167:
1974, the digital position scheme for field subdivision had already been developed to allow for classifying classification literature in the bibliographical section of the first issue of the
Journal International Classification. In 1977, the entire ICC was ready for presentation at a seminar in Bangalore, India. A publication of the first three hierarchical levels appeared however only in 1982. It was applied to the bibliography of classification systems and
341:. For this exploration, three ICC hierarchical levels have been used for some 5000 terms. The result is described in the report of Christoph Mak. Prof.Koch regarded a classification degree of almost 50% as a good result, considering that only a shortened version of ICC had been used. In order to reach a better result one would have needed 1–2 years. Also an index of all terms with their codes could be achieved under these explorations.
365:, in which the LLD was used in a meta-model which contains all resources with the possibility of retrieval and navigation of data from different aspects. By this, the existing work about many thousand knowledge fields (of ICC) can be combined with the Multilingual Lexical Linked Data Cloud, based on RDF/OWL representation of EuroWordNet and similar integrated lexical resources (MultiWordNet, MEMODATA and the Hamburg Metapher BD).
150:. It started with conceptual clarifications, and why and how the term „universal“ was linked to knowledge, including knowledge fields, such as commodity science, artefacts, statistics, patents, standardization, communication, utility services et al. In chapter 3, six universal classification systems (DDC, UDC, LCC, BC, CC and BBK) were presented, analyzed and compared.
317:
373:
In
October 2013, the computer scientist Hermann Bense, Dortmund, explored the possibilities for structuring the Semanic Web with ICC codes. He developed two approaches for a pictorial presentation of knowledge fields with their possible subdivisions. A graphic representation of those knowledge fields
322:
The first hierarchical level of the 9 subject categories results from the first vertical array under codes 1-9. The second hierarchical level of subject categories is structured by the 9 functionally ordered form categories, listed in the first horizontal line under codes 01-09. Some exceptions are
336:
For classifying web documents as conceived by Jens
Hartmann, University of Karlsruhe, Prof.Walter Koch, University of Graz, has explored in his Institute for Applied Information Technology Research Society (AIT) the application of ICC to automatically classifying metadata of some 350.000 documents.
166:
The outcome of this work was the formulation of 30 theses which ended up in 12 principles for the new system, published 40 years later under. These principles refer not only to theoretical foundations but also to structure and other organizational aspects of the whole array of knowledge fields. In
162:
of German universities and polytechniques were explored for relevant terms and documented (1975). Thereafter, it seemed necessary to add definitions from special dictionaries and encyclopediae; it soon appeared that the 12.500 terms included numerous synonyms, so that the whole collection boiled
87:
Respective knowledge fields permit to step down by the same principle to a third and forth level, and even further to a fifth and sixth level. Finally, knowledge field subdivisions will have to conform to said digital position scheme. Hence, for a given knowledge field identical codes will mark
153:
While preparing the dissertation, Dahlberg started with elaborating the new universal system by first gleaning a lot of extant designations of knowledge fields from whatever available reference works. This was funded by the German
Documentation Society (DGD) (1971-2) under the title of
82:
The contents of a knowledge field is earmarked via a digital position scheme, which makes the first hierarchical step refer to the nine ontical levels (object areas as subject categories), and the second hierarchical step refer to nine functionally ordered form
114:, on pp. 82 to 100. It was published in 2014 and available so far only in German. In the meantime, also the French terms of the knowledge fields have been collected. Competence for maintenance and further development rests with the German Chapter of the
191:
Principle 1: Concept theoretical approaches. Concepts are the contents of ICC, they are understood as being units of knowledge. The „birth“ of a concept. Where do the characteristics, the knowledge elements come from? How do conceptual relations
429:
ICC in its three hierarchies and corresponding explanations might also be used in higher education to supply the youngsters with an overview of knowledge fields and an understanding of the relationships in the whole of human
287:
Principle 6: The ontical levels outlined under principle 4 conform to the „integrative level theory“ which means that every level is integrated in the following one. In addition, each knowledge area presumes the following
239:
Principle 5: Knowledge fields are structured by categories, based on the
Aristotelian form-categories, under a digital position scheme, a kind of scaling rule for subdividing a given field as follows:
440:
The alphabetical index to all knowledge field concepts could be used for comparisons with other such indexes to help in finding the missing fields in the different universal classification systems.
500:
Grundlagen universaler
Wissensordnung. Probleme und Möglichkeiten eines universalen Klassifikationssystems des Wissens.: im Antiquariat noch erhältlich sonst als Print on Demand bei deGruyter
294:
Principle 8: The categories of the zero-level are general concepts, their possible subdivisions could once be used for classificatory statements. (These subdivisions still need elaboration)
291:
Principle 7: The combination potential of knowledge fields (interdisciplinarity and transdisciplinarity)is determined by the digital position scheme. (Examples are given in, p. 103-4)
400:
Supporting the recollection of statistics by knowledge fields, e.g. also concerning university professors, statistics of academies, of institutions, of teachers in special education
471:(2014), Deutsche Sektion der Internationalen Gesellschaft fĂĽr Wissensorganisation e.V. (ISKO) (ed.), "Wissensorganisation. Entwicklung, Aufgabe, Anwendung, Zukunft",
354:
437:(UMLS) for medicine such a Unified System of Knowledge Fields could be held available in many languages and thus reach a global understanding of knowledge fields.
303:
Principle 12: The combination potential of system position 1, 8 and 9 make ICC to a self-networking system which complies with the present scientific development.
275:
The digital position scheme, called
Systematifier, has also been used for structuring the entire system via the categories figuring on the upper zero level.
201:
Principle 4: The nine ontical levels of ICC. They were grouped under three captions: Prolegomena (1-3), life sciences (4-6) and human output (7-9):
115:
566:
Ingetraut
Dahlberg, ed. (1982), "International Classification and Indexing Bibliography (ICIB 1): Classification systems and thesauri 1950-1982",
417:
With the definition of all its terms a lexicon of knowledge fields could be published. This could also be used for such lexica in other languages.
60:, set out as knowledge fields. From a methodological point of view, ICC differs from the above-mentioned systems along the following three lines:
297:
Principle 9 and 10: These relate to the combination potential of classificatory statements with space and time concepts. (Still to be elaborated)
749:
537:
138:. Diemer had in mind an innovating ontological approach for such a system based on the whole spectrum of kinds of being and complying with
357:
et al. showed in a study that for such case the use of ICC could lead to essentially better results. This was shown in two contributions:
647:
Ernesto
William DeLuca; et al. (2014), "Including Knowledge Domains from the ICC into the Multilingual Lexical Linked Data Cloud",
300:
Principle 11: The system's mnemotechnical aspect relies on the fixed system position codes and on the 3x3 form- and subject-categories.
588:
Ingetraut
Dahlberg (2010), Marlies Ockenfeld (ed.), "Information Coding Classification. Geschichtliches, Prinzipien, Inhaltliches",
316:
426:
ICC can also be a suitable „hang-up system“ for special classification systems, e.g. for special terminological concept systems.
699:
Ingetraut Dahlberg (2012), "A systematic new lexicon of all knowledge fields based on the Information Coding Classification.",
662:
Ernesto William DeLuca; et al. (2014), "Die Multilingual Lexical Linked Data Cloud: Eine mögliche Zugangsoptimierung?",
480:
551:
Ingetraut Dahlberg (1982), "ICC – Information Coding Classification. Principles, structure and application possibilities",
136:
The universal classification system of knowledge, its ontological, epistemological, and information theoretical foundations
163:
down to about 6.500 concept designations (Project Logstruktur, supported by the German Science Foundation (DFG) 1976-78).
714:
Ingetraut Dahlberg (1996), Green, R. (ed.), "Library catalogs and the Internet. Switching for future subject access.",
649:
Knowledge Organization in the 21st Century. Between Historical Patterns and Future Prospects. Proc.13th Int. ISKO Conf.
507:
45:
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41:
279:
An example of its application is the structure of the classification system for knowledge organization literature
734:
434:
146:, yet it still called for explanations and additions. In 1974, the dissertation was published in German entitled
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375:
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As an example, ICC could be used to compare ongoing scientific activities on a European or world-wide scale.
37:
610:
Christian Mak (2011), "Kategorisierung des Datenbestandes der EuropeanaLocal-Ă–sterreich anhand der ICC",
403:
Publishing houses could take up ICC codes for their products to help later sorting by knowledge fields.
56:. ICC actually presents a flexible universal ordering system for both literature and other kinds of
423:
ICC can also be an appropriate tool for switching between extant universal classification systems.
92:
aspect of the system helps memorizing and straightaway retrieving the whereabouts of respective
359:
Including knowledge domains from the ICC into the Multilingual Lexical Linked Data Cloud (LLD)
411:
171:
in vol.1 of the International Classification and Indexing Bibliography; it has been updated.
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143:
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Possibility to roughly structure documents, especially bibliographies and reference works.
8:
626:
612:
Bericht des Instituts "Angewandte Informationstechnik Forschungsgesellschaft MBH" (AIT)
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337:
This was facilitated by data generated within the framework of an EU-supported project
127:
110:
The terms of the first three hierarchical levels were set out in German and English in
754:
667:
593:
571:
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As a standard classification ICC may be used in many cases, especially in industry,
378:. The inclusion of the third hierarchical level has been envisaged as the next step.
97:
93:
33:
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requirements. The third requirement had already been taken up somehow in the Indian
522:
Ingetraut Dahlberg (1978), Sarada Ranganathan Endowment for Library Science (ed.),
49:
29:
283:. (A simplified version with an additional introduction is given in, p. 71)
139:
36:
goes beyond the scope of the well known library classification systems, such as
187:, hence it suffices to just mention their topics with some necessary additions.
498:
Ingetraut Dahlberg (1974), Deutsche Gesellschaft fĂĽr Dokumentation e.V. (ed.),
104:
76:
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Knowledge Organization & Change. Proc.4th Int.ISKO Conf., Washington, D.C.
728:
671:
597:
575:
363:
Die Multilingual Lexical Linked Data Cloud: Eine mögliche Zugangsoptimierung?
89:
185:
Information Coding Classification. Geschichtliches, Prinzipien, Inhaltliches
625:
Luisa Bentivogli; Pamela Forner; Bernardo Magnini; Emanuele Pianta (2004),
391:
131:
198:
Principle 3: Decimal numbers form the ICC codes as its universal language.
88:
identical categories under respective numbers of the coding system. This
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Proceedings of COLING 2004 Workshop on "Multilingual Linguistic Resources
381:
351:
Revising the Wordnet Domains Hierarchy: semantics, coverage and balancing
57:
627:"Revising WordNet Domains Hierarchy: Semantics, Coverage, and Balancing"
195:
Principle 2: The four kinds of concept relations and their applications.
126:
At the end of 1970, Prof. Alwin Diemer, Univ.of DĂĽsseldorf proposed to
65:
53:
312:
The first two levels of ICC can be represented by following matrix.
75:
It breaks them roughly down into hierarchical steps by further nine
666:(in German), vol. 65, Heft 4-5, De Gruyter, pp. 279–287,
168:
159:
475:(in German), vol. 3, Würzburg: Ergon Verlag, pp. 1–175,
246:
General area: problems, theories, principles (axiom and structure)
592:(in German), vol. 61, Heft 8, De Gruyter, pp. 449–454,
280:
349:
Motivated by the work of an Italian research Group in Trento on
338:
103:
The first two hierarchical levels may be regarded as a top- or
181:
Wissensorganisation. Entwicklung, Aufgabe, Anwendung, Zukunft
112:
Wissensorganisation. Entwicklung, Aufgabe, Anwendung, Zukunft
69:
331:
249:
Object area: objects, kinds, parts, properties of objects
502:(in German), Pullach bei MĂĽnchen: Verlag Dokumentation,
718:(in German), Frankfurt: INDEKS Verlag, pp. 155–165
661:
646:
382:
Some potential applications of ICC in its present form
374:
pertaining to the first two levels can be found under
713:
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636:(in German), Geneva, Switzerland, pp. 101–108
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68:but on nine live stages of development, so-called
28:covering almost all extant 6500 knowledge fields (
232:Spiritual products (products of mind and culture)
229:Intellectual products (knowledge and information)
726:
179:These were published in full length in the book
116:International Society for Knowledge Organization
524:Ontical Structures and Universal Classification
609:
252:Activity area: methods, processes, activities
651:(in German), Krakau, Polen, pp. 258–365
568:Knowledge Organization International Journal
226:Material products (economics and technology)
52:that so far have not afforded to classify
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461:
459:
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79:which makes decimal number coding possible.
536:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
353:, by which the DDC codes were used, Prof.
255:Field properties or first characterization
555:(in German), vol. 2, pp. 98–103
390:Structuring personal repertories, e.g. a
267:Applications of the field to other fields
121:
686:Who's Who in Classification and Indexing
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618:
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396:Who's Who in Classification and Indexing
270:Field information and synthesizing tasks
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570:(in German), Frankfurt: INDEKS Verlag,
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332:Exploration of automatic classification
281:Gliederung der Klassifikationsliteratur
174:
107:for ontologies and other applications.
727:
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664:Information, Wissenschaft & Praxis
640:
590:Information, Wissenschaft & Praxis
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493:
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261:Societies or tertiary characterization
750:Library cataloging and classification
688:(in German), Frankfurt: INDEKS Verlag
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258:Persons or secondary characterization
148:Grundlagen universaler Wissensordnung
473:Textbooks for Knowledge Organization
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13:
64:Its main classes are not based on
46:Library of Congress Classification
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18:Information Coding Classification
684:Ingetraut Dahlberg, ed. (1983),
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156:Order system of knowledge fields
42:Universal Decimal Classification
701:Knowledge Organisation 39, No.2
435:Unified Medical Language System
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703:(in German), pp. 142–150
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130:to undertake a philosophical
553:International Classification
48:(LCC), by extending also to
38:Dewey Decimal Classification
7:
326:
10:
771:
323:mentioned in principle 7.
745:Knowledge representation
369:Semantic Web structuring
355:Ernesto William De Luca
264:Influences from outside
735:Classification systems
526:(in German), Bangalore
122:Historical development
740:Data coding framework
412:knowledge engineering
26:classification system
408:knowledge management
175:Governing principles
144:Colon Classification
158:. In addition, the
469:Ingetraut Dahlberg
208:Structure and form
128:Ingetraut Dahlberg
614:(in German), Graz
482:978-3-95650-065-7
211:Matter and energy
183:and the article
98:transdisciplinary
94:interdisciplinary
50:knowledge systems
34:conceptualization
30:knowledge domains
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