Track and field - Knowledge

3100:

the attempt—it becomes a foul. All landings must occur in a sector. For the jumps, that is a sand filled pit, for throws it is a defined sector. A throw landing on the line on the edge of sector is a foul (the inside edge of the line is the outside edge of the sector). Assuming a proper attempt, officials measure the distance from the closest landing point back to the line. The measuring tape is carefully straightened to the shortest distance between the point and the line. To accomplish this, the tape must be perfectly perpendicular to the take off line in jumps, or is pulled through the center point of the arc for throws. The officials at the landing end of the tape have the zero, while the officials at the point of initiation measure and record the length. Whenever a record (or potential record) occurs, that measurement is taken (again) with a steel tape, and observed by at least three officials (plus usually the meet referee). Steel tapes are easily bent and damaged, so are not used to measure everyday competitions. For major competitions, each competitor gets three tries. The top competitors (usually 8 or 9 depending on that competition's rules or the number of lanes on the track) gets three more tries. At that level of competition, the order of competitors for those final three attempts are set—so the competitor in first place at the end of the third round is last, while the last competitor to qualify goes first. Some meets rearrange the competition order again for the final round, so the final attempt is taken by the leader at that point. At other competitions, meet management may choose to limit all competitors to four or three attempts. Whatever the format, all competitors get an equal number of attempts.

3091:

attempt, which can be used to strategic advantage (of course that advantage is lost if the competitor misses). A pass could be used to save energy and avoid taking a jump that would not improve their position in the standings. After all competitors have either cleared, passed or failed their attempts at a height, the bar goes up. The amount the bar goes up is predetermined before the competition, though when one competitor remains, that competitor may choose their own heights for the remaining attempts. A record is kept of each attempt by each competitor. After all competitors have taken their attempts, the one jumping the highest is the winner, and so on down the other competitors in the event. Ties are broken by first, the number of attempts taken at the highest height (fewest wins), and then if still tied, by the total number of misses in the competition as a whole. The bar does not go back to a lower height except to break a tie for first place or a qualifying position. If those critical positions are still tied after applying the tiebreakers, all tied competitors take a fourth jump at the last height. If they still miss, the bar goes down one increment where they again jump. This process continues until the tie is broken.

8766: 3787: 1488: 3037: 2837: 1981: 3289: 3451: 327: 1109: 2014:-style ammunition for the sport. The modern rules were first laid out in 1860 and required that competitors take legal throws within a square throwing area of seven feet (2.13 m) on each side. This was amended to a circle area with a seven-foot diameter in 1906, and the weight of the shot was standardised to 16 pounds (7.26 kg). Throwing technique was also refined over this period, with bent arm throws being banned as they were deemed too dangerous and the side-step and throw technique arising in the United States in 1876. 2787: 3648:'s banned list receive sanctions and may be banned from competition for a period of time that corresponds to the seriousness of the infraction. However, the use of substances not on the prohibited list may also result in sanctions if the substance is deemed similar to a banned substance in either composition or effect. Athletes may also be sanctioned for missing tests, seeking to avoid testing or tampering with results, refusing to submit to testing, through circumstantial evidence, or confession of use. 2095: 8880: 3231: 1595: 9260: 2610: 3073:

time recorded by the athletes to one thousandth of a second. If the judge decides that there has been a tie, the tying athletes must be placed in the next round or, if that is not practicable, lots must be drawn to determine who must be placed in the next round. In the case of a tie for first place in any final, the referee decides whether it is practicable to arrange for the athletes so tying to compete again. If he decides it is not, the result stands. Ties in other placings remain.

1408: 56: 1253: 2194:

a result of improved equipment using the denser metals, a switch to concrete throwing areas, and more advanced training techniques. Professional hammer throwers were historically large, strong, sturdy athletes. However, qualities such as refined technique, speed and flexibility have become increasingly important in the modern era as the legal throwing area has been reduced from 90 to 34.92 degrees and throwing technique involves three to four controlled rotations.

2984: 2595: 339: 1830: 3114: 2493: 3024:. It is deemed a false start if, in the judgment of the starter an athlete fails to comply with the commands "on your marks" or "set" as appropriate after a reasonable time; or an athlete after the command "on your marks" disturbs other athletes in the race through sound or otherwise. If the runner is in the "set" position and moves, then the runner is also disqualified. As of 2010, any athlete making a false start is disqualified. 355: 3588: 3373: 247:, which typically feature teams of four. Events are almost exclusively divided by gender, although both the men's and women's competitions are usually held at the same venue. Recently, "mixed" relay events have been introduced into meets, whereby two men and two women make up the four-person team. If a race has too many people to run all at once, preliminary heats will be run to narrow down the field of participants. 3536: 2152: 3016:

away, as long as it is safe to do so. For some middle-distance races, such as 800 m, each athlete starts in their own lane. Once the gun fires, they must run in the lane they began in until they reach a set of cones on the track that signal that they can cut in and move towards the inside lane. For sprint races, athletes begin in start blocks and must stay in their own lane for the entire race.

1900: 1712: 1761: 1291:

introduced to reduce jostling between runners in the early stages of the race. The 1500 meter and longer events typically use a waterfall start, where runners start the race from a standing position along a curved starting line and then immediately cut in towards the innermost track to follow the quickest route to the finish. Physiologically, middle-distance events demand that athletes have good

1603: 1627:: the distance was fixed to 400 m while ten 3-foot (91.44 cm) hurdles were placed 35 m apart on the track, with the first and final hurdles being 45 m and 40 m away from the start and finish, respectively. Women's hurdles are slightly lower at 84 cm (2 ft 9 in) for the 100 m event and 76 cm (2 ft 6 in) for the 400 m event. 2802:) bear similarities with their outdoor equivalents. Typically, a central area is surrounded by a 200-metre oval track with four to eight lanes. The track can be banked at the turns to allow athletes to run around the radius more comfortably. Some have a second running track going straight across the field area, parallel to the straights of the main circuit. This track is used for the 3623:

playing field — athletes who do not use doping substances have a disadvantage over rivals who do. Medically, the use of banned substances may have an adverse effect upon athletes' health. However, some exemptions are made for athletes who take banned substances for therapeutic use, and athletes are not sanctioned for usage in these cases, such as

1730:) were held in each hand during the jump then swung back and dropped near the end to gain extra momentum and distance. The modern long jump, standardised in England and the United States around 1860, bears resemblance to the ancient event although no weights are used. Athletes sprint along a length of track that leads to a jumping board and a 3556:

as more events were gradually added to the list, but significant changes were made in the late 1970s. First, all records in imperial measurements were abandoned in 1976, with the sole exceptional being the mile run due to the prestige and history of the event. The following year, all world records in sprint events would only be recognised if

3012:

competitions, or in English or French in international competitions. Once all athletes are set in their starting position, the gun or an approved starting apparatus must be fired or activated. If the starter is not satisfied that all are ready to proceed, the athletes may be called out of the blocks and the process started over.

1435:. The 5000 m and 10,000 m events have their historical roots in the 3-mile and 6-mile races. The 3000 m was used as a women's long-distance event, entering the World Championship programme in 1983 and Olympic programme in 1984, but this was abandoned in favour of a women's 5000 m event in 1995. 1615:(110 m) with ten hurdles of 3-foot and 6 inches (1.06 m) in height (each placed 10 yards (9 m) apart), with the first and final hurdles 15 yards from the start and finish, respectively. French organisers adapted the race into metric (adding 28 cm) and the basics of this race, the men's 2076:

was standardised to 2 kg (4.4 pounds) in weight and 22 cm (8 inches) in diameter in 1907. The women's discus was among the first women's events on the Olympic programme, being introduced in 1928. The first modern athlete to throw the discus while rotating the whole body was Czech athlete

3568:

represent the best performances by athletes at the Summer Olympics. All major championships and games have their relevant competition records and a large number of track and field meetings keep a note of their meet records. Other record types include: stadium records, records by age range, records by

3555:

The IAAF ratifies track and field world records if they meet their set criteria. The IAAF first published a world records list in 1914, initially for men's events only. There were 53 recognised records in running, hurdling and relay, and 12 field records. World records in women's events began in 1936

3520:

system was introduced for the 2018 season. An athlete's position within the ranking will be determined by points scored based on their performance and importance of the competition. The points will be considered for eligibility for the World Athletics Championships and Olympic Games. This system will

2193:

The men's hammer throw became an Olympic event in 1900 but the women's event – using a 4 kg (8.82 lb) weight – was not widely competed until much later, finally featuring on the women's Olympic programme in 2000. The distances thrown by male athletes became greater from the 1950s onwards as

2119:

in the late 19th century and athletes from the region are still among the most dominant throwers in men's competitions. The modern event features a short run up on a track and then the thrower releases the javelin before the foul line. The runway measures at a minimum of 30m in length, and is covered

1814:

event featured at the Olympics in 1900 and 1904, but such competitions have since become very uncommon, although it is still used as a non-competitive exercise drill. The Current world record for the Men's triple jump is 18.29 meter (60 ft 0in) held by Jonathan Edwards. The current women's world

711:

and her 1928 Olympic medal for Japan signified the growth of women's track and field in East Asia. More women's events were gradually introduced, though it was only towards the end of the century that the athletics programmes approached gender parity. Marking an increasingly inclusive approach to the

607:

in international track and field events, both for race distances and for measuring jumps and throws. The Olympic athletics programme greatly expanded over the next decades, and track and field remained among its most prominent contests. The Olympics was the elite competition for track and field, only

3072:

With the accuracy of the timing systems, ties are rare. Ties between different athletes are resolved as follows: In determining whether there has been a tie in any round for a qualifying position for the next round based on time, a judge (called the chief photo finish judge) must consider the actual

2110:

began in prehistoric times. Along with the discus, the javelin was the second throwing event in the ancient Olympic pentathlon. Records from 708 BC show two javelin competition types co-existing: throwing at a target and throwing the javelin for distance. It was the latter type from which the modern

2066:

the farthest. In standard competitions, athletes throw the disc from a set circular arc and take turns in a series of throw, with the singular best effort deciding the victor. As one of the events within the ancient pentathlon, the history of the discus throw dates back to 708 BC. In ancient times a

1504:

to a teammate, who then begins their leg. There is usually a designated area where athletes must exchange the baton. Teams may be disqualified if they fail to complete the change within the area, or if the baton is dropped during the race. A team may also be disqualified if its runners are deemed to

1167:

before leaning forward and gradually moving into an upright position as the race progresses and momentum is gained. Athletes remain in the same lane on the running track throughout all sprinting events, with the sole exception of the indoor 400 m. Races up to 100 m are largely focused upon

3181:

Men and women have different weights for their throwing implements – men's javelin is 800 grams compared to 600 for women, men's weight throw is 35 pounds compared to 20 for women, men's discus is 2 kilograms to women's 1, men's shot put is 16 pounds compared to 8 pounds for women, and men's hammer

3050:

For sprinting events, except the 4 × 400 m relay and the indoor 400 metres, each athlete must run the race within their allocated lane from start to finish. If an athlete leaves their lane or steps on the line demarking each lane the athlete will be disqualified. Lane rules also apply for

3015:

There are different types of starts for races of different distances. Middle- and long-distance races mainly use the waterfall start. This is when all athletes begin on a curved line that moves farther out at the outer edge of the track. Competitors are allowed to move towards the inside lane right

2868:

announced they were renaming "indoor track" and "indoor athletics" to "short track", effectively expanding the "indoor track" category to allow for the theoretical possibility of an outdoor 200 meter-track being used for valid "indoor" qualification marks. The change took effect at the beginning of

2075:

in Athens, which featured both the ancient style and the increasingly popular modern style of turning and throwing. By the 1912 Olympics, the ancient standing throw style had fallen into disuse and contests starting within a 2.5 m squared throwing area became the standard. The discus implement

1849:

in the 19th century. Further competitions were organised in 1840 in England and in 1865 the basic rules of the modern event were standardised there. Athletes have a short run up and then take off from one foot to jump over a horizontal bar and fall back onto a cushioned landing area. The men's high

1614:

as obstacles were first popularised in the 19th century in England. The first known event, held in 1830, was a variation of the 100-yard dash that included heavy wooden barriers as obstacles. A competition between the Oxford and Cambridge Athletic Clubs in 1864 refined this, holding a 120-yard race

547:

in London. This national event was a great success, attracting a crowd of over ten thousand people. In response, the Amateur Athletic Club was formed that same year and held a championship for "gentlemen amateurs" in an attempt to reclaim the sport for the educated elite. Ultimately the "allcomers"

523:

is in 1834, making it the oldest running race of the modern era. The school also lays claim to the oldest track and field meeting still extant, the Second Spring Meeting first documented in 1840. This featured a series of throwing and jumping events with mock horse races including the Derby Stakes,

3751:

and running. All these forms of racing tend to record finishing times, have strictly defined start and finish points, and are generally individual in nature. Middle- and long-distance runners usually participate in cross country and road events, in addition to the track. Track racewalkers are most

3099:

Horizontal jumps (long jump and triple jump) and all throws must be initiated behind a line. In the case of horizontal jumps, that line is a straight line perpendicular to the runway. In the case of throws, that line is an arc or a circle. Crossing the line while initiating the attempt invalidates

3090:

Vertical jumps (high jump and pole vault) set a bar at a particular height. The competitor must clear the bar without knocking it off the standards that are holding the bar (flat). Three failures in a row ends the competitor's participation in the event. The competitor has the option to PASS their

2136:

to allow for easier measurement. Rough-tailed designs were banned in 1991 and all marks achieved with such javelins were removed from the record books. The women's javelin underwent a similar redesign in 1999. The current javelin specifications are 2.6 to 2.7 m in length and 800 grams in

1533:

point runners can leave their lanes and head towards the inmost part of the circuit. For the second and third baton changeovers, teammates must align themselves in respect of their team position – leading teams take the inner lanes while members of slower teams must await the baton on outer lanes.

880:

The throwing events involve hurling an implement (such as a heavyweight, javelin or discus) from a set point, with athletes being judged on the distance that the object is thrown. Combined events involve the same group of athletes contesting a number of different track and field events. Points are

852:

Track and field events are divided into three categories: track events, field events and combined events. The majority of athletes tend to specialize in one event type with the aim of perfecting their performances, although the aim of combined events athletes is to become proficient in a number of

2991:

The start of a race is marked by a white line 5 cm wide. In all races that are not run in lanes the start line must be curved, so that all the athletes start the same distance from the finish. Starting blocks may be used for all races up to and including 400 m (including the first leg of the

1532:

featured in 1908 Olympics. The 4×100 m event is run strictly within the same lane on the track, meaning that the team collectively runs one complete circuit of the track. Teams in a 4×400 m event remain in their own lane until the runner of the second leg passes the first bend, at which

3622:

can give athletes a physical competitive advantage in track and field. The use of such substances in track and field is opposed on both ethical and medical grounds. Given that the sport functions by measuring and comparing athletes' performances, performance-enhancing substances create an uneven

3461:

One-day track and field meetings form the most common and seasonal aspect of the sport – they are the most basic level of track and field competition. Meetings are generally organised annually either under the patronage of an educational institution or sports club, or by a group or business that

1781:

Similar to the long jump, the triple jump takes place on a track heading towards a sandpit. Originally, athletes would hop on the same leg twice before jumping into the pit, but this was changed to the current "hop, step and jump" pattern from 1900 onwards. There is some dispute over whether the

1290:

Middle distance events can begin in one of two ways: a staggered start or a waterfall start. In the 800 meter race, athletes begin in individual lanes that are staggered before the turn. Runners must remain in their lanes for the first 100 m before cutting in to run as a pack. This rule was

3068:

systems (photo timing) are becoming more and more common at increasingly lower levels of track meets, improving the accuracy, while eliminating the need for eagle-eyed officials on the finish line. Fully automatic timing (FAT) is required for high level meets and any time a sprint record is set

3054:

Any athlete who jostles or obstructs another athlete, in a way that impedes his progress, should be disqualified from that event. However, if an athlete is pushed or forced by another person to run outside his lane, and if no material advantage is gained, the athlete should not be disqualified.

3011:

For sprint races up to 400 m, the starter gives two commands: "on your marks" to instruct athletes to approach the start line, followed by "set" to advise the athletes that the start of the race is imminent. The commands of the starter are typically given in the native language in national

3560:

was used (as opposed to the traditional hand-timing stopwatch method). In 1981, electronic timing was made compulsory for all world record runs in track and field, with times being recorded to within one hundredth of a second. Two additional types of world record were introduced in 1987: world

872:

There are two types of field events: jumps and throws. In jumping competitions, athletes are judged on either the length or height of the jumps. The performances of jumping events for distance are measured from a board or marker, and overstepping this mark is judged as a foul. In the jumps for

658:

Until the early 1920s, track and field was almost an exclusively male pursuit. Many colleges required women to participate in walking events. Walking was considered to be a primarily female sport. In the late 1800s it was still incredibly rare to find women in the gym, as this was considered a

3543:

Athletes performances are timed or measured at virtually all track and field competitions. Doing so can not only serve as a way of determining the winner in an event, but it can also be used for historical comparison (i.e. a record). A large variety of record types exist and men's and women's

3027:

In International elite competition, electronically tethered starting blocks sense the reaction time of the athletes. If the athlete reacts in less than 0.1 second, an alert sounds for a recall starter and the offending athlete is guilty of a false start. Since 2009, the offending athletes are

1937:

The modern event sees athletes run down a strip of track, plant the pole in the metal box, and vault over the horizontal bar before letting go of the pole and falling backwards onto the landing mattress. While earlier versions used wooden, metal or bamboo, modern poles are generally made from

2045: 3063:

The finish of a race is marked by a white line 5 cm wide. The finishing position of athletes is determined by the order in which any part of their torso (as distinguished from the head, neck, arms, legs, hands or feet) reaches the vertical plane of the nearer edge of the finish line.

3051:

initial periods of other track races, for example, the beginning of the 800 m. Similar rules apply for longer distance races when a large field of athletes is present and separate starting points are designated, with the field merging into one group shortly after the starting phase.

2844:

All four of the common jumping events are held at indoor venues. The long and triple jump areas run alongside the central 60 m track and are mostly identical in form to their outdoor counterparts. The pole vault track and landing area are also alongside the central running track.

1287:, or half mile, was the forebear of the 800 m distance and it has its roots in competitions in the United Kingdom in the 1830s. The 1500 m came about as a result of running three laps of a 500 m track, which was commonplace in continental Europe in the 20th century. 1766: 1763: 3663:, broke world records and were highly successful at international competitions. Some athletes, who were following a doping plan from their teenage years, suffered significant health problems as a result of the regime. A similar state-sponsored doping system was developed in the 2131:

invented the rough-tailed javelin and throws reached in excess of 100 m – edging towards the limits of stadia. The distances and the increasing number of horizontal landings led the IAAF to redesign the men's javelin to reduce distance and increase the implement's downward

2657:. As the sport developed, the IAAF standardised the length to 400 m and stated that the tracks must be split into six to eight running lanes. Precise widths for the lanes were established, as were regulations regarding the curvature of the track. Tracks made of flattened 1762: 1929:, England in 1843. The basic rules and technique of the event originated in the United States. The rules required that athletes do not move their hands along the pole and athletes began clearing the bar with their feet first and twisting so that the stomach faces the bar. 3182:

throw is also 16 pounds to the women's 8. Additionally, men's high hurdles are at height of 42 inches compared to women's hurdles which are 33 inches. For the intermediate hurdles (400 meter hurdles), the men's hurdle height is 36 inches compared to 30 inches for women.

1741:. Professional long jumpers typically have strong acceleration and sprinting abilities. However, athletes must also have a consistent stride to allow them to take off near the board while still maintaining their maximum speed. In addition to the traditional long jump, a 707:. In China, women's track and field events were being held in the 1920s, but were subject to criticism and disrespect from audiences. Physical education advocate Zhang Ruizhen called for greater equality and participation of women in Chinese track and field. The rise of 2208:

Combined (or multi-discipline) events are competitions in which athletes participate in a number of track and field events, earning points for their performance in each event, which adds to a total points score. Outdoors, the most common combined events are the men's

564:

British national championships despite being for England only, have been held annually since July 1880 with breaks only during two world wars and 2006–2008. The AAA was effectively a global governing body in the early years of the sport, helping to codify its rules.

2189:

were recorded. The hammer implement was standardised in 1887 and the competitions began to resemble the modern event. The weight of the metal ball was set at 16 pounds (7.26 kg) while the attached wire had to measure between 1.175 m and 1.215 m.

1499:

Relay races are the only track and field event in which a team of runners directly compete against other teams. Typically, a team is made up of four runners of the same sex. Each runner completes their specified distance (referred to as a leg) before handing over a

3687:, a 1989 Australian study said, "There is hardly a medal winner at the Moscow Games, certainly not a gold medal winner, who is not on one sort of drug or another: usually several kinds. The Moscow Games might as well have been called the Chemists' Games." In 2016, 1473:'s record-breaking feats established the importance of natural training and even-paced running. The 1990s saw the rise of North and East African runners in long-distance events. Kenyans and Ethiopians, in particular, have since remained dominant in these events. 3634:

Athletes have historically been willing to take legal and health risks to improve their performance, with some even stating their willingness to risk their lives, as exemplified by research by Mirkin, Goldman and Connor in researching attitudes to the so-called

1634:

for women, 110 m hurdles for men and 400 m hurdles for both sexes. The men's 110 m has been featured at every modern Summer Olympics while the men's 400 m was introduced in the second edition of the Games. Women's initially competed in the

1128:, which was a race from one end of the stadium to the other. Sprinting events are focused on athletes reaching and sustaining their quickest possible running speed. Three sprinting events are currently held at the Olympics and outdoor World Championships: the 3007:

or approved starting apparatus fired upwards after they have ascertained that athletes are steady and in the correct starting position. An athlete may not touch either the start line or the ground in front of it with their hands or feet when on their marks.

3019:

An athlete, after assuming a final set position, may not commence his starting motion until after receiving the report of the gun, or approved starting apparatus. If, in the judgment of the starter or recallers, he does so any earlier, it is considered a

1745:

contest exists which requires that athletes leap from a static position without a run-up. A men's version of this event featured on the Olympic programme from 1900 to 1912. The long jump world record is held by Mike Powell, jumping 8.95 meters in 1991.

2966:(IAAF). The most recent complete set of rules is the 2009 rules that relate only to competitions in 2009. Key rules of track events are those regarding starting, running and finishing. Current World Athletics (WA) Rules are available on WA's website 2755:

contests begin in a tall metal cage usually situated in one of the corners of the field. The cage reduces the danger of implements being thrown out of the field of play and throws travel diagonally across the field in the centre of the stadium. The

1765: 825:

From the 1990s onward, track and field became increasingly more professional and international, as the IAAF gained over 200 member nations. The IAAF World Championships in Athletics became a fully professional competition with the introduction of

3081:

In general, most field events allow a competitor to take their attempt individually, under theoretically the same conditions as the other competitors in the competition. Each attempt is measured to determine who achieved the greatest distance.

1933:

poles were introduced in the 20th century and a metal box in the runway for planting the pole became standard. Landing mattresses were introduced in the mid-20th century to protect the athletes who were clearing increasingly greater heights.

1809:

The men's triple jump competition has been ever-present at the modern Olympics, but it was not until 1993 that a women's version gained World Championship status and went on to have its first Olympic appearance three years later. The men's

1543:

The IAAF keeps world records for five different types of track relays. As with 4×100 m and 4×400 m events, all races comprise teams of four athletes running the same distances, with the less commonly contested distances being the

2181:. Other ancient competitions included throwing a cast iron ball attached to a wooden handle – the root of the term "hammer throw" due to their resemblance to the tools. In 16th century England, contests involving the throwing of actual 873:

height, an athlete must clear their body over a crossbar without knocking the bar off the supporting standards. The majority of jumping events are unaided, although athletes propel themselves vertically with purpose-built sticks in the

7519: 7004: 4007: 3569:

disability, and records by institution or organisation. Cash bonuses are usually offered to athletes if they break significant records, as doing so can generate greater interest and public attendance in track and field competitions.

3473:, which are largely small, local, informal competitions that allow people of all ages and abilities to compete. As meetings become more organized they can gain official sanctioning by the local or national association for the sport. 3643:

that are conducted both in and out of competition by anti-doping officials or accredited medical staff. Penalized athletes are susceptible to higher testing upon return to competition. Athletes found to have taken substances on the

3415:. The number of major multi-sport events greatly increased during the 20th century and thus did the number of track and field events held within them. Typically, track and field events are hosted at the main stadium of the games. 1666:

race is the other track and field event with obstacles. Just as the hurdling events, the steeplechase finds its origin in student competition in Oxford, England. However, this event was born as a human variation on the original

5049: 5024: 7823: 4560: 1675:. A steeplechase event was held on a track for the 1879 English championships and the 1900 Summer Olympics featured men's 2500 m and 4000 m steeplechase races. The event was held over various distances until the 7445: 7334: 5074: 7660: 2017:

The shot put has been an Olympic sport for men since 1896 and a women's competition using a 4 kg (8.82 lb) shot was added in 1948. Further throwing techniques have arisen since the post-war era: in the 1950s

3207:, but these organisations govern more than just track and field and are in fact athletics governing bodies. These national federations regulate sub-national and local track and field clubs, as well as other types of 518:

races in which runners followed a trail of paper shreds left by two "foxes"; even today RSSH runners are called "hounds" and a race victory is a "kill". The first definite record of Shrewsbury's cross-country Annual

6920: 3342:. Most countries have a national championship in track and field and, for athletes, these often play a role in gaining selection into major competitions. Some countries hold many track and field championships at 3198:

for track and field, and athletics as a whole. The governance of track and field at continental and national level is also done by athletics bodies. Some national federations are named after the sport, including

2853:

are the only throwing events held indoors due to size restrictions. The throwing area is similar to the outdoor event, but the landing sector is a rectangular section surrounded by netting or a stop barrier.

7468: 2817:-sized arena. This was quite popular when races were held at imperial distances, which gradually was phased out by different organizations in the 1970s and 1980s. Examples of this configuration include the 7200: 3598:

Track and field athletes are banned from ingesting or using certain substances by governing bodies for the sport, from the national to the international level. The IAAF's constitution incorporates the

2123:

The first Olympic men's javelin throw contest was held in 1908 and a women's competition was introduced in 1932. The first javelins were made of various types of wood, but in the 1950s, former athlete

6853: 743:). The IAAF abandoned amateurism in 1982 and later rebranded itself as the International Association of Athletics Federations. While Western countries were limited to amateurs until the 1980s, the 3466:. In the case of the former, athletes are selected to represent their club or institution. In the case of privately run or independent meetings, athletes participate on an invitation-only basis. 1687:

on each lap. Despite the long history of men's steeplechase in track and field, the women's steeplechase only gained World Championship status in 2005, with its first Olympic appearance in 2008.

7516: 1623:

also lies in Oxford, where around 1860 a competition was held over 440 yards and twelve 1.06 m high wooden barriers were placed along the course. The modern regulations stem from the

1764: 1643:. This was extended to the 100 m hurdles at the 1972 Olympics, but it was not until 1984 that a women's 400 m hurdles event took place at the Olympics (having been introduced at the 6996: 5976: 4466: 4430: 4003: 2724:

area is also a 40-metre running track and has an indentation in the ground (the box) where vaulters plant their poles to propel themselves over a crossbar before falling onto cushioned

834:—an annual series of major track and field meetings in Europe—raised the economic incentive through its US$ 1 million jackpot. In 2010, the series was replaced by the more lucrative 7815: 4552: 4147: 7331: 3700: 2259: 7442: 6457: 5071: 5046: 5021: 386: 581: 3552:

level. National governing bodies control the national record lists, the area associations organise their respective continental lists, and the IAAF ratifies world records.

747:

always fielded state-funded athletes who trained full-time, putting American and Western European athletes at a significant disadvantage. 1983 saw the establishment of the

6916: 1853:

Jumping technique has played a significant part in the history of the event. High jumpers typically cleared the bar feet first in the late 19th century, using either the

4500: 4325:

Leigh, Mary H.; Thérèse M. Bonin (1977). "The Pioneering Role Of Madame Alice Milliat and the FSFI in Establishing International Trade and Field Competition for Women".

739:. As a result, the Amateur Athletic Union was dissolved in the US and replaced with a non-amateur body focused on the sport of athletics: The Athletics Congress (later 4707: 7465: 1454:

in long-distance events is very common at the elite level, although they are not present at championship level competitions as all qualified competitors want to win.

524:

the Hurdle Race and the Trial Stakes. Runners were entered by "owners" and named as though they were horses. 13 miles (21 km) away and a decade later, the first

7421: 3335: 1946:. The pole vault has been an Olympic event since 1896 for men, but it was over 100 years later that the first women's world championship competition was held at the 7692: 6882: 293:

levels. However, if athletes are deemed to have violated the event's rules or regulations, they are disqualified from the competition and their marks are erased.

7213: 3303:

Similar to the event programmes at the Olympics, Paralympics and World Championships, track and field forms a significant part of continental championships. The

731:), competitions between international track and field athletes became widespread. From the 1960s onward, the sport gained exposure and commercial appeal through 404:, as running, jumping and throwing are natural and universal human physical expressions. The first recorded examples of organized track and field events are the 195:

who completes it in the least time. The jumping and throwing events are won by those who achieve the greatest distance or height. Regular jumping events include

6083: 5232: 3387:

Mirroring the role that track and field events have at the Summer Olympics and Paralympics, the sport is featured within the athletics programmes of many major

4977: 2747:

shape frequently across the Pitch (sports field) in the middle of the stadium, ensuring that the javelin has a minimal chance of causing damage or injury. The

5810: 4239: 4180: 6850: 4032: 5922: 5388: 5341: 4530: 3839: 2798:, which can easily accommodate high jump competitions and short track events. Full-size indoor arenas (i.e. those fully equipped to host all events for the 4953: 4882: 3355: 1787: 4207: 1446:, and tactics become much greater factors in performances. A number of athletes have achieved success in both middle- and long-distance events, including 735:

and the increasing wealth of nations. After over half a century of amateurism, in the late 1970s the amateur status of the sport began to be displaced by

3438:

have significant participation from track and field athletes. Track and field is also present at the national games level, with competitions such as the

3241:

The major global track and field competitions are both held under the scope of athletics. Track and field contests make up the majority of events on the

1726:

contest. The athletes would take a short run up and jump into an area of dug up earth, with the winner being the one who jumped farthest. Small weights (

1362:

came to dominate the 1500 and mile events. In the 2020s, Western European athletes have returned to the forefront of the distance, with athletes such as

838:, a fourteen-meeting series held in Europe, Asia, North America, and the Middle East—the first-ever worldwide annual series of track and field meetings. 7134: 7900: 4526: 3752:

typically road specialists as well. It is unusual for track and field athletes outside of these two groups to compete in cross country or road events.

3418:

After the Olympic and Paralympic Games, the most prominent events for track and field athletes include the three IOC-sanctioned continental games: the

3351: 2963: 640: 5299: 4798: 3862: 3276:

competitions. Initially, this worked on a quadrennial basis but, after 1991, it changed to a biennial format. In terms of indoor track and field, the

1734:. The athletes must jump before a marked line and their achieved distance is measured from the nearest point of sand disturbed by the athlete's body. 7295: 5973: 5412: 3908: 3476:

At the professional level, meetings began to offer significant financial incentives for all athletes in the 1990s in Europe with the creation of the

1385:

Beyond the short distances of sprinting events, factors such as an athlete's reactions and top speed becomes less important, while qualities such as

7359: 514:

is the oldest running club in the world, with written records going back to 1831 and evidence that it was established by 1819. The school organised

7770: 6407: 4905: 4452: 4422: 1573: 7390: 6290: 3260:

The other two major international competition for track and field are organised by the IAAF. The IAAF had selected the Olympic competition as its

1442:

In terms of competition rules and physical demands, long-distance track races have much in common with middle-distance races, except that pacing,

6758: 6653: 6265: 6136: 6041: 5952: 5857: 5743: 5681: 5614: 5537: 5514: 5491: 5461: 5277: 5254: 5142: 5119: 4852: 4822: 4684: 4661: 4635: 4607: 4584: 3521:

affect athlete participation, which has typically been determined by national bodies, either through selection panels or national trials events.

3204: 1782:

triple jump was contested in ancient Greece: while some historians claim that a contest of three jumps occurred at Ancient Games, others such as

6780: 6716: 6675: 5167: 3544:

performances are recorded separately. The foremost types of records organise athlete's performances by the region they represent—beginning with

7542: 6521: 6480: 4771: 2732:

is a stripped-down version of this, with an open area of track or field that leads to a crossbar with a square area of landing mats behind it.

2682: 704: 648: 250:

Track and field is one of the oldest sports. In ancient times, it was an event held in conjunction with festivals and sports meets such as the

6606: 6000: 5093: 7241: 6358: 6158: 5879: 3396: 5639: 1183:

Japanese man Hidekichi Miyazaki holds the honor of being the oldest track and field participant, sprinting the 100m race at 105 years old.

6314: 3805: 3253:

since its inception in 1896, and the events are typically held in the main stadium of the Olympic and Paralympic Games. Events such as the

2765: 2022:

popularised the 180 degree turn and throw technique commonly known as the "glide", breaking the world record 17 times along the way, while

1684: 6562: 6199: 2173:

of ancient Ireland, which featured events such as throwing either a weight attached to a rope, a large rock on a wooden handle, or even a

7287: 4143: 1569: 795: 5829: 2962:

The rules of track events in athletics as observed in most international athletics competitions are set by the Competition Rules of the

2115:(thin leather strip) around the javelin that acted as a sling to facilitate extra distance. The javelin throw gained much popularity in 1487: 7992: 7491: 6106: 5209: 5053: 5028: 2010:

throwing competitions within the English military provided a precursor to the modern sport. The term "shot" originates from the use of

1737:

The athletics competition at the first Olympics featured a men's long jump competition and a women's competition was introduced at the

664: 5766: 1683:

as the standard event. The IAAF set the standards of the event in 1954, and the event is held on a 400 m circuit that includes a

1560:(comprising legs of 1200, 400, 800, and 1600 metres), which is frequently held in the United States, and a sprint relay, known as the 6449: 3339: 3304: 628: 573: 239:

consisting of ten events. In these, athletes participate in a combination of track and field events. Most track and field events are

7873: 6829: 659:

masculine activity. On 9 November 1895, the first women's track meet in the United States was held and it was called "a field day".

4747: 3933: 2251: 717: 636: 5786: 3280:

has been held every two years since 1985 and this is the only world championships that consists of solely track and field events.

2873: 2080:, who invented the technique when studying the position of the famous statue of Discobolus and won the 1900 Olympic silver medal. 1439:, while long-distance races, are typically run on street courses, and often are run separately from other track and field events. 7748: 5718: 3334:). There has not been a consistent championships for all of North America, which may be (in part) due to the success of both the 3327: 3320: 3036: 2217:(seven events). Due to stadium limitations, indoor combined events competition have a reduced number of events, resulting in the 881:

given for their performance in each event and the athlete or team with the highest score at the end of all events is the winner.

676: 632: 7093: 3000:) and may not be used for any other race. No part of the starting block may overlap the start line or extend into another lane. 7112: 5001: 4376: 1306:

The 1500 m and mile run events have historically been some of the most prestigious track and field events. Swedish rivals

1168:

acceleration to an athlete's maximum speed. All sprints beyond this distance increasingly incorporate an element of endurance.

5365: 4492: 4121: 4061: 2557: 1076:

Note: Heptathlon can refer to two different events, each consisting of different disciplines and both recognised by IAAF: the

3728: 3293: 3265: 1878: 1676: 1644: 1640: 1525: 794:, and there were transformations in coaching methods, athlete's diets, training facilities, and sports equipment. The use of 790:, only served to stoke the sport's popularity. The rising commerciality of track and field was also met with developments in 748: 692: 617: 4704: 2529: 643:

in 1921, making it one of the most prestigious competitions for students. In 1923 track and field featured at the inaugural

3565: 3331: 1947: 8775: 7413: 2127:

introduced a hollow javelin, then a metal javelin, both of which increased throwers performances. Another former athlete,

7689: 3246: 1885:

was contested at the Olympics from 1900 to 1912, but is now relatively uncommon outside of its use as an exercise drill.

6874: 5363:

Williams and James achieve unprecedented doubles as Kenya steals the show in middle distance – Day Five – Evening report

4024: 2689:

and it began the process in which synthetic tracks became the standard for the sport. Many track and field stadiums are

7798: 4360: 3530: 3316: 2536: 1315: 775: 286: 3350:-level, which help develop younger athletes. Some of these have gained significant exposure and prestige, such as the 7601: 7570: 7272: 7178: 6436: 6247: 6080: 5596: 5569: 4400: 3991: 3582: 3557: 3161: 2813:

Another common adaptation in the United States is a 160-yard track (11 laps to a mile; 148m) that fits into a common

2576: 1431:. The latter two races are both Olympic and World Championship events outdoors, while the 3000 m is held at the 1231: 140:

and a grass field for the throwing and some of the jumping events. Track and field is categorized under the umbrella

7310: 4974: 4280: 3143: 2836: 1980: 663:

argued for the inclusion of women at the Olympics, but the International Olympic Committee refused. She founded the

8810: 5807: 4229: 4176: 3308: 3242: 3135: 2625:

that first hosted such competitions. The two basic features of a track and field stadium are the outer oval-shaped

2510: 652: 592: 259: 17: 1572:

programme. Relay events have significant participation in the United States, where a number of large meetings (or

754:

The profile of the sport reached an apogee in the 1980s, with a number of athletes becoming household names, like

723:

With the rise of numerous regional championships, and the growth in Olympic-style multi-sport events (such as the

9025: 8542: 7499: 5919: 5385: 5338: 4522: 3719:

led to an international ban on all its athletes in 2016, with Russians having to apply to the IAAF to compete as

3696: 3676: 3277: 2799: 2543: 2203: 1432: 898: 815: 7965: 7717:"Hormonal doping and androgenization of athletes: a secret program of the German Democratic Republic government" 4945: 4874: 4724: 4299: 3288: 8715: 7985: 7209: 4203: 3967: 3139: 2514: 495: 7956: 4315:

Tricard, Louise Mead. American women's track and field: A history, 1895 through 1980. Vol. 1. McFarland, 1996.

3731:. Doping has affected countries on all continents and has occurred in individual, team and national settings. 3594:, after admitting to doping, lost her Olympic medals, was banned from the sport, and spent six months in jail. 532:

racecourse in 1851. It included a "half-mile foot race" (805 m) and a "leaping in distance" competition.

7937: 7617:

Connor, James; Jules Woolf; Jason Mazanov (January 2013). "Would they dope? Revisiting the Goldman dilemma".

7160: 6806: 6742: 6701: 6632: 6588: 6547: 6506: 6384: 6340: 6225: 6184: 6091: 6067: 6026: 5905: 5665: 5438: 5325: 5193: 4985: 4931: 3888: 3545: 3312: 1540:, each of four hurdlers on a team runs the opposite direction from the preceding runner. No batons are used. 732: 540: 412:

marked a step towards track and field as it is recognized today—it comprised a five-event competition of the

290: 263: 31: 7896: 2967: 2525: 2389: 1722:

The long jump is one of the oldest track and field events, having its roots as one of the events within the

9421: 7721: 4788: 3905: 2128: 1346:

characterised middle-distance running in the 1980s. From the 1990s until the 2010s, North Africans such as

549: 3367: 691:

in 1924. These efforts ultimately led to the introduction of five track and field events for women in the

168:

is the official term for this sport with 'track' and 'field' events being subgroups of athletics events.

7667: 7356: 7070: 6821: 3720: 3190:

The international governance of track and field falls under the jurisdiction of athletics organisations.

2885: 1668: 6875:"World Athletics to create new short track product to grow the sport | PRESS-RELEASES | World Athletics" 3767:, often incorporate forms of footracing, carrying heavy objects, as well as throwing events such as the 3450: 1172:

dictates that a runner's near-top speed cannot be maintained for more than thirty seconds or so because

9513: 9508: 9010: 7382: 6299: 6286: 4384: 3249:

programmes, which occur every four years. Track and field events have held a prominent position at the

2929: 2700:

The field of the stadium combines a number of elements for use in the jumping and throwing events. The

2233: 1223: 409: 6755: 6650: 6404: 6262: 6133: 6115: 5949: 5854: 5740: 5705: 5678: 5611: 5534: 5511: 5488: 5458: 5274: 5251: 5218: 5139: 5116: 4849: 4819: 4793: 4681: 4658: 4632: 4604: 4581: 2225:. Athletes are allocated points based on an international-standard points scoring system, such as the 853:

disciplines. Track events involve running on a track over specified distances, and—in the case of the

9334: 9286: 8770: 7978: 4453:"Thousands of Chinese athletes doped through state-sponsored programme, exiled whistle-blower claims" 3792: 3501: 3404: 2674: 2654: 2438: 2170: 1803: 1727: 7539: 7383:"IAAF: IAAF Official World Rankings first step in fundamental changes in athletics| News | iaaf.org" 4768: 3220: 2250:) was a precursor to the track and field combined events and this ancient event was restored at the 9503: 9329: 8869: 8709: 8257: 8246: 8004: 5090: 4457: 3760: 3703:

but was later banned for using anabolic steroids. In the mid-first decade of the 21st century, the

3645: 3564:

The next most important record type are those achieved at a specific competition. For example, the

3463: 3264:

event in 1913, but a separate world championships for athletics alone was first held in 1983 – the

3124: 2830: 2781: 2769: 2242: 1723: 1680: 1663: 1589: 999: 858: 847: 771: 684: 520: 8347: 7238: 3358:. However, the number and status of such competitions significantly vary from country to country. 3257:

receive some of the highest levels of media coverage of any Olympic or Paralympic sporting event.

2693:, with the running track surrounding a field built for other sports, such as the various types of 1925:

competitions in Germany in the 1770s. One of the earliest recorded pole vault competitions was in

1553: 9482: 8849: 8699: 8694: 8688: 8682: 8408: 8403: 8194: 3959: 3439: 3381: 3128: 2945: 2889: 2503: 2226: 2072: 2048: 1247: 910: 696: 479: 176: 8342: 8336: 8330: 8324: 7816:"The 1980 Olympics Are The 'Cleanest' In History. Athletes Recall How Moscow Cheated The System" 2790:

The Gordon Indoor Track sports an 80-yard sprint straight, and the track is 220 yards in length.

1881:. This technique has become the overwhelming standard for the sport from the 1980s onwards. The 1873:

overturned tradition by pioneering a backwards and head-first technique in the late 1960s – the

1549: 1545: 1008: 1004: 3652: 3651:

Doping has played a significant part in the modern history of track and field. State-sponsored

3599: 3392: 3065: 2893: 2881: 2858: 799: 700: 680: 612:. Track and field continued to be a largely amateur sport, as this rule was strictly enforced: 577: 569: 525: 317: 258:. In modern times, the two most prestigious international track and field competitions are the 7846: 7284: 2077: 1508:

Relay races emerged in the United States in the 1880s as a variation on charity races between

1081: 807: 620:

after it was revealed that he had taken expense money for playing baseball, violating Olympic

326: 8927: 8854: 8555: 8398: 8393: 8362: 8278: 8020: 7764: 7593: 7587: 5826: 3835: 3800: 3744: 3470: 2822: 2690: 2550: 2222: 2214: 2023: 1557: 1402: 1190:

is a common indoor event and indoor world championship event. Less-common events include the

1121: 1048: 915: 536: 483: 347: 297: 279: 251: 180: 149: 7488: 6103: 5701: 5206: 4261: 3500:

in 1998, which was later supplemented by the branding of selected meetings worldwide as the

3442:

serving as the most prestigious national competition for domestic track and field athletes.

2341: 1521: 1517: 1163:

At the professional level, sprinters begin the race by assuming a crouching position in the

1077: 635:

for track and field, and it enshrined amateurism as a founding principle for the sport. The

296:

In the United States, the term track and field may refer to other athletics events, such as

9395: 9355: 9078: 8803: 8550: 8526: 8372: 7090: 5931: 5763: 4462: 4234: 3724: 3692: 3684: 3636: 3561:

records for indoor competitions, and world records for junior athletes under 20 years old.

3412: 3235: 3200: 3195: 3044: 2826: 2686: 2642: 2638: 1811: 1786:

believe this is incorrect, suggesting that the belief stems from a mythologised account of

1738: 1624: 1561: 1537: 1141: 600: 468: 367: 228: 9306: 3481: 1994:

The genesis of the shot put can be traced to pre-historic competitions with rocks: in the

1318:

on a number of occasions in the 1940s. The prominence of the distances were maintained by

1108: 8: 9229: 9164: 9154: 9063: 8357: 8094: 7865: 3929: 3715:, among others, through their usage of banned substances. The revelation state-sponsored 3517: 3508:

series and this now forms the top tier of professional one-day track and field meetings.

3435: 2712:

at one or both ends. Jumps are measured from a take off board—typically a small strip of

2598: 2218: 2071:, and it was this style that was revived for the 1896 Olympics. This continued until the 1903: 1529: 740: 736: 672: 644: 584:

in 1889) put the sport on a formal footing and made international competitions possible.

4946:"Each Track and Field Event Has Unique Characteristics, So Let's Brush Up on the Basics" 4875:"Each Track and Field Event Has Unique Characteristics, So Let's Brush Up on the Basics" 4744: 4230:"The United States' National Championships In Track & Field Athletics: Introduction" 3675:

colonel stated that the agency's officers had posed as anti-doping authorities from the

9244: 9030: 9020: 8704: 8512: 8491: 8183: 8177: 8165: 8159: 8152: 8001: 7642: 5783: 5397: 4334: 3756: 3740: 3691:

published an article detailing the use of doping by the Soviets in preparation for the

3688: 3497: 3485: 3431: 3427: 3400: 3261: 2358: 2304: 2255: 2063: 1882: 1866: 1742: 1656: 1648: 1631: 1620: 1616: 1375: 1363: 1355: 1347: 1296: 995: 991: 987: 831: 751:, becoming, with the Olympics, one of track and field's most prestigious competitions. 728: 724: 553: 544: 515: 141: 41: 7716: 6917:

Incorporating changes approved by the IAAF Council throughout 2008– p5, 2009 Rule book

3659:

in track and field from the late 1960s to the 1980s. A number of these women, such as

2993: 2973: 2760:

features a circular throwing area with a toe board at one end. The throwing area is a

1457:

Long-distance track events gained popularity in the 1920s by the achievements of the "

478:, were first recorded in the 19th century. These were typically organised among rival 136:

skills. The name used in North America is derived from where the sport takes place, a

9319: 9268: 9234: 9159: 9040: 9005: 8746: 8560: 8146: 8141: 8136: 8131: 7794: 7740: 7634: 7597: 7566: 7560: 7268: 7154: 6800: 6736: 6695: 6626: 6582: 6541: 6500: 6432: 6378: 6334: 6243: 6219: 6178: 6061: 6020: 5899: 5659: 5592: 5565: 5559: 5432: 5319: 5187: 4925: 4356: 3987: 3963: 3882: 3607: 3391:. Among some of the first of these events to follow the Olympic-style model were the 3388: 3069:(though distance records can be accepted if timed by three independent stopwatches). 2807: 2740: 2453: 2407: 2247: 1962:, and the four major disciplines are the only pure throwing events to feature at the 1783: 1636: 1419:

There are three common long-distance running events in track and field competitions:

1331: 1211: 982: 779: 668: 557: 511: 475: 435:

in Greece around this period, and they spread to Rome in Italy around 201 BC. In the

432: 425: 8352: 7646: 7109: 4998: 4373: 1482: 9452: 9314: 9239: 9146: 9121: 9108: 9045: 9015: 8978: 8973: 8932: 8844: 8751: 8047: 7730: 7626: 5362: 4117: 4071: 3716: 3683:

and that Soviet competitors were "rescued with tremendous efforts". Regarding the

3419: 3004: 2814: 2019: 1984: 1850:

jump was included in the 1896 Olympics and a women's competition followed in 1928.

1795: 1513: 1323: 1292: 1169: 1117: 1103: 905: 811: 321: 240: 172: 79: 6935:

IAAF Rule 162.1, from Chapter 5, 'Technical rules', Section III on 'Track events'.

2969:. Current USATF (USA) Competition Rules booklet is available on the USATF website 2720:

marker attached—which ensures athletes jump from behind the measurement line. The

576:. The establishment of general sports governing bodies for the United States (the 9426: 9360: 9224: 9136: 8796: 7960: 7941: 7788: 7735: 7701: 7696: 7630: 7546: 7523: 7495: 7472: 7449: 7363: 7343: 7338: 7314: 7291: 7250: 7245: 7116: 7074: 6924: 6857: 6762: 6657: 6607:"An Illustrated History of the Hammer Throw – The early days of the hammer throw" 6411: 6294: 6269: 6140: 6110: 6087: 5985: 5980: 5956: 5926: 5861: 5838: 5833: 5814: 5790: 5770: 5747: 5685: 5618: 5541: 5518: 5495: 5465: 5392: 5369: 5345: 5281: 5258: 5213: 5146: 5123: 5097: 5078: 5005: 4981: 4856: 4826: 4802: 4775: 4751: 4711: 4688: 4665: 4639: 4611: 4588: 4404: 4380: 4353:

Marrow of the Nation: A History of Sport and Physical Culture in Republican China

4303: 4284: 4011: 3912: 3668: 3611: 3578: 3408: 3250: 3191: 3040: 2972:. Prior USATF Competition Rules booklets are also available (2002, 2006 to 2020) 2865: 2761: 2744: 2662: 2133: 1959: 1858: 1501: 1412: 1319: 1252: 1164: 866: 814:, as well as prominent individual cases such as those of Olympic gold medallists 803: 713: 405: 267: 2786: 1466: 695:. National women's events were established in this period, with 1923 seeing the 121: 9214: 9182: 9098: 8879: 8591: 8468: 7814:

Aleksandrov, Alexei; Aleksandrov, Grebeniuk; Runets, Volodymyr (22 July 2020).

3764: 3712: 3505: 3297: 2904: 2857:

In addition to hosting the World Indoor Championships, the IAAF has hosted the

2840:

200m short track oval running field. Does not show the inner central 60m lanes.

2818: 2094: 2027: 1386: 1379: 1311: 1256: 1227: 835: 791: 609: 439:, new track and field events began developing in parts of Northern Europe. The 331: 9259: 3639:. To prevent use of performance-enhancing substances, athletes must submit to 3230: 2970: 2739:

typically takes place on a piece of track that is central and parallel to the

1594: 1447: 1307: 1260: 9497: 9431: 9416: 9365: 9174: 9131: 9083: 9073: 8963: 8942: 8906: 8896: 8741: 8736: 8666: 8649: 8457: 8367: 8300: 8294: 8113: 8070: 7097: 3704: 3493: 2736: 2735:

The four throwing events generally all begin on one side of the stadium. The

2646: 2634: 2626: 2382: 2334: 2155: 2107: 2099: 2089: 1963: 1854: 1791: 1770: 1428: 1371: 1335: 1219: 1157: 1145: 1042: 976: 763: 660: 604: 588: 507: 417: 375: 363: 338: 216: 137: 102: 6781:"An Illustrated History of the Hammer Throw – Where the hammer throw is now" 1407: 9390: 9385: 9296: 9276: 9249: 9126: 9116: 8997: 8937: 8888: 8463: 8450: 8443: 8305: 8025: 7714: 7638: 7368: 4493:"The Soviet Doping Plan: Document Reveals Illicit Approach to '84 Olympics" 3815: 3708: 3664: 3656: 3603: 3591: 3549: 3489: 3208: 3175: 2850: 2752: 2748: 2678: 2670: 2658: 2609: 2329: 2186: 2166: 2159: 2146: 2059: 2052: 2039: 2003: 1943: 1913:

In terms of sport, the use of poles for vaulting distances was recorded in

1874: 1870: 1862: 1838: 1672: 1516:

on to teammates every 300 yards. Two very common relay events are the

1284: 1125: 1038: 1034: 819: 783: 759: 708: 529: 499: 456: 444: 421: 305: 224: 220: 145: 7790:

Drug Games: The International Olympic Committee and the Politics of Doping

7744: 7174: 4397: 4204:"Historic Amateur Athletics Association (AAA) Championships to be revived" 3739:

Track and field bears most similarity to the others categorised under the

2997: 1120:, are among the oldest running competitions. The first 13 editions of the 591:

at the end of the 19th century marked a new high for track and field. The

548:

ethos of the NOA won through and in 1880 the AAC was reconstituted as the

164:

and includes all jumping events. Outside of Canada and the United States,

55: 9400: 9219: 9209: 9201: 9068: 9055: 8968: 8634: 8520: 8287: 8263: 8251: 8241: 8231: 8225: 8219: 8170: 8030: 7307: 6997:"IAAF sanctions immediate disqualification for false starts come January" 4296: 4277: 3810: 3772: 3748: 3680: 3660: 3624: 3477: 3423: 3343: 3273: 3021: 2877: 2725: 2705: 2402: 2299: 2116: 1995: 1914: 1774: 1755: 1715: 1652: 1647:

the previous year). Other distances and heights of hurdles, such as the

1565: 1509: 1462: 1458: 1451: 1424: 1420: 1339: 1280: 1272: 1207: 1180:

deprivation. Top speed can only be maintained for up to 20 metres.

1173: 1017: 972: 966: 961: 827: 744: 503: 487: 464: 436: 401: 200: 184: 153: 6359:"An Illustrated History of Javelin – The early days of Javelin throwing" 4725:"INTERESTING (AND SOMETIMES LITTLE KNOWN) FACTS ABOUT TRACK & FIELD" 4338: 1950:. The first women's Olympic pole vaulting competition occurred in 2000. 9350: 9291: 9192: 9093: 8947: 8859: 8596: 8573: 8499: 8315: 8213: 8207: 8202: 8107: 8101: 8088: 8082: 8076: 3768: 3377: 3254: 2983: 2721: 2717: 2517: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2448: 2422: 2353: 2348: 2319: 2294: 2289: 2182: 2067:

heavy circular disc was thrown from a set standing position on a small

2011: 2007: 1939: 1922: 1907: 1894: 1470: 1343: 1268: 1235: 1215: 1203: 1199: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1053: 1025: 957: 952: 948: 944: 925: 874: 862: 755: 621: 613: 460: 397: 389: 378: 359: 244: 232: 208: 2594: 9467: 9457: 9324: 9281: 9035: 8585: 8579: 8567: 8506: 8485: 8388: 8268: 8065: 8060: 8055: 7869: 7616: 7267:. McFarland and Company, Inc. Publishers, Jefferson, North Carolina. 6481:"An Illustrated History of Javelin – Women enter Olympic competition" 5101: 5058: 5033: 4755: 3640: 3619: 3615: 2803: 2729: 2701: 2463: 2458: 2417: 2412: 2395: 2368: 2363: 2314: 2309: 2284: 2237: 2210: 1999: 1834: 1829: 1824: 1706: 1443: 1390: 1300: 1263:(right) broke a number of middle distance world records in the 1940s. 1195: 1191: 1187: 1057: 1021: 1013: 939: 767: 440: 413: 236: 204: 196: 7847:"Ambition, naivety and tantalising prospect of inheriting the world" 5719:"10 Wacky Facts About Track and Field That Will Make Your Kid Laugh" 3539:

A graph of the world record progression in the men's 100 metres

3268:. The championships comprised track and field competitions plus the 3113: 2492: 9462: 9436: 8901: 8864: 8655: 8436: 8236: 8123: 7970: 7953: 3707:

eventually resulted in the downfall of prominent sprinters such as

3455: 3307:, created in 1919, was the first continental championships and the 3269: 2846: 2757: 2694: 2470: 2427: 2375: 2324: 2124: 2068: 1988: 1975: 1846: 1815:

record is 15.67 meters (51 ft 4 3/4in) held by Yulimar Rojas.

1585: 1436: 1327: 1276: 1030: 920: 854: 787: 675:, held annually from 1921 to 1923. In cooperation with the English 596: 491: 452: 392:, one of the athletes who helped increase track and field's profile 371: 354: 343: 301: 212: 188: 133: 7966:

Track and Field Events – A Spectacle of Speed, Strength, and Skill

7925: 7202:

European Athletics Championships Zürich 2014 – STATISTICS HANDBOOK

6676:"An Illustrated History of the Hammer Throw – Women's hammer time" 3655:

with hormones and anabolic steroids marked the rise of women from

3587: 3372: 3174:

Track and Field athletes wear special shoes with spikes, known as

2876:

from the World Athletics Indoor Championships, including 200m and

2044: 1845:

The first recorded instances of high jumping competitions were in

1450:

who set world records from 1500 m to 5000 m. The use of

459:

events. One of the last track and field events to develop was the

408:

include further running competitions, but the introduction of the

227:. There are also "combined events" or "multi events", such as the 8983: 8827: 8644: 8639: 8629: 8624: 7897:"Why the IAAF must ensure Russia remains banned for Rio Olympics" 6159:"An Illustrated History of Shot Put – The early days of shot put" 5236: 3347: 2709: 2622: 2174: 1926: 1731: 1598:

A women's 400 m hurdles race at the 2007 Dutch Championships

1492: 1359: 1351: 1149: 671:

movement in Europe and North America, the group initiated of the

285:

Records are kept of the best performances in specific events, at

192: 129: 125: 3225: 2708:

areas comprise a straight, narrow 40-metre running track with a

2151: 2137:

weight for men, and 2.2 to 2.3 m and 600 g for women.

451:

societies in Ireland and Scotland were precursors to the modern

9087: 8911: 8819: 8661: 8619: 3628: 3504:. In 2010, the Golden League idea was expanded globally as the 2602: 2111:

event derives. In ancient competitions, athletes would wrap an

1930: 1918: 1611: 1367: 1177: 688: 255: 7067: 4324: 3775:, which bear similarities to track and field throwing events. 3535: 1899: 1711: 1144:

that later changed to metric: the 100 metres evolved from the

599:, contained many of the foremost sporting competitions of the 7318: 7078: 6522:"An Illustrated History of Javelin – Changing configurations" 4408: 4144:"New film uncovers secrets of Shropshire's Olympian heritage" 1602: 1469:

in the 1950s promoted intense interval training methods, but

474:

Discrete track and field competitions, separate from general

448: 117: 7813: 7558: 7332:

Athletics: Golden Four extended with more money and meetings

4102:

Robinson, Roger (December 1998). "On the Scent of History".

2262:, contested between five American and two British athletes. 1798:, a 12th-century Irish manuscript, records the existence of 647:. The first continental track and field competition was the 624:

rules. His medals were reinstated 29 years after his death.

385: 30:"Track & Field" redirects here. For the video game, see 7947: 7585: 7527: 7476: 7453: 7120: 6861: 6766: 6661: 6415: 6273: 6144: 5960: 5865: 5751: 5689: 5622: 5545: 5522: 5499: 5469: 5373: 5349: 5285: 5262: 5150: 5127: 5009: 4860: 4830: 4692: 4669: 4643: 4615: 4592: 4265: 4066: 2713: 2650: 2630: 2178: 1606:

Men traversing the water jump in a steeplechase competition

1153: 822:, damaged the public image and marketability of the sport. 7950:

for collegiate, high school, middle school, and club teams

7592:(2 ed.). Elite Sports Medicine Publications. p. 6352: 6350: 3326:

There are also indoor continental competitions in Europe (

3311:

became the second championships of this type in 1934. The

2880:. Some race distance events have been held in world tour ( 2743:

of the main running track. The javelin throwing area is a

798:

also increased. State-sponsored doping in 1970s and 1980s

572:

in 1876 began holding an annual national competition, the

8788: 6717:"An Illustrated History of the Hammer Throw – More Power" 4654: 4652: 3916: 3672: 2795: 243:

with a single victor; the most prominent team events are

7931: 6315:"An Illustrated History of Discus – Women join Olympics" 4523:"IAAF to launch global Diamond League of 1 Day Meetings" 869:

to their team members at the end of a certain distance.

705:

first American Track & Field championships for women

683:

was held four times between 1922 and 1934, as well as a

7135:"Track and field's greatest events and top competitors" 6347: 2666: 2030:

introduced the "spin" or rotational technique in 1976.

1958:

Track and field contains some of the foremost kinds of

1283:

may also be classified as a middle-distance event. The

697:

First British Track & Field championships for women

543:, which held their first Olympian Games in 1866 at the 4649: 2613:

A typical layout of an outdoor track and field stadium

1655:, were once common but are now held infrequently. The 1218:, though rarely competed, has a star-studded history: 4705:

Usain Bolt 100m 10 meter – Splits and Speed Endurance

3699:

ran a new world record in the 100 metres at the

2938:

4×800m (Millrose Games during Permit Meeting status).

2637:. In earlier competitions, track lengths varied: the 1267:

The most common middle-distance track events are the

7715:

Berendonk, Brigitte & W. Franke, Werner (1997).

3782: 3602:

among other anti-doping measures. Practices such as

3043:

running in the first round of the 400 m at the

2987:

Men assuming the starting position for a sprint race

1921:

area of Europe, and vaulting for height was seen at

1322:, who in 1954 was the first to run the long-elusive 616:

was stripped of his track and field medals from the

7036: 7034: 7024: 7022: 6964: 6962: 6952: 6950: 4778:. The Science of Sport. Retrieved on 26 March 2010. 2896:, but never at the world championships, including: 2810:events, which are held almost exclusively indoors. 582:

Union des sociétés françaises de sports athlétiques

7512: 7510: 7508: 5974:Kate Dennison: 'It helps being a little bit crazy' 3454:A child taking part in a local schools meeting in 3319:were created in the 1970s and Oceania started its 2964:International Association of Athletics Federations 2605:, one of the first modern track and field stadiums 2006:was recorded in Switzerland. In the 17th century, 886:Official world championship track and field events 272:International Association of Athletics Federations 3496:. This expanded and received IAAF backing as the 3430:. Other games such as the Commonwealth Games and 2941:400m hurdles (2011 Birmingham Indoor Grand Prix). 334:vase from 600 BC depicting a running contest 9495: 7091:Philippine Amateur Track & Field Association 7031: 7019: 6959: 6947: 6569:. Archived from the original on 19 November 2012 6303:, Winter 1999 (pg. 3). Retrieved on 11 May 2010. 4490: 3548:, then continental records, up to the global or 3205:Philippine Amateur Track & Field Association 1491:Girls handing over the baton in a relay race in 431:Track and field events were also present at the 7505: 5646:. Archived from the original on 21 October 2009 5174:. Archived from the original on 31 January 2017 4101: 3003:All races must be started by the report of the 2768:area on one side of the field specifically for 2165:The earliest recorded precursors to the modern 1659:is run in some levels of American competition. 1156:), and the 400 m was the successor to the 1071:are competed at indoor world championships only 6165:. Archived from the original on 19 August 2016 6048:. Archived from the original on 6 January 2010 6007:. Archived from the original on 7 January 2010 5886:. Archived from the original on 6 January 2010 2681:) gained popularity after its use at the 1968 2158:spinning with the hammer within the circle in 1869:became prominent in the mid-20th century, but 1639:event, which entered the Olympic programme in 712:sport, major track and field competitions for 494:-rich curriculum, competitions in the English 8804: 7986: 7944: (archived 5 October 2012) from about.com 6912: 6910: 6908: 6906: 6904: 6902: 6900: 6822:"Bussey of Taft Comes Up Big on Inside Track" 5773:. Ancient Olympics. Retrieved on 10 May 2010. 5247: 5245: 5072:Four Minute Mile – Triumph of R. G. Bannister 4201: 3226:Olympics, Paralympics and world championships 1576:) are focused almost solely on relay events. 865:in which teams of athletes run and pass on a 861:events—surmounting obstacles. There are also 7769:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 7589:Death in the locker room: drugs & sports 7579: 5817:. Speed Endurance. Retrieved on 10 May 2010. 5161: 5159: 4912:. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016 3806:List of track and field stadiums by capacity 3336:Central American and Caribbean Championships 1906:releases the pole after clearing the bar in 1524:. Both entered the Olympic programme at the 1222:set a world best in 1983, Olympic champions 1140:. These events have their roots in races of 603:. The Olympics also consolidated the use of 211:, while the most common throwing events are 27:Sports based on running, jumping or throwing 7894: 7863: 7610: 7175:"South American Championships (Unofficial)" 7141:. Archived from the original on 1 June 2010 6787:. Archived from the original on 7 July 2011 6723:. Archived from the original on 7 July 2011 6682:. Archived from the original on 7 July 2011 6613:. Archived from the original on 7 July 2011 6600: 6598: 6321:. Archived from the original on 28 May 2009 6206:. Archived from the original on 27 May 2009 5583: 5581: 5505: 5484: 5482: 5480: 5478: 5454: 5452: 5450: 5448: 5419:. Archived from the original on 7 July 2011 5306:. Archived from the original on 9 June 2009 5104:(9 August 2000). Retrieved on 5 April 2010. 4845: 4843: 4841: 4839: 4146:. Shropshire County Council. 24 June 2011. 4097: 4095: 4093: 4091: 4089: 4056: 4054: 4052: 4050: 3869:. Archived from the original on 29 May 2015 3142:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2661:were popular in the early 20th century but 1570:IAAF World Youth Championships in Athletics 1176:builds up once leg muscles begin to suffer 595:, comprising track and field events plus a 308:, rather than strictly track-based events. 8811: 8797: 7993: 7979: 7844: 7782: 7780: 7552: 7372:(2 March 2009). Retrieved on 6 April 2010. 6897: 6646: 6644: 6642: 6528:. Archived from the original on 8 May 2009 6487:. Archived from the original on 8 May 2009 6365:. Archived from the original on 8 May 2009 5808:The Importance of the Standing Triple Jump 5633: 5631: 5268: 5242: 5081:. (7 May 1954). Retrieved on 5 April 2010. 5054:National and University Library of Iceland 5029:National and University Library of Iceland 4815: 4813: 4811: 4758:(17 May 2009). Retrieved on 26 March 2010. 4333:(1). University of Illinois Press: 72–83. 4171: 4169: 4167: 4165: 2665:tracks became standard in the late 1960s. 782:between competitors of the United States, 641:Men's Outdoor Track and Field Championship 463:, which stemmed from competitions such as 400:roots, being among the oldest of sporting 260:athletics competition at the Olympic Games 54: 7793:. University of Texas Press. p. 66. 7734: 7411: 7308:Event Sanctions – Overview & Benefits 7110:IAAF Member Federation Manual – Chapter 2 6400: 6398: 6396: 6394: 6258: 6256: 6129: 6127: 6125: 5945: 5943: 5941: 5850: 5848: 5736: 5734: 5732: 5607: 5605: 5557: 5156: 5112: 5110: 4906:"Introduction to Middle Distance Running" 4388:(September 2000). Retrieved 22 July 2019. 3900: 3898: 3863:"Introductions to Track and Field Events" 3340:USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships 3305:South American Championships in Athletics 3162:Learn how and when to remove this message 2577:Learn how and when to remove this message 1505:have wilfully impeded other competitors. 1148:, the 200 m distances came from the 629:International Amateur Athletic Federation 574:USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships 7549:. Sports Caribe. Retrieved 7 April 2010. 6595: 6421: 6232: 5578: 5551: 5475: 5445: 5413:"A Brief History of Sprints and Hurdles" 5401:(2 May 1955). Retrieved on 9 April 2010. 5233:Do pacemakers have a place in athletics? 5062:(6 May 1954). Retrieved on 5 April 2010. 5037:(7 May 1954). Retrieved on 5 April 2010. 4836: 4420: 4306:. GBR Athletics. Retrieved 22 July 2019. 4287:. GBR Athletics. Retrieved 22 July 2019. 4086: 4047: 3586: 3534: 3449: 3371: 3287: 3229: 3035: 2982: 2835: 2785: 2608: 2593: 2150: 2106:As an implement of war and hunting, the 2093: 2043: 1987:preparing to throw within the circle in 1979: 1898: 1828: 1759: 1710: 1619:, has changed little. The origin of the 1601: 1593: 1486: 1406: 1314:broke each other's 1500 m and mile 1251: 1107: 637:National Collegiate Athletic Association 384: 366:after taking expense money prior to the 353: 337: 325: 7777: 7559:Mirkin, Gabe; Marshall Hoffman (1978). 7239:Historic book on Champs hits the market 6639: 5920:How a flop turned Fosbury into a legend 5628: 5022:Stepping-Stones to the Four Minute Mile 4872: 4808: 4740: 4738: 4628: 4626: 4624: 4162: 4029:Springfield College Digital Collections 3328:European Athletics Indoor Championships 2888:in 1997 or later) events, including at 1214:competitions in the United States. The 1112:The finish of a women's 100 m race 685:Women's International and British Games 665:International Women's Sports Federation 498:were conceived as human equivalents of 14: 9496: 7838: 7586:Goldman, Robert; Ronald Klatz (1992). 7414:"Leichtathletik neu mit Weltrangliste" 7103: 6819: 6391: 6253: 6122: 6042:"An Illustrated History of Pole Vault" 5938: 5845: 5729: 5602: 5300:"What Are Olympic Sprints and Relays?" 5168:"Introduction to Long Distance Events" 5107: 4999:A tribute to the career of Gunder Hägg 4486: 4484: 4222: 3956:Sport and recreation in ancient Greece 3895: 3283: 2258:). A men's all-around was held at the 1415:leading in a long-distance track event 171:The foot racing events, which include 8792: 7974: 7826:from the original on 24 February 2023 7132: 6885:from the original on 25 December 2023 6778: 6714: 6673: 6604: 6560: 6519: 6478: 6460:from the original on 13 February 2021 6356: 6312: 6197: 6156: 6039: 5998: 5877: 5637: 5410: 5297: 5165: 4956:from the original on 20 November 2023 4903: 4885:from the original on 20 November 2023 4035:from the original on 15 February 2024 3986:, Paris, Errance, 1996, pp. 115–116, 3904:Instone, Stephen (15 November 2009). 3860: 3729:2017 World Championships in Athletics 3361: 3294:2006 European Athletics Championships 3266:IAAF World Championships in Athletics 2952: 1645:1983 World Championships in Athletics 1461:", such as multiple Olympic champion 891: 749:IAAF World Championships in Athletics 693:athletics at the 1928 Summer Olympics 8000: 7876:from the original on 5 November 2005 7786: 7424:from the original on 7 November 2017 7330:Rowbottom, Mike (12 November 1997). 7181:from the original on 1 December 2017 7007:from the original on 18 January 2021 4769:Who is the fastest man in the world? 4735: 4621: 4423:"Soviet Amateur Athlete: A Real Pro" 3954:Waldo E. Sweet, Erich Segal (1987). 3930:"Ancient Olympic Events; Pentathlon" 3842:from the original on 3 November 2019 3480:competition, comprising meetings in 3469:The most basic type of meetings are 3332:Asian Indoor Athletics Championships 3140:adding citations to reliable sources 3107: 2515:adding citations to reliable sources 2486: 2120:with the same surface as the track. 2062:, athletes compete to throw a heavy 1948:1997 IAAF World Indoor Championships 897: 894: 677:Women's Amateur Athletic Association 7688:Turnbull, Simon (23 October 2005). 7418:Schweizer Radio und Fernsehen (SRF) 7265:Encyclopedia of International Games 7100:. DB88. Retrieved on 26 March 2010. 5535:3000 m Steeplechase – Is it for me? 4997:Julin, Lennart (28 November 2004). 4491:Ruiz, Rebecca R. (13 August 2016). 4481: 3906:The Olympics: Ancient versus Modern 3094: 3031: 2794:Basic indoor venues may be adapted 2641:measured 333.33 metres at the 1662:Outside of the hurdles events, the 786:, and the Soviet Union, during the 24: 7903:from the original on 25 April 2019 7619:British Journal of Sports Medicine 7357:Diamond League to launch next year 6563:"Introduction to Javelin Throwing" 5512:3000 m Steeplechase – Introduction 4745:Superb Bolt storms to 150m record 4503:from the original on 7 August 2017 4433:from the original on 19 April 2019 4355:. University of California Press. 4202:Effard, Tracy (17 December 2008). 4177:"The First Wenlock Olympian Games" 3936:from the original on 20 March 2021 3667:. According to British journalist 3531:List of world records in athletics 3356:Jamaican High School Championships 3317:African Championships in Athletics 2197: 1297:anaerobic energy producing systems 1241: 1238:improved Mennea's record in 2009. 552:, the first national body for the 25: 9525: 7919: 7751:from the original on 22 July 2019 7393:from the original on 9 April 2019 7296:Fédération française d'athlétisme 6820:Ortega, John (14 February 1999). 6119:(2010). Retrieved on 11 May 2010. 5708:(2010). Retrieved on 10 May 2010. 4533:from the original on 22 July 2019 4318: 4242:from the original on 28 June 2021 4210:from the original on 22 July 2019 4183:from the original on 7 March 2021 4150:from the original on 22 July 2019 4124:from the original on 22 July 2019 3734: 3583:List of doping cases in athletics 3558:fully automatic electronic timing 3511: 3352:NCAA Track and Field Championship 3085: 1718:in the jumping phase of the event 1330:'s exploits served to popularise 1299:, and also that they have strong 667:in 1921 and, alongside a growing 649:1919 South American Championships 396:The sport of track and field has 60:Part of a track and field stadium 9258: 8878: 8764: 7888: 7866:"Stars dimmed by Balco's shadow" 7857: 7845:Slot, Owen (22 September 2003). 7807: 7708: 7682: 7653: 7533: 7482: 7459: 7436: 7405: 7375: 7350: 7324: 7301: 7278: 7257: 7237:Redpath, Laura (20 March 2010). 7231: 7193: 7167: 7126: 7084: 7061: 7052: 7043: 6989: 6980: 6971: 6938: 6929: 6867: 6844: 6832:from the original on 16 May 2012 6813: 6772: 6749: 6708: 6667: 6554: 6001:"Introduction to the Pole Vault" 5972:Turnbull, Simon (13 June 2009). 4563:from the original on 8 June 2023 4469:from the original on 3 June 2019 4421:Washburn, J. N. (21 July 1974). 3785: 3309:European Athletics Championships 3185: 3112: 2491: 2083: 1877:– which won him the gold at the 1396: 1382:milers) winning global titles. 778:were broken then, and the added 653:European Athletics Championships 235:consisting of seven events, and 7864:Holt, Sarah (6 December 2004). 7820:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 7690:Athletics: Under the microscope 7500:International Tennis Federation 6513: 6472: 6442: 6306: 6279: 6191: 6150: 6097: 6074: 6033: 5992: 5966: 5912: 5880:"Introduction to the High Jump" 5871: 5820: 5800: 5776: 5757: 5711: 5695: 5672: 5640:"Introduction to the Long Jump" 5528: 5404: 5379: 5355: 5332: 5291: 5252:4 × 100 m Relay – Is it for me? 5225: 5200: 5133: 5084: 5065: 5040: 5015: 4991: 4968: 4938: 4897: 4873:Douglas, Scott (14 July 2022). 4866: 4781: 4761: 4717: 4698: 4675: 4598: 4575: 4545: 4515: 4445: 4414: 4391: 4366: 4345: 4309: 4290: 4271: 4268:(1999). Retrieved 22 July 2019. 4254: 4195: 4136: 4110: 3677:International Olympic Committee 3368:Athletics at multi-sport events 3278:IAAF World Indoor Championships 3214: 2502:needs additional citations for 2267:Composition of combined events 2204:Combined track and field events 2140: 2051:preparing to spin and throw in 2033: 1630:The most common events are the 1433:IAAF World Indoor Championships 1334:. Races between British rivals 1234:over the distance in 1997, and 1116:Races over short distances, or 7954:Masters T&F World Rankings 7466:IAAF Competition Rules 2010–11 7210:European Athletics Association 5361:Martin, David (12 June 2009). 5275:4 × 100 m Relay – Introduction 4017: 4004:The Olympic Games in Antiquity 3996: 3973: 3948: 3922: 3854: 3828: 3076: 2957: 2907:during Permit Meeting status). 2649:the distance was a third of a 2002:was known in Scotland and the 1802:(triple jump) contests at the 1749: 1476: 631:(IAAF) was established as the 156:. In British English the term 13: 1: 8771:Sport of athletics portal 7123:. Retrieved on 26 March 2010. 7081:. Retrieved on 26 March 2010. 6864:. Retrieved on 26 March 2010. 6094:. Retrieved on 16 March 2015. 6092:Australian Institute of Sport 5564:. University of Texas Press. 4986:Australian Institute of Sport 4767:Tucker, Ross (26 June 2008). 4695:. Retrieved on 26 March 2010. 4672:. Retrieved on 26 March 2010. 4646:. Retrieved on 26 March 2010. 4618:. Retrieved on 26 March 2010. 4595:. Retrieved on 26 March 2010. 3981:Le sport dans la Rome antique 3919:. Retrieved on 23 March 2010. 3821: 3354:in the United States and the 3313:Asian Athletics Championships 3058: 2264: 1938:artificial materials such as 1888: 1124:featured only one event, the 883: 716:were first introduced at the 541:National Olympian Association 539:of Wenlock helped set up the 264:World Athletics Championships 7895:Ingle, Sean (6 March 2016). 7631:10.1136/bjsports-2012-091826 7530:. Retrieved on 7 April 2010. 7479:. Retrieved on 7 April 2010. 7347:. Retrieved on 6 April 2010. 7321:. Retrieved on 7 April 2010. 7298:. Retrieved on 6 April 2010. 7254:. Retrieved on 6 March 2010. 6756:Hammer Throw – Is it for me? 6405:Javelin Throw – Introduction 5918:Gillon, Doug (15 May 2009). 5806:Lee, Jimsun (8 April 2010). 5784:James Connolly – The Athlete 5548:. Retrieved on 9 April 2010. 5525:. Retrieved on 9 April 2010. 5502:. Retrieved on 9 April 2010. 5489:400 m Hurdles – Introduction 5472:. Retrieved on 9 April 2010. 5459:100 m Hurdles – Introduction 5376:. Retrieved on 9 April 2010. 5352:. Retrieved on 9 April 2010. 5288:. Retrieved on 9 April 2010. 5265:. Retrieved on 9 April 2010. 5239:. Retrieved on 9 April 2010. 5222:. Retrieved on 7 April 2010. 5153:. Retrieved on 7 April 2010. 5140:5000-10000 m – Is it for me? 5130:. Retrieved on 7 April 2010. 5012:. Retrieved on 5 April 2010. 4988:. Retrieved on 5 April 2010. 4863:. Retrieved on 5 April 2010. 4833:. Retrieved on 5 April 2010. 4805:. Retrieved on 5 April 2010. 4374:Asia's First Female Olympian 4297:South American Championships 4179:. Wenlock Olympian Society. 3103: 2436: 2387: 2339: 2282: 1818: 1700: 1082:outdoor heptathlon for women 936: 633:international governing body 550:Amateur Athletic Association 512:Royal Shrewsbury School Hunt 282:for the sport of athletics. 280:international governing body 160:is synonymous with American 7: 9356:Radio-controlled car racing 8774: • Current 7517:IAAF Anti-Doping Regulation 6769:. Retrieved on 12 May 2010. 6664:. Retrieved on 11 May 2010. 6651:Hammer Throw – Introduction 6450:"Athletics throwing events" 6431:. Pg. 69. Yale University. 6418:. Retrieved on 11 May 2010. 6276:. Retrieved on 11 May 2010. 6263:Discus Throw – Introduction 6242:. Pg. 61. Yale University. 6147:. Retrieved on 11 May 2010. 5989:. Retrieved on 10 May 2010. 5963:. Retrieved on 10 May 2010. 5935:. Retrieved on 10 May 2010. 5868:. Retrieved on 10 May 2010. 5842:. Retrieved on 10 May 2010. 5797:. Retrieved on 10 May 2010. 5754:. Retrieved on 10 May 2010. 5692:. Retrieved on 10 May 2010. 5625:. Retrieved on 10 May 2010. 5591:. Pg. 68. Yale University. 5117:5000-10000 m – Introduction 4553:"Track and Field the Sport" 4120:. Shrewsbury School. 2011. 3932:. Perseus digital library. 3778: 3721:Authorised Neutral Athletes 3445: 2978: 2886:IAAF Indoor Permit Meetings 2482: 1969: 1953: 1579: 1556:. Other events include the 796:performance-enhancing drugs 593:Olympic athletics programme 447:competitions popular among 231:consisting of five events, 10: 9530: 9011:Mountain bike orienteering 8818: 7736:10.1093/clinchem/43.7.1262 7661:"The 2010 Prohibited List" 7003:. London. 12 August 2009. 6427:Miller, Steven G. (2004). 6300:Journal of Olympic History 6238:Miller, Steven G. (2004). 6200:"Introduction to Shot Put" 5741:Triple Jump – Introduction 5587:Miller, Steven G. (2004). 5558:Swaddling, Judith (1999). 5339:World records track events 4385:Journal of Olympic History 4351:Morris, Andrew D. (2004). 3627:' failed drug test due to 3576: 3528: 3524: 3365: 3218: 3028:immediately disqualified. 2800:World Indoor Championships 2779: 2764:. Some stadia also have a 2589: 2437: 2388: 2340: 2283: 2234:Ancient Olympic pentathlon 2201: 2144: 2087: 2037: 1973: 1892: 1822: 1794:(around 16.3 m). The 1753: 1704: 1695: 1583: 1480: 1400: 1245: 1101: 1097: 845: 410:Ancient Olympic pentathlon 315: 311: 39: 29: 9478: 9445: 9409: 9378: 9343: 9335:Offshore powerboat racing 9305: 9287:Motorcycle chariot racing 9267: 9256: 9200: 9191: 9173: 9145: 9107: 9054: 8996: 8956: 8920: 8887: 8876: 8835: 8826: 8760: 8729: 8675: 8612: 8605: 8541: 8477: 8428: 8421: 8381: 8314: 8277: 8193: 8122: 8046: 8039: 8011: 7705:. Retrieved 21 July 2019. 7565:. Little Brown & Co. 7502:. Retrieved 6 April 2010. 7456:. Retrieved 7 April 2010. 7159:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 6805:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 6741:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 6700:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 6631:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 6587:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 6546:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 6505:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 6383:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 6339:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 6224:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 6183:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 6066:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 6025:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 5950:Pole Vault – Introduction 5904:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 5679:Long Jump – Is it for me? 5664:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 5561:The Ancient Olympic Games 5437:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 5324:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 5192:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 4930:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 4714:Retrieved 6 February 2013 4710:11 September 2016 at the 4411:. Retrieved 22 July 2019. 4302:20 September 2018 at the 4262:Thorpe preceded Deion, Bo 4010:19 September 2016 at the 3887:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 3793:Sport of athletics portal 3572: 3502:IAAF World Athletics Tour 2775: 2675:all-weather running track 2278: 2275: 1790:having jumped 55 ancient 1078:indoor heptathlon for men 841: 830:in 1997, and in 1998 the 810:, and early 21st century 580:in 1888) and France (the 101: 96: 88: 78: 70: 65: 53: 9330:Inshore powerboat racing 7787:Hunt, Thomas M. (2011). 7562:The Sports Medicine Book 7420:(in Swiss High German). 6656:22 November 2011 at the 6268:22 November 2011 at the 6081:Track and Field – Throws 5855:High Jump – Introduction 5832:13 November 2010 at the 5612:Long Jump – Introduction 5096:24 February 2021 at the 4458:South China Morning Post 4327:Journal of Sport History 4062:"History – Introduction" 3646:World Anti-Doping Agency 2935:4x200m (Millrose Games). 2831:Los Angeles Sports Arena 2782:Indoor practice facility 2621:is intertwined with the 1724:ancient Greek pentathlon 1690: 1681:3000 metres steeplechase 1669:steeplechase competition 1206:, which are run in some 1092: 848:List of athletics events 772:Florence Griffith Joyner 480:educational institutions 424:, stadion footrace, and 270:, formerly known as the 9483:List of forms of racing 8850:Middle-distance running 7959:9 December 2018 at the 7115:6 December 2008 at the 6429:Ancient Greek Athletics 6240:Ancient Greek Athletics 6139:25 October 2012 at the 6134:Shot Put – Introduction 6116:Encyclopædia Britannica 6109:6 February 2010 at the 5706:Encyclopædia Britannica 5684:12 January 2012 at the 5589:Ancient Greek Athletics 5391:26 October 2012 at the 5219:Encyclopædia Britannica 5145:25 October 2012 at the 5122:25 October 2012 at the 5047:British Athletics Hopes 5004:9 December 2004 at the 4975:Middle Distance Running 4855:25 October 2012 at the 4825:25 October 2012 at the 4794:Encyclopædia Britannica 4789:Middle-distance running 4687:25 October 2012 at the 4664:25 October 2012 at the 4638:25 October 2012 at the 4610:25 October 2012 at the 4587:25 October 2012 at the 4014:Retrieved 22 July 2019. 4006:", The Olympic Museum. 3960:Oxford University Press 3911:2 December 2019 at the 3382:2007 Pan American Games 3234:The 100 m final at the 2946:Indoor Flanders Meeting 2890:Aviva Indoor Grand Prix 2240:, javelin, discus, the 2227:decathlon scoring table 2073:1906 Intercalated Games 1679:marked the rise of the 1512:, who would hand a red 1248:Middle-distance running 718:1960 Summer Paralympics 469:North European Lowlands 9325:Jet sprint boat racing 7948:Results and statistics 7666:. IAAF. Archived from 7545:3 January 2010 at the 7290:8 October 2009 at the 6851:Competition Rules 2009 6287:The Greek Discus Event 5769:23 August 2011 at the 5052:9 January 2010 at the 5027:9 January 2010 at the 4659:100 m – For the Expert 4118:"History of The Tucks" 3723:at events such as the 3653:doping in East Germany 3600:World Anti-Doping Code 3595: 3540: 3471:all-comers track meets 3458: 3440:Chinese National Games 3393:World University Games 3384: 3300: 3238: 3221:Athletics competitions 3066:Fully automatic timing 3047: 2988: 2894:Russian Winter Meeting 2882:IAAF World Indoor Tour 2874:have been discontinued 2859:IAAF World Indoor Tour 2841: 2791: 2691:multi-purpose stadiums 2633:within this track—the 2614: 2606: 2162: 2103: 2055: 1991: 1910: 1842: 1833:A woman attempting to 1778: 1719: 1607: 1599: 1564:, which is popular in 1528:after a one-off men's 1496: 1416: 1264: 1160:or quarter-mile race. 1113: 701:Amateur Athletic Union 578:Amateur Athletic Union 570:New York Athletic Club 526:Wenlock Olympian Games 484:military organisations 393: 382: 351: 335: 144:, which also includes 8928:Cross country running 8855:Long-distance running 8363:Distance medley relay 8021:Cross country running 7932:USA Track & Field 7263:Bell, Daniel (2003). 7073:18 April 2010 at the 6293:8 August 2010 at the 6285:Murphy, Colm (1999). 6086:16 March 2015 at the 5955:9 August 2010 at the 5925:18 April 2012 at the 5860:9 August 2010 at the 5746:9 August 2010 at the 5617:9 August 2010 at the 5494:9 August 2010 at the 5464:9 August 2010 at the 5344:27 April 2010 at the 5280:9 August 2010 at the 4850:1500 m – Introduction 4403:8 August 2019 at the 4283:12 March 2017 at the 4025:"High Jump (c. 1900)" 3979:Jean-Paul Thuillier, 3801:Cross country running 3761:World's Strongest Man 3745:cross country running 3590: 3577:Further information: 3538: 3529:Further information: 3453: 3375: 3291: 3233: 3201:USA Track & Field 3039: 2986: 2944:2,000m steeplechase ( 2839: 2829:formerly held in the 2823:Madison Square Garden 2789: 2612: 2597: 2213:(ten events) and the 2154: 2097: 2047: 2024:Aleksandr Baryshnikov 1983: 1902: 1832: 1769: 1714: 1605: 1597: 1558:distance medley relay 1490: 1410: 1403:Long-distance running 1255: 1142:imperial measurements 1122:Ancient Olympic Games 1111: 703:(AAU) sponsoring the 537:William Penny Brookes 471:in the 18th century. 388: 357: 348:Detroit Athletic Club 341: 329: 252:Ancient Olympic Games 150:cross country running 9422:Cross-country skiing 9396:Slalom skateboarding 9079:Mountain bike racing 8716:Marathon mixed relay 8551:Athletics pentathlon 8373:Shuttle hurdle relay 7695:22 July 2019 at the 7494:6 April 2010 at the 7362:1 March 2017 at the 7313:2 April 2010 at the 7244:8 April 2010 at the 6761:2 April 2010 at the 5813:11 June 2010 at the 5368:10 July 2010 at the 5077:6 April 2010 at the 4820:800 m – Introduction 4682:200 m For the Expert 4582:100 m – Introduction 4557:www.topendsports.com 4463:Agence France-Presse 4398:The History of USATF 4379:22 July 2019 at the 4235:Track and Field News 3747:, and road forms of 3725:2016 Summer Olympics 3685:1980 Summer Olympics 3247:Paralympic athletics 3236:2008 Summer Olympics 3136:improve this section 3045:2012 Summer Olympics 2827:Sunkist Invitational 2687:1968 Summer Olympics 2643:1896 Summer Olympics 2639:Panathinaiko Stadium 2511:improve this article 2260:1904 Summer Olympics 2252:1906 Summer Olympics 1812:standing triple jump 1739:1948 Summer Olympics 1677:1920 Summer Olympics 1625:1900 Summer Olympics 1568:and was held at the 1562:Swedish medley relay 1554:4×1500 m relays 1538:shuttle hurdle relay 899:Combined events 627:That same year, the 601:1896 Summer Olympics 368:1912 Summer Olympics 318:History of athletics 181:long-distance events 9230:Pickup truck racing 9165:Paralympic swimming 9155:Open water swimming 9064:Road bicycle racing 8358:Sprint medley relay 8258:3000 m steeplechase 8247:2000 m steeplechase 7522:5 June 2011 at the 7471:5 June 2011 at the 7448:5 July 2010 at the 7337:1 July 2017 at the 7001:The Daily Telegraph 6923:21 May 2009 at the 6856:5 June 2011 at the 6410:6 June 2012 at the 5979:1 July 2017 at the 5540:5 June 2011 at the 5517:5 June 2011 at the 5257:5 June 2011 at the 5212:11 May 2015 at the 4774:23 May 2012 at the 4750:18 May 2009 at the 4465:. 22 October 2017. 4278:World Student Games 3701:1988 Seoul Olympics 3679:(IOC) to undermine 3518:IAAF World Rankings 3436:World Masters Games 3380:competition at the 3284:Other championships 2653:(536.45 m) at 2599:Panathenaic Stadium 2269: 2078:František Janda-Suk 1904:Anna Giordano Bruno 1465:. The successes of 1000:3000 m steeplechase 888: 741:USA Track and Field 733:television coverage 681:Women's World Games 645:World Student Games 605:metric measurements 587:The revival of the 289:, continental, and 50: 9446:Multi-sport racing 9245:Touring car racing 9031:Canoe orienteering 9026:Radio orienteering 9021:Trail orienteering 7934:(official website) 7928:(official website) 7722:Clinical Chemistry 6879:worldathletics.org 5795:National Historian 5789:7 May 2010 at the 5764:Phayllos of Kroton 5398:Sports Illustrated 4980:2 May 2016 at the 4801:7 May 2015 at the 4633:400 m Introduction 4605:200 m Introduction 4497:The New York Times 4427:The New York Times 3757:strength athletics 3741:sport of athletics 3689:The New York Times 3596: 3541: 3498:IAAF Golden League 3459: 3432:Summer Universiade 3428:Pan American Games 3401:Commonwealth Games 3389:multi-sport events 3385: 3362:Multi-sport events 3301: 3262:world championship 3239: 3178:or simply spikes. 3048: 2989: 2953:Starts use in race 2842: 2792: 2615: 2607: 2439:Women's pentathlon 2342:Women's heptathlon 2265: 2256:Intercalated Games 2223:women's pentathlon 2215:women's heptathlon 2177:wheel on a wooden 2163: 2104: 2056: 1992: 1911: 1883:standing high jump 1867:straddle technique 1843: 1788:Phayllus of Croton 1779: 1743:standing long jump 1720: 1657:300 metres hurdles 1649:200 metres hurdles 1632:100 metres hurdles 1621:400 metres hurdles 1617:110 metres hurdles 1608: 1600: 1522:4×400 metres relay 1518:4×100 metres relay 1497: 1417: 1364:Jakob Ingebrigtsen 1356:Hicham El Guerrouj 1348:Noureddine Morceli 1265: 1114: 884: 832:IAAF Golden League 729:Pan-American Games 725:Commonwealth Games 651:, followed by the 554:sport of athletics 490:. Influenced by a 476:sporting festivals 394: 383: 352: 342:An early model of 336: 142:sport of athletics 48: 42:Sport of athletics 9514:Athletics by type 9509:Individual sports 9491: 9490: 9374: 9373: 9320:Hydroplane racing 9269:Motorcycle racing 9235:Sports car racing 9160:Marathon swimming 9041:Mountain marathon 9006:Foot orienteering 8992: 8991: 8786: 8785: 8747:Wheelchair racing 8725: 8724: 8537: 8536: 8417: 8416: 7489:Banned Substances 7443:IAAF Constitution 7389:(Press release). 7133:Rosenbaum, Mike. 6826:Los Angeles Times 6779:Rosenbaum, Mike. 6715:Rosenbaum, Mike. 6674:Rosenbaum, Mike. 6605:Rosenbaum, Mike. 6561:Rosenbaum, Mike. 6520:Rosenbaum, Mike. 6479:Rosenbaum, Mike. 6357:Rosenbaum, Mike. 6313:Rosenbaum, Mike. 6198:Rosenbaum, Mike. 6157:Rosenbaum, Mike. 6040:Rosenbaum, Mike. 5999:Rosenbaum, Mike. 5878:Rosenbaum, Mike. 5782:McCormack, Mike. 5638:Rosenbaum, Mike. 5411:Rosenbaum, Mike. 5298:Rosenbaum, Mike. 5166:Rosenbaum, Mike. 4904:Rosenbaum, Mike. 3861:Rosenbaum, Mike. 3836:"Track and Field" 3608:anabolic steroids 3172: 3171: 3164: 2808:60 metres hurdles 2683:US Olympic Trials 2587: 2586: 2579: 2561: 2526:"Track and field" 2480: 2479: 1784:Stephen G. Miller 1767: 1637:80 metres hurdles 1526:1912 Summer Games 1411:Ethiopian runner 1332:interval training 1085: 1072: 1063: 1062: 780:political element 714:disabled athletes 639:held their first 610:amateur sportsmen 558:AAA Championships 433:Panhellenic Games 374:, a violation of 358:American athlete 241:individual sports 191:, are won by the 122:athletic contests 111: 110: 33:Track & Field 16:(Redirected from 9521: 9453:Adventure racing 9315:Drag boat racing 9307:Motorboat racing 9262: 9240:Stock car racing 9198: 9197: 9122:Greyhound racing 9046:Car orienteering 9016:Ski orienteering 8979:Snowshoe running 8974:Backward running 8933:Mountain running 8921:Off-road running 8882: 8833: 8832: 8813: 8806: 8799: 8790: 8789: 8769: 8768: 8767: 8752:Backward running 8610: 8609: 8530: 8516: 8495: 8426: 8425: 8174: 8098: 8044: 8043: 7995: 7988: 7981: 7972: 7971: 7913: 7912: 7910: 7908: 7892: 7886: 7885: 7883: 7881: 7861: 7855: 7854: 7842: 7836: 7835: 7833: 7831: 7811: 7805: 7804: 7784: 7775: 7774: 7768: 7760: 7758: 7756: 7738: 7729:(7): 1262–1279. 7712: 7706: 7686: 7680: 7679: 7677: 7675: 7665: 7657: 7651: 7650: 7614: 7608: 7607: 7583: 7577: 7576: 7556: 7550: 7537: 7531: 7514: 7503: 7486: 7480: 7463: 7457: 7440: 7434: 7433: 7431: 7429: 7409: 7403: 7402: 7400: 7398: 7379: 7373: 7354: 7348: 7328: 7322: 7305: 7299: 7282: 7276: 7261: 7255: 7235: 7229: 7228: 7226: 7224: 7219:on 8 August 2014 7218: 7212:. Archived from 7207: 7197: 7191: 7190: 7188: 7186: 7177:. gbrathletics. 7171: 7165: 7164: 7158: 7150: 7148: 7146: 7130: 7124: 7107: 7101: 7096:13 July 2012 at 7088: 7082: 7065: 7059: 7056: 7050: 7047: 7041: 7038: 7029: 7026: 7017: 7016: 7014: 7012: 6993: 6987: 6984: 6978: 6975: 6969: 6966: 6957: 6954: 6945: 6942: 6936: 6933: 6927: 6914: 6895: 6894: 6892: 6890: 6871: 6865: 6848: 6842: 6841: 6839: 6837: 6817: 6811: 6810: 6804: 6796: 6794: 6792: 6776: 6770: 6753: 6747: 6746: 6740: 6732: 6730: 6728: 6712: 6706: 6705: 6699: 6691: 6689: 6687: 6671: 6665: 6648: 6637: 6636: 6630: 6622: 6620: 6618: 6602: 6593: 6592: 6586: 6578: 6576: 6574: 6558: 6552: 6551: 6545: 6537: 6535: 6533: 6517: 6511: 6510: 6504: 6496: 6494: 6492: 6476: 6470: 6469: 6467: 6465: 6446: 6440: 6425: 6419: 6402: 6389: 6388: 6382: 6374: 6372: 6370: 6354: 6345: 6344: 6338: 6330: 6328: 6326: 6310: 6304: 6283: 6277: 6260: 6251: 6236: 6230: 6229: 6223: 6215: 6213: 6211: 6195: 6189: 6188: 6182: 6174: 6172: 6170: 6154: 6148: 6131: 6120: 6101: 6095: 6078: 6072: 6071: 6065: 6057: 6055: 6053: 6037: 6031: 6030: 6024: 6016: 6014: 6012: 5996: 5990: 5970: 5964: 5947: 5936: 5916: 5910: 5909: 5903: 5895: 5893: 5891: 5875: 5869: 5852: 5843: 5824: 5818: 5804: 5798: 5780: 5774: 5761: 5755: 5738: 5727: 5726: 5715: 5709: 5699: 5693: 5676: 5670: 5669: 5663: 5655: 5653: 5651: 5635: 5626: 5609: 5600: 5585: 5576: 5575: 5555: 5549: 5532: 5526: 5509: 5503: 5486: 5473: 5456: 5443: 5442: 5436: 5428: 5426: 5424: 5408: 5402: 5383: 5377: 5359: 5353: 5336: 5330: 5329: 5323: 5315: 5313: 5311: 5295: 5289: 5272: 5266: 5249: 5240: 5231:Wermuth, Stefan 5229: 5223: 5204: 5198: 5197: 5191: 5183: 5181: 5179: 5163: 5154: 5137: 5131: 5114: 5105: 5088: 5082: 5069: 5063: 5044: 5038: 5019: 5013: 4995: 4989: 4972: 4966: 4965: 4963: 4961: 4952:. 14 July 2022. 4942: 4936: 4935: 4929: 4921: 4919: 4917: 4901: 4895: 4894: 4892: 4890: 4870: 4864: 4847: 4834: 4817: 4806: 4785: 4779: 4765: 4759: 4742: 4733: 4732: 4721: 4715: 4702: 4696: 4679: 4673: 4656: 4647: 4630: 4619: 4602: 4596: 4579: 4573: 4572: 4570: 4568: 4549: 4543: 4542: 4540: 4538: 4529:. 2 March 2009. 4519: 4513: 4512: 4510: 4508: 4488: 4479: 4478: 4476: 4474: 4449: 4443: 4442: 4440: 4438: 4418: 4412: 4395: 4389: 4370: 4364: 4349: 4343: 4342: 4322: 4316: 4313: 4307: 4294: 4288: 4275: 4269: 4258: 4252: 4251: 4249: 4247: 4226: 4220: 4219: 4217: 4215: 4199: 4193: 4192: 4190: 4188: 4173: 4160: 4159: 4157: 4155: 4140: 4134: 4133: 4131: 4129: 4114: 4108: 4107: 4099: 4084: 4083: 4081: 4079: 4070:. Archived from 4058: 4045: 4044: 4042: 4040: 4021: 4015: 4000: 3994: 3985: 3977: 3971: 3952: 3946: 3945: 3943: 3941: 3926: 3920: 3902: 3893: 3892: 3886: 3878: 3876: 3874: 3858: 3852: 3851: 3849: 3847: 3832: 3795: 3790: 3789: 3788: 3717:doping in Russia 3612:peptide hormones 3546:national records 3464:meeting promoter 3420:All-Africa Games 3167: 3160: 3156: 3153: 3147: 3116: 3108: 3095:Horizontal Jumps 3032:Running the race 2815:basketball court 2582: 2575: 2571: 2568: 2562: 2560: 2519: 2495: 2487: 2390:Men's heptathlon 2270: 2219:men's heptathlon 1985:Remigius Machura 1917:contests in the 1837:while using the 1796:Book of Leinster 1768: 1393:become more so. 1324:four-minute mile 1170:Human physiology 1104:Sprint (running) 1075: 1067:Note: Events in 1066: 889: 673:Women's Olympiad 322:History of sport 58: 51: 47: 21: 18:Indoor athletics 9529: 9528: 9524: 9523: 9522: 9520: 9519: 9518: 9504:Track and field 9494: 9493: 9492: 9487: 9474: 9441: 9427:Snowboard cross 9405: 9370: 9361:Slot car racing 9339: 9301: 9263: 9254: 9225:Off-road racing 9187: 9169: 9141: 9137:Sled dog racing 9103: 9050: 8988: 8952: 8916: 8883: 8874: 8822: 8817: 8787: 8782: 8765: 8763: 8756: 8721: 8671: 8601: 8533: 8524: 8510: 8489: 8473: 8413: 8377: 8310: 8273: 8195:Middle-distance 8189: 8168: 8118: 8092: 8035: 8016:Track and field 8007: 7999: 7961:Wayback Machine 7942:Wayback Machine 7938:Track and Field 7926:World Athletics 7922: 7917: 7916: 7906: 7904: 7893: 7889: 7879: 7877: 7862: 7858: 7843: 7839: 7829: 7827: 7812: 7808: 7801: 7785: 7778: 7762: 7761: 7754: 7752: 7713: 7709: 7702:The Independent 7697:Wayback Machine 7687: 7683: 7673: 7671: 7670:on 1 April 2010 7663: 7659: 7658: 7654: 7625:(11): 697–700. 7615: 7611: 7604: 7584: 7580: 7573: 7557: 7553: 7547:Wayback Machine 7538: 7534: 7524:Wayback Machine 7515: 7506: 7496:Wayback Machine 7487: 7483: 7473:Wayback Machine 7464: 7460: 7450:Wayback Machine 7441: 7437: 7427: 7425: 7412:agenturen/pwi. 7410: 7406: 7396: 7394: 7381: 7380: 7376: 7364:Wayback Machine 7355: 7351: 7344:The Independent 7339:Wayback Machine 7329: 7325: 7315:Wayback Machine 7306: 7302: 7292:Wayback Machine 7283: 7279: 7262: 7258: 7251:Jamaica Gleaner 7246:Wayback Machine 7236: 7232: 7222: 7220: 7216: 7205: 7199: 7198: 7194: 7184: 7182: 7173: 7172: 7168: 7152: 7151: 7144: 7142: 7131: 7127: 7117:Wayback Machine 7108: 7104: 7089: 7085: 7075:Wayback Machine 7066: 7062: 7058:IAAF Rule 164.3 7057: 7053: 7049:IAAF Rule 164.1 7048: 7044: 7040:IAAF Rule 163.3 7039: 7032: 7028:IAAF Rule 163.2 7027: 7020: 7010: 7008: 6995: 6994: 6990: 6986:IAAF Rule 161.7 6985: 6981: 6977:IAAF Rule 161.6 6976: 6972: 6968:IAAF Rule 161.3 6967: 6960: 6956:IAAF Rule 161.2 6955: 6948: 6943: 6939: 6934: 6930: 6925:Wayback Machine 6915: 6898: 6888: 6886: 6873: 6872: 6868: 6858:Wayback Machine 6849: 6845: 6835: 6833: 6818: 6814: 6798: 6797: 6790: 6788: 6777: 6773: 6763:Wayback Machine 6754: 6750: 6734: 6733: 6726: 6724: 6713: 6709: 6693: 6692: 6685: 6683: 6672: 6668: 6658:Wayback Machine 6649: 6640: 6624: 6623: 6616: 6614: 6603: 6596: 6580: 6579: 6572: 6570: 6559: 6555: 6539: 6538: 6531: 6529: 6518: 6514: 6498: 6497: 6490: 6488: 6477: 6473: 6463: 6461: 6448: 6447: 6443: 6426: 6422: 6412:Wayback Machine 6403: 6392: 6376: 6375: 6368: 6366: 6355: 6348: 6332: 6331: 6324: 6322: 6311: 6307: 6295:Wayback Machine 6284: 6280: 6270:Wayback Machine 6261: 6254: 6237: 6233: 6217: 6216: 6209: 6207: 6196: 6192: 6176: 6175: 6168: 6166: 6155: 6151: 6141:Wayback Machine 6132: 6123: 6111:Wayback Machine 6102: 6098: 6088:Wayback Machine 6079: 6075: 6059: 6058: 6051: 6049: 6038: 6034: 6018: 6017: 6010: 6008: 5997: 5993: 5986:The Independent 5981:Wayback Machine 5971: 5967: 5957:Wayback Machine 5948: 5939: 5927:Wayback Machine 5917: 5913: 5897: 5896: 5889: 5887: 5876: 5872: 5862:Wayback Machine 5853: 5846: 5839:Spikes Magazine 5834:Wayback Machine 5825: 5821: 5815:Wayback Machine 5805: 5801: 5791:Wayback Machine 5781: 5777: 5771:Wayback Machine 5762: 5758: 5748:Wayback Machine 5739: 5730: 5717: 5716: 5712: 5700: 5696: 5686:Wayback Machine 5677: 5673: 5657: 5656: 5649: 5647: 5636: 5629: 5619:Wayback Machine 5610: 5603: 5586: 5579: 5572: 5556: 5552: 5542:Wayback Machine 5533: 5529: 5519:Wayback Machine 5510: 5506: 5496:Wayback Machine 5487: 5476: 5466:Wayback Machine 5457: 5446: 5430: 5429: 5422: 5420: 5409: 5405: 5393:Wayback Machine 5384: 5380: 5370:Wayback Machine 5360: 5356: 5346:Wayback Machine 5337: 5333: 5317: 5316: 5309: 5307: 5296: 5292: 5282:Wayback Machine 5273: 5269: 5259:Wayback Machine 5250: 5243: 5230: 5226: 5214:Wayback Machine 5205: 5201: 5185: 5184: 5177: 5175: 5164: 5157: 5147:Wayback Machine 5138: 5134: 5124:Wayback Machine 5115: 5108: 5098:Wayback Machine 5089: 5085: 5079:Wayback Machine 5070: 5066: 5045: 5041: 5020: 5016: 5006:Wayback Machine 4996: 4992: 4982:Wayback Machine 4973: 4969: 4959: 4957: 4944: 4943: 4939: 4923: 4922: 4915: 4913: 4902: 4898: 4888: 4886: 4871: 4867: 4857:Wayback Machine 4848: 4837: 4827:Wayback Machine 4818: 4809: 4803:Wayback Machine 4786: 4782: 4776:Wayback Machine 4766: 4762: 4752:Wayback Machine 4743: 4736: 4723: 4722: 4718: 4712:Wayback Machine 4703: 4699: 4689:Wayback Machine 4680: 4676: 4666:Wayback Machine 4657: 4650: 4640:Wayback Machine 4631: 4622: 4612:Wayback Machine 4603: 4599: 4589:Wayback Machine 4580: 4576: 4566: 4564: 4551: 4550: 4546: 4536: 4534: 4521: 4520: 4516: 4506: 4504: 4489: 4482: 4472: 4470: 4451: 4450: 4446: 4436: 4434: 4419: 4415: 4405:Wayback Machine 4396: 4392: 4381:Wayback Machine 4372:Buchanan, Ian. 4371: 4367: 4350: 4346: 4323: 4319: 4314: 4310: 4304:Wayback Machine 4295: 4291: 4285:Wayback Machine 4276: 4272: 4259: 4255: 4245: 4243: 4228: 4227: 4223: 4213: 4211: 4200: 4196: 4186: 4184: 4175: 4174: 4163: 4153: 4151: 4142: 4141: 4137: 4127: 4125: 4116: 4115: 4111: 4100: 4087: 4077: 4075: 4060: 4059: 4048: 4038: 4036: 4023: 4022: 4018: 4012:Wayback Machine 4001: 3997: 3983: 3978: 3974: 3953: 3949: 3939: 3937: 3928: 3927: 3923: 3913:Wayback Machine 3903: 3896: 3880: 3879: 3872: 3870: 3859: 3855: 3845: 3843: 3834: 3833: 3829: 3824: 3791: 3786: 3784: 3781: 3743:, specifically 3737: 3669:Andrew Jennings 3637:Goldman dilemma 3606:and the use of 3585: 3579:Doping in sport 3575: 3566:Olympic records 3533: 3527: 3514: 3448: 3409:Maccabiah Games 3370: 3364: 3286: 3251:Summer Olympics 3228: 3223: 3217: 3192:World Athletics 3188: 3168: 3157: 3151: 3148: 3133: 3117: 3106: 3097: 3088: 3079: 3061: 3041:Oscar Pistorius 3034: 2981: 2960: 2955: 2872:Various events 2866:World Athletics 2784: 2778: 2645:, while at the 2629:and an area of 2619:track and field 2592: 2583: 2572: 2566: 2563: 2520: 2518: 2508: 2496: 2485: 2285:Men's decathlon 2206: 2200: 2198:Combined events 2171:Tailteann Games 2149: 2143: 2134:pitching moment 2092: 2086: 2042: 2036: 1978: 1972: 1960:throwing sports 1956: 1897: 1891: 1865:technique. The 1859:Eastern cut-off 1827: 1821: 1804:Tailteann Games 1760: 1758: 1752: 1709: 1703: 1698: 1693: 1592: 1584:Main articles: 1582: 1574:relay carnivals 1485: 1479: 1413:Kenenisa Bekele 1405: 1399: 1320:Roger Bannister 1279:, although the 1250: 1244: 1242:Middle distance 1224:Michael Johnson 1165:starting blocks 1106: 1100: 1095: 1089: 1056: 1052: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1009:4 × 400 m relay 1007: 1005:4 × 100 m relay 998: 994: 990: 986: 975: 964: 960: 951: 947: 943: 911:Middle-distance 850: 844: 737:professionalism 568:Meanwhile, the 406:Ancient Olympic 324: 314: 268:World Athletics 162:track and field 114:Track and field 66:Characteristics 61: 49:Track and field 44: 38: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9527: 9517: 9516: 9511: 9506: 9489: 9488: 9486: 9485: 9479: 9476: 9475: 9473: 9472: 9471: 9470: 9465: 9455: 9449: 9447: 9443: 9442: 9440: 9439: 9434: 9429: 9424: 9419: 9413: 9411: 9407: 9406: 9404: 9403: 9398: 9393: 9388: 9382: 9380: 9376: 9375: 9372: 9371: 9369: 9368: 9363: 9358: 9353: 9347: 9345: 9341: 9340: 9338: 9337: 9332: 9327: 9322: 9317: 9311: 9309: 9303: 9302: 9300: 9299: 9294: 9289: 9284: 9279: 9273: 9271: 9265: 9264: 9257: 9255: 9253: 9252: 9247: 9242: 9237: 9232: 9227: 9222: 9217: 9215:Formula racing 9212: 9206: 9204: 9195: 9189: 9188: 9186: 9185: 9183:Speed climbing 9179: 9177: 9171: 9170: 9168: 9167: 9162: 9157: 9151: 9149: 9143: 9142: 9140: 9139: 9134: 9129: 9124: 9119: 9113: 9111: 9105: 9104: 9102: 9101: 9099:Cycle speedway 9096: 9091: 9081: 9076: 9071: 9066: 9060: 9058: 9056:Bicycle racing 9052: 9051: 9049: 9048: 9043: 9038: 9033: 9028: 9023: 9018: 9013: 9008: 9002: 9000: 8994: 8993: 8990: 8989: 8987: 8986: 8981: 8976: 8971: 8966: 8960: 8958: 8954: 8953: 8951: 8950: 8945: 8940: 8935: 8930: 8924: 8922: 8918: 8917: 8915: 8914: 8909: 8904: 8899: 8893: 8891: 8885: 8884: 8877: 8875: 8873: 8872: 8867: 8862: 8857: 8852: 8847: 8841: 8839: 8830: 8824: 8823: 8816: 8815: 8808: 8801: 8793: 8784: 8783: 8776:Olympic events 8761: 8758: 8757: 8755: 8754: 8749: 8744: 8739: 8733: 8731: 8727: 8726: 8723: 8722: 8720: 8719: 8712: 8707: 8702: 8697: 8692: 8685: 8679: 8677: 8673: 8672: 8670: 8669: 8664: 8659: 8652: 8647: 8642: 8637: 8632: 8627: 8622: 8616: 8614: 8607: 8603: 8602: 8600: 8599: 8594: 8592:Tetradecathlon 8589: 8582: 8577: 8570: 8565: 8564: 8563: 8558: 8547: 8545: 8539: 8538: 8535: 8534: 8532: 8531: 8517: 8503: 8496: 8481: 8479: 8475: 8474: 8472: 8471: 8469:Softball throw 8466: 8461: 8454: 8447: 8440: 8432: 8430: 8423: 8419: 8418: 8415: 8414: 8412: 8411: 8406: 8401: 8396: 8391: 8385: 8383: 8379: 8378: 8376: 8375: 8370: 8365: 8360: 8355: 8350: 8345: 8340: 8333: 8328: 8320: 8318: 8312: 8311: 8309: 8308: 8303: 8298: 8291: 8283: 8281: 8275: 8274: 8272: 8271: 8266: 8261: 8254: 8249: 8244: 8239: 8234: 8229: 8222: 8217: 8210: 8205: 8199: 8197: 8191: 8190: 8188: 8187: 8180: 8175: 8163: 8156: 8149: 8144: 8139: 8134: 8128: 8126: 8120: 8119: 8117: 8116: 8111: 8104: 8099: 8085: 8080: 8073: 8068: 8063: 8058: 8052: 8050: 8041: 8037: 8036: 8034: 8033: 8028: 8023: 8018: 8012: 8009: 8008: 7998: 7997: 7990: 7983: 7975: 7969: 7968: 7963: 7951: 7945: 7935: 7929: 7921: 7920:External links 7918: 7915: 7914: 7887: 7856: 7837: 7806: 7800:978-0292739574 7799: 7776: 7707: 7681: 7652: 7609: 7602: 7578: 7571: 7551: 7532: 7504: 7481: 7458: 7435: 7404: 7374: 7349: 7323: 7300: 7277: 7256: 7230: 7192: 7166: 7125: 7102: 7083: 7060: 7051: 7042: 7030: 7018: 6988: 6979: 6970: 6958: 6946: 6937: 6928: 6896: 6866: 6843: 6812: 6771: 6748: 6707: 6666: 6638: 6594: 6553: 6512: 6471: 6441: 6420: 6390: 6346: 6305: 6278: 6252: 6231: 6190: 6149: 6121: 6096: 6073: 6032: 5991: 5965: 5937: 5911: 5870: 5844: 5819: 5799: 5775: 5756: 5728: 5710: 5694: 5671: 5627: 5601: 5577: 5570: 5550: 5527: 5504: 5474: 5444: 5403: 5378: 5354: 5331: 5290: 5267: 5241: 5224: 5199: 5155: 5132: 5106: 5083: 5064: 5039: 5014: 4990: 4967: 4950:Runner's World 4937: 4896: 4879:Runner's World 4865: 4835: 4807: 4780: 4760: 4734: 4716: 4697: 4674: 4648: 4620: 4597: 4574: 4544: 4514: 4480: 4444: 4413: 4390: 4365: 4361:978-0520240841 4344: 4317: 4308: 4289: 4270: 4260:Flatter, Ron. 4253: 4221: 4194: 4161: 4135: 4109: 4085: 4046: 4016: 3995: 3972: 3947: 3921: 3894: 3853: 3838:. Scholastic. 3826: 3825: 3823: 3820: 3819: 3818: 3813: 3808: 3803: 3797: 3796: 3780: 3777: 3765:highland games 3759:, such as the 3736: 3735:Related sports 3733: 3713:Tim Montgomery 3574: 3571: 3526: 3523: 3513: 3512:World rankings 3510: 3506:Diamond League 3462:serves as the 3447: 3444: 3363: 3360: 3298:Ullevi Stadium 3285: 3282: 3227: 3224: 3216: 3213: 3196:governing body 3194:is the global 3187: 3184: 3170: 3169: 3120: 3118: 3111: 3105: 3102: 3096: 3093: 3087: 3086:Vertical Jumps 3084: 3078: 3075: 3060: 3057: 3033: 3030: 2980: 2977: 2959: 2956: 2954: 2951: 2950: 2949: 2942: 2939: 2936: 2933: 2930:Sparkassen Cup 2926: 2923: 2920: 2917: 2914: 2911: 2908: 2905:Millrose Games 2901: 2819:Millrose Games 2777: 2774: 2591: 2588: 2585: 2584: 2499: 2497: 2490: 2484: 2481: 2478: 2477: 2475: 2473: 2468: 2466: 2461: 2456: 2451: 2446: 2444: 2442: 2435: 2434: 2432: 2430: 2425: 2420: 2415: 2410: 2405: 2400: 2398: 2393: 2386: 2385: 2380: 2378: 2373: 2371: 2366: 2361: 2356: 2351: 2346: 2344: 2338: 2337: 2332: 2327: 2322: 2317: 2312: 2307: 2302: 2297: 2292: 2287: 2281: 2280: 2277: 2274: 2202:Main article: 2199: 2196: 2169:stem from the 2145:Main article: 2142: 2139: 2088:Main article: 2085: 2082: 2038:Main article: 2035: 2032: 2028:Brian Oldfield 1974:Main article: 1971: 1968: 1955: 1952: 1893:Main article: 1890: 1887: 1823:Main article: 1820: 1817: 1754:Main article: 1751: 1748: 1705:Main article: 1702: 1699: 1697: 1694: 1692: 1689: 1581: 1578: 1481:Main article: 1478: 1475: 1401:Main article: 1398: 1395: 1389:, tactics and 1312:Arne Andersson 1257:Arne Andersson 1246:Main article: 1243: 1240: 1228:Donovan Bailey 1102:Main article: 1099: 1096: 1094: 1091: 1087: 1086: 1073: 1061: 1060: 1045: 1028: 1011: 1002: 979: 970: 955: 935: 934: 931: 928: 923: 918: 913: 908: 902: 901: 896: 893: 843: 840: 836:Diamond League 792:sports science 669:women's sports 545:Crystal Palace 496:public schools 364:Olympic medals 332:ancient Greece 313: 310: 120:that includes 109: 108: 105: 99: 98: 94: 93: 90: 86: 85: 82: 76: 75: 72: 68: 67: 63: 62: 59: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9526: 9515: 9512: 9510: 9507: 9505: 9502: 9501: 9499: 9484: 9481: 9480: 9477: 9469: 9466: 9464: 9461: 9460: 9459: 9456: 9454: 9451: 9450: 9448: 9444: 9438: 9435: 9433: 9432:Speed skating 9430: 9428: 9425: 9423: 9420: 9418: 9417:Alpine skiing 9415: 9414: 9412: 9410:Winter racing 9408: 9402: 9399: 9397: 9394: 9392: 9389: 9387: 9384: 9383: 9381: 9377: 9367: 9366:Street racing 9364: 9362: 9359: 9357: 9354: 9352: 9349: 9348: 9346: 9342: 9336: 9333: 9331: 9328: 9326: 9323: 9321: 9318: 9316: 9313: 9312: 9310: 9308: 9304: 9298: 9295: 9293: 9290: 9288: 9285: 9283: 9280: 9278: 9275: 9274: 9272: 9270: 9266: 9261: 9251: 9248: 9246: 9243: 9241: 9238: 9236: 9233: 9231: 9228: 9226: 9223: 9221: 9218: 9216: 9213: 9211: 9208: 9207: 9205: 9203: 9199: 9196: 9194: 9190: 9184: 9181: 9180: 9178: 9176: 9172: 9166: 9163: 9161: 9158: 9156: 9153: 9152: 9150: 9148: 9144: 9138: 9135: 9133: 9132:Pigeon racing 9130: 9128: 9125: 9123: 9120: 9118: 9115: 9114: 9112: 9110: 9109:Animal racing 9106: 9100: 9097: 9095: 9092: 9089: 9085: 9084:Track cycling 9082: 9080: 9077: 9075: 9074:Gravel racing 9072: 9070: 9067: 9065: 9062: 9061: 9059: 9057: 9053: 9047: 9044: 9042: 9039: 9037: 9034: 9032: 9029: 9027: 9024: 9022: 9019: 9017: 9014: 9012: 9009: 9007: 9004: 9003: 9001: 8999: 8995: 8985: 8982: 8980: 8977: 8975: 8972: 8970: 8967: 8965: 8964:Tower running 8962: 8961: 8959: 8955: 8949: 8946: 8944: 8943:Trail running 8941: 8939: 8936: 8934: 8931: 8929: 8926: 8925: 8923: 8919: 8913: 8910: 8908: 8907:Ultramarathon 8905: 8903: 8900: 8898: 8897:Half marathon 8895: 8894: 8892: 8890: 8886: 8881: 8871: 8868: 8866: 8863: 8861: 8858: 8856: 8853: 8851: 8848: 8846: 8843: 8842: 8840: 8838: 8837:Track running 8834: 8831: 8829: 8825: 8821: 8814: 8809: 8807: 8802: 8800: 8795: 8794: 8791: 8781: 8777: 8773: 8772: 8759: 8753: 8750: 8748: 8745: 8743: 8742:Multiday race 8740: 8738: 8737:Frame running 8735: 8734: 8732: 8728: 8718: 8717: 8713: 8711: 8708: 8706: 8703: 8701: 8698: 8696: 8693: 8691: 8690: 8686: 8684: 8681: 8680: 8678: 8674: 8668: 8667:Ultramarathon 8665: 8663: 8660: 8658: 8657: 8653: 8651: 8650:Half marathon 8648: 8646: 8643: 8641: 8638: 8636: 8633: 8631: 8628: 8626: 8623: 8621: 8618: 8617: 8615: 8611: 8608: 8604: 8598: 8595: 8593: 8590: 8588: 8587: 8583: 8581: 8578: 8576: 8575: 8571: 8569: 8566: 8562: 8559: 8557: 8554: 8553: 8552: 8549: 8548: 8546: 8544: 8540: 8528: 8523: 8522: 8518: 8514: 8509: 8508: 8504: 8502: 8501: 8497: 8493: 8488: 8487: 8483: 8482: 8480: 8476: 8470: 8467: 8465: 8462: 8460: 8459: 8455: 8453: 8452: 8448: 8446: 8445: 8441: 8439: 8438: 8434: 8433: 8431: 8427: 8424: 8420: 8410: 8407: 8405: 8402: 8400: 8397: 8395: 8392: 8390: 8387: 8386: 8384: 8380: 8374: 8371: 8369: 8368:Swedish relay 8366: 8364: 8361: 8359: 8356: 8354: 8351: 8349: 8346: 8344: 8341: 8339: 8338: 8334: 8332: 8329: 8327: 8326: 8322: 8321: 8319: 8317: 8313: 8307: 8304: 8302: 8299: 8297: 8296: 8292: 8290: 8289: 8285: 8284: 8282: 8280: 8279:Long-distance 8276: 8270: 8267: 8265: 8262: 8260: 8259: 8255: 8253: 8250: 8248: 8245: 8243: 8240: 8238: 8235: 8233: 8230: 8228: 8227: 8223: 8221: 8218: 8216: 8215: 8211: 8209: 8206: 8204: 8201: 8200: 8198: 8196: 8192: 8186: 8185: 8181: 8179: 8176: 8172: 8167: 8164: 8162: 8161: 8157: 8155: 8154: 8150: 8148: 8145: 8143: 8140: 8138: 8135: 8133: 8130: 8129: 8127: 8125: 8121: 8115: 8112: 8110: 8109: 8105: 8103: 8100: 8096: 8091: 8090: 8086: 8084: 8081: 8079: 8078: 8074: 8072: 8069: 8067: 8064: 8062: 8059: 8057: 8054: 8053: 8051: 8049: 8045: 8042: 8038: 8032: 8029: 8027: 8024: 8022: 8019: 8017: 8014: 8013: 8010: 8006: 8003: 7996: 7991: 7989: 7984: 7982: 7977: 7976: 7973: 7967: 7964: 7962: 7958: 7955: 7952: 7949: 7946: 7943: 7939: 7936: 7933: 7930: 7927: 7924: 7923: 7902: 7898: 7891: 7875: 7871: 7867: 7860: 7852: 7848: 7841: 7825: 7821: 7817: 7810: 7802: 7796: 7792: 7791: 7783: 7781: 7772: 7766: 7750: 7746: 7742: 7737: 7732: 7728: 7724: 7723: 7718: 7711: 7704: 7703: 7698: 7694: 7691: 7685: 7669: 7662: 7656: 7648: 7644: 7640: 7636: 7632: 7628: 7624: 7620: 7613: 7605: 7603:9780963145109 7599: 7595: 7591: 7590: 7582: 7574: 7572:9780316574365 7568: 7564: 7563: 7555: 7548: 7544: 7541: 7536: 7529: 7525: 7521: 7518: 7513: 7511: 7509: 7501: 7497: 7493: 7490: 7485: 7478: 7474: 7470: 7467: 7462: 7455: 7452:(pp. 79–80). 7451: 7447: 7444: 7439: 7423: 7419: 7415: 7408: 7392: 7388: 7384: 7378: 7371: 7370: 7365: 7361: 7358: 7353: 7346: 7345: 7340: 7336: 7333: 7327: 7320: 7316: 7312: 7309: 7304: 7297: 7293: 7289: 7286: 7281: 7274: 7273:0-7864-1026-4 7270: 7266: 7260: 7253: 7252: 7247: 7243: 7240: 7234: 7215: 7211: 7204: 7203: 7196: 7180: 7176: 7170: 7162: 7156: 7140: 7136: 7129: 7122: 7119:(pp. 17–18). 7118: 7114: 7111: 7106: 7099: 7098:archive.today 7095: 7092: 7087: 7080: 7076: 7072: 7069: 7064: 7055: 7046: 7037: 7035: 7025: 7023: 7006: 7002: 6998: 6992: 6983: 6974: 6965: 6963: 6953: 6951: 6944:IAAF Rule 161 6941: 6932: 6926: 6922: 6918: 6913: 6911: 6909: 6907: 6905: 6903: 6901: 6884: 6880: 6876: 6870: 6863: 6859: 6855: 6852: 6847: 6831: 6827: 6823: 6816: 6808: 6802: 6786: 6782: 6775: 6768: 6764: 6760: 6757: 6752: 6744: 6738: 6722: 6718: 6711: 6703: 6697: 6681: 6677: 6670: 6663: 6659: 6655: 6652: 6647: 6645: 6643: 6634: 6628: 6612: 6608: 6601: 6599: 6590: 6584: 6568: 6564: 6557: 6549: 6543: 6527: 6523: 6516: 6508: 6502: 6486: 6482: 6475: 6459: 6455: 6451: 6445: 6438: 6437:0-300-11529-6 6434: 6430: 6424: 6417: 6413: 6409: 6406: 6401: 6399: 6397: 6395: 6386: 6380: 6364: 6360: 6353: 6351: 6342: 6336: 6320: 6316: 6309: 6302: 6301: 6296: 6292: 6288: 6282: 6275: 6271: 6267: 6264: 6259: 6257: 6249: 6248:0-300-11529-6 6245: 6241: 6235: 6227: 6221: 6205: 6201: 6194: 6186: 6180: 6164: 6160: 6153: 6146: 6142: 6138: 6135: 6130: 6128: 6126: 6118: 6117: 6112: 6108: 6105: 6100: 6093: 6089: 6085: 6082: 6077: 6069: 6063: 6047: 6043: 6036: 6028: 6022: 6006: 6002: 5995: 5988: 5987: 5982: 5978: 5975: 5969: 5962: 5958: 5954: 5951: 5946: 5944: 5942: 5934: 5933: 5928: 5924: 5921: 5915: 5907: 5901: 5885: 5881: 5874: 5867: 5863: 5859: 5856: 5851: 5849: 5841: 5840: 5835: 5831: 5828: 5823: 5816: 5812: 5809: 5803: 5796: 5792: 5788: 5785: 5779: 5772: 5768: 5765: 5760: 5753: 5749: 5745: 5742: 5737: 5735: 5733: 5724: 5720: 5714: 5707: 5703: 5698: 5691: 5687: 5683: 5680: 5675: 5667: 5661: 5645: 5641: 5634: 5632: 5624: 5620: 5616: 5613: 5608: 5606: 5598: 5597:0-300-11529-6 5594: 5590: 5584: 5582: 5573: 5571:0-292-77751-5 5567: 5563: 5562: 5554: 5547: 5543: 5539: 5536: 5531: 5524: 5520: 5516: 5513: 5508: 5501: 5497: 5493: 5490: 5485: 5483: 5481: 5479: 5471: 5467: 5463: 5460: 5455: 5453: 5451: 5449: 5440: 5434: 5418: 5414: 5407: 5400: 5399: 5394: 5390: 5387: 5382: 5375: 5371: 5367: 5364: 5358: 5351: 5347: 5343: 5340: 5335: 5327: 5321: 5305: 5301: 5294: 5287: 5283: 5279: 5276: 5271: 5264: 5260: 5256: 5253: 5248: 5246: 5238: 5234: 5228: 5221: 5220: 5215: 5211: 5208: 5203: 5195: 5189: 5173: 5169: 5162: 5160: 5152: 5148: 5144: 5141: 5136: 5129: 5125: 5121: 5118: 5113: 5111: 5103: 5099: 5095: 5092: 5091:Sebastian Coe 5087: 5080: 5076: 5073: 5068: 5061: 5060: 5055: 5051: 5048: 5043: 5036: 5035: 5030: 5026: 5023: 5018: 5011: 5007: 5003: 5000: 4994: 4987: 4983: 4979: 4976: 4971: 4955: 4951: 4947: 4941: 4933: 4927: 4911: 4907: 4900: 4884: 4880: 4876: 4869: 4862: 4858: 4854: 4851: 4846: 4844: 4842: 4840: 4832: 4828: 4824: 4821: 4816: 4814: 4812: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4795: 4790: 4784: 4777: 4773: 4770: 4764: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4746: 4741: 4739: 4730: 4726: 4720: 4713: 4709: 4706: 4701: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4683: 4678: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4660: 4655: 4653: 4645: 4641: 4637: 4634: 4629: 4627: 4625: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4606: 4601: 4594: 4590: 4586: 4583: 4578: 4562: 4558: 4554: 4548: 4532: 4528: 4524: 4518: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4487: 4485: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4459: 4454: 4448: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4417: 4410: 4406: 4402: 4399: 4394: 4387: 4386: 4382: 4378: 4375: 4369: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4348: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4321: 4312: 4305: 4301: 4298: 4293: 4286: 4282: 4279: 4274: 4267: 4263: 4257: 4241: 4237: 4236: 4231: 4225: 4209: 4205: 4198: 4182: 4178: 4172: 4170: 4168: 4166: 4149: 4145: 4139: 4123: 4119: 4113: 4105: 4104:Running Times 4098: 4096: 4094: 4092: 4090: 4074:on 1 May 2010 4073: 4069: 4068: 4063: 4057: 4055: 4053: 4051: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4020: 4013: 4009: 4005: 3999: 3993: 3992:2-87772-114-0 3989: 3982: 3976: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3951: 3935: 3931: 3925: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3907: 3901: 3899: 3890: 3884: 3868: 3864: 3857: 3841: 3837: 3831: 3827: 3817: 3814: 3812: 3809: 3807: 3804: 3802: 3799: 3798: 3794: 3783: 3776: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3755:Varieties of 3753: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3732: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3705:BALCO Scandal 3702: 3698: 3694: 3693:1984 Olympics 3690: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3649: 3647: 3642: 3638: 3632: 3630: 3626: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3593: 3589: 3584: 3580: 3570: 3567: 3562: 3559: 3553: 3551: 3547: 3537: 3532: 3522: 3519: 3509: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3474: 3472: 3467: 3465: 3457: 3452: 3443: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3416: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3383: 3379: 3374: 3369: 3359: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3324: 3322: 3321:championships 3318: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3299: 3295: 3290: 3281: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3258: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3237: 3232: 3222: 3212: 3210: 3209:running clubs 3206: 3202: 3197: 3193: 3186:Organizations 3183: 3179: 3177: 3166: 3163: 3155: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3131: 3130: 3126: 3121:This section 3119: 3115: 3110: 3109: 3101: 3092: 3083: 3074: 3070: 3067: 3056: 3052: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3029: 3025: 3023: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3006: 3005:starter's gun 3001: 2999: 2995: 2985: 2976: 2974: 2971: 2968: 2965: 2947: 2943: 2940: 2937: 2934: 2931: 2927: 2924: 2921: 2918: 2915: 2912: 2909: 2906: 2902: 2899: 2898: 2897: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2870: 2867: 2864:In May 2023, 2862: 2860: 2855: 2852: 2848: 2838: 2834: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2811: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2788: 2783: 2773: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2737:javelin throw 2733: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2698: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2655:Francis Field 2652: 2648: 2647:1904 Olympics 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2627:running track 2624: 2620: 2611: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2581: 2578: 2570: 2567:February 2021 2559: 2556: 2552: 2549: 2545: 2542: 2538: 2535: 2531: 2528: – 2527: 2523: 2522:Find sources: 2516: 2512: 2506: 2505: 2500:This section 2498: 2494: 2489: 2488: 2476: 2474: 2472: 2469: 2467: 2465: 2462: 2460: 2457: 2455: 2452: 2450: 2447: 2445: 2443: 2440: 2433: 2431: 2429: 2426: 2424: 2421: 2419: 2416: 2414: 2411: 2409: 2406: 2404: 2401: 2399: 2397: 2394: 2391: 2384: 2383:Javelin throw 2381: 2379: 2377: 2374: 2372: 2370: 2367: 2365: 2362: 2360: 2359:100 m hurdles 2357: 2355: 2352: 2350: 2347: 2345: 2343: 2336: 2335:Javelin throw 2333: 2331: 2328: 2326: 2323: 2321: 2318: 2316: 2313: 2311: 2308: 2306: 2305:110 m hurdles 2303: 2301: 2298: 2296: 2293: 2291: 2288: 2286: 2272: 2271: 2268: 2263: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2244: 2239: 2235: 2230: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2205: 2195: 2191: 2188: 2187:Sledgehammers 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2161: 2157: 2156:Yury Shayunou 2153: 2148: 2138: 2135: 2130: 2129:Miklós Németh 2126: 2121: 2118: 2114: 2109: 2108:javelin throw 2101: 2100:javelin throw 2096: 2091: 2090:Javelin throw 2084:Javelin throw 2081: 2079: 2074: 2070: 2065: 2061: 2054: 2050: 2049:Zoltán Kővágó 2046: 2041: 2031: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2020:Parry O'Brien 2015: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1977: 1967: 1965: 1964:Olympic Games 1961: 1951: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1935: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1896: 1886: 1884: 1880: 1879:1968 Olympics 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1851: 1848: 1840: 1836: 1831: 1826: 1816: 1813: 1807: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1776: 1773:performing a 1772: 1771:Olga Rypakova 1757: 1747: 1744: 1740: 1735: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1717: 1713: 1708: 1688: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1665: 1660: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1633: 1628: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1613: 1604: 1596: 1591: 1587: 1577: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1541: 1539: 1534: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1506: 1503: 1494: 1489: 1484: 1474: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1455: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1440: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1429:10,000 metres 1426: 1422: 1414: 1409: 1404: 1397:Long-distance 1394: 1392: 1388: 1383: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1372:Jake Wightman 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1336:Sebastian Coe 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1316:world records 1313: 1309: 1304: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1288: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1249: 1239: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1220:Pietro Mennea 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1184: 1181: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1166: 1161: 1159: 1158:440 yard dash 1155: 1152:(or 1/8 of a 1151: 1147: 1146:100-yard dash 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1110: 1105: 1090: 1083: 1079: 1074: 1070: 1065: 1064: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1050: 1046: 1044: 1043:Javelin throw 1040: 1036: 1032: 1029: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1012: 1010: 1006: 1003: 1001: 997: 996:400 m hurdles 993: 992:110 m hurdles 989: 988:100 m hurdles 985: 984: 980: 978: 974: 971: 969: 968: 963: 959: 956: 954: 950: 946: 942: 941: 937: 932: 929: 927: 924: 922: 919: 917: 916:Long-distance 914: 912: 909: 907: 904: 903: 900: 890: 887: 882: 878: 876: 870: 868: 864: 860: 856: 849: 839: 837: 833: 829: 823: 821: 817: 813: 809: 805: 801: 797: 793: 789: 785: 781: 777: 776:world records 773: 769: 765: 764:Sebastian Coe 761: 757: 752: 750: 746: 742: 738: 734: 730: 726: 721: 719: 715: 710: 706: 702: 698: 694: 690: 686: 682: 678: 674: 670: 666: 662: 661:Alice Milliat 656: 654: 650: 646: 642: 638: 634: 630: 625: 623: 619: 618:1912 Olympics 615: 611: 606: 602: 598: 594: 590: 589:Olympic Games 585: 583: 579: 575: 571: 566: 563: 559: 555: 551: 546: 542: 538: 533: 531: 528:were held at 527: 522: 517: 513: 509: 508:hare coursing 505: 501: 497: 493: 489: 485: 481: 477: 472: 470: 466: 462: 458: 454: 450: 446: 442: 438: 434: 429: 427: 423: 419: 418:javelin throw 415: 411: 407: 403: 399: 391: 387: 380: 377: 373: 369: 365: 361: 356: 349: 345: 340: 333: 328: 323: 319: 309: 307: 303: 299: 298:cross country 294: 292: 288: 283: 281: 277: 273: 269: 265: 261: 257: 253: 248: 246: 242: 238: 234: 230: 226: 222: 218: 214: 210: 206: 202: 198: 194: 190: 186: 182: 178: 174: 169: 167: 163: 159: 155: 151: 147: 143: 139: 138:running track 135: 131: 127: 123: 119: 115: 106: 104: 100: 95: 91: 87: 83: 81: 77: 73: 69: 64: 57: 52: 46: 43: 36: 34: 19: 9391:Sandboarding 9386:Longboarding 9379:Board racing 9297:Track racing 9277:Beach racing 9250:Truck racing 9193:Motor racing 9127:Horse racing 9117:Camel racing 8998:Orienteering 8938:Fell running 8889:Road running 8870:Steeplechase 8836: 8779: 8762: 8714: 8687: 8654: 8584: 8572: 8519: 8505: 8498: 8484: 8464:Weight throw 8456: 8449: 8442: 8435: 8335: 8323: 8306:One hour run 8293: 8286: 8256: 8224: 8212: 8182: 8158: 8151: 8106: 8087: 8075: 8026:Road running 8015: 7905:. Retrieved 7890: 7878:. Retrieved 7859: 7850: 7840: 7828:. Retrieved 7819: 7809: 7789: 7765:cite journal 7753:. Retrieved 7726: 7720: 7710: 7700: 7684: 7672:. Retrieved 7668:the original 7655: 7622: 7618: 7612: 7588: 7581: 7561: 7554: 7535: 7484: 7461: 7438: 7426:. Retrieved 7417: 7407: 7395:. Retrieved 7386: 7377: 7369:The Guardian 7367: 7352: 7342: 7326: 7303: 7285:Les Meetings 7280: 7264: 7259: 7249: 7233: 7221:. Retrieved 7214:the original 7201: 7195: 7183:. Retrieved 7169: 7143:. Retrieved 7138: 7128: 7105: 7086: 7063: 7054: 7045: 7009:. Retrieved 7000: 6991: 6982: 6973: 6940: 6931: 6887:. Retrieved 6878: 6869: 6846: 6834:. Retrieved 6825: 6815: 6789:. Retrieved 6784: 6774: 6751: 6725:. Retrieved 6720: 6710: 6684:. Retrieved 6679: 6669: 6615:. Retrieved 6610: 6571:. Retrieved 6566: 6556: 6530:. Retrieved 6525: 6515: 6489:. Retrieved 6484: 6474: 6462:. Retrieved 6453: 6444: 6428: 6423: 6367:. Retrieved 6362: 6323:. Retrieved 6318: 6308: 6298: 6281: 6239: 6234: 6208:. Retrieved 6203: 6193: 6167:. Retrieved 6162: 6152: 6114: 6099: 6076: 6050:. Retrieved 6045: 6035: 6009:. Retrieved 6004: 5994: 5984: 5968: 5930: 5914: 5888:. Retrieved 5883: 5873: 5837: 5822: 5802: 5794: 5778: 5759: 5722: 5713: 5697: 5674: 5648:. Retrieved 5643: 5588: 5560: 5553: 5530: 5507: 5421:. Retrieved 5416: 5406: 5396: 5381: 5357: 5334: 5308:. Retrieved 5303: 5293: 5270: 5227: 5217: 5202: 5176:. Retrieved 5171: 5135: 5086: 5067: 5057: 5042: 5032: 5017: 4993: 4970: 4958:. Retrieved 4949: 4940: 4914:. Retrieved 4909: 4899: 4887:. Retrieved 4878: 4868: 4792: 4783: 4763: 4729:Rhode Runner 4728: 4719: 4700: 4677: 4600: 4577: 4565:. Retrieved 4556: 4547: 4535:. Retrieved 4517: 4505:. Retrieved 4496: 4471:. Retrieved 4456: 4447: 4435:. Retrieved 4426: 4416: 4393: 4383: 4368: 4352: 4347: 4330: 4326: 4320: 4311: 4292: 4273: 4256: 4244:. Retrieved 4233: 4224: 4212:. Retrieved 4197: 4185:. Retrieved 4152:. Retrieved 4138: 4126:. Retrieved 4112: 4103: 4076:. Retrieved 4072:the original 4065: 4037:. Retrieved 4028: 4019: 3998: 3980: 3975: 3955: 3950: 3938:. Retrieved 3924: 3873:28 September 3871:. Retrieved 3866: 3856: 3844:. Retrieved 3830: 3816:Road running 3754: 3738: 3709:Marion Jones 3681:doping tests 3665:Soviet Union 3657:East Germany 3650: 3633: 3631:medication. 3604:blood doping 3597: 3592:Marion Jones 3563: 3554: 3550:world record 3542: 3515: 3475: 3468: 3460: 3417: 3386: 3330:) and Asia ( 3325: 3302: 3259: 3240: 3215:Competitions 3189: 3180: 3176:track spikes 3173: 3158: 3149: 3134:Please help 3122: 3098: 3089: 3080: 3071: 3062: 3053: 3049: 3026: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3002: 2990: 2961: 2871: 2863: 2861:since 2016. 2856: 2851:weight throw 2843: 2812: 2793: 2770:steeplechase 2753:hammer throw 2749:discus throw 2734: 2726:landing mats 2699: 2679:polyurethane 2671:Tartan track 2618: 2616: 2573: 2564: 2554: 2547: 2540: 2533: 2521: 2509:Please help 2504:verification 2501: 2454:60 m hurdles 2408:60 m hurdles 2330:Discus throw 2266: 2241: 2236:(comprising 2231: 2207: 2192: 2167:hammer throw 2164: 2160:hammer throw 2147:Hammer throw 2141:Hammer throw 2122: 2112: 2105: 2060:discus throw 2057: 2053:discus throw 2040:Discus throw 2034:Discus throw 2016: 2004:steinstossen 1993: 1957: 1944:carbon fibre 1936: 1912: 1875:Fosbury Flop 1871:Dick Fosbury 1863:Western roll 1852: 1844: 1839:Fosbury Flop 1808: 1799: 1780: 1736: 1721: 1673:horse racing 1664:steeplechase 1661: 1629: 1609: 1590:steeplechase 1550:4×800 m 1546:4×200 m 1542: 1535: 1530:medley relay 1507: 1498: 1467:Emil Zátopek 1459:Flying Finns 1456: 1452:pace-setters 1441: 1418: 1384: 1305: 1289: 1285:880 yard run 1266: 1232:head-to-head 1185: 1182: 1162: 1126:stadion race 1115: 1088: 1068: 1047: 1039:Hammer throw 1035:Discus throw 983:60 m hurdles 981: 965: 938: 885: 879: 871: 859:steeplechase 851: 824: 820:Marion Jones 808:Soviet Union 800:East Germany 784:East Germany 760:Sergey Bubka 753: 722: 709:Kinue Hitomi 679:(WAAA), the 657: 626: 586: 567: 561: 535:In 1865, Dr 534: 530:Much Wenlock 521:Steeplechase 500:horse racing 488:sports clubs 473: 457:hammer throw 445:weight throw 430: 422:discus throw 402:competitions 395: 370:for playing 306:road running 295: 284: 275: 271: 249: 170: 165: 161: 157: 146:road running 113: 112: 71:Team members 45: 35:(video game) 32: 9401:Street luge 9220:Kart racing 9210:Drag racing 9202:Auto racing 9069:Cyclo-cross 8969:Racewalking 8521:Triple jump 8031:Racewalking 7830:26 December 7540:Kim Collins 7185:6 September 7068:About USATF 6889:25 December 5386:The Relays! 4507:19 November 4437:16 November 3984:(in French) 3811:Racewalking 3749:racewalking 3697:Ben Johnson 3661:Marita Koch 3625:Kim Collins 3478:Golden Four 3424:Asian Games 3344:high school 3274:racewalking 3077:Field rules 3022:false start 2958:Track rules 2878:racewalking 2706:triple jump 2117:Scandinavia 1996:Middle Ages 1915:Fierljeppen 1775:triple jump 1756:Triple jump 1750:Triple jump 1716:Naide Gomes 1653:low hurdles 1610:Races with 1566:Scandinavia 1477:Relay races 1463:Paavo Nurmi 1448:Saïd Aouita 1340:Steve Ovett 1308:Gunder Hägg 1281:3000 metres 1273:1500 metres 1261:Gunder Hägg 1259:(left) and 1208:high school 1174:lactic acid 1018:Triple jump 863:relay races 828:prize money 816:Ben Johnson 745:Soviet Bloc 516:Paper Chase 504:fox hunting 465:fierljeppen 437:Middle Ages 398:prehistoric 245:relay races 201:triple jump 185:racewalking 154:racewalking 9498:Categories 9351:Air racing 9292:Rally raid 9094:BMX racing 8948:Skyrunning 8860:Relay race 8597:Icosathlon 8574:Heptathlon 8500:Pole vault 8348:4 × 1500 m 7428:3 November 6464:5 February 5932:The Herald 4039:3 February 3968:0195041267 3822:References 3769:caber toss 3641:drug tests 3616:stimulants 3426:, and the 3407:, and the 3378:pole vault 3366:See also: 3255:100 metres 3219:See also: 3059:The finish 2825:, and the 2796:gymnasiums 2780:See also: 2766:water jump 2722:pole vault 2718:plasticine 2537:newspapers 2423:Pole vault 2320:Pole vault 2183:blacksmith 2012:round shot 2008:cannonball 1940:fibreglass 1923:gymnastics 1908:pole vault 1895:Pole vault 1889:Pole vault 1800:geal-ruith 1685:water jump 1483:Relay race 1471:Ron Clarke 1344:Steve Cram 1269:800 metres 1236:Usain Bolt 1216:150 metres 1212:collegiate 1204:500 metres 1138:400 metres 1080:, and the 1054:Heptathlon 1049:Pentathlon 1026:Pole vault 875:pole vault 846:See also: 756:Carl Lewis 622:amateurism 614:Jim Thorpe 461:pole vault 390:Carl Lewis 379:amateurism 360:Jim Thorpe 316:See also: 278:), is the 233:heptathlon 229:pentathlon 209:pole vault 40:See also: 9468:Aquathlon 9458:Triathlon 9282:Motocross 9036:Rogaining 8845:Sprinting 8778:shown in 8586:Decathlon 8580:Octathlon 8568:Hexathlon 8507:Long jump 8486:High jump 8343:4 × 800 m 8337:4 × 400 m 8331:4 × 200 m 8325:4 × 100 m 8269:Two miles 8002:Athletics 7870:BBC Sport 7853:. London. 7851:The Times 7223:13 August 5827:High Jump 5702:long jump 5207:Athletics 5102:BBC Sport 5059:The Times 5034:The Times 4756:BBC Sport 4731:. Mwangi. 3962:. p. 37. 3620:diuretics 3323:in 1990. 3152:June 2023 3123:does not 3104:Equipment 2998:4 × 400 m 2994:4 × 100 m 2804:60 metres 2741:straights 2730:high jump 2702:long jump 2663:synthetic 2617:The term 2464:High jump 2459:Long jump 2441:(indoor) 2418:High jump 2413:Long jump 2392:(indoor) 2369:High jump 2364:Long jump 2315:High jump 2310:Long jump 2248:wrestling 2246:race and 2238:long jump 2211:decathlon 2000:stone put 1841:technique 1835:high jump 1825:High jump 1819:High jump 1707:Long jump 1701:Long jump 1671:found in 1437:Marathons 1391:endurance 1376:Josh Kerr 1301:endurance 1188:60 metres 1058:Decathlon 1022:High jump 1014:Long jump 768:Zola Budd 655:in 1934. 441:stone put 426:wrestling 414:long jump 362:lost his 237:decathlon 205:high jump 197:long jump 166:athletics 158:athletics 124:based on 80:Mixed-sex 9463:Duathlon 9437:Sledding 9175:Climbing 9147:Swimming 8902:Marathon 8865:Hurdling 8656:Marathon 8543:Combined 8527:standing 8513:standing 8492:standing 8437:Shot put 8409:20,000 m 8404:10,000 m 8353:4 × mile 8301:20,000 m 8295:10,000 m 8237:One mile 8095:straight 7957:Archived 7901:Archived 7874:Archived 7824:Archived 7749:Archived 7693:Archived 7647:32029739 7639:23343717 7543:Archived 7520:Archived 7492:Archived 7469:Archived 7446:Archived 7422:Archived 7391:Archived 7387:iaaf.org 7360:Archived 7335:Archived 7311:Archived 7288:Archived 7242:Archived 7179:Archived 7155:cite web 7113:Archived 7094:Archived 7071:Archived 7005:Archived 6921:Archived 6883:Archived 6854:Archived 6830:Archived 6801:cite web 6759:Archived 6737:cite web 6696:cite web 6654:Archived 6627:cite web 6583:cite web 6542:cite web 6501:cite web 6458:Archived 6408:Archived 6379:cite web 6335:cite web 6291:Archived 6266:Archived 6220:cite web 6179:cite web 6137:Archived 6107:Archived 6104:Shot put 6084:Archived 6062:cite web 6021:cite web 5977:Archived 5953:Archived 5923:Archived 5900:cite web 5858:Archived 5830:Archived 5811:Archived 5787:Archived 5767:Archived 5744:Archived 5682:Archived 5660:cite web 5615:Archived 5538:Archived 5515:Archived 5492:Archived 5462:Archived 5433:cite web 5389:Archived 5366:Archived 5342:Archived 5320:cite web 5278:Archived 5255:Archived 5210:Archived 5188:cite web 5143:Archived 5120:Archived 5094:Archived 5075:Archived 5050:Archived 5025:Archived 5002:Archived 4978:Archived 4954:Archived 4926:cite web 4883:Archived 4853:Archived 4823:Archived 4799:Archived 4772:Archived 4748:Archived 4708:Archived 4685:Archived 4662:Archived 4636:Archived 4608:Archived 4585:Archived 4561:Archived 4531:Archived 4501:Archived 4467:Archived 4431:Archived 4401:Archived 4377:Archived 4339:43611530 4300:Archived 4281:Archived 4240:Archived 4208:Archived 4206:. IAAF. 4181:Archived 4148:Archived 4122:Archived 4078:25 March 4033:Archived 4008:Archived 3940:3 August 3934:Archived 3909:Archived 3883:cite web 3840:Archived 3779:See also 3773:keg toss 3486:Brussels 3456:Cambodia 3446:Meetings 3338:and the 3270:marathon 3203:and the 2979:Starting 2928:4×100m ( 2922:2 miles. 2892:and the 2847:Shot put 2758:shot put 2695:football 2685:and the 2623:stadiums 2483:Stadiums 2471:Shot put 2428:Shot put 2376:Shot put 2325:Shot put 2221:and the 2125:Bud Held 2069:pedestal 1989:shot put 1976:Shot put 1970:Shot put 1954:Throwing 1855:Scissors 1847:Scotland 1728:Halteres 1586:Hurdling 1580:Hurdling 1520:and the 1328:Jim Ryun 1277:mile run 1031:Shot put 977:10,000 m 855:hurdling 788:Cold War 699:and the 608:open to 597:marathon 562:de facto 492:Classics 453:shot put 372:baseball 344:hurdling 302:marathon 291:national 262:and the 213:shot put 189:hurdling 134:throwing 97:Presence 8984:Parkour 8828:Running 8780:italics 8676:Walking 8613:Running 8556:women's 8458:Javelin 8382:Walking 8124:Hurdles 8048:Sprints 7940:at the 7907:22 July 7880:22 July 7755:22 July 7745:9216474 7674:7 April 7397:22 July 7145:6 April 6836:8 March 5423:9 April 5310:9 April 5237:Reuters 5178:7 April 4916:5 April 4537:22 July 4473:22 July 4246:22 July 4214:22 July 4187:22 July 4154:22 July 4128:22 July 3846:22 July 3525:Records 3348:college 3243:Olympic 3144:removed 3129:sources 2925:5,000m. 2919:2,000m. 2916:1 mile. 2913:1,000m. 2772:races. 2716:with a 2710:sandpit 2659:cinders 2590:Outdoor 2551:scholar 2243:stadion 2175:chariot 2102:athlete 2058:In the 1927:Cumbria 1919:Frisian 1777:in 2012 1732:sandpit 1696:Jumping 1612:hurdles 1514:pennant 1510:firemen 1495:in 1950 1493:Leipzig 1444:stamina 1380:British 1360:Morocco 1352:Algeria 1293:aerobic 1150:furlong 1118:sprints 1098:Sprints 1069:italics 933:Throws 921:Hurdles 906:Sprints 774:. Many 376:Olympic 350:in 1888 346:at the 312:History 217:javelin 193:athlete 177:middle- 173:sprints 130:jumping 126:running 103:Olympic 9088:Keirin 8912:Ekiden 8820:Racing 8710:100 km 8662:Ekiden 8561:throws 8451:Hammer 8444:Discus 8429:Throws 8399:5000 m 8394:3000 m 8316:Relays 8288:5000 m 8264:3200 m 8252:3000 m 8242:2000 m 8232:1600 m 8226:1500 m 8220:1000 m 8005:events 7797: 7743: 7645: 7637: 7600: 7569: 7271: 6791:12 May 6727:12 May 6686:12 May 6617:11 May 6573:11 May 6532:11 May 6491:11 May 6435: 6369:11 May 6325:11 May 6246: 6210:11 May 6169:11 May 6052:10 May 6011:10 May 5890:10 May 5723:beaked 5650:10 May 5595: 5568: 4960:8 June 4889:8 June 4567:8 June 4359: 4337: 3990: 3966: 3629:asthma 3573:Doping 3490:Berlin 3482:Zürich 3434:, and 3399:, the 2903:500m ( 2869:2024. 2776:Indoor 2762:sector 2745:sector 2728:. The 2603:Athens 2553: 2546: 2539: 2532: 2524: 2403:1000 m 2300:1500 m 2279:Field 2276:Track 2273:Event 2113:ankyle 1931:Bamboo 1427:, and 1378:(both 1374:, and 1368:Norway 1326:, and 1202:, and 1178:oxygen 1136:, and 973:5000 m 967:3000 m 962:1500 m 930:Jumps 926:Relays 895:Field 892:Track 842:Events 812:Russia 806:, the 689:London 560:, the 556:. The 510:. The 449:Celtic 381:rules. 304:, and 300:, the 256:Greece 225:hammer 223:, and 221:discus 207:, and 187:, and 132:, and 9344:Other 8957:Other 8730:Other 8705:50 mi 8700:50 km 8695:35 km 8689:20 km 8683:10 km 8645:25 km 8640:20 km 8635:10 mi 8630:15 km 8625:10 km 8478:Jumps 8422:Field 8214:800 m 8208:600 m 8203:500 m 8184:400 m 8178:300 m 8166:200 m 8160:110 m 8153:100 m 8114:440 y 8108:400 m 8102:300 m 8089:200 m 8083:150 m 8077:100 m 8071:100 y 8040:Track 7664:(PDF) 7643:S2CID 7319:USATF 7217:(PDF) 7206:(PDF) 7139:About 7079:USATF 7011:2 May 6785:About 6721:About 6680:About 6611:About 6567:About 6526:About 6485:About 6454:DLGSC 6363:About 6319:About 6204:About 6163:About 6046:About 6005:About 5884:About 5644:About 5417:About 5304:About 5172:About 4910:About 4409:USATF 4335:JSTOR 4106:: 28. 3867:About 3618:, or 2910:600m. 2900:300m. 2635:field 2558:JSTOR 2544:books 2449:800 m 2354:800 m 2349:200 m 2295:400 m 2290:100 m 1691:Field 1536:In a 1502:baton 1230:went 1093:Track 958:800 m 953:400 m 949:200 m 945:100 m 867:baton 804:China 287:world 118:sport 116:is a 92:Sport 8620:5 km 8606:Road 8389:Mile 8147:80 m 8142:60 m 8137:55 m 8132:50 m 8066:60 m 8061:55 m 8056:50 m 7909:2019 7882:2019 7832:2021 7795:ISBN 7771:link 7757:2019 7741:PMID 7676:2010 7635:PMID 7598:ISBN 7567:ISBN 7528:IAAF 7477:IAAF 7454:IAAF 7430:2017 7399:2019 7269:ISBN 7225:2014 7187:2015 7161:link 7147:2010 7121:IAAF 7013:2010 6891:2023 6862:IAAF 6838:2011 6807:link 6793:2010 6767:IAAF 6743:link 6729:2010 6702:link 6688:2010 6662:IAAF 6633:link 6619:2010 6589:link 6575:2010 6548:link 6534:2010 6507:link 6493:2010 6466:2021 6433:ISBN 6416:IAAF 6385:link 6371:2010 6341:link 6327:2010 6274:IAAF 6244:ISBN 6226:link 6212:2010 6185:link 6171:2010 6145:IAAF 6068:link 6054:2010 6027:link 6013:2010 5961:IAAF 5906:link 5892:2010 5866:IAAF 5752:IAAF 5690:IAAF 5666:link 5652:2010 5623:IAAF 5593:ISBN 5566:ISBN 5546:IAAF 5523:IAAF 5500:IAAF 5470:IAAF 5439:link 5425:2010 5374:IAAF 5350:IAAF 5326:link 5312:2010 5286:IAAF 5263:IAAF 5194:link 5180:2010 5151:IAAF 5128:IAAF 5010:IAAF 4962:2023 4932:link 4918:2010 4891:2023 4861:IAAF 4831:IAAF 4693:IAAF 4670:IAAF 4644:IAAF 4616:IAAF 4593:IAAF 4569:2023 4539:2019 4527:IAAF 4509:2018 4475:2019 4439:2020 4357:ISBN 4266:ESPN 4248:2019 4216:2019 4189:2019 4156:2019 4130:2019 4080:2010 4067:IAAF 4041:2024 3988:ISBN 3964:ISBN 3942:2009 3889:link 3875:2014 3848:2019 3771:and 3763:and 3727:and 3711:and 3671:, a 3581:and 3516:The 3494:Oslo 3492:and 3413:1932 3405:1930 3397:1923 3376:The 3346:and 3315:and 3292:The 3272:and 3245:and 3127:any 3125:cite 2996:and 2884:and 2849:and 2806:and 2751:and 2714:wood 2704:and 2673:(an 2651:mile 2631:turf 2530:news 2396:60 m 2232:The 2179:axle 2064:disc 2026:and 1998:the 1792:feet 1651:and 1641:1932 1588:and 1552:and 1425:5000 1421:3000 1387:pace 1354:and 1342:and 1310:and 1295:and 1275:and 1226:and 1210:and 1186:The 1154:mile 940:60 m 857:and 818:and 770:and 727:and 506:and 486:and 455:and 443:and 320:and 276:IAAF 179:and 152:and 89:Type 8171:low 7731:doi 7627:doi 4791:", 3917:BBC 3673:KGB 3411:in 3403:in 3395:in 3296:at 3138:by 2821:at 2677:of 2669:'s 2601:in 2513:by 2185:'s 1942:or 1861:or 1366:of 1358:of 1350:of 1200:300 1134:200 1130:100 687:in 467:in 330:An 254:in 107:Yes 84:Yes 74:Yes 9500:: 7899:. 7872:. 7868:. 7849:. 7822:. 7818:. 7779:^ 7767:}} 7763:{{ 7747:. 7739:. 7727:43 7725:. 7719:. 7699:. 7641:. 7633:. 7623:47 7621:. 7596:. 7594:24 7526:. 7507:^ 7498:. 7475:. 7416:. 7385:. 7366:. 7341:. 7317:. 7294:. 7248:. 7208:. 7157:}} 7153:{{ 7137:. 7077:. 7033:^ 7021:^ 6999:. 6961:^ 6949:^ 6919:. 6899:^ 6881:. 6877:. 6860:. 6828:. 6824:. 6803:}} 6799:{{ 6783:. 6765:. 6739:}} 6735:{{ 6719:. 6698:}} 6694:{{ 6678:. 6660:. 6641:^ 6629:}} 6625:{{ 6609:. 6597:^ 6585:}} 6581:{{ 6565:. 6544:}} 6540:{{ 6524:. 6503:}} 6499:{{ 6483:. 6456:. 6452:. 6414:. 6393:^ 6381:}} 6377:{{ 6361:. 6349:^ 6337:}} 6333:{{ 6317:. 6297:. 6289:. 6272:. 6255:^ 6222:}} 6218:{{ 6202:. 6181:}} 6177:{{ 6161:. 6143:. 6124:^ 6113:. 6090:. 6064:}} 6060:{{ 6044:. 6023:}} 6019:{{ 6003:. 5983:. 5959:. 5940:^ 5929:. 5902:}} 5898:{{ 5882:. 5864:. 5847:^ 5836:. 5793:. 5750:. 5731:^ 5721:. 5704:. 5688:. 5662:}} 5658:{{ 5642:. 5630:^ 5621:. 5604:^ 5580:^ 5544:. 5521:. 5498:. 5477:^ 5468:. 5447:^ 5435:}} 5431:{{ 5415:. 5395:. 5372:. 5348:. 5322:}} 5318:{{ 5302:. 5284:. 5261:. 5244:^ 5235:. 5216:. 5190:}} 5186:{{ 5170:. 5158:^ 5149:. 5126:. 5109:^ 5100:. 5056:. 5031:. 5008:. 4984:. 4948:. 4928:}} 4924:{{ 4908:. 4881:. 4877:. 4859:. 4838:^ 4829:. 4810:^ 4797:. 4754:. 4737:^ 4727:. 4691:. 4668:. 4651:^ 4642:. 4623:^ 4614:. 4591:. 4559:. 4555:. 4525:. 4499:. 4495:. 4483:^ 4461:. 4455:. 4429:. 4425:. 4407:. 4329:. 4264:. 4238:. 4232:. 4164:^ 4088:^ 4064:. 4049:^ 4031:. 4027:. 3958:. 3915:. 3897:^ 3885:}} 3881:{{ 3865:. 3695:. 3614:, 3610:, 3488:, 3484:, 3422:, 3211:. 2975:. 2948:). 2932:). 2833:. 2697:. 2667:3M 2229:. 2098:A 1966:. 1857:, 1806:. 1548:, 1423:, 1370:, 1338:, 1303:. 1271:, 1198:, 1196:55 1194:, 1192:50 1132:, 877:. 802:, 766:, 762:, 758:, 720:. 502:, 482:, 428:. 420:, 416:, 266:. 219:, 215:, 203:, 199:, 183:, 175:, 148:, 128:, 9090:) 9086:( 8812:e 8805:t 8798:v 8529:) 8525:( 8515:) 8511:( 8494:) 8490:( 8173:) 8169:( 8097:) 8093:( 7994:e 7987:t 7980:v 7911:. 7884:. 7834:. 7803:. 7773:) 7759:. 7733:: 7678:. 7649:. 7629:: 7606:. 7575:. 7432:. 7401:. 7275:. 7227:. 7189:. 7163:) 7149:. 7015:. 6893:. 6840:. 6809:) 6795:. 6745:) 6731:. 6704:) 6690:. 6635:) 6621:. 6591:) 6577:. 6550:) 6536:. 6509:) 6495:. 6468:. 6439:. 6387:) 6373:. 6343:) 6329:. 6250:. 6228:) 6214:. 6187:) 6173:. 6070:) 6056:. 6029:) 6015:. 5908:) 5894:. 5725:. 5668:) 5654:. 5599:. 5574:. 5441:) 5427:. 5328:) 5314:. 5196:) 5182:. 4964:. 4934:) 4920:. 4893:. 4787:" 4571:. 4541:. 4511:. 4477:. 4441:. 4363:. 4341:. 4331:4 4250:. 4218:. 4191:. 4158:. 4132:. 4082:. 4043:. 4002:" 3970:. 3944:. 3891:) 3877:. 3850:. 3165:) 3159:( 3154:) 3150:( 3146:. 3132:. 2580:) 2574:( 2569:) 2565:( 2555:· 2548:· 2541:· 2534:· 2507:. 2254:( 1084:. 274:( 37:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index