1111:. For winter quarters, the people dug a pit a few feet into the ground and constructed a framework of poles over it, meeting in a peak above. They covered this with tule mats or tree bark. Earth was piled up around and partially over the structure to provide insulation to the semi-subterranean shelter. The large winter lodges were shared by several families; they were rectangular at the base and triangular above. They were built with several layers of tule; as the top layers of tule absorbed moisture, they swelled to keep moisture from reaching lower layers and the inside of the lodge.
40:
22:
2419:
1075:
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902:
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safety reasons, Plateau peoples gathered these bulbs while aerial parts were still growing in order to correctly identify the edible species. They dug these bulbs with deer antlers. Women in the tribe cooked the roots in a shallow pit filled up with hot stones. When the ground around the stones was hot enough, the stones were removed, and bulbs were placed in the hole to cook overnight.
1174:
Today, Native people still make traditional clothing, bags, baskets, and other items. Although some knowledge of traditional arts have been lost as times change, practicing the fine skills are still an important part of their way of life. Mothers and grandmothers decorate their children's outfits for
1141:
Plateau people wore many types of clothing which changed over time. In the northern region, the women wore buckskin shirts, breech cloths, leggings, and moccasins, and the men wore longer shirts. Winter clothing was made out of rabbit, groundhog, or other animals' fur. Along the
Columbia River among
1070:
Tools were made from wood, stone and bone. Arrows for hunting were made from wood and tipped with arrow-heads chipped from special rocks. Antlers from animals were used for digging roots. In addition to their traditional tools, they later adopted the use of metal items such as pots, needles, and guns
362:
displaced several groups on the southern edge of the plateau. This process was still occurring at the time of
European contact. Around 1730, horses were introduced onto the plateau from the Great Basin and were first adopted by the Cayuse and Nez Perce. This greatly changed the range and lifestyle
957:
were an important but dangerous staple. Common camas, camassia quamash, is a plant in the lily family with blue flowers, whose bulbs were dug for food. The white flowering death camas, zygadenus venenosus, is a different but related species also in the lily family, and can be deadly poisonous. For
439:
Plateau peoples generally self-identified by their wintering village or band, as opposed to a tribe. Intermarrying between groups was common and in many cases encouraged. Different groups shared hunting and foraging ranges. After
European contact, natives were classified into tribes led by chiefs,
350:
Linguists and oral traditions point to several comparatively recent movements of people. According to language comparisons, the interior Salish peoples expanded onto the plateau from the vicinity of the lower Fraser River. This expansion reached as far as
Montana, was complete around 1,500 years
1053:
bark. These materials were also used to make hats, bedding, nets, and cordage. Basketry was particularly important because plateau tribes used no pottery. Water was boiled in baskets by inserting heated stones. Ancestors of the
Plateau Indians created the oldest known shoes in the world, the
333:
While plateau people kept no written records, the prehistory of the plateau region can be partially reconstructed by a combination of oral traditions, linguistics and archeological evidence. There is archeological evidence of human presence on the plateau for at least 12,000 years. The
346:
near camas meadows have been found that are up to 8,000 years old. Around 4,000 years ago, there was a shift in the archeological record from small bands to larger semi-sedentary villages, and a shift towards root processing tools, hallmarks of plateau culture.
1032:
were also used. Reliance on big game depended greatly on the amount of salmon available. Hunting provided less than ten percent of food for some
Chinook and Sahaptin groups on the Columbia River. Further upstream there was greater reliance on hunting.
374:
Outside influences began changing life on the plateau decades before the first direct contact with
Europeans. There is strong evidence the smallpox epidemic of the 1770s spread across the plateau region, greatly reducing the population. Members of the
351:
ago. Likewise, Athabaskans on the plateau are part of a relatively recent expansion from northern Canada and Alaska, as recently as 1,000 years ago. The
Kalapuya people spread into the Willamette Valley, likely from the south, in the last 1,000 years.
410:
While there was some minor violence, serious armed conflicts did not begin until the mass migration of
European Americans to the southern portion of the plateau region, starting in the 1840s. Through a series of treaties and conflicts, including the
1122:
from the Plains
Indians. They were made of a pole framework, covered with animal skins or mats woven from reeds. Each month, women would stay temporary in round menstrual huts, measuring about 20 feet (6.1 m) in diameter.
975:), which was cooked in pits similar to, and sometimes together with, camas. Gathering and processing of wild plants by the women is still a traditional way of life among many of the people of these tribes today.
1146:
women wore grass skirts. Women on the southern plateau wore basketry hats. Over time, plateau people generally adopted clothes inspired by plains culture, including buckskin dresses and feathered headgear.
923:, and game. Plateau peoples often had seasonal villages or encampment in different areas to take full advantage of the wild foods. Women gathered a large variety of edible vegetables and fruits, including
1273:
Roberts, Boyd. 1999. "The Coming of the Spirit of Pestilence: The Introduced Infectious Diseases and Population Decline among the Northwest Coast Indians, 1774-1874". University of Washington Press
1021:
were caught in fish traps as they descended peripheral streams. Most salmon was smoked on a fire, and some of it was stored underground in pits. Other salmon was boiled in hot water to get oil.
2310:
1496:
1133:
Other tribes made their homes out of pieces of cedar or spruce bark. The slanted roofs of cedar homes extended near to the ground, while the spruce-bark houses resembles to adjacent tents.
982:
were introduced to the area, the world of the Plateau people expanded after they adopted use of horses, allowing them to trade with the tribes on the plains east of the Rocky Mountains for
387:. All commented on the dress, diet and generally peaceful nature of the inhabitants. In the following decades, several trading posts were established in the area, including the long-lived
1130:, with well insulated roofs. Logs were carved into steps at the entrances. Dried food was stored outside these winter houses. In the summer, the Salishan people lived in tule mat houses.
1175:
celebration and dancing. Beaded items, such as drums, woven bags and other crafts are used in traditional celebrations and special occasions. Such regalia is used for days during the
1142:
the Chinook and Sahaptin, both men and women typically wore just a breech cloth in warm weather. A short robe or cape and leggings would be added in cooler weather. Below the
403:. Several more epidemics hit the area with the Lower Columbia area being the hardest hit. Some Chinook and Kalapuya groups saw a 90% reduction in population at this time. The
231:
of the Pacific Coast. The Plateau First Nations traded many goods with the Pacific Coast First Nations. The Pacific tribes believed in clan ancestors which were adopted by the
519:
1024:
Birds were often hunted with nets. Men used several methods to capture big game. Groups of men would surround and drive deer or elk towards other hunters or into traps.
885:
died out shortly after European contact and is poorly documented. It is sometimes called an isolate, and sometimes classified as Penutian, most closely related to the
2303:
1489:
114:
There are several distinguishing features that differentiate plateau culture from the surrounding native cultures. These include a high reliance on roots, such as
2319:
177:
2463:
2296:
1094:
2438:
1482:
1226:
Thoms, Alston Vern. 1989. "The northern roots of hunter-gatherer intensification: Camas and the Pacific Northwest". PhD Thesis Washington State University
2386:
2344:
817:
302:
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2379:
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1955:
1078:
2443:
2021:
680:
2369:
821:
672:
2453:
676:
2473:
2458:
366:
According to their oral tradition, the Kutenai people originated to the east, and moved onto the plateau in late pre-historic times.
2468:
404:
1235:
Ames, Kenneth and Alan Marshall. 1980. "Villages, Demography and Subsistence Intensification on the Southern Columbia Plateau".
997:
In the spring and fall, salmon would swim up rivers from the Pacific Ocean. Plateau fishermen learned many ways to trap salmon.
2359:
2245:
1468:
1361:
2478:
2391:
2339:
2122:
2323:
1505:
431:, natives on the southern plateau were confined on reservations and their traditional lifestyle was largely disrupted.
275:
65:
29:
1435:
1318:
978:
The men supplemented the diet by hunting and fishing, with salmon making up a major part of their food supply. When
2354:
2240:
1558:
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in order to facilitate negotiation and land settlements. Commonly recognized plateau tribes include the following:
291:
1387:
263:
1126:
Interior Salish winter homes are distinct from those of First Nations in the area. They were semi-subterranean
1017:, stopping the salmon from swimming any further, and then the fish were pulled out of the water with a scoop.
2202:
192:
Valley from Lillooet to Alexandria, the upper parts of the Thompson River basin, and areas further east; the
2396:
342:
are two examples of early human presence. Over time human technologies adapted to the unique environment.
321:. Having no major salmon run, their culture was somewhat different from other plateau people, maintaining
69:
2189:
380:
2208:
2047:
1839:
839:
376:
1213:
Towles, Jerry C. 1979. "Settlement and Subsistence in the Willamette Valley: Some Additional Notes".
854:, but this classification is not universally agreed upon. In the northernmost portion of the plateau
835:
384:
267:
84:
238:
In the United States, Interior Salish people inhabited the Columbia River and its tributaries above
2275:
1910:
969:. The berries were dried on racks covered with leaves. Most plateau groups also gathered a lichen (
1960:
1905:
1603:
1257:
Sutton, Mark Q. 1986. "Warfare and Expansion: An Ethnohistoric Perspective on the Numic Spread".
1013:
were used in spots where salmon or eels were known to congregate. Stakes were lined up to make a
228:
2288:
1167:
863:
773:
507:
1474:
1419:
1290:
131:
2173:
2145:
1890:
1824:
855:
420:
213:
25:
8:
2334:
2165:
1834:
1829:
847:
843:
714:
243:
181:
39:
2092:
1334:
1950:
1849:
1844:
1798:
1538:
890:
866:. Many of the individual languages had several dialects with significant differences.
851:
811:
534:
335:
255:
96:
2150:
1895:
1593:
1509:
1464:
1413:
1314:
1284:
1055:
971:
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458:
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were the first Europeans to encounter plateau natives, followed a few years later by
314:
21:
2195:
2067:
1980:
1875:
1763:
907:
878:
874:
708:
665:
574:
452:
294:, though their lifestyle and language were more characteristic of plateau culture.
259:
217:
205:
161:
1658:
301:. Chinook people on the lowest portion of the Columbia are considered part of the
2155:
2006:
1970:
1788:
1608:
1523:
1439:
1365:
1358:
1308:
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318:
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169:
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92:
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1880:
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1708:
1703:
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1528:
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1159:
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1059:
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580:
568:
546:
540:
513:
502:
445:
388:
298:
283:
221:
201:
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173:
104:
100:
88:
76:
1778:
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2160:
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1945:
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1728:
1713:
1693:
1683:
1668:
1628:
1588:
1548:
1543:
1533:
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instead of tule mats. Beginning in the 18th century, Plateau peoples adopted
1010:
805:
739:
703:
691:
586:
481:
428:
400:
396:
392:
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of these groups. This transition was still underway when Europeans arrived.
339:
310:
287:
271:
239:
154:
108:
47:
33:
1415:
David Thompson's Narrative of His Explorations in Western America, 1784–1812
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David Thompson's Narrative of His Explorations in Western America, 1784–1812
2401:
2011:
2001:
1965:
1925:
1870:
1623:
1598:
1432:
1176:
1042:
1025:
1018:
1014:
1002:
936:
799:
322:
306:
251:
250:
inhabited the Columbia River and its tributaries between Priest Rapids and
189:
150:
80:
1723:
75:
Their territories are located in the inland portions of the basins of the
2406:
2250:
2072:
2016:
1885:
966:
944:
940:
556:
359:
72:, Canada, and the non-coastal regions of the Northwestern United States.
2082:
1041:
Plateau tribes excelled in the art of basketry. They most commonly used
889:. Even before relocation onto reservations, many Cayuse had adopted the
2224:
2140:
2130:
1975:
1698:
1104:
1029:
932:
928:
562:
416:
412:
343:
200:
Valley and its vicinity; also the Lakes people of the Arrow Lakes. The
1155:
2135:
2062:
2057:
2042:
1985:
1900:
1808:
1783:
1688:
1127:
1081:
1046:
616:
604:
470:
424:
185:
142:
850:
were spoken in the Willamette valley. These are often classified as
282:
inhabited the eastern side of the cascade mountains in Oregon. The
2107:
2087:
2077:
1930:
1920:
1915:
1773:
1718:
1643:
1633:
1058:, made of twined sagebrush and dated between 10,390 and 9650 years
954:
948:
924:
901:
763:
639:
193:
127:
119:
115:
1307:
Lewis, Meriwether; Clark, William (2004). Moulton, Gary E. (ed.).
919:
Traditional Plateau cuisine include wild plants, fish, especially
258:
and up the Snake River to near the Washington - Idaho border. The
2097:
2037:
1940:
1768:
1758:
1753:
1653:
1618:
1336:
Adventures of the first settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River.
1108:
1006:
870:
720:
697:
487:
464:
209:
122:, as a food source, a high reliance on short duration salmon and
2318:
2102:
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1733:
1678:
1613:
1504:
1115:
1050:
998:
920:
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279:
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at fixed locations along rivers or lakes. There was a lack of
43:
1461:
A Native American Encyclopedia: History, Culture, and Peoples.
1748:
1673:
1663:
1638:
1583:
1573:
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were used depending on the fishing spot. On primary rivers,
979:
355:
407:
devastated the coast as well as some parts of the interior.
134:
and a lack of tribal organization beyond the village level.
1119:
1100:
987:
986:
meat and hides. Groups of hunters rode far to hunt bison,
305:. Sahaptin groups also lived in Western Washington on the
1248:
Suttles, Wayne P. 1987. "Coast Salish Essays". Talonbooks
991:
796:(Kootenai, Ktunaxa), British Columbia, Idaho, and Montana
278:
and the valleys of the rivers that flow from them. The
227:
The First Nations of the Plateau were influenced by the
1099:
Plateau housing included longhouses roofed with summer
297:
The Columbia River below Celilo Falls was inhabited by
270:
basins and the Snake river through Hells Canyon. The
224:, occupy the northernmost part of the Plateau region.
1103:
mats. Tule, used for many purposes, is a tall, tough
1095:
Longhouses of the indigenous peoples of North America
1107:that grows in marshy areas and is sometimes called
1259:Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology
235:groups, but they did not adopt the social system.
111:lies within the territory of the Plateau peoples.
1368:, University of Oregon (retrieved March 31, 2010)
290:basin and had close contact with people from the
85:Central and Southern Interior of British Columbia
2430:
613:(Lakes), British Columbia, Idaho, and Washington
1339:London: Smith, Elder and Co. 1849, pp. 145-147.
1269:
1267:
862:consisted of multiple languages that were not
2304:
1490:
204:tribe, who live in the southeastern parts of
2464:Native American tribes in Washington (state)
1310:The Definitive Journals of Lewis & Clark
1302:
1300:
2439:Indigenous peoples of the Northwest Plateau
1264:
1242:
83:. These tribes mainly live in parts of the
54:Indigenous peoples of the Northwest Plateau
2311:
2297:
1497:
1483:
1251:
1207:
802:, California and Oregon, now also Oklahoma
1297:
1220:
1411:
1282:
1229:
1215:Northwest Anthropological Research Notes
1154:
1073:
1036:
900:
694:(Palouse), Idaho, Oregon, and Washington
405:1862 Pacific Northwest smallpox epidemic
141:
38:
20:
2449:Indigenous peoples in the United States
1463:Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.
522:(Selisch or Salish), Idaho and Montana
2431:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1192:
846:were spoken on the lower Columbia and
208:and formerly extended to southwestern
2292:
1478:
961:Plateau women made berry cakes using
126:, and long-term habitation of winter
1446:, 2009 (retrieved December 23, 2009)
1342:
1327:
1071:acquired from trade with Europeans.
733:
325:similar to many California natives.
64:(though comprising many groups) are
2444:Indigenous peoples of North America
2241:Bridge of the Gods (geologic event)
1433:"Official Sherman Alexie Biography"
1189:
896:
636:, British Columbia (Upper Lillooet)
607:, British Columbia (Shuswap people)
583:(Thompson people), British Columbia
565:, British Columbia (Lower Lillooet)
559:, British Columbia (Lower Lillooet)
434:
369:
160:In Canada, the greater part of the
13:
646:
494:
444:
30:Nez Perce National Historical Park
14:
2490:
2454:First Nations in British Columbia
595:, British Columbia and Washington
172:tribe whose homelands are in the
58:Indigenous peoples of the Plateau
56:, also referred to by the phrase
16:Regional culture in North America
2474:Indigenous peoples of California
2459:Native American tribes in Oregon
2417:
2269:
2146:Spokane-Coeur d'Alene-Paloos War
1557:
1313:. University of Nebraska Press.
1170:novelist, screenwriter, and poet
1114:In later years, the people used
2469:Native American tribes in Idaho
1426:
1405:
1380:
1371:
1351:
834:Plateau tribes primarily spoke
589:(Thompson-Okanagan confederacy)
1276:
1179:, which occurred once a year.
60:, and historically called the
1:
2203:Delgamuukw v British Columbia
1453:
1418:. Champlain Society. p.
1289:. Champlain Society. p.
212:, speak an isolate language.
180:, whose homelands are in the
2276:Pacific Northwest portal
1306:
829:
510:, Idaho, Montana, Washington
70:Interior of British Columbia
7:
1237:North American Archeologist
1136:
858:were spoken. Each of these
814:(extinct), British Columbia
704:Tenino (Warm Springs Bands)
184:from Yale to Lillooet; the
107:. The eastern flank of the
10:
2495:
2479:Northwestern United States
2324:Indigenous North Americans
1555:
1359:"The World's Oldest Shoes"
1092:
1088:
840:Plateau Penutian languages
655:Upper Cowlitz or Taidnapam
537:), Washington and Montana
377:Lewis and Clark Expedition
328:
2415:
2330:
2259:
2233:
2217:
2182:
2121:
2030:
1994:
1858:
1817:
1566:
1516:
1392:The Canadian Encyclopedia
836:Interior Salish languages
2183:Court cases and treaties
1412:Thompson, David (1916).
1283:Thompson, David (1916).
1182:
1065:
354:The recent expansion of
292:California cultural area
137:
2022:Tseax Lava Bed Memorial
1961:August Jack Khatsahlano
1779:Tsilhqotʼin (Chilcotin)
1364:April 10, 2012, at the
1150:
914:
484:, Oregon and Washington
105:northeastern California
46:woman, photographed by
2246:Reservations in Oregon
1704:Nlaka'pamux (Thompson)
1171:
1085:
911:
624:, Washington (extinct)
216:-speaking people, the
178:Thompson First Nations
157:
50:
36:
1438:June 2, 2011, at the
1158:
1077:
1037:Basketry and textiles
904:
864:mutually intelligible
317:was inhabited by the
145:
132:social stratification
42:
24:
1906:Randy'L He-dow Teton
1891:Annie Miner Peterson
1744:Stʼatʼimc (Lillooet)
1714:Nuxalk (Bella Coola)
1517:Archaeological sites
856:Athabaskan languages
671:Lower Snake people:
286:inhabited the upper
26:Heart of the Monster
1724:Secwépemc (Shuswap)
1459:Pritzker, Barry M.
848:Kalapuyan languages
844:Chinookan languages
770:, northwest Oregon)
760:, northwest Oregon
508:Coeur d'Alene Tribe
242:, near present-day
182:Fraser River Valley
2063:'Yalis (Alert Bay)
2031:Towns and villages
1539:Marmes Rockshelter
1506:Indigenous peoples
1172:
1086:
912:
891:Nez Perce language
852:Penutian languages
812:Nicola Athapaskans
788:, northwest Oregon
782:, northwest Oregon
776:, northwest Oregon
358:people across the
336:Marmes Rockshelter
256:the Dalles, Oregon
158:
97:eastern Washington
66:Indigenous peoples
51:
37:
2426:
2425:
2370:Eastern Woodlands
2286:
2285:
2151:Fraser Canyon War
1896:Coquelle Thompson
1654:Kutenai (Ktunaxa)
1510:Pacific Northwest
1469:978-0-19-513877-1
1388:"Interior Salish"
1333:Ross, Alexander.
1056:Fort Rock sandals
972:Bryoria fremontii
963:Saskatoon berries
860:language families
838:in the north and
734:Other or multiple
622:Sinkiuse-Columbia
526:Bitterroot Salish
421:Coeur d'Alene War
315:Willamette Valley
164:was inhabited by
2486:
2421:
2420:
2313:
2306:
2299:
2290:
2289:
2274:
2273:
2272:
2196:Sohappy v. Smith
1981:Chief Dan George
1876:Sarah Winnemucca
1840:Plateau Penutian
1614:Dakelh (Carrier)
1561:
1499:
1492:
1485:
1476:
1475:
1447:
1430:
1424:
1423:
1409:
1403:
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1255:
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1246:
1240:
1233:
1227:
1224:
1218:
1211:
1205:
1202:
955:Camas lily bulbs
908:Camassia quamash
897:Material culture
879:language isolate
875:Kutenai language
808:(Molale), Oregon
666:Klickitat people
435:Tribes and bands
370:European contact
274:homeland is the
206:British Columbia
190:the Fraser River
162:Interior Plateau
2494:
2493:
2489:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2484:
2483:
2429:
2428:
2427:
2422:
2418:
2413:
2345:Northwest Coast
2326:
2317:
2287:
2282:
2270:
2268:
2255:
2229:
2213:
2178:
2156:Puget Sound War
2123:Armed conflicts
2117:
2026:
2007:Cascades Rapids
1990:
1971:Harriet Nahanee
1854:
1813:
1562:
1553:
1524:Bald Point Site
1512:
1503:
1456:
1451:
1450:
1440:Wayback Machine
1431:
1427:
1410:
1406:
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1366:Wayback Machine
1357:Connelly, Tom.
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1153:
1144:Cascades Rapids
1139:
1097:
1091:
1068:
1039:
949:wild strawberry
917:
899:
887:Molala language
883:Cayuse language
832:
827:
818:Upper Nisqually
736:
651:
648:Sahaptin people
535:Pend d'Oreilles
499:
496:Interior Salish
449:
446:Chinook peoples
437:
372:
331:
319:Kalapuya people
303:Northwest Coast
248:Sahaptin people
233:Interior Salish
166:Interior Salish
140:
93:western Montana
62:Plateau Indians
17:
12:
11:
5:
2492:
2482:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2424:
2423:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2411:
2410:
2409:
2404:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2383:
2382:
2377:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2331:
2328:
2327:
2320:Cultural areas
2316:
2315:
2308:
2301:
2293:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2280:
2263:
2261:
2257:
2256:
2254:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2237:
2235:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2227:
2221:
2219:
2218:Current issues
2215:
2214:
2212:
2211:
2209:Nisga'a Treaty
2206:
2199:
2192:
2190:Boldt Decision
2186:
2184:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2176:
2171:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2127:
2125:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2034:
2032:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1998:
1996:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1956:Chief Tonasket
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1936:Simon Gunanoot
1933:
1928:
1923:
1921:Chief Concomly
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1881:Chief Kamiakin
1878:
1873:
1868:
1862:
1860:
1856:
1855:
1853:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1821:
1819:
1815:
1814:
1812:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1709:Nuu-chah-nulth
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1604:Coeur d' Alene
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1570:
1568:
1564:
1563:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1529:Fort Rock Cave
1526:
1520:
1518:
1514:
1513:
1502:
1501:
1494:
1487:
1479:
1473:
1472:
1455:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1425:
1404:
1379:
1370:
1350:
1341:
1326:
1319:
1296:
1275:
1263:
1261:, 8(1): 65–82.
1250:
1241:
1239:, 2(1): 25–52.
1228:
1219:
1206:
1187:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1160:Sherman Alexie
1152:
1149:
1138:
1135:
1093:Main article:
1090:
1087:
1067:
1064:
1038:
1035:
916:
913:
905:Indian camas,
898:
895:
842:in the south.
831:
828:
826:
825:
815:
809:
803:
797:
791:
790:
789:
783:
777:
771:
755:
749:
743:
735:
732:
731:
730:
724:
718:
712:
706:
701:
695:
689:
683:
669:
663:
662:(Upper Yakima)
657:
650:
645:
644:
643:
637:
631:
628:Spokane people
625:
619:
614:
608:
602:
596:
590:
584:
578:
572:
566:
560:
554:
553:
552:
551:
550:
547:Upper Kalispel
544:
541:Lower Kalispel
528:
517:
511:
505:
498:
493:
492:
491:
485:
479:
473:
468:
462:
456:
448:
443:
442:
436:
433:
389:Fort Nez Perce
385:David Thompson
381:Alexander Ross
371:
368:
330:
327:
299:Chinook people
284:Klamath people
276:Blue Mountains
262:inhabited the
198:Okanagan River
174:Lillooet River
139:
136:
101:eastern Oregon
89:northern Idaho
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2491:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2399:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2372:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2332:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2314:
2309:
2307:
2302:
2300:
2295:
2294:
2291:
2279:
2278:
2277:
2265:
2264:
2262:
2258:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2234:Miscellaneous
2232:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2220:
2216:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2204:
2200:
2198:
2197:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2181:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2164:
2162:
2161:Chilcotin War
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2120:
2114:
2113:Old Man House
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2093:X̱wemelch'stn
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2068:Lax Kw'alaams
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2029:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1993:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1866:Spokane Garry
1864:
1863:
1861:
1857:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1822:
1820:
1816:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1739:Sinixt (Lake)
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1659:Kwakwakaʼwakw
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1571:
1569:
1565:
1560:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1544:Paisley Caves
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1534:Kennewick Man
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1521:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1500:
1495:
1493:
1488:
1486:
1481:
1480:
1477:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1457:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1434:
1429:
1421:
1417:
1416:
1408:
1393:
1389:
1383:
1374:
1367:
1363:
1360:
1354:
1348:Pritzker, 250
1345:
1338:
1337:
1330:
1322:
1320:9780803280328
1316:
1312:
1311:
1303:
1301:
1292:
1288:
1287:
1279:
1270:
1268:
1260:
1254:
1245:
1238:
1232:
1223:
1216:
1210:
1204:Pritzker, 249
1201:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1188:
1180:
1178:
1169:
1168:Coeur d'Alene
1165:
1161:
1157:
1148:
1145:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1124:
1121:
1117:
1112:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1096:
1083:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1063:
1061:
1057:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1034:
1031:
1027:
1026:Trapping pits
1022:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
995:
993:
989:
985:
981:
976:
974:
973:
968:
967:huckleberries
964:
959:
956:
952:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
910:
909:
903:
894:
892:
888:
884:
880:
877:, which is a
876:
872:
867:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
823:
819:
816:
813:
810:
807:
804:
801:
798:
795:
792:
787:
784:
781:
778:
775:
772:
769:
765:
762:
761:
759:
756:
753:
750:
747:
744:
741:
738:
737:
728:
725:
722:
719:
716:
713:
710:
707:
705:
702:
699:
696:
693:
690:
687:
684:
682:
678:
674:
670:
667:
664:
661:
658:
656:
653:
652:
649:
641:
638:
635:
632:
629:
626:
623:
620:
618:
615:
612:
609:
606:
603:
600:
597:
594:
591:
588:
587:Nicola people
585:
582:
579:
576:
573:
570:
567:
564:
561:
558:
555:
548:
545:
542:
539:
538:
536:
532:
529:
527:
524:
523:
521:
518:
515:
512:
509:
506:
504:
501:
500:
497:
489:
486:
483:
482:Wasco-Wishram
480:
477:
474:
472:
469:
466:
463:
460:
457:
454:
451:
450:
447:
441:
432:
430:
429:Nez Perce War
426:
422:
418:
414:
408:
406:
402:
401:Fort Kamloops
398:
397:Fort Okanogan
394:
393:Fort Colville
390:
386:
382:
378:
367:
364:
361:
357:
352:
348:
345:
341:
340:Kennewick Man
337:
326:
324:
320:
316:
312:
311:Cowlitz River
308:
304:
300:
295:
293:
289:
288:Klamath River
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
240:Priest Rapids
236:
234:
230:
229:First Nations
225:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
188:(Shuswap) of
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
168:peoples: the
167:
163:
156:
155:Edward Curtis
152:
148:
147:Kutenai Woman
144:
135:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
112:
110:
109:Cascade Range
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
81:Fraser Rivers
78:
73:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
49:
48:Edward Curtis
45:
41:
35:
34:Lapwai, Idaho
31:
27:
23:
19:
2402:Aridoamerica
2380:Southeastern
2375:Northeastern
2349:
2267:
2266:
2201:
2194:
2174:Nicola's War
2166:
2012:Kettle Falls
2002:Celilo Falls
1966:Joe Capilano
1926:Wickaninnish
1911:Chief Nicola
1871:Chief Joseph
1599:Coast Salish
1460:
1443:
1428:
1414:
1407:
1395:. Retrieved
1391:
1382:
1377:Pritzker 269
1373:
1353:
1344:
1335:
1329:
1309:
1285:
1278:
1258:
1253:
1244:
1236:
1231:
1222:
1217:, 13: 12–21.
1214:
1209:
1177:Spirit Dance
1173:
1140:
1132:
1125:
1113:
1098:
1084:, Washington
1069:
1043:hemp dogbane
1040:
1023:
996:
977:
970:
960:
953:
937:serviceberry
918:
906:
868:
833:
774:Mohawk River
748:, Washington
729:, Washington
723:, Washington
717:, Washington
668:, Washington
630:, Washington
601:, Washington
577:, Washington
571:, Washington
543:, Washington
516:, Washington
490:, Washington
455:, Washington
438:
409:
373:
365:
353:
349:
332:
323:oak savannas
307:Mashel River
296:
268:Salmon River
252:Celilo Falls
237:
226:
176:Valley; the
159:
151:photogravure
146:
113:
74:
61:
57:
53:
52:
18:
2407:Mesoamerica
2360:Great Basin
2251:Raven Tales
2225:Land claims
2073:Lax Ksiluux
2017:Siwash Rock
1886:Chief Moses
1799:Walla Walla
1567:Ethnicities
1444:Falls Apart
1079:Cathlapotel
945:huckleberry
941:chokecherry
715:Walla Walla
642:(Wenatchee)
581:Nlaka'pamux
557:In-SHUCK-ch
360:Great Basin
344:Earth ovens
116:biscuitroot
2433:Categories
2355:California
2141:Yakima War
2131:Cayuse War
1976:Annie York
1825:Athabaskan
1454:References
1128:pit-houses
1011:seine nets
933:kouse root
929:bitterroot
873:speak the
681:Naxiyampam
417:Yakima War
413:Cayuse War
309:and upper
264:Clearwater
214:Athapaskan
2392:Caribbean
2387:Southwest
2340:Subarctic
2136:Modoc War
2058:Skidegate
2043:Ninstints
1986:Bill Reid
1901:Sacagawea
1835:Chinookan
1830:Chimakuan
1818:Languages
1809:Wuikinuxv
1784:Tsimshian
1764:Tillamook
1689:Nez Perce
1082:longhouse
1047:sagebrush
830:Languages
822:Mishalpan
686:Nez Perce
673:Chamnapam
634:St'at'imc
617:Sinkayuse
605:Secwepemc
549:, Montana
476:Multnomah
471:Kathlamet
459:Clackamas
453:Cathlamet
425:Modoc War
260:Nez Perce
218:Chilcotin
186:Secwepemc
2260:See also
2169:incident
2108:Opitsaht
2088:Kitwanga
2083:Ging̱olx
2048:Cumshewa
1931:Cumshewa
1916:Maquinna
1850:Wakashan
1845:Salishan
1789:Umatilla
1774:Tsetsaut
1719:Quileute
1644:Kalapuya
1634:Heiltsuk
1609:Colville
1574:Aleutian
1549:X̱á:ytem
1436:Archived
1397:April 4,
1362:Archived
1137:Clothing
1045:, tule,
925:camassia
768:Tualatin
764:Atfalati
758:Kalapuya
754:, Oregon
742:, Oregon
711:, Oregon
709:Umatilla
677:Wauyukma
660:Kittitas
640:Wenatchi
593:Okanagan
575:Nespelem
531:Kalispel
520:Flathead
478:, Oregon
467:, Oregon
461:, Oregon
194:Okanagan
170:Lillooet
128:villages
124:eel runs
77:Columbia
2350:Plateau
2167:Tonquin
2098:Kiix-in
2038:Skedans
1941:Slumach
1769:Tlingit
1759:Takelma
1754:Tahltan
1699:Nisga'a
1649:Klamath
1619:Gitxsan
1594:Chinook
1579:Bannock
1508:of the
1164:Spokane
1109:bulrush
1089:Housing
1019:Suckers
999:Dipnets
871:Ktunaxa
794:Kutenai
786:Yaquina
780:Santiam
752:Klamath
746:Cowlitz
721:Wanapum
698:Skinpah
688:, Idaho
599:Sanpoil
563:Lil'wat
488:Watlata
465:Clatsop
329:History
244:Mattawa
222:Carrier
210:Alberta
202:Kutenai
196:of the
149:, 1910
68:of the
2397:Mexico
2365:Plains
2335:Arctic
2103:Yuquot
2053:Masset
1995:Places
1951:Leschi
1946:Sealth
1859:People
1804:Yakama
1794:Umpqua
1734:Sinixt
1729:Shasta
1694:Nicola
1684:Naukan
1679:Molala
1669:Methow
1629:Haisla
1589:Cayuse
1467:
1317:
1116:canvas
1051:willow
1030:snares
990:, and
980:horses
947:, and
921:salmon
881:. The
806:Molala
740:Cayuse
727:Yakama
700:(Skin)
611:Sinixt
569:Methow
514:Entiat
503:Chelan
427:, and
399:, and
313:. The
280:Molala
272:Cayuse
103:, and
44:Yakama
2078:'Ksan
1749:Syilx
1674:Miwok
1664:Makah
1639:Inuit
1624:Haida
1584:Cahto
1183:Notes
1120:tipis
1066:Tools
1049:, or
1005:, or
1003:gaffs
984:bison
800:Modoc
692:Palus
356:Numic
254:near
138:Range
120:camas
1465:ISBN
1399:2016
1315:ISBN
1151:Arts
1105:reed
1101:tule
1028:and
1015:weir
1007:gigs
988:deer
915:Diet
869:The
383:and
338:and
266:and
220:and
118:and
79:and
2322:of
1420:297
1291:297
992:elk
965:or
153:by
2435::
1442:,
1390:.
1299:^
1266:^
1191:^
1162:,
1062:.
1060:BP
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