: 10803: 10590: 10570: 10550: 10500: 10430: 10425: 10410: 10000: 4833:"The majority of California Indian languages belong either to highly localized language families with two or three members (e.g. 3344: 2658: 2312:

Native people's relationship to forests, gathering, and species protection remains largely prohibited and obstructed despite the

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in 1840–1841. Voznesensky's goal was to gather some ethnographic, biological, and geological materials for the collection of the

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and the prohibition of numerous cultural practices under threat of violence and torture, which were commonplace at the missions.

1260: 315: 8814: 8767: 7754:"From Colonialism to Denial of California Genocide to Misrepresentations: Special Issue on Indigenous Struggles in the Americas" 2836:

Basket making was an important part of Native American Californian culture. Baskets were both beautiful and functional, made of

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custody, control and earnings of an Indian until their age of majority (for males, eighteen years, for females, fifteen years).

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were brightly colored paintings of humans, animals and abstract designs, and were thought to have had religious significance.

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in 1996 by the USFS, deformed plants and sickened wildlife that are culturally and religiously significant to native people.

2321: 2313: 2276: 1527: 1361: 1338: 1326: 1139: 1056: 906: 821: 796: 764: 340: 110: 40: 8279: 11123: 10993: 10903: 10808: 10793: 10685: 10655: 10645: 10640: 10630: 10625: 10615: 10610: 10545: 10540: 10535: 10530: 10505: 10485: 10475: 10435: 10415: 10400: 10395: 10206: 6700:"The Native California Commons: Ethnographic and Archaeological Perspectives on Land Control, Resource Use, and Management" 4821: 1596: 1537:, with seed collection becoming widespread around 9,000 BCE. Two early southern California cultural traditions include the 985: 836: 240: 7843: 6358:"California once prohibited Native American fire practices. Now, it's asking tribes to use them to help prevent wildfires" 11013: 10988: 10813: 10510: 10490: 10465: 10440: 10405: 10319: 9868: 9816: 2792: 1235: 921: 1406:. Native Californian peoples continue to advocate for their cultures, homelands, sacred sites, and their right to live. 11153: 11113: 10978: 10938: 10928: 10913: 10758: 10733: 10675: 10670: 10525: 10515: 10470: 10460: 10455: 10372: 10342: 10169: 10055: 10010: 9986: 9800: 9259: 6382: 6214: 5886: 5796: 1801: 1169: 1149: 946: 941: 6256: 2162:

territory, the migrants and their livestock damaged and depleted the ecosystem that the Modoc depended on to survive.

1933: 11103: 11078: 11033: 11028: 10958: 10818: 10723: 10718: 10119: 10040: 10030: 9341: 9277: 8849: 8565: 7496: 7278: 7099: 6987: 6940: 6816: 6749: 6661: 5955: 2110: 1218: 1164: 759: 210: 195: 6543:

Neil G. Sugihara; Jan W. Van Wagtendonk; Kevin E. Shaffer; Joann Fites-Kaufman; Andrea E. Thode, eds. (2006). "17".

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teacher, commented that language revitalization can be both important for speakers themselves and for the homelands:

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in the forests, grasslands, mixed woodlands, and wetlands to ensure availability of food and medicine plants. They

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names, and strictly forbidden to speak indigenous languages. Sexual and physical abuse at the schools was common.

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as well as ecosystem balance. Archeological sites indicate human occupation of California for thousands of years.

11143: 11108: 11088: 11063: 11038: 10948: 10943: 10888: 10868: 10848: 10798: 10753: 10703: 10045: 5781: 4995: 3816: 3779: 1705: 1459: 1203: 150: 8408: 1725: 1645: 49: 11158: 11148: 11128: 11043: 10983: 10968: 10933: 10918: 10908: 10873: 10858: 10833: 10788: 10778: 10763: 10738: 10728: 10382: 10299: 10294: 10276: 9981: 9293: 9171:"Environmental productivity predicts migration, demographic, and linguistic patterns in prehistoric California" 8674: 8492: 6589: 6095: 5926: 5845:. SDSU Library and Information Access. Archived from the original on June 13, 2010 – via Wayback Machine. 5756: 5751: 5430: 3512: 3185: 2630: 1820:. Secularization provided native people with the opportunity to leave the mission system, yet left many people 1635: 1208: 1134: 606: 190: 80: 7898:

Colonial Order and the Origins of California Native Women's Mass Incarceration: California Missions and Beyond

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Klein, Barry T. Reference Encyclopedia of the American Indian. 7th ed. West Nyack, NY: Todd Publications, 1995

5950:. Robert J. Snow, David Crawford, George Grayson Wagstaff. Hillsdale, NY: Pendragon Press. 2002. p. 129. 2516:, funding, lack of access to records, and conversational regularity. Some languages with the most success are 2264:. Three of the twenty-five off-reservation Indian boarding schools were in California, and ten schools total. 1665: 11138: 11133: 11098: 11073: 11058: 11023: 11003: 10953: 10898: 10863: 10853: 10783: 10768: 10713: 10329: 9971: 9956: 3173:. Ceremonies were performed after consuming a hallucinogenic drink made of the jimsonweed or Toloache plant ( 1778:, who roam like animals and, protected by impenetrable vegetation, keep from being enslaved by the Spanish". 1124: 1109: 911: 719: 8184: 7368:

Killing for Land in Early California: Indian Blood at Round Valley : Founding the Nome Cult Indian Farm

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Indians, Franciscans, and Spanish colonization : the impact of the mission system on California Indians

2990: 2036:, the law was established not to help protect indigenous people, so there were rarely interventions to stop 1812:, who believed that the missions prevented native people from accessing "the value of individual property." 11118: 11083: 10998: 10352: 10015: 9873: 9506: 8962: 5761: 4170: 3443: 3293: 3111:

were driven from their communities by tribal members at the instigation of priests and made homeless." The

2412: 2396: 2351: 2205:, when the people were forced off of their homeland by white settlers, who sought ownership of what is now 2118: 1506: 1451: 749: 562: 536: 235: 130: 3154:

tribes. The practice of Kuksu included elaborate narrative ceremonial dances and specific regalia. A male

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We are dancing for you : native feminisms and the revitalization of women's coming-of-age ceremonies

3920: 2710: 2570: 1877: 1771: 1568: 1330: 1298: 901: 861: 9383: 8104:"After Damning Audit, Tribal Leaders Demand Cal State Return 700,000 Indigenous Remains, Cultural Items" 6542: 8169: 5979: 5450: 3232: 2583: 2359: 2234: 2206: 1951: 1937: 1693: 791: 674: 432: 427: 9389: 1387:, a state-sanctioned policy of elimination was carried out against its aboriginal people known as the 3725: 3649: 3644: 2638: 2574: 2564: 2008:. Kidnappings and rape of native women and girls was reported as occurring "daily and nightly." This 1967: 1924:

by the U.S. federal government, who reimbursed money to the state toward this eliminatory objective.

1809: 1774:. He described the locals that he met on his trip to Cape Mendocino as "the untamed Indian tribes of 841: 488: 180: 8875: 7538:

Federal land management agencies and California Indians: a proposal to protect native plant species.

7537: 1828:

at the ranchos. The few Indigenous people who acquired land grants were those who have proven their

1709:

was about 150,000, by 1870 it fell to 30,000, and fell further to 16,000 by the end of the century.

10708: 10575: 10050: 6698:

Jones, Terry L.; Codding, Brian F. (June 22, 2019), Lozny, Ludomir R.; McGovern, Thomas H. (eds.),

3587: 3283: 2748: 2698: 2690: 2682: 2610: 2525: 2513: 2431: 2416: 2052: 1873: 1748: 1656:

described the conditions of native people as "they are complete slaves in every sense of the word."

1526:. Because of the temperate climate and easy access to food sources, approximately one-third of all 916: 786: 771: 618: 7990:

City of inmates : conquest, rebellion, and the rise of human caging in Los Angeles, 1771-1965

3001:

There were two types of marine mammals important as food sources, large migratory species such as

2171:

people would experience false claims that they were "extinct" as a people throughout the century.

10284: 9704: 6059: 5817: 5440: 4366: 3771: 3693: 3688: 3547: 2912: 2540: 2505: 2487: 2426:

According to the National Conference of State Legislatures, there are currently over one hundred

2308: 2040:

and the circulation of stolen children into the market by law enforcement. What were effectively

1576: 1410: 951: 614: 500: 330: 325: 290: 135: 8442: 6580:

Tending the Wild: Native American Knowledge And the Management of California's Natural Resources

6502:"10. Mojave Art on the Rocks, in "THE GOLDEN 15: 15 places to visit to see the real California"" 5530: 2759:

movement in California has gained visibility and action in various places throughout the state.

10693: 10186: 9765: 6948:

corrected,' he confided in his diary. 'They are... complete slaves in every sense of the word.'

6669:

corrected,' he confided in his diary. 'They are... complete slaves in every sense of the word.'

6552: 5249: 4767: 4757: 4024: 3960: 3934: 3002: 2807: 2646: 2009: 1869: 1808:. The legislation was primarily passed from liberal sects in the Mexican government, including 1793: 1752: 1680: 1486: 846: 781: 724: 230: 125: 8585: 8307:"Indigenous people across the US want their land back -- and the movement is gaining momentum" 5876: 2731: 2435: 2399:

or Central American ancestry, or of tribes from other parts of the United States, such as the

2229: 1766:

Another notable Russian expedition to California was the 13-month-long visit of the scientist

1652:

dwellings in the foreground. The mission recorded 7,854 baptisms and 5,656 deaths. A clerk of

10309: 10236: 10107: 7466: 7198: 6774: 5535: 4850: 4827: 4812: 4204: 2967: 2924: 2788: 2347: 2238: 2055:

allowed prisoners to be "auctioned off to the highest bidder for private service." Historian

1963: 1881: 1787: 1669: 1514: 729: 714: 709: 480: 422: 295: 265: 220: 8557: 8551: 7580: 6544: 6383:"Historic Tribes of the Great Basin –Great Basin National Park (U.S. National Park Service)" 5540: 4674: 2343:

of the three tribes. However, no protection was provided through the Religious Freedom Act.

1982:

settlers into areas where native people had avoided sustained encounters with invaders. The

532: 10698: 10201: 9324: 9182: 7753: 7703: 6706:, Studies in Human Ecology and Adaptation, vol. 11, Springer, Cham, pp. 255–280, 5580: 5555: 5360: 5155: 4909: 4901: 4854: 3913: 3848: 3436: 2803:

voted to pay in Shuumi Tax $ 11,000 for two years, becoming the first city to pay the tax.

2667: 2130: 1994: 1983: 1947: 1384: 1022: 642: 437: 397: 359: 185: 9358: 7129:. Vicki Ruíz, Virginia Sánchez Korrol. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 19–38. 6891:"Engendering the History of Alta California, 1769-1848: Gender, Sexuality, and the Family" 2771:

tribe for 1.5 acres (0.61 ha) of the site, which was contaminated and abandoned as a

2202: 2189: 8: 10181: 10147: 9811: 9114: 8927: 6455:"The Border Crossed Us: Border Crossing Issues of the Indigenous Peoples of the Americas" 5175: 5170: 4869: 3881: 3873: 3809: 3612: 3537: 3475: 3369: 3162: 3135: 3006: 2800: 2764: 2675: 2517: 2492: 2466: 2126: 2100: 2083: 1987: 1889: 1395: 1388: 1364:

began exploring their homelands in the late 18th century. This began with the arrival of

1333:

in the state and over forty self-identified tribes or tribal bands that have applied for

1027: 699: 654: 550: 520: 463: 372: 285: 9186: 7296:

An American Genocide: The United States and the California Indian Catastrophe, 1846–1873

7218:

An American Genocide: The United States and the California Indian Catastrophe, 1846–1873

6965:

An American Genocide: The United States and the California Indian Catastrophe, 1846–1873

5040: 2813:. This included tribally significant lands that were drowned by the construction of the 2806:

In 2024, 2,820 acres of ancestral homeland were returned to the Shasta Indian Nation by

1664:

The Spanish began their long-term occupation in California in 1769 with the founding of

1287: 9205: 9170: 8897: 8749: 8159: 8016: 7967: 7781: 7731: 7015: 6913: 6869: 6725: 6578: 6482: 6474: 6188: 6031: 5973: 5685: 5405: 4862: 4646: 3992: 3505: 3131: 2776: 2339: 2197: 1914: 1580: 1435: 1353: 1015: 851: 776: 610: 598: 594: 475: 345: 225: 205: 140: 95: 8255:"Desert X starts Friday. 'Never Forget' piece in Palm Springs already generating buzz" 5385: 2617:

In 1990, federally recognized tribes gained some rights to ancestral remains with the

9378: 9307: 9289: 9273: 9240: 9210: 9149: 9097: 8845: 8838: 8806: 8771: 8753: 8741: 8670: 8561: 8226: 8216: 8147: 8137: 8084: 8074: 8004: 7994: 7955: 7945: 7825: 7785: 7773: 7735: 7723: 7382: 7372: 7274: 7140: 7130: 7105: 7095: 7049: 7039: 6983: 6936: 6857: 6847: 6822: 6812: 6729: 6715: 6657: 6585: 6556: 6545: 6506: 6486: 6437: 6222: 6176: 6166: 6019: 6009: 5961: 5951: 5922: 5882: 5850: 5743: 5645: 5625: 5510: 5345: 5340: 5300: 5285: 5215: 5195: 5130: 5125: 5085: 4955: 4186: 3841: 3404: 3174: 2952: 2521: 2509: 2384: 2287: 2280: 2074: 1760: 1689: 1377: 1310: 831: 528: 492: 6332:"California offers $ 100 million for tribes to buy back their land. It won't go far" 4610: 2831: 2689:

village sites and burial grounds continue to be desecrated from developments in the

10164: 9976: 9486: 9200: 9190: 8733: 7815: 7765: 7715: 7190: 7094:. Edward D. Castillo. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. pp. 87–90. 6905: 6707: 6466: 5700: 5689: 5470: 5260: 5190: 5065: 4877: 4873: 4861:

superstock has the greatest time depth and has been most difficult to demonstrate;

4666: 4543: 4421: 4298: 4160: 3577: 3139: 3124: 3059: 3050:

live half their life in the sea and the other half in the river where they come to

2979: 2744: 2602: 2210: 1975: 1857: 1833: 1767: 1734: 1564: 1538: 1357: 1345: 1129: 977: 971: 629: 470: 417: 155: 105: 6606:"Alaska and California in the Eighteenth Century – Jonathan's Guide to US History" 5050: 4606: 4600: 3177:), which put devotees in a trance and gave them access to supernatural knowledge. 2370: 9620: 9365: 9353: 9143: 7417: 7162: 6711: 6636: 5776: 5640: 5620: 5550: 5495: 5455: 5350: 5325: 5265: 5210: 5110: 5105: 5095: 5070: 5025: 5020: 4980: 4960: 4940: 4905: 4889: 4858: 4751: 4620: 4616: 4596: 4580: 4468: 4060: 3333: 3051: 2975: 2594: 2326: 2155: 2149:

tribe (neighboring to Modocs), a group of trappers from the north stopped by the

2087: 1979: 1971: 1942: 1829: 1805: 1714: 1640: 1631: 1534: 1502: 1447: 1392: 638: 622: 566: 412: 100: 85: 8358:"Shasta tribe will reclaim land long buried by a reservoir on the Klamath River" 8070:

In the Courts of the Conqueror : the 10 Worst Indian Law Cases Ever Decided

7202: 6890: 5600: 4816:

A map of California tribal groups and languages at the time of European contact.

2245: 9951: 9905: 9841: 9666: 9491: 9382: 7164:

The Journal of the Senate ... of the Legislature of the State of California ...

6699: 5480: 5320: 5280: 5180: 5075: 4975: 4935: 4897: 4893: 4531: 4330: 4078: 3788: 3670: 3155: 3063: 3047: 3036: 2814: 2760: 2529: 2497: 2374: 2180: 2135: 1880:, its administrators honored some Mexican land grant titles, but did not honor 1797: 1684: 1653: 1443: 1365: 1291: 1104: 1076: 704: 387: 382: 145: 9699: 8737: 8519: 7194: 6023: 3096: 1583:

was used to clear areas of old growth to encourage new in a repeated cycle; a

1522:

contained the highest Native American population density north of what is now

11173: 9719: 9671: 9599: 9265: 8745: 8230: 8151: 8088: 8008: 7959: 7829: 7777: 7769: 7727: 7719: 7386: 7053: 6933:

Beasts of the Field: A Narrative History of California Farmworkers, 1769-1913

6861: 6767:"In California, Salinan Indians Are Trying To Reclaim Their Culture And Land" 6654:

Beasts of the Field: A Narrative History of California Farmworkers, 1769-1913

6226: 6180: 5771: 5650: 5630: 5575: 5564: 5560: 5490: 5330: 5030: 4630: 4476: 4464: 4441: 4431: 4426: 4416: 4401: 4383: 4310: 4176: 3925: 3517: 3468: 3416: 3302: 3158:

met in underground dance rooms and danced in disguises at the public dances.

3116: 3062:"provided abundant fish along hundreds of miles during the spawning season." 3055: 3040: 2671: 2606: 2598: 2533: 2209:. The people were forced to move 75 miles from their home village of Cupa to 2185: 2056: 1876:. As American settlers came in control of California with the signing of the 1837: 1607: 1542: 1490: 800: 684: 516: 496: 484: 459: 402: 270: 200: 90: 70: 9195: 8524:. Cornell University Library. Los Angeles, Calif. : Out West Co. Press. 8384:"California returning 2,800 acres of ancestral land to Shasta Indian Nation" 8037:"Judge rules for Berkeley in developer's lawsuit over Spenger's parking lot" 7896: 7820: 7803: 7144: 7109: 6826: 6288: 5965: 4638: 4634: 4624: 4131: 554: 9878: 9593: 9470: 9232: 9214: 7235:"Native History: California Gold Rush Begins, Devastates Native Population" 6003: 5704: 5674: 5419: 5290: 5224: 5159: 5145: 4722: 4377: 4241: 3028: 2810: 2579: 2474: 2458: 2159: 2139: 2114: 2105: 2078: 2041: 2001:

actively went into villages where they raped the women and killed the men.

1821: 1619: 1615: 1584: 1572: 1398:. The Native population reached its lowest in the early 20th century while 1349: 826: 664: 602: 75: 8467: 8210: 8131: 8068: 7988: 7939: 7366: 7123:

Raquel Casas, Maria (2005). "Victoria Reid and the Politics of Identity".

7038:. Frederick E. Hoxie. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 286–88. 7033: 6841: 6470: 6160: 4516: 4509: 4142: 4085: 2350:

mandates a no-gathering policy for cultural or religious purposes and the

2138:

was triggered when Modoc men led by Kintpuash (AKA Captain Jack) murdered

1905:

groups that were tasked with a "war of extermination" that authorized the

10176: 9883: 9749: 9739: 9604: 9517: 9496: 9456: 7315:"Los Angeles' 1850s Slave Market Is Now the Site of a Federal Courthouse" 7124: 7089: 6806: 6306:"Native American tribes reclaim California redwood land for preservation" 5945: 5605: 5515: 5475: 5390: 5305: 5090: 5045: 5009: 5005: 5000: 4885: 4799: 4785: 4763: 4728: 4482: 4354: 4282: 3999: 3741: 3480: 3147: 3100: 3010: 2941: 2048: 2015:

Forced labor was also common during the Gold Rush, permitted by the 1850

2005: 1825: 1556: 1369: 1303: 689: 524: 512: 452: 442: 407: 392: 367: 165: 10076: 7804:"Ishi and the California Indian Genocide as Developmental Mass Violence" 6917: 6129:"California Bears The Painful Scars Of Native American Boarding Schools" 4642: 4267: 4120: 3170: 2740: 2286:

It was not until 1978 that native people won the legal right to prevent

9624: 9567: 9481: 9451: 9430: 8636:"Juniper benefits: Native American use of the California juniper berry" 7871:"Native Americans work to revitalize California's indigenous languages" 6478: 6454: 5610: 5054: 4781: 4747: 4690: 4652: 4562: 4360: 4072: 3298: 3189: 2702: 2634: 2355: 2044:

occurred where laborers could be "purchased" for as low as 35 dollars.

2037: 1921: 1872:, who came to power in 1848 following the United States victory in the 1865: 1841: 1800:

in 1821, a liberal sect of the First Mexican Republic passed an act to

1775: 1510: 1494: 1481: 1314: 659: 649: 634: 590: 558: 507: 377: 9572: 7941:

Global lockdown : race, gender, and the prison-industrial complex

6982:. Menlo Park, California: Sunset Publishing Corporation. p. 316. 5919:

Before the Wilderness: Environmental Management by Native Californians

4566: 4113: 4109: 4092: 3624: 3552: 3166: 2325:

Religion tends to be understood as separate from the land in American

2214: 9734: 9638: 9588: 9551: 9466: 6909: 6843:

Spanish influence on the old southwest : a collision of cultures

5916: 5670: 5665: 5660: 5410: 5240: 5235: 5220: 5150: 4912:

are relatively recent arrivals, having arrived about 2000 years ago.

4696: 4586: 4436: 4405: 4348: 4320: 4208: 3661: 3078:

In contrast to acorns, fish required sophisticated equipment such as

3014: 2959: 2756: 2726: 2706: 2569:

Native people, and particularly native women, are disproportionately

2150: 1756: 1548: 1414: 871: 866: 856: 679: 669: 585: 574: 447: 9501: 5395: 3556: 2224: 1927: 1804:, which effectively ended religious authority over native people in 9683: 9677: 9561: 9546: 9476: 9461: 9446: 9288:. Yale Western Americana series. New Haven: Yale University Press. 7073:

Treasures From Native California: The Legacy of Russian Exploration

6808:

A Native American encyclopedia : history, culture, and peoples

5589: 5520: 5500: 5310: 5135: 5115: 4965: 4881: 4775: 4537: 4263: 4251: 4228: 4198: 4066: 4056: 4052: 3972: 3939: 3929: 3893: 3821: 3784: 3705: 3484: 3349: 3263: 3181: 3079: 2772: 2400: 2268: 2218: 2146: 1910: 1455: 1419: 876: 694: 578: 570: 546: 541: 280: 7588:. The American Indian and Alaskan Conference. U.S. Census Bureau. 897:

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

9709: 9661: 9655: 9615: 9610: 9582: 9530: 9526: 9512: 5200: 4846: 4838: 4791: 4710: 4659: 4655: 4576: 4502: 4488: 4411: 4395: 4389: 4373: 4326: 4216: 4192: 4182: 4154: 3448: 3083: 2736: 2694: 2544: 2420: 2029: 1902: 1796:, which formed in 1824 after Mexico gained independence from the 1603: 305: 300: 275: 9795: 7271:

Early California Laws and Policies Related to California Indians

6811:. Barry Pritzker. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 114. 2294: 2019:. Part of this law instituted the following as a legal practice: 9744: 9693: 9688: 9645: 9630: 7704:"Humor and Dissonance in California's Native American Genocide" 6215:"When California's Housing Push Clashes With Indigenous Rights" 4834: 4741: 4551: 4458: 4451: 4446: 4342: 4271: 4257: 3853: 3737: 3665: 3312: 3151: 3120: 2971: 2919: 2855: 2686: 2642: 2626: 2609:

woman who advocates to stop the destruction of the site of the

2404: 1906: 1759:, Wrangell's expedition encountered the native people north of 1649: 1563:

The indigenous people practiced various forms of sophisticated

1523: 1439: 1431: 8582:"A Guide to Useful, Edible and Medicinal Plants of California" 8212:

The restless anthropologist : new fieldsites, new visions

7844:"California governor calls Native American treatment genocide" 6704:

Global Perspectives on Long Term Community Resource Management

6434:

A Native American Encyclopedia: History, Culture, and Peoples.

6162:

Of sacred lands and strip malls : the battle for Puvungna

3202:

List of federally recognized tribes by state § California

2303: 9754: 9729: 9724: 9714: 9577: 9541: 9536: 7802:

Hitchcock, Robert K; Flowerday, Charles A (October 7, 2020).

5695: 5435: 5374: 5365: 4985: 4945: 4876:, and possibly languages of southern Baja California such as 4842: 4716: 4704: 4557: 4492: 4338: 4304: 4290: 4245: 4235: 4004: 3592: 3180:

Native American culture in California was also noted for its

3143: 3072: 3068: 3032: 2982:

were also collected and eaten by many peoples in the region.

2948: 2837: 2768: 2663: 2578:

as a source of labor for the economic interests of settlers.

2379: 1611: 1553: 896: 8409:"Native Americans: Pre-Columbian California to 18th Century" 8215:. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. pp. 63–65. 7402:

Woolford, Andrew, Benvenuto, Jeff, Laban Hilton, Alexander,

7229: 7227: 3165:

the Toloache religion was dominant among tribes such as the

2589: 2213:. The forced removal under threat of violence also included 1970:

was in possession of native people until the acquisition of

116:

Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas

9650: 9556: 9522: 6641:(Digitized eBook). Historic Record Company. pp. 56–66. 5585: 5460: 4734: 4276: 4222: 3384: 3379: 3307: 2994: 2874: 2407:. Of the state's 934,970 indigenous people who specified a 2249:

Native boys in tailor class at the Sherman Institute (1915)

2062: 9304:

California Indians and Their Environment: An Introduction.

6971: 6212: 5947:

Encomium musicae : essays in memory of Robert J. Snow

2428:

federally recognized native groups or tribes in California

1625: 9354:

Bibliographies of Northern and Central California Indians

9094:

Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 8: California.

8871: 8537:

Native American Food Plants: An Ethnobotanical Dictionary

7341:"Unratified California Treaty K, 1852 | Nation to Nation" 7224: 7126:

Latina legacies : identity, biography, and community

7011: 1946:

1850 depiction of a native woman panning for gold in the

9374:, California State University San Marcos, Oct. 5–6, 2012 9335: 9330: 7075:, Walnut Creek, California: Left Coast Press, Inc., 2014 2012:

often provoked attacks on white settlers by native men.

8280:"LA Leaders Call For Land Rematriation And Reparations" 7264: 7262: 7260: 5881:. Berkeley, California: Heyday. pp. 135, 173–202. 5767:

List of federally recognized tribes by state#California

5371:

Chicken Ranch Rancheria of Me-Wuk Indians of California

2901:

Indigenous baskets of California, photographed ca. 1900

1954:

was common during the gold rush, permitted by the 1850

1847: 1743:

Russian colonization of North America § California

9270:

Flutes of Fire: Essays on California Indian Languages.

7582:

The American Indian and Alaska Native Population: 2010

7181:

Magliari, M (August 2004). "Free Soil, Unfree Labor".

2619:

Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act

2174: 2073:

The United States Senate sent a group of consultants,

1934:

California Gold Rush § Effect on Native Americans

311:

Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act

9359:"A Glossary of Proper Names in California Prehistory" 9331:

Advocates for Indigenous California Language Survival

9145:

Flutes of Fire: Essays on California Indian Languages

7579:

Norris, Tina; Vines, Paula L.; Hoeffel, Elizabeth M.

1781: 7438:"In the Name of the Law: The Cupeño Removal of 1903" 7257: 5997: 5995: 5993: 5991: 5989: 5719: 4046:

Classification of indigenous peoples of the Americas

2958:

Native American tribes also used the berries of the

2165: 8667:

A Field Guide to Western Medicinal Plants and Herbs

8553:

Western Forests (The Audubon Society Nature Guides)

8136:. John R. Wunder. New York. 1996. pp. 647–49. 7944:. Julia Chinyere Oparah. New York. pp. 57–65. 6446: 5917:Blackburn, Thomas C. and Kat Anderson, ed. (1993). 5878:

State of Change: Forgotten Landscapes of California

1909:of native people in exchange for payment for their 1450:who do not cross into California are classified as 8957: 8955: 8953: 8837: 7801: 6577: 6257:"What Does It Take To Reawaken a Native Language?" 6090: 6088: 6086: 6084: 6082: 6080: 4868:There is evidence suggestive that speakers of the 2767:. The return began in 2000 with a purchase by the 2335:Lyng v. Northwest Indian Cemetery Protective Ass'n 2094: 8665:Foster, Steven; Hobbs, Christopher (April 2002). 8062: 8060: 8058: 8029: 7797: 7795: 7116: 5986: 5792:Traditional narratives of Indigenous Californians 4293:, southwestern California and northwestern Mexico 4105:"Interior", Cuyama, Interior Northwestern Chumash 2441: 2225:Indian boarding schools in California (1892–1935) 1928:California Gold Rush and forced labor (1848–1855) 1792:After about a decade of conservative rule in the 11171: 9935: 8436: 8434: 7752:Fenelon, James V.; Trafzer, Clifford E. (2014). 7431: 7429: 7176: 7174: 6800: 6798: 6796: 6753:California Native American Heritage Association. 6304:agencies, Dani Anguiano and (January 25, 2022). 6053: 6051: 6049: 6047: 5912: 5910: 5870: 5868: 5866: 5855:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 2966:Native Americans also made extensive use of the 2795:, which established the Shuumi Land Tax and the 2017:Act for the Government and Protection of Indians 1956:Act for the Government and Protection of Indians 1575:; this prevented larger, catastrophic fires and 1246:List of Indian reservations in the United States 9344:California Native American Heritage Association 9175:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 9137: 9135: 8950: 8133:Native American cultural and religious freedoms 7747: 7745: 7697: 7695: 7497:"The Treaties Secret With California's Indians" 7461: 7459: 7457: 7455: 7083: 7081: 6282: 6280: 6278: 6077: 5787:Survey of California and Other Indian Languages 1974:by the United States. The discovery of gold at 1720: 9327:Northern California Indian Development Council 8493:"Virtual Exhibit: First Peoples of California" 8447:Northern California Indian Development Council 8055: 7914:"California's First Mass Incarceration System" 7792: 7751: 7621:. Indian Country Media Network. Archived from 7578: 7572: 7532: 7530: 7528: 7268: 7189:(3). University of California Press: 349–390. 7156: 7154: 7035:The Oxford handbook of American Indian history 6958: 6956: 6452: 2662:sided with developers in the destruction of a 1571:on a regional scale to create a low-intensity 922:The International Indian Treaty Council (IITC) 10092: 9921: 9781: 9413: 8472:California Department of Parks and Recreation 8431: 8202: 7676:. National Conference of State Legislatures. 7670:"List of Federal and State Recognized Tribes" 7615:"Top 5 Cities With The Most Native Americans" 7426: 7404:Colonial Genocide in Indigenous North America 7273:. California Research Bureau. pp. 5–13. 7171: 7027: 7025: 6793: 6693: 6691: 6689: 6687: 6685: 6683: 6681: 6679: 6677: 6208: 6206: 6204: 6154: 6152: 6150: 6044: 6001: 5907: 5863: 4880:, were in California prior to the arrival of 4485:, northwestern and central-western California 2461:'s apology to California native people (2019) 2295:Unratified treaties reimbursement (1944–1946) 2051:, where an 1850 city ordinance passed by the 1840:, an Indigenous woman born at the village of 1268: 1241:List of federally recognized tribes by state 9336:California Indian Museum and Cultural Center 9302:Lightfoot, Kent G. and Otis Parrish (2009). 9168: 9132: 8443:"California Information on Native Americans" 7742: 7692: 7452: 7309: 7307: 7305: 7122: 7078: 6980:The California Missions: A Pictorial History 6697: 6428: 6275: 6251: 6249: 6247: 6245: 6243: 4916:Existing Indigenous Languages of California 2970:for medicinal purposes and as a food. The 2558: 1836:. This was noted in the land acquisition of 1731:Balthazar, Inhabitant of Northern California 11200:Lists of indigenous peoples of the Americas 9088: 9086: 9084: 9082: 9080: 9078: 9076: 9074: 9072: 9070: 9068: 9066: 9064: 9062: 9060: 9058: 9056: 9054: 9052: 9050: 9048: 9046: 9044: 9042: 9040: 9038: 9036: 9034: 9032: 9030: 9028: 9026: 9024: 9022: 9020: 9018: 9016: 9014: 9012: 9010: 9008: 9006: 9004: 8664: 8124: 7645:"Grid View: Table B02017 - Census Reporter" 7555:"Grid View: Table B02010 - Census Reporter" 7525: 7398: 7396: 7364: 7269:Johnston-Dodds, Kimberly (September 2002). 7151: 6953: 6551:. University of California Press. pp. 6499: 6426: 6424: 6422: 6420: 6418: 6416: 6414: 6412: 6410: 6408: 5940: 5938: 4857:. Larger groupings have been proposed. The 2693:, such as the unearthing of 400 burials at 2304:Religious Freedom Act in California (1978–) 2069:California Indian Reservations and Cessions 1952:Forced labor of native people in California 1856:"Protecting the Settlers," illustration by 10099: 10085: 9928: 9914: 9788: 9774: 9420: 9406: 9306:Berkeley: University of California Press. 9286:Indian Survival on the California Frontier 9239:Berkeley: University of California Press. 9002: 9000: 8998: 8996: 8994: 8992: 8990: 8988: 8986: 8984: 8928:"The Wolf People and the Village of Woilo" 8866: 8864: 8862: 8860: 8164:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 8021:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 7972:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 7022: 6874:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 6846:. Jefferson, North Carolina. p. 123. 6833: 6674: 6628: 6201: 6193:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 6147: 6123: 6121: 6119: 6117: 6036:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5874: 4888:from the east, perhaps predating even the 3210:Most Populated Reservations in California 2717:were buried before the Europeans arrived. 2713:in 2003 despite protests from the people. 1577:sustained a low-density "wild" agriculture 1509:, Santa Barbara Coast's Sudden Flats, and 1472:History of the west coast of North America 1402:into white society became imposed through 1368:soldiers and missionaries who established 1275: 1261: 10106: 9228: 9226: 9224: 9204: 9194: 9096:Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. 9092:Heizer, Robert F., volume editor (1978). 8794:The Religion of the Indians of California 8786: 8726:GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies 8066: 7986: 7819: 7467:"Indians of California – American Period" 7448:(1) – via San Diego History Center. 7302: 7067: 7065: 7063: 7031: 6935:. Stanford University Press. p. 39. 6888: 6656:. Stanford University Press. p. 39. 6240: 5921:. Menlo Park, California: Ballena Press. 5730:Indigenous peoples of the Americas portal 3188:of southern California. The rock art, or 2590:Burial sites, remains, and cultural items 2573:. Some native people identify the modern 1699: 1590: 1231:Native American Medal of Honor recipients 171:Cultural assimilation of Native Americans 9372:27th Annual California Indian Conference 8332:"Sogorea Te' Land Trust Shuumi Land Tax" 8208: 8176: 7435: 7415: 7393: 7180: 6804: 6742: 6575: 6493: 6405: 6303: 5935: 5416:Picayune Rancheria of Chukchansi Indians 4811: 4042:List of indigenous peoples in California 3027: 2989: 2935: 2730: 2593: 2582:in California has also been compared to 2491: 2445: 2369: 2307: 2267:New students were customarily bathed in 2244: 2233:Native girls in a domestic class at the 2228: 2184: 2104: 2063:American unratified treaties (1851–1852) 1941: 1851: 1724: 1639: 1547: 1480: 1413:began among some California tribes. The 1297: 1286: 537:Post 1887 Apache Wars period (1887–1924) 9283: 8981: 8857: 8719: 8549: 8534: 7868: 7701: 7477:from the original on September 25, 2015 7287: 7161:Senate, California Legislature (1851). 7087: 6764: 6355: 6286: 6114: 4479:, southern California, c. 6050–1000 BCE 4301:, southern California, c. 6050–1000 BCE 2659:Wana the Bear v. Community Construction 2481: 2281:elimination toward their native culture 1692:against native people through enforced 1626:Late 18th century: Missions and decline 1530:were living in the area of California. 1356:to ensure the availability of food and 14: 11172: 9221: 9141: 8878:from the original on December 27, 1996 8835: 8817:from the original on September 7, 2018 8419:from the original on September 7, 2018 8381: 7293: 7239:Indian Country Today Media Network.com 7215: 7209: 7160: 7060: 6962: 6930: 6765:Herrera, Allison (December 13, 2017). 6651: 6533:New York, Modern Library (2005), p. 13 6329: 3107:in mission records. With colonialism " 3089: 2473:In 2019, 40th governor of California, 1679:The missions also introduced European 11185:Native American history of California 10080: 9909: 9769: 9401: 9325:"Information About California Tribes" 9169:Codding, B. F.; Jones, T. L. (2013). 8969:from the original on January 23, 2021 8938:from the original on February 1, 2021 8908:from the original on January 23, 2021 8720:Miranda, Deborah A. (April 1, 2010). 8701:from the original on January 21, 2021 8517: 8284:North Hollywood-Toluca Lake, CA Patch 7937: 7894: 7406:, Durham, Duke University Press, 2014 6977: 6839: 6634: 6393:from the original on February 5, 2018 6158: 6057: 5815: 2720: 2709:was desecrated and buried underneath 2322:American Indian Religious Freedom Act 2314:American Indian Religious Freedom Act 1978:in 1848 inspired a mass migration of 1528:Native Americans in the United States 907:National Congress of American Indians 822:American Indian Religious Freedom Act 111:European colonization of the Americas 11190:Native American tribes in California 9509:(Lassik, Nongatl, Sinkyone, Wailaki) 9377: 9368:, Society for California Archaeology 8615:Santa Cruz Museum of Natural History 8521:Pomo Indian baskets and their makers 8497:Santa Cruz Museum of Natural History 8440: 8304: 8252: 8101: 7808:Humboldt Journal of Social Relations 7422:. Library of Congress. p. 3801. 7419:Library of Congress Subject Headings 6060:"California's Little-Known Genocide" 5818:"California's Little-Known Genocide" 4822:Indigenous languages of the Americas 4649:" Takic, coastal southern California 2931: 2832:Pomo § Basket weaving tradition 2584:California's history of forced labor 2434:, and Federal and State funding for 2047:A central location for auctions was 1962:Most of inland California including 1913:and heads. For example, the city of 1848:American settler colonialism (1848–) 1597:Spanish colonization of the Americas 1337:. California has the second-largest 912:National Indian Youth Council (NIYC) 619:Northern Cheyenne Exodus (1878-1879) 241:Native American temperance activists 11195:Pre-statehood history of California 9350:SDSU Library and Information Access 8963:"Southern and Central Yokuts (map)" 8691:"A History of Salmon in California" 8305:Kaur, Harmeet (November 25, 2020). 8182: 7513:from the original on April 12, 2019 6996: 6781:from the original on March 29, 2018 5895:from the original on April 27, 2016 5835: 4102:", Tecuya, Interior Central Chumash 3215:Legal/Statistical Area Description 3206:Reservations with over 500 people: 3115:traditionally were responsible for 2820: 2793:Tongva Taraxat Paxaavxa Conservancy 2735:"Never Forget," an installation by 2656:In 1982, the California court case 2423:, who numbered 2,759 in the state. 2175:Indian removal in California (1903) 2032:. Although this was in legal terms 1236:List of federally recognized tribes 24: 9260:Bibliography of California history 9253: 8770:. October 11, 2006. Archived from 8646:from the original on June 10, 2021 8185:"State Decries Removal of Remains" 7911: 7542:Environs: Envtl. L. & Pol'y J. 7241:. January 24, 2014. Archived from 7167:Sup't State Printing. p. 792. 6584:. University of California Press. 5797:Bibliography of California history 4828:ecological diversity of California 4744:, central and southern California 4613:"), Takic, southwestern California 4593:") Takic, south-central California 4569:"), Takic, southwestern California 4163:, extinct, northwestern California 4035: 3023: 1782:Mexican secularization (1833–1848) 1552:A reconstruction of a traditional 1511:the Scotts Valley site, CA-SCR-177 947:Indigenous peoples of the Americas 902:Native American Rights Fund (NARF) 25: 11211: 10148:Genocide of indigenous population 9318: 9115:"The Bay Miwok Language and Land" 8539:. Timber Press. pp. 472–473. 8108:The Chronicle of Higher Education 7371:. New York: Algora. p. 171. 6500:Susan Spano (November 15, 2007). 6436:Oxford: Oxford University Press. 6330:Ahtone, Tristan (April 5, 2022). 4841:) or are language isolates (e.g. 4116:", Samala, Inland Central Chumash 3294:Colorado River Indian Reservation 2825: 2166:20th century: Forced assimilation 1425: 1341:population in the United States. 211:Native Americans and World War II 196:Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 11180:Indigenous peoples of California 10192:Interim government of California 9894: 9436:Indigenous peoples of California 9429: 9162: 9112: 9106: 8920: 8890: 8829: 8799: 8382:Robles, Sergio (June 19, 2024). 8355: 7869:Capachi, Casey (July 23, 2012). 7680:from the original on May 5, 2021 7595:from the original on May 5, 2012 7442:The Journal of San Diego History 7014:. September 2006. Archived from 5736: 5722: 4865:is somewhat less controversial. 3657:Tejon Indian Tribe of California 3259:Agua Caliente Indian Reservation 3253:Tribal Council Address Location 2894: 2889:Basket materials and foundations 2882: 2867: 2848: 2541:Native American Studies Director 2262:American Indian boarding schools 2255:American Indian boarding schools 1306:dancer, painting by Grace Hudson 501:Buffalo Hunters' War (1876–1877) 489:(1858)|Antelope Hills expedition 216:American Indian boarding schools 48: 8760: 8713: 8683: 8658: 8628: 8600: 8574: 8543: 8528: 8511: 8485: 8460: 8401: 8375: 8349: 8324: 8298: 8272: 8246: 8237: 8114: 8095: 7993:. Chapel Hill. pp. 27–40. 7987:Hernandez, Kelly Lytle (2017). 7980: 7931: 7905: 7888: 7862: 7836: 7662: 7637: 7607: 7547: 7489: 7409: 7358: 7333: 6931:Street, Richard Steven (2004). 6924: 6882: 6758: 6652:Street, Richard Steven (2004). 6645: 6598: 6569: 6547:Fire in California's Ecosystems 6536: 6523: 6514: 6453:Luna-Firebaugh, Eileen (2002). 6375: 6356:Elassar, Alaa (April 3, 2022). 6349: 6323: 6297: 5782:Population of Native California 4849:)." Of the remainder, most are 4505:"), coastal central California 3195: 2365: 2095:California genocide (1846–1873) 1824:, who were thus pressured into 1706:population of Native California 1533:Early Native Californians were 917:Women of All Red Nations (WARN) 176:Racism against Native Americans 151:Native American slave ownership 18:Indigenous people of California 9607:(Monache, Owens Valley Paiute) 9384:"California, Indians of" 9119:Museum of the San Ramon Valley 8608:"Native Plants and Their Uses" 8121:10.1179/1947461X13Z.0000000005 8102:Hall, Emma (August 29, 2023). 7436:Brigandi, Phil (Winter 2018). 7365:Baumgardner, Frank H. (2005). 7032:Bauer Jr., William J. (2016). 6889:Castañeda, Antonia I. (1997). 6002:Risling Baldy, Cutcha (2018). 5809: 5757:California State Indian Museum 5752:Aboriginal title in California 4731:, northern-central California 4254:, southeast-central California 4081:, coastal southern California 2985: 2442:Recognition as genocide (2019) 2411:tribe, 297,708 identified as " 1636:Spanish missions in California 772:American Indian Movement (AIM) 191:Indian Citizenship Act of 1924 81:Archaic period in the Americas 13: 1: 8844:, London: Thames and Hudson, 8669:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 7758:American Behavioral Scientist 7708:American Behavioral Scientist 7619:Indiancountrymedianetwork.com 7416:Congress, Library of (2010). 5802: 4884:languages from the north and 4583:"), Takic southern California 4260:, northern-central California 3127:and performed women's roles. 1507:Santa Barbara Channel Islands 1476: 725:Battle of Kelley Creek (1911) 493:Comanche Campaign (1867–1875) 481:Texas–Indian wars (1836–1877) 9342:"California Indian History," 9237:California Indian Languages. 8807:"California Indian - people" 8722:"Extermination of the Joyas" 8183:Lin, Sara (March 21, 2004). 7702:Lindsay, Brendan C. (2014). 6978:Krell, Dorothy, ed. (1979). 6750:"California Indian History." 6712:10.1007/978-3-030-15800-2_12 6635:Guinn, James Miller (1907). 6610:Jonathan-guide.neocities.org 5762:Indigenous peoples of Mexico 4904:in a larger grouping called 4807: 4392:, eastern-central California 4171:Eel River Athapaskan peoples 3444:Fort Yuma Indian Reservation 2951:of the California Live Oak, 2352:United States Forest Service 2260:reservation day schools and 1772:Imperial Academy of Sciences 1751:. A Russian explorer, Baron 1721:Russian contacts (1812–1841) 1646:Mission San Gabriel Arcángel 1452:indigenous peoples of Mexico 1372:missions that instituted an 730:Battle of Bear Valley (1918) 715:Crazy Snake Rebellion (1909) 710:Battle of Sugar Point (1898) 630:Rogue River Wars (1855–1856) 236:Alcohol and Native Americans 131:Slavery in the United States 7: 9284:Hurtado, Albert L. (1988). 8556:. New York: Knopf. p. 8468:"California Indian Baskets" 7088:Jackson, Robert H. (1997). 6432:Pritzker, Barry M. (2000). 6008:. Seattle. pp. 61–63. 5715: 4677:, south-central California 4125:Yak-tityu-tityu-yak-tilhini 3921:Susanville Indian Rancheria 3345:Torres-Martinez Reservation 3239:Seat of Government/Capital 3054:. Large rivers such as the 3009:and non-migratory, such as 2711:JSerra Catholic High School 1993:The negative impact of the 1878:Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 1666:Mission San Diego de Alcalá 1460:Mexico-United States border 1438:, while some tribes on the 1331:federally recognized tribes 639:Puget Sound War (1855–1856) 623:Ghost Dance War (1890–1891) 615:Great Sioux War (1876–1877) 611:Red Cloud's War (1866–1868) 595:First Sioux War (1854-1856) 521:Chiricahua Wars (1860–1886) 10: 11216: 9801:Indigenous North Americans 9364:December 28, 2012, at the 9257: 8067:Echo-Hawk, Walter (2010). 6287:Reynoso, Cheyenne (2022). 5875:Cunningham, Laura (2010). 4819: 4788:, northwestern California 4770:, south-central California 4707:, north-central California 4699:, south-central California 4693:, south-central California 4687:, south-central California 4408:, west-central California 4307:, northeastern California 4279:, southwestern California 4225:, northwestern California 4189:), northwestern California 4039: 3199: 3142:, especially the Nisenan, 2910: 2829: 2724: 2571:incarcerated in California 2562: 2485: 2360:Stanislaus National Forest 2252: 2178: 2098: 2066: 1938:Forced labor in California 1931: 1785: 1740: 1694:conversion to Christianity 1629: 1594: 1469: 1465: 1329:. There are currently 109 792:Occupation of Wounded Knee 563:Black Hawk War (1865–1872) 551:Battle at Fort Utah (1850) 533:Geronimo's War (1881–1886) 529:Victorio's War (1879–1880) 428:American Revolutionary War 10684: 10381: 10365: 10328: 10275: 10217: 10118: 10114: 9947: 9892: 9807: 9442: 8898:"Escape Fall/Winter 2015" 8840:North American Indian Art 8836:Penney, David W. (2004), 8738:10.1215/10642684-2009-022 8550:Whitney, Stephen (1985). 7921:Pacific Historical Review 7895:Teran, Jacquelyn (2015). 7294:Madley, Benjamin (2016). 7216:Madley, Benjamin (2016). 7195:10.1525/phr.2004.73.3.349 7183:Pacific Historical Review 6963:Madley, Benjamin (2016). 6576:Anderson, M. Kat (2006). 6096:"Indian Boarding Schools" 4900:are distantly related to 4802:, northwestern California 4794:, northwestern California 4725:, northwestern California 4719:, northwestern California 4713:, northwestern California 4554:, northwestern California 4546:, northwestern California 4540:, northwestern California 4495:, southeastern California 4398:, northwestern California 4386:, southeastern California 4363:, west-central California 4357:, west-central California 4351:, west-central California 4285:, southwestern California 4248:, northwestern California 4238:, northwestern California 4219:, west-central California 4211:, northwestern California 4201:, northwestern California 4195:, northwestern California 4179:, northwestern California 4157:, northwestern California 4095:, Isleño", Island Chumash 4069:, northeastern California 4063:, northeastern California 3878:(indigenous name of area) 3768:(indigenous name of area) 3412:Washoe Ranches Trust Land 3229: 3226: 3220: 3217: 3214: 2944:, California. Circa 1920. 2575:prison-industrial complex 2565:Prison-industrial complex 2559:Prison-industrial complex 2417:"Central American Indian" 2119:Captain Jack's Stronghold 1901:The state formed various 1442:border are classified as 1294:chief Caleen Sisk in 2009 1224:congressional politicians 986:Native American languages 517:Jicarilla War (1849–1855) 497:Red River War (1874–1875) 485:Comanche Wars (1836–1877) 181:Indian Appropriations Act 9272:Berkeley: Heyday Books. 8932:www.bsahighadventure.org 8535:Moerman, Daniel (2010). 7770:10.1177/0002764213495045 7720:10.1177/0002764213495034 7071:Hudson, Travis, et al., 6805:Pritzker, Barry (2000). 6755:(retrieved 10 Sept 2010) 4534:northwestern California 4088:", Coast Central Chumash 3822:Cahuilla (Ivilyuqaletem) 3785:Cahuilla (Ivilyuqaletem) 3557:Cupeño (Kuupangaxwichem) 3380:Hoopa Valley Reservation 3350:Cahuilla (Ivilyuqaletem) 3264:Cahuilla (Ivilyuqaletem) 2906: 2691:greater Los Angeles area 2683:West Berkeley Shellmound 2611:West Berkeley Shellmound 2514:intergenerational trauma 2496:Instructor teaching the 2432:Bureau of Indian Affairs 2415:, 125,344 identified as 2413:Mexican American Indian" 2198:policy of Indian removal 2053:Los Angeles City Council 1749:Russian-American Company 1729:A painting representing 1644:A painting representing 1505:, the Cross Creek Site, 1434:have been classified as 1391:in the establishment of 787:Trail of Broken Treaties 675:Hualapai War (1865–1870) 643:Coeur d'Alene War (1858) 603:Colorado War (1863–1865) 10108:History of California 9705:Plains and Sierra Miwok 9564:(Diegueño, Ipai, Tipai) 9390:The American Cyclopædia 9196:10.1073/pnas.1302008110 9142:Hinton, Leanne (1994). 8209:Gottlieb, Alma (2012). 7821:10.55671/0160-4341.1130 5441:Plains and Sierra Miwok 4669:"), southern California 4627:"), southern California 4603:"), southern California 4367:Valley and Sierra Miwok 3701:San Pasqual Reservation 3625:Luiseño (Payómkawichum) 3553:Luiseño (Payómkawichum) 3513:Fort Mojave Reservation 3184:, especially among the 3003:northern elephant seals 2913:Native American cuisine 2705:sacred village site of 2506:Indian boarding schools 2488:Language revitalization 2235:Sherman Boarding School 2134:the final stage of the 1870:Peter Hardenman Burnett 1802:secularize the missions 1493:contains about 100,000 1458:nation is split by the 1411:language revitalization 1404:Indian boarding schools 1319:Indigenous Californians 700:Bannock Uprising (1895) 665:Yavapai Wars(1861–1875) 655:Navajo Wars (1849–1866) 607:Powder River War (1865) 513:Apache Wars (1849–1924) 321:Indigenous Peoples' Day 136:Partus sequitur ventrem 10187:Conquest of California 8640:www.ethnoherbalist.com 7938:Ogden, Stormy (2005). 7008:Indian Country Diaries 6840:Agnew, Jeremy (2016). 6531:California: A History, 6159:Loewe, Ronald (2016). 5978:: CS1 maint: others ( 5250:Southern Valley Yokuts 5246:Tule River Reservation 4817: 4768:Southern Valley Yokuts 4758:Northern Valley Yokuts 3733:Tule River Reservation 3044: 2998: 2980:California huckleberry 2945: 2860:Tule River Reservation 2789:Sogorea Te' Land Trust 2752: 2681:The paved site of the 2647:San Francisco Bay Area 2614: 2586:of indigenous people. 2556: 2501: 2462: 2388: 2358:on 3,075 acres of the 2317: 2250: 2242: 2221:villages in the area. 2196:Although the American 2193: 2122: 2077:, George Barbour, and 2026: 2010:violence against women 1959: 1899: 1864:The first governor of 1861: 1794:First Mexican Republic 1753:Ferdinand von Wrangell 1738: 1700:19th century: Genocide 1681:invasive plant species 1674:the immense death rate 1657: 1591:Contact with Europeans 1560: 1498: 1487:Coso Rock Art District 1344:Most tribes practiced 1307: 1302:A representation of a 1295: 1082:Southeastern Woodlands 1062:Northeastern Woodlands 847:Native American Church 782:Occupation of Alcatraz 635:Yakima War (1855–1858) 591:Sioux Wars (1854–1891) 567:White River War (1879) 555:Walker War (1853–1854) 433:Cherokee–American wars 231:Native American rights 10348:Santa Catalina Island 10320:Territorial evolution 9674:(Konomihu, Okwanuchu) 9507:Eel River Athapaskans 9348:"California Indians," 8904:. November 19, 2015. 8872:"U.S. Census website" 8168:) CS1 maint: others ( 8073:. New York: Fulcrum. 7536:LeBeau, Michelle L. " 7345:americanindian.si.edu 7004:"California Genocide" 6775:All Things Considered 6471:10.1353/wic.2002.0006 5431:Southern Sierra Miwok 5171:Chumash (any Chumash) 5051:Payómkawichum/Luiseño 4820:Further information: 4815: 4461:, central California 4345:, central California 4333:, northern California 4323:, northern California 4313:, northern California 3541:(Needles, California) 3031: 2993: 2939: 2925:Perideridia gairdneri 2877:baskets, chuset weave 2830:Further information: 2783:Tribes excluded from 2734: 2725:Further information: 2697:for a development in 2597: 2549: 2495: 2457: 2373: 2348:National Park Service 2311: 2248: 2239:Riverside, California 2232: 2203:Cupeño trail of tears 2190:Cupeño trail of tears 2188: 2108: 2091:were never ratified. 2021: 1945: 1932:Further information: 1894: 1882:aboriginal land title 1855: 1788:Ranchos of California 1786:Further information: 1728: 1643: 1630:Further information: 1551: 1515:Arlington Springs Man 1484: 1470:Further information: 1409:In the 21st century, 1400:cultural assimilation 1374:immense rate of death 1327:European colonization 1301: 1290: 842:Traditional religions 750:Civil rights movement 705:Yaqui Uprising (1896) 680:Modoc War (1872–1873) 670:Snake War (1864–1869) 650:Mohave War(1858–1859) 579:Bluff Skirmish (1921) 575:Bluff War (1914–1915) 525:Tonto War (1871–1875) 266:Mississippian culture 221:Civil rights movement 10170:Mexican–American War 10155:Spanish colonization 8697:. October 17, 2016. 8588:on 23 September 2010 8518:Purdy, Carl (1902). 8356:Krol, Debra Utacia. 6748:Castillo, Edward D. 5705:Muwekma Ohlone Tribe 5361:Central Sierra Miwok 5156:Santa Rosa Rancheria 4910:Athapaskan languages 4902:Algonquian languages 4855:Athapaskan languages 4778:, eastern California 4760:, central California 4754:, central California 4471:, central California 4380:, central California 4075:, eastern California 3849:Santa Rosa Rancheria 3437:Gardnerville, Nevada 3007:California sea lions 2858:woman basket maker, 2801:Alameda City Council 2763:was the site of the 2668:Stockton, California 2482:Language reawakening 2436:Tribal TANF/CalWORKs 2377:paddlers navigate a 2275:By 1926, 83% of all 2131:California Gold Rush 2129:continued after the 1995:California Gold Rush 1984:California Gold Rush 1948:California Gold Rush 1874:Mexican–American War 1868:as a U.S. state was 1810:José María Luis Mora 1385:California statehood 1317:, commonly known as 1023:Tribal disenrollment 720:Last Massacre (1911) 685:Nez Perce War (1877) 438:Northwest Indian War 186:Racial Integrity Act 43:in the United States 10373:San Fernando Valley 10343:San Fernando Valley 10182:California Republic 9187:2013PNAS..11014569C 9181:(36): 14569–14573. 8792:Kroeber, Alfred L. 8774:on October 11, 2006 8499:. September 3, 2020 7625:on February 5, 2018 7321:. September 2, 2016 6616:on February 5, 2018 6263:. November 28, 2022 6135:. November 23, 2021 6100:ACLU of Northern CA 5010:Owens Valley Paiute 4930:Number of Speakers 4917: 4870:Chumashan languages 3817:Cabazon Reservation 3780:Morongo Reservation 3211: 3163:Southern California 3136:Northern California 3090:Society and culture 2940:Acorn cache of the 2808:California governor 2785:federal recognition 2777:Eureka City Council 2765:1860 Wiyot massacre 2508:and other forms of 2467:California genocide 2356:granular hexazinone 2288:familial separation 2127:California genocide 2101:California genocide 2084:settler colonialism 1988:California genocide 1396:settler colonialism 1389:California genocide 1335:federal recognition 1323:Native Californians 1028:Reservation poverty 1011:Societal statistics 935:Ethnic subdivisions 743:Political movements 547:Ute Wars(1850–1923) 464:Second Seminole War 373:Anglo-Powhatan Wars 35:Part of a series on 27:Native Californians 10197:United States rule 10143:Later explorations 10138:First explorations 10128:Native Californian 8286:. November 5, 2022 8043:. October 23, 2019 7912:Madley, Benjamin. 7649:censusreporter.org 7559:censusreporter.org 6898:California History 6489:– via JSTOR. 5843:"American Indians" 5055:Acjachemen/Juaneño 4915: 4818: 4647:San Clemente tribe 4149:, Southern Chumash 4138:, Northern Chumash 4127:, Northern Chumash 3968:Viejas Reservation 3889:Barona Reservation 3620:Rincon Reservation 3476:Bishop Reservation 3327:464.14 (1,202.13) 3321:457.31 (1,184.44) 3209: 3132:Central California 3045: 2999: 2968:California juniper 2946: 2753: 2721:Land Back movement 2615: 2502: 2463: 2397:Indigenous Mexican 2389: 2340:U.S. Supreme Court 2318: 2251: 2243: 2194: 2123: 1964:California deserts 1960: 1862: 1739: 1658: 1581:fire-stick farming 1561: 1499: 1436:Great Basin tribes 1354:controlled burning 1311:Indigenous peoples 1308: 1296: 852:Longhouse Religion 777:Red Power Movement 755:Self-determination 690:Bannock War (1878) 476:American Civil War 423:Lord Dunmore's War 346:Tribal sovereignty 226:Red Power movement 206:Blood quantum laws 161:American Civil War 141:Indian Removal Act 96:Post-Classic stage 11167: 11166: 10361: 10360: 10242:Industrial growth 10074: 10073: 9995: 9903: 9902: 9847:Eastern Woodlands 9763: 9762: 9312:978-0-520-24471-9 9245:978-0-520-26667-4 9155:978-0-930588-62-5 9102:978-0-16-004574-5 8441:Cramblit, André. 8336:www.alamedaca.gov 8253:Blueskye, Brian. 8222:978-0-226-30497-7 8189:Los Angeles Times 8143:978-1-135-63126-0 8080:978-1-55591-788-3 8000:978-1-4696-3119-6 7951:978-1-317-79366-3 7850:. August 13, 2021 7378:978-0-87586-803-5 7245:on April 18, 2015 7136:978-0-19-803502-2 7045:978-0-19-985889-7 6853:978-0-7864-9740-9 6721:978-3-030-15800-2 6562:978-0-520-24605-8 6507:Los Angeles Times 6442:978-0-19-513877-1 6172:978-0-7591-2162-1 6058:Blakemore, Erin. 6015:978-0-295-74345-5 5816:Blakemore, Erin. 5744:California portal 5713: 5712: 5451:Southeastern Pomo 4147:Alliklik – Castac 4033: 4032: 4026:Athithúf-vuunupma 4000:Karuk Reservation 3789:Serrano (Taaqtam) 3588:Yurok Reservation 3338:(Parker, Arizona) 3175:Datura meteloides 2953:Quercus agrifolia 2932:Plant-based foods 2666:burial ground in 2539:Cheryl Tuttle, a 2510:cultural genocide 2455: 2385:Santa Cruz Island 2075:Oliver Wozencraft 1761:San Francisco Bay 1690:cultural genocide 1378:cultural genocide 1362:European settlers 1285: 1284: 1183: 1182: 1072:Pacific Northwest 1067:Northwest Plateau 862:Keetoowah Society 832:Eagle Feather law 760:Women in politics 599:Dakota War (1862) 559:Tintic War (1856) 471:Osage Indian War 398:King Philip's War 248: 247: 16:(Redirected from 11207: 10829:Rancho Cucamonga 10804:Huntington Beach 10257:Legal revolution 10165:California Trail 10116: 10115: 10101: 10094: 10087: 10078: 10077: 10061:Washington, D.C. 9991: 9937:Native Americans 9930: 9923: 9916: 9907: 9906: 9898: 9897: 9790: 9783: 9776: 9767: 9766: 9434: 9433: 9422: 9415: 9408: 9399: 9398: 9394: 9386: 9299: 9247: 9230: 9219: 9218: 9208: 9198: 9166: 9160: 9159: 9148:. Heyday Books. 9139: 9130: 9129: 9127: 9125: 9110: 9104: 9090: 8979: 8978: 8976: 8974: 8959: 8948: 8947: 8945: 8943: 8924: 8918: 8917: 8915: 8913: 8894: 8888: 8887: 8885: 8883: 8868: 8855: 8854: 8843: 8833: 8827: 8826: 8824: 8822: 8803: 8797: 8790: 8784: 8783: 8781: 8779: 8764: 8758: 8757: 8732:(1–2): 253–284. 8717: 8711: 8710: 8708: 8706: 8687: 8681: 8680: 8662: 8656: 8655: 8653: 8651: 8632: 8626: 8625: 8623: 8621: 8612: 8604: 8598: 8597: 8595: 8593: 8584:. Archived from 8578: 8572: 8571: 8547: 8541: 8540: 8532: 8526: 8525: 8515: 8509: 8508: 8506: 8504: 8489: 8483: 8482: 8480: 8478: 8464: 8458: 8457: 8455: 8453: 8438: 8429: 8428: 8426: 8424: 8405: 8399: 8398: 8396: 8394: 8379: 8373: 8372: 8370: 8368: 8353: 8347: 8346: 8344: 8342: 8328: 8322: 8321: 8319: 8317: 8302: 8296: 8295: 8293: 8291: 8276: 8270: 8269: 8267: 8265: 8250: 8244: 8241: 8235: 8234: 8206: 8200: 8199: 8197: 8195: 8180: 8174: 8173: 8163: 8155: 8128: 8122: 8118: 8112: 8111: 8099: 8093: 8092: 8064: 8053: 8052: 8050: 8048: 8033: 8027: 8026: 8020: 8012: 7984: 7978: 7977: 7971: 7963: 7935: 7929: 7928: 7918: 7909: 7903: 7902: 7892: 7886: 7885: 7883: 7881: 7866: 7860: 7859: 7857: 7855: 7840: 7834: 7833: 7823: 7799: 7790: 7789: 7749: 7740: 7739: 7699: 7690: 7689: 7687: 7685: 7666: 7660: 7659: 7657: 7655: 7641: 7635: 7634: 7632: 7630: 7611: 7605: 7604: 7602: 7600: 7594: 7587: 7576: 7570: 7569: 7567: 7565: 7551: 7545: 7534: 7523: 7522: 7520: 7518: 7512: 7501: 7493: 7487: 7486: 7484: 7482: 7463: 7450: 7449: 7433: 7424: 7423: 7413: 7407: 7400: 7391: 7390: 7362: 7356: 7355: 7353: 7351: 7337: 7331: 7330: 7328: 7326: 7311: 7300: 7299: 7291: 7285: 7284: 7266: 7255: 7254: 7252: 7250: 7231: 7222: 7221: 7213: 7207: 7206: 7178: 7169: 7168: 7158: 7149: 7148: 7120: 7114: 7113: 7085: 7076: 7069: 7058: 7057: 7029: 7020: 7019: 7000: 6994: 6993: 6975: 6969: 6968: 6960: 6951: 6950: 6928: 6922: 6921: 6910:10.2307/25161668 6904:(2/3): 230–259. 6895: 6886: 6880: 6879: 6873: 6865: 6837: 6831: 6830: 6802: 6791: 6790: 6788: 6786: 6762: 6756: 6746: 6740: 6739: 6738: 6736: 6695: 6672: 6671: 6649: 6643: 6642: 6632: 6626: 6625: 6623: 6621: 6612:. Archived from 6602: 6596: 6595: 6583: 6573: 6567: 6566: 6550: 6540: 6534: 6527: 6521: 6518: 6512: 6511: 6497: 6491: 6490: 6459:Wíčazo Ša Review 6450: 6444: 6430: 6403: 6402: 6400: 6398: 6379: 6373: 6372: 6370: 6368: 6353: 6347: 6346: 6344: 6342: 6327: 6321: 6320: 6318: 6316: 6301: 6295: 6294: 6284: 6273: 6272: 6270: 6268: 6253: 6238: 6237: 6235: 6233: 6219:The New Republic 6210: 6199: 6198: 6192: 6184: 6156: 6145: 6144: 6142: 6140: 6125: 6112: 6111: 6109: 6107: 6092: 6075: 6074: 6072: 6070: 6055: 6042: 6041: 6035: 6027: 5999: 5984: 5983: 5977: 5969: 5942: 5933: 5932: 5914: 5905: 5904: 5902: 5900: 5872: 5861: 5860: 5854: 5846: 5839: 5833: 5832: 5830: 5828: 5813: 5746: 5741: 5740: 5739: 5732: 5727: 5726: 5725: 4924:Language Family 4918: 4914: 4874:Yukian languages 4299:La Jolla complex 3548:Pala Reservation 3430:146.04 (378.24) 3424:144.99 (375.53) 3398:141.68 (366.96) 3392:140.77 (364.59) 3271:53.32 (138.090) 3227:Area in mi (km) 3212: 3208: 3125:mourning rituals 3043:'s mouth in 2013 2898: 2886: 2871: 2852: 2821:Material culture 2745:Nicholas Galanin 2676:settler colonial 2456: 2211:Pala, California 2158:cut through the 1858:John Ross Browne 1834:Christianization 1768:Ilya Voznesensky 1735:Mikhail Tikhanov 1565:forest gardening 1539:La Jolla complex 1535:hunter-gatherers 1358:medicinal plants 1346:forest gardening 1277: 1270: 1263: 1199:Native Americans 1077:The Great Plains 1045: 1044: 980: 978:American English 952:Louisiana Creole 660:Paiute War(1860) 586:Posey War (1923) 281:Iroquois culture 156:Indian Territory 106:Age of Discovery 65: 64: 52: 41:Native Americans 32: 31: 21: 11215: 11214: 11210: 11209: 11208: 11206: 11205: 11204: 11170: 11169: 11168: 11163: 11049:San Luis Obispo 10680: 10586:San Luis Obispo 10377: 10357: 10324: 10271: 10247:Postwar culture 10213: 10110: 10105: 10075: 10070: 9943: 9934: 9904: 9899: 9895: 9890: 9822:Northwest Coast 9803: 9794: 9764: 9759: 9621:Northern Paiute 9438: 9428: 9426: 9366:Wayback Machine 9321: 9296: 9262: 9256: 9254:Further reading 9251: 9250: 9231: 9222: 9167: 9163: 9156: 9140: 9133: 9123: 9121: 9113:Lane, Beverly. 9111: 9107: 9091: 8982: 8972: 8970: 8961: 8960: 8951: 8941: 8939: 8926: 8925: 8921: 8911: 8909: 8896: 8895: 8891: 8881: 8879: 8870: 8869: 8858: 8852: 8834: 8830: 8820: 8818: 8805: 8804: 8800: 8791: 8787: 8777: 8775: 8766: 8765: 8761: 8718: 8714: 8704: 8702: 8689: 8688: 8684: 8677: 8663: 8659: 8649: 8647: 8634: 8633: 8629: 8619: 8617: 8610: 8606: 8605: 8601: 8591: 8589: 8580: 8579: 8575: 8568: 8548: 8544: 8533: 8529: 8516: 8512: 8502: 8500: 8491: 8490: 8486: 8476: 8474: 8466: 8465: 8461: 8451: 8449: 8439: 8432: 8422: 8420: 8407: 8406: 8402: 8392: 8390: 8380: 8376: 8366: 8364: 8354: 8350: 8340: 8338: 8330: 8329: 8325: 8315: 8313: 8303: 8299: 8289: 8287: 8278: 8277: 8273: 8263: 8261: 8251: 8247: 8242: 8238: 8223: 8207: 8203: 8193: 8191: 8181: 8177: 8157: 8156: 8144: 8130: 8129: 8125: 8119: 8115: 8100: 8096: 8081: 8065: 8056: 8046: 8044: 8035: 8034: 8030: 8014: 8013: 8001: 7985: 7981: 7965: 7964: 7952: 7936: 7932: 7916: 7910: 7906: 7901:(Thesis). UCLA. 7893: 7889: 7879: 7877: 7867: 7863: 7853: 7851: 7842: 7841: 7837: 7800: 7793: 7750: 7743: 7700: 7693: 7683: 7681: 7668: 7667: 7663: 7653: 7651: 7643: 7642: 7638: 7628: 7626: 7613: 7612: 7608: 7598: 7596: 7592: 7585: 7577: 7573: 7563: 7561: 7553: 7552: 7548: 7535: 7526: 7516: 7514: 7510: 7499: 7495: 7494: 7490: 7480: 7478: 7465: 7464: 7453: 7434: 7427: 7414: 7410: 7401: 7394: 7379: 7363: 7359: 7349: 7347: 7339: 7338: 7334: 7324: 7322: 7313: 7312: 7303: 7292: 7288: 7281: 7267: 7258: 7248: 7246: 7233: 7232: 7225: 7214: 7210: 7179: 7172: 7159: 7152: 7137: 7121: 7117: 7102: 7086: 7079: 7070: 7061: 7046: 7030: 7023: 7018:on May 6, 2007. 7002: 7001: 6997: 6990: 6976: 6972: 6961: 6954: 6943: 6929: 6925: 6893: 6887: 6883: 6867: 6866: 6854: 6838: 6834: 6819: 6803: 6794: 6784: 6782: 6763: 6759: 6747: 6743: 6734: 6732: 6722: 6696: 6675: 6664: 6650: 6646: 6633: 6629: 6619: 6617: 6604: 6603: 6599: 6592: 6574: 6570: 6563: 6541: 6537: 6528: 6524: 6519: 6515: 6498: 6494: 6451: 6447: 6431: 6406: 6396: 6394: 6381: 6380: 6376: 6366: 6364: 6354: 6350: 6340: 6338: 6328: 6324: 6314: 6312: 6302: 6298: 6293:(Thesis). UCLA. 6285: 6276: 6266: 6264: 6255: 6254: 6241: 6231: 6229: 6211: 6202: 6186: 6185: 6173: 6157: 6148: 6138: 6136: 6133:www.cbsnews.com 6127: 6126: 6115: 6105: 6103: 6102:. June 28, 2018 6094: 6093: 6078: 6068: 6066: 6056: 6045: 6029: 6028: 6016: 6000: 5987: 5971: 5970: 5958: 5944: 5943: 5936: 5929: 5915: 5908: 5898: 5896: 5889: 5873: 5864: 5848: 5847: 5841: 5840: 5836: 5826: 5824: 5814: 5810: 5805: 5777:Mission Indians 5742: 5737: 5735: 5728: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5106:Tiipai-Kumeyaay 4824: 4810: 4805: 4752:Foothill Yokuts 4597:Kuupangaxwichem 4469:Southern Patwin 4061:Pit River tribe 4048: 4040:Main articles: 4038: 4036:List of peoples 3935:Northern Paiute 3879: 3803:53.60 (138.83) 3797:53.48 (138.50) 3769: 3756:84.29 (218.32) 3750:84.29 (218.32) 3650:(Valley Center) 3646:Sówmy/Kuutpamay 3606:88.08 (228.13) 3600:84.73 (219.46) 3531:52.73 (136.57) 3525:51.58 (133.58) 3462:70.32 (182.14) 3456:68.93 (178.53) 3363:49.26 (127.58) 3277:53.68 (139.04) 3204: 3198: 3130:Many tribes in 3092: 3048:Anadromous fish 3026: 3024:Anadromous fish 2988: 2934: 2915: 2909: 2902: 2899: 2890: 2887: 2878: 2872: 2863: 2853: 2834: 2828: 2823: 2775:. In 2015, the 2729: 2723: 2592: 2567: 2561: 2490: 2484: 2446: 2444: 2409:Native American 2368: 2327:Judeo-Christian 2306: 2297: 2277:Native American 2257: 2227: 2183: 2177: 2168: 2156:Applegate Trail 2111:William Simpson 2109:1873 sketch by 2103: 2097: 2071: 2065: 1972:Alta California 1940: 1930: 1850: 1830:Hispanicization 1806:Alta California 1790: 1784: 1745: 1723: 1702: 1638: 1632:Mission Indians 1628: 1599: 1593: 1569:controlled fire 1479: 1474: 1468: 1448:Baja California 1428: 1339:Native American 1281: 1252: 1251: 1250: 1193: 1185: 1184: 1179: 1091: 1042: 1034: 1033: 1032: 1000: 992: 991: 990: 976: 966: 958: 957: 956: 936: 928: 927: 926: 891: 883: 882: 881: 816: 808: 807: 806: 744: 736: 735: 734: 695:Crow War (1887) 362: 352: 351: 350: 276:Hohokam culture 260: 250: 249: 101:Woodland period 86:Formative stage 62: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 11213: 11203: 11202: 11197: 11192: 11187: 11182: 11165: 11164: 11162: 11161: 11156: 11151: 11146: 11141: 11136: 11131: 11126: 11121: 11116: 11111: 11106: 11101: 11096: 11091: 11086: 11081: 11076: 11071: 11066: 11061: 11056: 11051: 11046: 11041: 11036: 11031: 11026: 11021: 11016: 11011: 11006: 11001: 10996: 10991: 10986: 10981: 10976: 10971: 10966: 10961: 10956: 10951: 10946: 10941: 10936: 10931: 10926: 10921: 10916: 10911: 10906: 10901: 10896: 10891: 10886: 10881: 10876: 10871: 10866: 10861: 10856: 10851: 10846: 10841: 10836: 10831: 10826: 10821: 10816: 10811: 10806: 10801: 10796: 10791: 10786: 10781: 10776: 10774:San Bernardino 10771: 10766: 10761: 10756: 10751: 10746: 10741: 10736: 10731: 10726: 10721: 10716: 10711: 10706: 10701: 10696: 10690: 10688: 10682: 10681: 10679: 10678: 10673: 10668: 10663: 10658: 10653: 10648: 10643: 10638: 10633: 10628: 10623: 10618: 10613: 10608: 10603: 10598: 10593: 10588: 10583: 10578: 10573: 10568: 10566:San Bernardino 10563: 10558: 10553: 10548: 10543: 10538: 10533: 10528: 10523: 10518: 10513: 10508: 10503: 10498: 10493: 10488: 10483: 10478: 10473: 10468: 10463: 10458: 10453: 10448: 10443: 10438: 10433: 10428: 10423: 10418: 10413: 10408: 10403: 10398: 10393: 10387: 10385: 10379: 10378: 10376: 10375: 10369: 10367: 10363: 10362: 10359: 10358: 10356: 10355: 10350: 10345: 10340: 10334: 10332: 10326: 10325: 10323: 10322: 10317: 10312: 10307: 10302: 10297: 10292: 10287: 10281: 10279: 10273: 10272: 10270: 10269: 10264: 10259: 10254: 10249: 10244: 10239: 10234: 10229: 10223: 10221: 10215: 10214: 10212: 10211: 10210: 10209: 10204: 10194: 10189: 10184: 10179: 10174: 10173: 10172: 10167: 10157: 10152: 10151: 10150: 10145: 10140: 10135: 10124: 10122: 10112: 10111: 10104: 10103: 10096: 10089: 10081: 10072: 10071: 10069: 10068: 10063: 10058: 10053: 10048: 10043: 10038: 10033: 10028: 10026:North Carolina 10023: 10018: 10013: 10008: 10003: 9998: 9997: 9996: 9984: 9979: 9974: 9969: 9964: 9959: 9954: 9948: 9945: 9944: 9933: 9932: 9925: 9918: 9910: 9901: 9900: 9893: 9891: 9889: 9888: 9887: 9886: 9881: 9871: 9866: 9861: 9860: 9859: 9854: 9844: 9839: 9834: 9829: 9824: 9819: 9814: 9808: 9805: 9804: 9797:Cultural areas 9793: 9792: 9785: 9778: 9770: 9761: 9760: 9758: 9757: 9752: 9747: 9742: 9737: 9732: 9727: 9722: 9717: 9712: 9707: 9702: 9697: 9691: 9686: 9681: 9675: 9669: 9664: 9659: 9653: 9648: 9643: 9642: 9641: 9636: 9628: 9618: 9613: 9608: 9602: 9597: 9591: 9586: 9580: 9575: 9570: 9565: 9559: 9554: 9549: 9544: 9539: 9534: 9520: 9515: 9510: 9504: 9499: 9494: 9489: 9484: 9479: 9474: 9464: 9459: 9454: 9449: 9443: 9440: 9439: 9425: 9424: 9417: 9410: 9402: 9396: 9395: 9375: 9369: 9356: 9351: 9345: 9339: 9333: 9328: 9320: 9319:External links 9317: 9316: 9315: 9300: 9294: 9281: 9266:Hinton, Leanne 9255: 9252: 9249: 9248: 9220: 9161: 9154: 9131: 9105: 8980: 8949: 8919: 8889: 8856: 8850: 8828: 8811:Britannica.com 8798: 8785: 8759: 8712: 8682: 8675: 8657: 8627: 8599: 8573: 8566: 8542: 8527: 8510: 8484: 8459: 8430: 8413:Calisphere.org 8400: 8374: 8348: 8323: 8297: 8271: 8259:The Desert Sun 8245: 8236: 8221: 8201: 8175: 8142: 8123: 8113: 8094: 8079: 8054: 8028: 7999: 7979: 7950: 7930: 7904: 7887: 7861: 7835: 7791: 7741: 7691: 7661: 7636: 7606: 7571: 7546: 7544:21 (1998): 27. 7524: 7488: 7451: 7425: 7408: 7392: 7377: 7357: 7332: 7301: 7286: 7279: 7256: 7223: 7208: 7170: 7150: 7135: 7115: 7100: 7077: 7059: 7044: 7021: 6995: 6988: 6970: 6952: 6941: 6923: 6881: 6852: 6832: 6817: 6792: 6757: 6741: 6720: 6673: 6662: 6644: 6627: 6597: 6590: 6568: 6561: 6535: 6529:Starr, Kevin. 6522: 6513: 6492: 6465:(1): 159–181. 6445: 6404: 6374: 6348: 6322: 6296: 6274: 6239: 6200: 6171: 6165:. Lanham, MD. 6146: 6113: 6076: 6043: 6014: 5985: 5956: 5934: 5927: 5906: 5888:978-1597141369 5887: 5862: 5834: 5807: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5800: 5799: 5794: 5789: 5784: 5779: 5774: 5769: 5764: 5759: 5754: 5748: 5747: 5733: 5717: 5714: 5711: 5710: 5707: 5698: 5693: 5682: 5681: 5678: 5668: 5663: 5657: 5656: 5653: 5648: 5643: 5637: 5636: 5633: 5628: 5623: 5617: 5616: 5613: 5608: 5603: 5597: 5596: 5593: 5583: 5578: 5572: 5571: 5568: 5558: 5553: 5547: 5546: 5543: 5538: 5533: 5527: 5526: 5523: 5518: 5513: 5507: 5506: 5503: 5498: 5493: 5487: 5486: 5483: 5478: 5473: 5467: 5466: 5463: 5458: 5453: 5447: 5446: 5443: 5438: 5433: 5427: 5426: 5423: 5413: 5408: 5402: 5401: 5398: 5393: 5388: 5382: 5381: 5378: 5368: 5363: 5357: 5356: 5353: 5348: 5343: 5337: 5336: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5317: 5316: 5313: 5308: 5303: 5297: 5296: 5293: 5288: 5283: 5277: 5276: 5273: 5268: 5263: 5257: 5256: 5253: 5243: 5238: 5232: 5231: 5228: 5218: 5213: 5207: 5206: 5203: 5198: 5193: 5187: 5186: 5183: 5178: 5173: 5167: 5166: 5163: 5153: 5148: 5142: 5141: 5138: 5133: 5128: 5122: 5121: 5118: 5113: 5108: 5102: 5101: 5098: 5093: 5088: 5082: 5081: 5078: 5073: 5068: 5062: 5061: 5058: 5048: 5043: 5037: 5036: 5033: 5028: 5023: 5017: 5016: 5013: 5003: 4998: 4992: 4991: 4988: 4983: 4978: 4972: 4971: 4968: 4963: 4958: 4952: 4951: 4948: 4943: 4938: 4932: 4931: 4928: 4925: 4922: 4908:. The several 4809: 4806: 4804: 4803: 4797: 4796: 4795: 4779: 4773: 4772: 4771: 4761: 4755: 4739: 4738: 4737: 4726: 4720: 4714: 4708: 4702: 4701: 4700: 4694: 4688: 4672: 4671: 4670: 4650: 4628: 4614: 4604: 4594: 4584: 4573:Iívil̃uqaletem 4570: 4555: 4549: 4548: 4547: 4541: 4529: 4528: 4527: 4520: 4513: 4496: 4486: 4480: 4474: 4473: 4472: 4456: 4455: 4454: 4449: 4444: 4439: 4434: 4429: 4424: 4419: 4414: 4399: 4393: 4387: 4381: 4371: 4370: 4369: 4364: 4358: 4352: 4336: 4335: 4334: 4331:Southern Maidu 4324: 4314: 4302: 4296: 4295: 4294: 4288: 4287: 4286: 4261: 4255: 4249: 4239: 4233: 4232: 4231: 4220: 4214: 4213: 4212: 4202: 4196: 4190: 4180: 4164: 4158: 4152: 4151: 4150: 4139: 4128: 4117: 4106: 4103: 4096: 4089: 4076: 4070: 4064: 4049: 4037: 4034: 4031: 4030: 4022: 4019: 4016: 4015:0.035 (0.091) 4013: 4010: 4007: 4002: 3996: 3995: 3990: 3987: 3984: 3981: 3978: 3975: 3970: 3964: 3963: 3958: 3955: 3952: 3949: 3946: 3943: 3923: 3917: 3916: 3911: 3908: 3905: 3902: 3899: 3896: 3891: 3885: 3884: 3877: 3871: 3868: 3865: 3862: 3859: 3856: 3851: 3845: 3844: 3839: 3836: 3833: 3830: 3827: 3824: 3819: 3813: 3812: 3807: 3804: 3801: 3798: 3795: 3792: 3782: 3776: 3775: 3767: 3760: 3757: 3754: 3751: 3748: 3745: 3735: 3729: 3728: 3723: 3720: 3717: 3714: 3711: 3708: 3703: 3697: 3696: 3685: 3683: 3681: 3679: 3677: 3674: 3659: 3653: 3652: 3642: 3639: 3636: 3633: 3630: 3627: 3622: 3616: 3615: 3610: 3607: 3604: 3601: 3598: 3595: 3590: 3584: 3583: 3575: 3572: 3571:20.35 (52.71) 3569: 3566: 3565:20.35 (52.71) 3563: 3560: 3550: 3544: 3543: 3535: 3532: 3529: 3526: 3523: 3520: 3515: 3509: 3508: 3503: 3500: 3497: 3496:0.014 (0.035) 3494: 3491: 3488: 3478: 3472: 3471: 3466: 3463: 3460: 3457: 3454: 3451: 3446: 3440: 3439: 3434: 3431: 3428: 3425: 3422: 3419: 3414: 3408: 3407: 3402: 3399: 3396: 3393: 3390: 3387: 3382: 3376: 3375: 3367: 3364: 3361: 3360:15.04 (38.96) 3358: 3357:34.22 (88.62) 3355: 3352: 3347: 3341: 3340: 3331: 3328: 3325: 3322: 3319: 3316: 3296: 3290: 3289: 3287:(Palm Springs) 3281: 3278: 3275: 3272: 3269: 3266: 3261: 3255: 3254: 3251: 3248: 3245: 3241: 3240: 3237: 3228: 3225: 3219: 3216: 3197: 3194: 3156:secret society 3140:Kuksu religion 3138:practised the 3091: 3088: 3064:Pacific salmon 3037:Chinook Salmon 3025: 3022: 2987: 2984: 2933: 2930: 2908: 2905: 2904: 2903: 2900: 2893: 2891: 2888: 2881: 2879: 2873: 2866: 2864: 2854: 2847: 2827: 2826:Basket weaving 2824: 2822: 2819: 2797:kuuyam nahwá'a 2761:Tuluwat Island 2722: 2719: 2591: 2588: 2563:Main article: 2560: 2557: 2526:Tolowa Dee-ni' 2498:Yurok language 2483: 2480: 2443: 2440: 2367: 2364: 2305: 2302: 2296: 2293: 2226: 2223: 2207:Warner Springs 2181:Indian removal 2179:Main article: 2176: 2173: 2167: 2164: 2136:Modoc Campaign 2099:Main article: 2096: 2093: 2088:Anglo-American 2067:Main article: 2064: 2061: 2042:slave auctions 1980:Anglo-American 1968:Central Valley 1929: 1926: 1890:white settlers 1849: 1846: 1798:Spanish Empire 1783: 1780: 1741:Main article: 1722: 1719: 1715:Anglo-American 1701: 1698: 1685:cattle grazing 1654:Jedidiah Smith 1627: 1624: 1595:Main article: 1592: 1589: 1478: 1475: 1467: 1464: 1444:Plateau tribes 1427: 1426:Classification 1424: 1393:Anglo-American 1292:Winnemem Wintu 1283: 1282: 1280: 1279: 1272: 1265: 1257: 1254: 1253: 1249: 1248: 1243: 1238: 1233: 1228: 1227: 1226: 1221: 1216: 1211: 1206: 1195: 1194: 1191: 1190: 1187: 1186: 1181: 1180: 1178: 1177: 1172: 1167: 1162: 1157: 1155:North Carolina 1152: 1147: 1142: 1137: 1132: 1127: 1122: 1117: 1112: 1107: 1101: 1098: 1097: 1093: 1092: 1090: 1089: 1084: 1079: 1074: 1069: 1064: 1059: 1053: 1050: 1049: 1043: 1040: 1039: 1036: 1035: 1031: 1030: 1025: 1020: 1019: 1018: 1013: 1002: 1001: 998: 997: 994: 993: 989: 988: 983: 982: 981: 968: 967: 964: 963: 960: 959: 955: 954: 949: 944: 938: 937: 934: 933: 930: 929: 925: 924: 919: 914: 909: 904: 899: 893: 892: 889: 888: 885: 884: 880: 879: 874: 869: 864: 859: 854: 849: 844: 839: 834: 829: 824: 818: 817: 814: 813: 810: 809: 805: 804: 794: 789: 784: 779: 774: 769: 768: 767: 757: 752: 746: 745: 742: 741: 738: 737: 733: 732: 727: 722: 717: 712: 707: 702: 697: 692: 687: 682: 677: 672: 667: 662: 657: 652: 646: 645: 632: 626: 625: 588: 582: 581: 571:Ute War (1887) 544: 539: 510: 504: 503: 478: 473: 467: 466: 456: 455: 450: 445: 440: 435: 430: 425: 420: 415: 410: 405: 400: 395: 390: 388:Peach Tree War 385: 380: 375: 370: 364: 363: 358: 357: 354: 353: 349: 348: 343: 338: 333: 328: 323: 318: 313: 308: 303: 298: 293: 288: 283: 278: 273: 268: 262: 261: 256: 255: 252: 251: 246: 245: 244: 243: 238: 233: 228: 223: 218: 213: 208: 203: 198: 193: 188: 183: 178: 173: 168: 163: 158: 153: 148: 146:Trail of Tears 143: 138: 133: 128: 123: 118: 113: 108: 103: 98: 93: 88: 83: 78: 73: 63: 58: 57: 54: 53: 45: 44: 37: 36: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11212: 11201: 11198: 11196: 11193: 11191: 11188: 11186: 11183: 11181: 11178: 11177: 11175: 11160: 11157: 11155: 11152: 11150: 11147: 11145: 11142: 11140: 11137: 11135: 11132: 11130: 11127: 11125: 11124:Crescent City 11122: 11120: 11117: 11115: 11112: 11110: 11107: 11105: 11102: 11100: 11097: 11095: 11092: 11090: 11087: 11085: 11082: 11080: 11077: 11075: 11072: 11070: 11067: 11065: 11062: 11060: 11057: 11055: 11052: 11050: 11047: 11045: 11042: 11040: 11037: 11035: 11032: 11030: 11027: 11025: 11022: 11020: 11017: 11015: 11012: 11010: 11007: 11005: 11002: 11000: 10997: 10995: 10994:Santa Barbara 10992: 10990: 10987: 10985: 10982: 10980: 10977: 10975: 10972: 10970: 10967: 10965: 10962: 10960: 10957: 10955: 10952: 10950: 10947: 10945: 10942: 10940: 10937: 10935: 10932: 10930: 10927: 10925: 10922: 10920: 10917: 10915: 10912: 10910: 10907: 10905: 10904:Thousand Oaks 10902: 10900: 10897: 10895: 10892: 10890: 10887: 10885: 10882: 10880: 10877: 10875: 10872: 10870: 10867: 10865: 10862: 10860: 10857: 10855: 10852: 10850: 10847: 10845: 10842: 10840: 10837: 10835: 10832: 10830: 10827: 10825: 10822: 10820: 10817: 10815: 10812: 10810: 10809:Santa Clarita 10807: 10805: 10802: 10800: 10797: 10795: 10794:Moreno Valley 10792: 10790: 10787: 10785: 10782: 10780: 10777: 10775: 10772: 10770: 10767: 10765: 10762: 10760: 10757: 10755: 10752: 10750: 10747: 10745: 10742: 10740: 10737: 10735: 10732: 10730: 10727: 10725: 10722: 10720: 10717: 10715: 10712: 10710: 10709:San Francisco 10707: 10705: 10702: 10700: 10697: 10695: 10692: 10691: 10689: 10687: 10683: 10677: 10674: 10672: 10669: 10667: 10664: 10662: 10659: 10657: 10654: 10652: 10649: 10647: 10644: 10642: 10639: 10637: 10634: 10632: 10629: 10627: 10624: 10622: 10619: 10617: 10614: 10612: 10609: 10607: 10604: 10602: 10599: 10597: 10596:Santa Barbara 10594: 10592: 10589: 10587: 10584: 10582: 10579: 10577: 10576:San Francisco 10574: 10572: 10569: 10567: 10564: 10562: 10559: 10557: 10554: 10552: 10549: 10547: 10544: 10542: 10539: 10537: 10534: 10532: 10529: 10527: 10524: 10522: 10519: 10517: 10514: 10512: 10509: 10507: 10504: 10502: 10499: 10497: 10494: 10492: 10489: 10487: 10484: 10482: 10479: 10477: 10474: 10472: 10469: 10467: 10464: 10462: 10459: 10457: 10454: 10452: 10449: 10447: 10444: 10442: 10439: 10437: 10434: 10432: 10429: 10427: 10424: 10422: 10419: 10417: 10414: 10412: 10409: 10407: 10404: 10402: 10399: 10397: 10394: 10392: 10389: 10388: 10386: 10384: 10380: 10374: 10371: 10370: 10368: 10364: 10354: 10351: 10349: 10346: 10344: 10341: 10339: 10336: 10335: 10333: 10331: 10327: 10321: 10318: 10316: 10313: 10311: 10308: 10306: 10303: 10301: 10298: 10296: 10293: 10291: 10288: 10286: 10283: 10282: 10280: 10278: 10274: 10268: 10265: 10263: 10260: 10258: 10255: 10253: 10250: 10248: 10245: 10243: 10240: 10238: 10235: 10233: 10230: 10228: 10225: 10224: 10222: 10220: 10216: 10208: 10205: 10203: 10200: 10199: 10198: 10195: 10193: 10190: 10188: 10185: 10183: 10180: 10178: 10175: 10171: 10168: 10166: 10163: 10162: 10161: 10158: 10156: 10153: 10149: 10146: 10144: 10141: 10139: 10136: 10134: 10131: 10130: 10129: 10126: 10125: 10123: 10121: 10117: 10113: 10109: 10102: 10097: 10095: 10090: 10088: 10083: 10082: 10079: 10067: 10064: 10062: 10059: 10057: 10054: 10052: 10049: 10047: 10044: 10042: 10039: 10037: 10034: 10032: 10029: 10027: 10024: 10022: 10019: 10017: 10014: 10012: 10009: 10007: 10004: 10002: 10001:Massachusetts 9999: 9994: 9990: 9989: 9988: 9985: 9983: 9980: 9978: 9975: 9973: 9970: 9968: 9965: 9963: 9960: 9958: 9955: 9953: 9950: 9949: 9946: 9942: 9938: 9931: 9926: 9924: 9919: 9917: 9912: 9911: 9908: 9885: 9882: 9880: 9877: 9876: 9875: 9872: 9870: 9867: 9865: 9862: 9858: 9855: 9853: 9850: 9849: 9848: 9845: 9843: 9840: 9838: 9835: 9833: 9830: 9828: 9825: 9823: 9820: 9818: 9815: 9813: 9810: 9809: 9806: 9802: 9798: 9791: 9786: 9784: 9779: 9777: 9772: 9771: 9768: 9756: 9753: 9751: 9748: 9746: 9743: 9741: 9738: 9736: 9733: 9731: 9728: 9726: 9723: 9721: 9718: 9716: 9713: 9711: 9708: 9706: 9703: 9701: 9698: 9695: 9692: 9690: 9687: 9685: 9682: 9679: 9676: 9673: 9670: 9668: 9665: 9663: 9660: 9657: 9654: 9652: 9649: 9647: 9644: 9640: 9637: 9634: 9633: 9632: 9629: 9626: 9622: 9619: 9617: 9614: 9612: 9609: 9606: 9603: 9601: 9598: 9595: 9592: 9590: 9587: 9584: 9581: 9579: 9576: 9574: 9571: 9569: 9566: 9563: 9560: 9558: 9555: 9553: 9550: 9548: 9545: 9543: 9540: 9538: 9535: 9532: 9528: 9524: 9521: 9519: 9516: 9514: 9511: 9508: 9505: 9503: 9500: 9498: 9495: 9493: 9490: 9488: 9485: 9483: 9480: 9478: 9475: 9472: 9468: 9465: 9463: 9460: 9458: 9455: 9453: 9450: 9448: 9445: 9444: 9441: 9437: 9432: 9423: 9418: 9416: 9411: 9409: 9404: 9403: 9400: 9392: 9391: 9385: 9380: 9379:Shea, John G. 9376: 9373: 9370: 9367: 9363: 9360: 9357: 9355: 9352: 9349: 9346: 9343: 9340: 9337: 9334: 9332: 9329: 9326: 9323: 9322: 9313: 9309: 9305: 9301: 9297: 9291: 9287: 9282: 9279: 9278:0-930588-62-2 9275: 9271: 9267: 9264: 9263: 9261: 9246: 9242: 9238: 9234: 9233:Golla, Victor 9229: 9227: 9225: 9216: 9212: 9207: 9202: 9197: 9192: 9188: 9184: 9180: 9176: 9172: 9165: 9157: 9151: 9147: 9146: 9138: 9136: 9120: 9116: 9109: 9103: 9099: 9095: 9089: 9087: 9085: 9083: 9081: 9079: 9077: 9075: 9073: 9071: 9069: 9067: 9065: 9063: 9061: 9059: 9057: 9055: 9053: 9051: 9049: 9047: 9045: 9043: 9041: 9039: 9037: 9035: 9033: 9031: 9029: 9027: 9025: 9023: 9021: 9019: 9017: 9015: 9013: 9011: 9009: 9007: 9005: 9003: 9001: 8999: 8997: 8995: 8993: 8991: 8989: 8987: 8985: 8968: 8964: 8958: 8956: 8954: 8937: 8933: 8929: 8923: 8907: 8903: 8899: 8893: 8877: 8873: 8867: 8865: 8863: 8861: 8853: 8851:0-500-20377-6 8847: 8842: 8841: 8832: 8816: 8812: 8808: 8802: 8795: 8789: 8773: 8769: 8763: 8755: 8751: 8747: 8743: 8739: 8735: 8731: 8727: 8723: 8716: 8700: 8696: 8692: 8686: 8678: 8672: 8668: 8661: 8645: 8641: 8637: 8631: 8616: 8609: 8603: 8587: 8583: 8577: 8569: 8567:0-394-73127-1 8563: 8559: 8555: 8554: 8546: 8538: 8531: 8523: 8522: 8514: 8498: 8494: 8488: 8473: 8469: 8463: 8448: 8444: 8437: 8435: 8418: 8414: 8410: 8404: 8389: 8385: 8378: 8363: 8359: 8352: 8337: 8333: 8327: 8312: 8308: 8301: 8285: 8281: 8275: 8260: 8256: 8249: 8240: 8232: 8228: 8224: 8218: 8214: 8213: 8205: 8190: 8186: 8179: 8171: 8167: 8161: 8153: 8149: 8145: 8139: 8135: 8134: 8127: 8117: 8109: 8105: 8098: 8090: 8086: 8082: 8076: 8072: 8071: 8063: 8061: 8059: 8042: 8038: 8032: 8024: 8018: 8010: 8006: 8002: 7996: 7992: 7991: 7983: 7975: 7969: 7961: 7957: 7953: 7947: 7943: 7942: 7934: 7926: 7922: 7915: 7908: 7900: 7899: 7891: 7876: 7875:Oakland North 7872: 7865: 7849: 7845: 7839: 7831: 7827: 7822: 7817: 7813: 7809: 7805: 7798: 7796: 7787: 7783: 7779: 7775: 7771: 7767: 7763: 7759: 7755: 7748: 7746: 7737: 7733: 7729: 7725: 7721: 7717: 7714:(1): 97–123. 7713: 7709: 7705: 7698: 7696: 7679: 7675: 7671: 7665: 7650: 7646: 7640: 7624: 7620: 7616: 7610: 7591: 7584: 7583: 7575: 7560: 7556: 7550: 7543: 7539: 7533: 7531: 7529: 7509: 7505: 7498: 7492: 7476: 7472: 7468: 7462: 7460: 7458: 7456: 7447: 7443: 7439: 7432: 7430: 7421: 7420: 7412: 7405: 7399: 7397: 7388: 7384: 7380: 7374: 7370: 7369: 7361: 7346: 7342: 7336: 7320: 7316: 7310: 7308: 7306: 7297: 7290: 7282: 7280:1-58703-163-9 7276: 7272: 7265: 7263: 7261: 7244: 7240: 7236: 7230: 7228: 7219: 7212: 7204: 7200: 7196: 7192: 7188: 7184: 7177: 7175: 7166: 7165: 7157: 7155: 7146: 7142: 7138: 7132: 7128: 7127: 7119: 7111: 7107: 7103: 7101:0-585-18760-6 7097: 7093: 7092: 7084: 7082: 7074: 7068: 7066: 7064: 7055: 7051: 7047: 7041: 7037: 7036: 7028: 7026: 7017: 7013: 7009: 7005: 6999: 6991: 6989:0-376-05172-8 6985: 6981: 6974: 6966: 6959: 6957: 6949: 6944: 6942:9780804738804 6938: 6934: 6927: 6919: 6915: 6911: 6907: 6903: 6899: 6892: 6885: 6877: 6871: 6863: 6859: 6855: 6849: 6845: 6844: 6836: 6828: 6824: 6820: 6818:0-19-513877-5 6814: 6810: 6809: 6801: 6799: 6797: 6780: 6776: 6772: 6768: 6761: 6754: 6751: 6745: 6731: 6727: 6723: 6717: 6713: 6709: 6705: 6701: 6694: 6692: 6690: 6688: 6686: 6684: 6682: 6680: 6678: 6670: 6665: 6663:9780804738804 6659: 6655: 6648: 6640: 6639: 6631: 6615: 6611: 6607: 6601: 6593: 6587: 6582: 6581: 6572: 6564: 6558: 6554: 6549: 6548: 6539: 6532: 6526: 6517: 6509: 6508: 6503: 6496: 6488: 6484: 6480: 6476: 6472: 6468: 6464: 6460: 6456: 6449: 6443: 6439: 6435: 6429: 6427: 6425: 6423: 6421: 6419: 6417: 6415: 6413: 6411: 6409: 6392: 6388: 6384: 6378: 6363: 6359: 6352: 6337: 6333: 6326: 6311: 6307: 6300: 6292: 6291: 6283: 6281: 6279: 6262: 6258: 6252: 6250: 6248: 6246: 6244: 6228: 6224: 6220: 6216: 6209: 6207: 6205: 6196: 6190: 6182: 6178: 6174: 6168: 6164: 6163: 6155: 6153: 6151: 6134: 6130: 6124: 6122: 6120: 6118: 6101: 6097: 6091: 6089: 6087: 6085: 6083: 6081: 6065: 6061: 6054: 6052: 6050: 6048: 6039: 6033: 6025: 6021: 6017: 6011: 6007: 6006: 5998: 5996: 5994: 5992: 5990: 5981: 5975: 5967: 5963: 5959: 5957:0-945193-83-1 5953: 5949: 5948: 5941: 5939: 5930: 5924: 5920: 5913: 5911: 5894: 5890: 5884: 5880: 5879: 5871: 5869: 5867: 5858: 5852: 5844: 5838: 5823: 5819: 5812: 5808: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5772:Martis people 5770: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5749: 5745: 5734: 5731: 5720: 5708: 5706: 5703:; within the 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5691: 5687: 5684: 5683: 5679: 5676: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5658: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5638: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5618: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5599: 5598: 5594: 5592: 5591: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5574: 5573: 5569: 5567: 5566: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5548: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5528: 5524: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5508: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5494: 5492: 5491:Ipai-Kumeyaay 5489: 5488: 5484: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5468: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5448: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5428: 5424: 5421: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5407: 5404: 5403: 5399: 5397: 5394: 5392: 5389: 5387: 5384: 5383: 5379: 5376: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5358: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5338: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5318: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5298: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5278: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5258: 5254: 5251: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5237: 5234: 5233: 5229: 5226: 5222: 5219: 5217: 5214: 5212: 5209: 5208: 5204: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5188: 5184: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5169: 5168: 5164: 5161: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5143: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5123: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5103: 5099: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5083: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5063: 5059: 5057: 5056: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5038: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5018: 5014: 5012: 5011: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4994: 4993: 4989: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4974: 4973: 4969: 4967: 4964: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4953: 4949: 4947: 4944: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4934: 4933: 4929: 4926: 4923: 4920: 4919: 4913: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4899: 4895: 4891: 4887: 4883: 4879: 4875: 4871: 4866: 4864: 4860: 4856: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4840: 4836: 4831: 4829: 4823: 4814: 4801: 4798: 4793: 4790: 4789: 4787: 4783: 4780: 4777: 4774: 4769: 4765: 4762: 4759: 4756: 4753: 4749: 4746: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4736: 4733: 4732: 4730: 4727: 4724: 4721: 4718: 4715: 4712: 4709: 4706: 4703: 4698: 4695: 4692: 4689: 4686: 4682: 4679: 4678: 4676: 4673: 4668: 4664: 4661: 4657: 4654: 4651: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4629: 4626: 4622: 4618: 4615: 4612: 4608: 4607:Payómkawichum 4605: 4602: 4598: 4595: 4592: 4588: 4585: 4582: 4578: 4574: 4571: 4568: 4564: 4561: 4560: 4559: 4556: 4553: 4550: 4545: 4542: 4539: 4536: 4535: 4533: 4530: 4525: 4521: 4518: 4514: 4511: 4507: 4506: 4504: 4500: 4497: 4494: 4490: 4487: 4484: 4481: 4478: 4477:Pauma Complex 4475: 4470: 4466: 4463: 4462: 4460: 4457: 4453: 4450: 4448: 4445: 4443: 4440: 4438: 4435: 4433: 4430: 4428: 4425: 4423: 4420: 4418: 4415: 4413: 4410: 4409: 4407: 4403: 4400: 4397: 4394: 4391: 4388: 4385: 4382: 4379: 4375: 4372: 4368: 4365: 4362: 4359: 4356: 4353: 4350: 4347: 4346: 4344: 4340: 4337: 4332: 4328: 4325: 4322: 4318: 4315: 4312: 4309: 4308: 4306: 4303: 4300: 4297: 4292: 4289: 4284: 4281: 4280: 4278: 4275: 4274: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4262: 4259: 4256: 4253: 4250: 4247: 4243: 4240: 4237: 4234: 4230: 4227: 4226: 4224: 4221: 4218: 4215: 4210: 4206: 4203: 4200: 4197: 4194: 4191: 4188: 4184: 4181: 4178: 4175: 4174: 4172: 4168: 4165: 4162: 4159: 4156: 4153: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4104: 4101: 4097: 4094: 4090: 4087: 4083: 4082: 4080: 4077: 4074: 4071: 4068: 4065: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4051: 4050: 4047: 4043: 4029: 4027: 4023: 4020: 4017: 4014: 4011: 4008: 4006: 4003: 4001: 3998: 3997: 3994: 3991: 3988: 3985: 3982: 3979: 3976: 3974: 3971: 3969: 3966: 3965: 3962: 3959: 3956: 3953: 3950: 3947: 3944: 3942: 3941: 3937: 3936: 3932: 3931: 3927: 3924: 3922: 3919: 3918: 3915: 3912: 3909: 3907:9.31 (24.12) 3906: 3903: 3901:9.31 (24.12) 3900: 3897: 3895: 3892: 3890: 3887: 3886: 3883: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3869: 3866: 3863: 3860: 3857: 3855: 3852: 3850: 3847: 3846: 3843: 3840: 3837: 3834: 3831: 3828: 3825: 3823: 3820: 3818: 3815: 3814: 3811: 3808: 3805: 3802: 3799: 3796: 3793: 3791: 3790: 3786: 3783: 3781: 3778: 3777: 3773: 3766: 3765: 3761: 3758: 3755: 3752: 3749: 3746: 3744: 3743: 3739: 3736: 3734: 3731: 3730: 3727: 3726:Valley Center 3724: 3721: 3718: 3715: 3712: 3709: 3707: 3704: 3702: 3699: 3698: 3695: 3694:(Bakersfield) 3692: 3691: 3686: 3684: 3682: 3680: 3678: 3675: 3673: 3672: 3668: 3667: 3663: 3660: 3658: 3655: 3654: 3651: 3648: 3647: 3643: 3640: 3638:6.16 (15.96) 3637: 3634: 3632:6.16 (15.96) 3631: 3628: 3626: 3623: 3621: 3618: 3617: 3614: 3611: 3608: 3605: 3602: 3599: 3596: 3594: 3591: 3589: 3586: 3585: 3582: 3580: 3576: 3573: 3570: 3567: 3564: 3561: 3559: 3558: 3554: 3551: 3549: 3546: 3545: 3542: 3540: 3536: 3533: 3530: 3527: 3524: 3521: 3519: 3516: 3514: 3511: 3510: 3507: 3504: 3501: 3498: 3495: 3492: 3489: 3487: 3486: 3482: 3479: 3477: 3474: 3473: 3470: 3469:Yuma, Arizona 3467: 3464: 3461: 3458: 3455: 3452: 3450: 3447: 3445: 3442: 3441: 3438: 3435: 3432: 3429: 3426: 3423: 3420: 3418: 3415: 3413: 3410: 3409: 3406: 3403: 3400: 3397: 3394: 3391: 3388: 3386: 3383: 3381: 3378: 3377: 3374: 3372: 3368: 3365: 3362: 3359: 3356: 3353: 3351: 3348: 3346: 3343: 3342: 3339: 3337: 3332: 3329: 3326: 3324:6.83 (17.68) 3323: 3320: 3317: 3315: 3314: 3310: 3309: 3305: 3304: 3300: 3297: 3295: 3292: 3291: 3288: 3286: 3282: 3279: 3276: 3273: 3270: 3267: 3265: 3262: 3260: 3257: 3256: 3252: 3249: 3246: 3243: 3242: 3238: 3236: 3234: 3224: 3213: 3207: 3203: 3193: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3178: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3159: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3128: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3087: 3085: 3081: 3076: 3074: 3070: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3042: 3041:Klamath River 3038: 3034: 3030: 3021: 3018: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3004: 2996: 2992: 2983: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2964: 2961: 2956: 2954: 2950: 2943: 2938: 2929: 2927: 2926: 2921: 2914: 2897: 2892: 2885: 2880: 2876: 2870: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2851: 2846: 2845: 2844: 2841: 2839: 2833: 2818: 2816: 2812: 2809: 2804: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2781: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2733: 2728: 2718: 2714: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2701:in 2004. The 2700: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2679: 2677: 2673: 2672:ethnocentrism 2669: 2665: 2661: 2660: 2654: 2650: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2639:Orange County 2636: 2632: 2628: 2622: 2620: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2599:Corrina Gould 2596: 2587: 2585: 2581: 2576: 2572: 2566: 2555: 2554: 2548: 2546: 2542: 2537: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2499: 2494: 2489: 2479: 2476: 2471: 2468: 2460: 2439: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2424: 2422: 2421:Yuman/Quechan 2418: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2393: 2386: 2382: 2381: 2376: 2372: 2363: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2344: 2341: 2337: 2336: 2330: 2328: 2323: 2315: 2310: 2301: 2292: 2289: 2284: 2282: 2278: 2273: 2270: 2265: 2263: 2256: 2247: 2240: 2236: 2231: 2222: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2199: 2191: 2187: 2182: 2172: 2163: 2161: 2157: 2152: 2148: 2143: 2141: 2140:General Canby 2137: 2132: 2128: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2107: 2102: 2092: 2089: 2085: 2080: 2076: 2070: 2060: 2058: 2057:Robert Heizer 2054: 2050: 2045: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2025: 2020: 2018: 2013: 2011: 2007: 2002: 1998: 1996: 1991: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1976:Sutter's Mill 1973: 1969: 1965: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1944: 1939: 1935: 1925: 1923: 1918: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1898: 1893: 1891: 1885: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1859: 1854: 1845: 1843: 1839: 1838:Victoria Reid 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1813: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1789: 1779: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1764: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1744: 1736: 1732: 1727: 1718: 1716: 1710: 1707: 1697: 1695: 1691: 1686: 1682: 1677: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1662: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1642: 1637: 1633: 1623: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1608:Yuman Indians 1605: 1598: 1588: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1558: 1555: 1550: 1546: 1544: 1543:Pauma Complex 1540: 1536: 1531: 1529: 1525: 1519: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1496: 1492: 1491:Mojave desert 1488: 1483: 1473: 1463: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1423: 1421: 1416: 1412: 1407: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1381: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1342: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1305: 1300: 1293: 1289: 1278: 1273: 1271: 1266: 1264: 1259: 1258: 1256: 1255: 1247: 1244: 1242: 1239: 1237: 1234: 1232: 1229: 1225: 1222: 1220: 1217: 1215: 1212: 1210: 1207: 1205: 1202: 1201: 1200: 1197: 1196: 1189: 1188: 1176: 1173: 1171: 1168: 1166: 1163: 1161: 1158: 1156: 1153: 1151: 1148: 1146: 1143: 1141: 1138: 1136: 1133: 1131: 1128: 1126: 1123: 1121: 1118: 1116: 1113: 1111: 1108: 1106: 1103: 1102: 1100: 1099: 1095: 1094: 1088: 1085: 1083: 1080: 1078: 1075: 1073: 1070: 1068: 1065: 1063: 1060: 1058: 1055: 1054: 1052: 1051: 1047: 1046: 1038: 1037: 1029: 1026: 1024: 1021: 1017: 1014: 1012: 1009: 1008: 1007: 1006:Neighborhoods 1004: 1003: 996: 995: 987: 984: 979: 975: 974: 973: 970: 969: 962: 961: 953: 950: 948: 945: 943: 942:Black Indians 940: 939: 932: 931: 923: 920: 918: 915: 913: 910: 908: 905: 903: 900: 898: 895: 894: 887: 886: 878: 875: 873: 870: 868: 865: 863: 860: 858: 855: 853: 850: 848: 845: 843: 840: 838: 835: 833: 830: 828: 825: 823: 820: 819: 812: 811: 802: 801:Red handprint 798: 795: 793: 790: 788: 785: 783: 780: 778: 775: 773: 770: 766: 763: 762: 761: 758: 756: 753: 751: 748: 747: 740: 739: 731: 728: 726: 723: 721: 718: 716: 713: 711: 708: 706: 703: 701: 698: 696: 693: 691: 688: 686: 683: 681: 678: 676: 673: 671: 668: 666: 663: 661: 658: 656: 653: 651: 648: 647: 644: 640: 636: 633: 631: 628: 627: 624: 620: 616: 612: 608: 604: 600: 596: 592: 589: 587: 584: 583: 580: 576: 572: 568: 564: 560: 556: 552: 548: 545: 543: 540: 538: 534: 530: 526: 522: 518: 514: 511: 509: 506: 505: 502: 498: 494: 490: 486: 482: 479: 477: 474: 472: 469: 468: 465: 461: 460:Seminole Wars 458: 457: 454: 451: 449: 446: 444: 441: 439: 436: 434: 431: 429: 426: 424: 421: 419: 418:Pontiac's War 416: 414: 411: 409: 406: 404: 403:Tuscarora War 401: 399: 396: 394: 391: 389: 386: 384: 381: 379: 376: 374: 371: 369: 366: 365: 361: 356: 355: 347: 344: 342: 339: 337: 336:Neighborhoods 334: 332: 329: 327: 324: 322: 319: 317: 314: 312: 309: 307: 304: 302: 299: 297: 294: 292: 289: 287: 284: 282: 279: 277: 274: 272: 271:Adena culture 269: 267: 264: 263: 259: 254: 253: 242: 239: 237: 234: 232: 229: 227: 224: 222: 219: 217: 214: 212: 209: 207: 204: 202: 201:Jim Crow laws 199: 197: 194: 192: 189: 187: 184: 182: 179: 177: 174: 172: 169: 167: 164: 162: 159: 157: 154: 152: 149: 147: 144: 142: 139: 137: 134: 132: 129: 127: 124: 122: 119: 117: 114: 112: 109: 107: 104: 102: 99: 97: 94: 92: 91:Classic stage 89: 87: 84: 82: 79: 77: 74: 72: 71:Paleo-Indians 69: 68: 67: 66: 61: 56: 55: 51: 47: 46: 42: 39: 38: 34: 33: 30: 19: 11014:Redwood City 10989:Santa Monica 10814:Garden Grove 10421:Contra Costa 10160:Mexican rule 10127: 9961: 9879:Aridoamerica 9857:Southeastern 9852:Northeastern 9831: 9696:(Gabrieliño) 9680:(Fernandeño) 9585:(Bear River) 9435: 9388: 9338:, Santa Rosa 9303: 9285: 9269: 9236: 9178: 9174: 9164: 9144: 9122:. Retrieved 9118: 9108: 9093: 8971:. Retrieved 8940:. Retrieved 8931: 8922: 8910:. Retrieved 8901: 8892: 8880:. Retrieved 8839: 8831: 8821:September 7, 8819:. Retrieved 8810: 8801: 8793: 8788: 8776:. Retrieved 8772:the original 8768:"Kuksu Cult" 8762: 8729: 8725: 8715: 8705:February 22, 8703:. Retrieved 8695:www.kcet.org 8694: 8685: 8666: 8660: 8650:February 18, 8648:. Retrieved 8639: 8630: 8618:. Retrieved 8614: 8602: 8590:. Retrieved 8586:the original 8576: 8552: 8545: 8536: 8530: 8520: 8513: 8501:. Retrieved 8496: 8487: 8475:. Retrieved 8471: 8462: 8450:. Retrieved 8446: 8423:September 7, 8421:. Retrieved 8412: 8403: 8391:. Retrieved 8387: 8377: 8365:. Retrieved 8361: 8351: 8339:. Retrieved 8335: 8326: 8314:. Retrieved 8310: 8300: 8288:. Retrieved 8283: 8274: 8262:. Retrieved 8258: 8248: 8239: 8211: 8204: 8194:December 26, 8192:. Retrieved 8188: 8178: 8132: 8126: 8116: 8107: 8097: 8069: 8047:December 14, 8045:. Retrieved 8041:Berkeleyside 8040: 8031: 7989: 7982: 7940: 7933: 7924: 7920: 7907: 7897: 7890: 7878:. Retrieved 7874: 7864: 7854:December 29, 7852:. Retrieved 7847: 7838: 7811: 7807: 7761: 7757: 7711: 7707: 7682:. Retrieved 7673: 7664: 7652:. Retrieved 7648: 7639: 7627:. Retrieved 7623:the original 7618: 7609: 7597:. Retrieved 7581: 7574: 7562:. Retrieved 7558: 7549: 7541: 7515:. Retrieved 7504:Archives.gov 7503: 7491: 7479:. Retrieved 7471:Cabrillo.edu 7470: 7445: 7441: 7418: 7411: 7403: 7367: 7360: 7350:December 28, 7348:. Retrieved 7344: 7335: 7325:December 28, 7323:. Retrieved 7318: 7295: 7289: 7270: 7247:. Retrieved 7243:the original 7238: 7217: 7211: 7186: 7182: 7163: 7125: 7118: 7090: 7072: 7034: 7016:the original 7007: 6998: 6979: 6973: 6964: 6946: 6932: 6926: 6901: 6897: 6884: 6842: 6835: 6807: 6783:. Retrieved 6770: 6760: 6752: 6744: 6733:, retrieved 6703: 6667: 6653: 6647: 6637: 6630: 6618:. Retrieved 6614:the original 6609: 6600: 6579: 6571: 6546: 6538: 6530: 6525: 6516: 6505: 6495: 6462: 6458: 6448: 6433: 6395:. Retrieved 6386: 6377: 6365:. Retrieved 6361: 6351: 6339:. Retrieved 6335: 6325: 6313:. Retrieved 6310:the Guardian 6309: 6299: 6289: 6265:. Retrieved 6260: 6232:December 28, 6230:. Retrieved 6218: 6161: 6139:December 28, 6137:. Retrieved 6132: 6106:December 28, 6104:. Retrieved 6099: 6069:December 28, 6067:. Retrieved 6063: 6004: 5946: 5918: 5897:. Retrieved 5877: 5837: 5827:December 29, 5825:. Retrieved 5821: 5811: 5588: 5563: 5053: 5008: 4867: 4832: 4825: 4499:Te'po'ta'ahl 4378:Western Mono 4028:(Happy Camp) 4025: 4018:1.52 (3.94) 4012:1.49 (3.85) 3986:2.51 (6.50) 3980:2.51 (6.50) 3954:1.67 (4.33) 3948:1.67 (4.33) 3938: 3933: 3928: 3874: 3867:0.63 (1.62) 3861:0.63 (1.62) 3835:3.00 (7.77) 3829:3.00 (7.77) 3800:0.13 (0.33) 3787: 3770:(address in 3764:Uchiyingetau 3763: 3762: 3740: 3719:2.24 (5.79) 3713:2.24 (5.79) 3689: 3669: 3664: 3645: 3603:3.35 (8.67) 3581:, California 3578: 3555: 3538: 3528:1.15 (2.99) 3499:1.37 (3.54) 3493:1.35 (3.50) 3483: 3459:1.39 (3.61) 3427:1.05 (2.71) 3395:0.92 (2.38) 3370: 3336:Amat Kuhwely 3335: 3311: 3306: 3301: 3284: 3274:0.36 (0.94) 3231: 3222: 3205: 3196:Reservations 3179: 3160: 3129: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3093: 3077: 3046: 3019: 3011:harbor seals 3000: 2965: 2957: 2947: 2923: 2916: 2842: 2835: 2811:Gavin Newsom 2805: 2796: 2782: 2754: 2749:Palm Springs 2715: 2680: 2657: 2655: 2651: 2623: 2616: 2580:Prison labor 2568: 2551: 2550: 2538: 2503: 2475:Gavin Newsom 2472: 2464: 2459:Gavin Newsom 2425: 2394: 2390: 2378: 2366:21st century 2345: 2333: 2331: 2319: 2298: 2285: 2274: 2266: 2258: 2195: 2169: 2144: 2124: 2117:fighters at 2079:Redick McKee 2072: 2046: 2033: 2027: 2022: 2014: 2003: 1999: 1992: 1961: 1919: 1900: 1895: 1886: 1863: 1817: 1814: 1791: 1765: 1746: 1730: 1711: 1703: 1678: 1663: 1659: 1600: 1585:permaculture 1573:fire ecology 1562: 1532: 1520: 1500: 1446:. Tribes in 1429: 1408: 1382: 1350:permaculture 1343: 1322: 1318: 1309: 1114: 1016:Reservations 999:Demographics 827:Christianity 641: / 637: / 621: / 617: / 613: / 609: / 605: / 601: / 597: / 593: / 577: / 573: / 569: / 565: / 561: / 557: / 553: / 549: / 535: / 531: / 527: / 523: / 519: / 515: / 499: / 495: / 491: / 487: / 483: / 462: / 413:Dummer's War 76:Lithic stage 29: 11154:Nevada City 11114:Placerville 10979:Santa Maria 10939:Victorville 10929:Santa Clara 10914:Simi Valley 10759:Chula Vista 10734:Bakersfield 10694:Los Angeles 10601:Santa Clara 10581:San Joaquin 10481:Los Angeles 10267:Present day 10252:Development 10232:Engineering 10177:Californios 10120:Before 1900 9884:Mesoamerica 9837:Great Basin 9700:Tübatulabal 9518:Halchidhoma 9497:Coast Miwok 9457:Ahwahnechee 9124:December 5, 8778:December 3, 8620:December 5, 8503:December 5, 8477:December 5, 8452:December 5, 7764:(1): 3–29. 7684:December 3, 7629:February 4, 7517:December 3, 6735:December 4, 6620:February 2, 6397:February 4, 5606:Uto-Aztecan 5541:Tübatulabal 5536:Uto-Aztecan 5531:Tübatulabal 5516:Uto-Aztecan 5476:Uto-Aztecan 5391:Uto-Aztecan 5306:Uto-Aztecan 5091:Uto-Aztecan 5046:Uto-Aztecan 5001:Uto-Aztecan 4892:languages. 4886:Uto-Aztecan 4851:Uto-Aztecan 4764:Tachi tribe 4675:Tubatulabal 4355:Coast Miwok 3772:Porterville 3221:Population 3190:pictographs 3101:Pedro Fages 3097:Juan Crespi 3035:harvesting 2986:Marine life 2942:Mono people 2815:Copco I dam 2699:Playa Vista 2631:Los Angeles 2049:Los Angeles 2038:kidnappings 2006:sex slavery 1733:(1818), by 1683:as well as 1557:plank house 1495:petroglyphs 1214:war leaders 1057:Great Basin 765:Nationalism 453:Arikara War 443:War of 1812 408:Yamasee War 393:Esopus Wars 383:Kieft's War 368:Beaver Wars 166:Dawes Rolls 11174:Categories 11104:Marysville 11079:Susanville 11034:San Rafael 11029:Santa Cruz 10959:Costa Mesa 10819:Santa Rosa 10724:Long Beach 10719:Sacramento 10636:Stanislaus 10606:Santa Cruz 10561:San Benito 10556:Sacramento 10237:Water wars 10219:Since 1900 10133:Precontact 9962:California 9832:California 9625:Kucadikadi 9568:Lake Miwok 9482:Chemehuevi 9452:Acjachemen 9295:0300041470 9258:See also: 8676:039583807X 8341:January 3, 8316:January 3, 8290:January 3, 8264:January 3, 7880:January 2, 7814:(42): 81. 6591:0520248511 6367:January 4, 6341:January 4, 6315:January 4, 6267:January 2, 6024:1032289446 5928:0879191260 5803:References 5611:Chemehuevi 5601:Chemehuevi 5581:Athabaskan 5556:Athabaskan 5406:Chukchansi 4748:Chukchansi 4691:Pahkanapil 4681:Bankalachi 4653:Yuhaviatam 4639:Fernandeño 4635:Gabrieleño 4625:Fernandeño 4563:Acjachemem 4361:Lake Miwok 4187:Bear River 4136:Kagismuwas 4132:Purisimeño 4073:Chemehuevi 3961:Susanville 3539:ʼAha Kuloh 3299:Chemehuevi 3200:See also: 3060:Sacramento 3015:sea otters 2911:See also: 2703:Acjachemen 2635:Acjachemen 2601:(2011), a 2486:See also: 2438:programs. 2253:See also: 1922:subsidized 1866:California 1842:Comicranga 1826:wage labor 1776:New Albion 1503:Borax Lake 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