Knowledge management

773:"people-to-document" method. Codification relies on information infrastructure, where explicit knowledge is carefully codified and stored. Codification focuses on collecting and storing codified knowledge in electronic databases to make it accessible. Codification can therefore refer to both tacit and explicit knowledge. In contrast, personalisation encourages individuals to share their knowledge directly. Personification means human-oriented KM strategy where the target is to improve knowledge flows through networking and integrations related to tacit knowledge with knowledge sharing and creation. Information technology plays a less important role, as it only facilitates communication and knowledge sharing. 544:, published a cover story highlighting the importance of intellectual capital in organizations. The KM discipline has been gradually moving towards academic maturity. First, is a trend toward higher cooperation among academics; single-author publications are less common. Second, the role of practitioners has changed. Their contribution to academic research declined from 30% of overall contributions up to 2002, to only 10% by 2009. Third, the number of academic knowledge management journals has been steadily growing, currently reaching 27 outlets. 746:, as well as retrieving knowledge they need that other individuals have provided (codification). Another strategy involves individuals making knowledge requests of experts associated with a particular subject on an ad hoc basis (pull strategy). In such an instance, expert individual(s) provide insights to requestor (personalisation). When talking about strategic knowledge management, the form of the knowledge and activities to share it defines the concept between codification and personalization. The form of the knowledge means that it's either 262: 5685: 47: 653: 1132:

from at least three different perspectives in the literature: 1) Missing knowledge about something as a result of barriers for the share or transfer of knowledge. 2) Insufficient knowledge based on the amount of education in a certain field or issue. 3) A unique individual or group of humans' perceptual system lacks adequate contact points or does not fit incoming information to use and transform it to knowledge.

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for organizational learning must be balanced with the need to protect organisations' intellectual property, especially whilst cooperating with external partners. The role of information security is crucial in helping organisations protect their assets whilst still enabling the benefits of information sharing. By implementing effective knowledge management strategies, organizations can protect valuable

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leveraging knowledge to improve performance and competitiveness. Knowledge audit helps ensure that an organization's knowledge management activities are heading in the right direction. It also reduces the making of incorrect decisions. Term knowledge audit is often used interchangeably with information audit, although information audit is slightly narrower in scope.

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as critical capital assets in today's knowledge economy. The process of a knowledge audit allows organizations to gain a deeper understanding of their knowledge assets. This includes identifying and defining these assets, understanding their behavior and properties, and describing how, when, why, and where they are used in business processes.

649:. Tacit knowledge represents internalised knowledge that an individual may not be consciously aware of, such as to accomplish particular tasks. At the opposite end of the spectrum, explicit knowledge represents knowledge that the individual holds consciously in mental focus, in a form that can easily be communicated to others. 480:. Key lessons learned include people and the cultural norms which influence their behaviors are the most critical resources for successful knowledge creation, dissemination and application; cognitive, social and organisational learning processes are essential to the success of a knowledge management strategy; and measurement, 505:, Canada), started investigating KM long before that. The objective of CKOs is to manage and maximise the intangible assets of their organizations. Gradually, CKOs became interested in practical and theoretical aspects of KM, and the new research field was formed. The KM idea has been taken up by academics, such as 3495:

SemWeb is a narrowly purposed replica of a subset of the World Wide Web. It's useful for information enrichment in certain domains, via a circumscribed set of tools. However, the SemWeb offers a vanishingly small benefit to the vast majority of businesses. The vision persists but is unachievable; the

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Our research question is: how do we explain the surprising success of Web 2.0 and the equally surprising non-fulfillment of the Semantic Web. Building on a case study approach we conducted a in depth comparative analysis of the two emerging technologies. We propose two conclusions. First, traditional

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In conclusion, protecting knowledge is crucial to promote innovation and creativity, but it is not without its risks. Overprotection, misappropriation, infringement claims, and inadequate protection are all risks associated with knowledge protection. Individuals and organizations should take steps to

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Infringement claims: Intellectual property owners can also face risks associated with infringement claims. Infringement occurs when someone uses intellectual property without permission or authorization, and the owner of the intellectual property files a lawsuit. Infringement claims can be costly and

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Misappropriation: Another risk associated with knowledge protection is misappropriation. Misappropriation refers to the unauthorized use or theft of intellectual property. This can occur when confidential information is leaked, trade secrets are stolen, or patents are infringed upon. According to the

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Overprotection: One of the major risks of knowledge protection is overprotection. Overprotection occurs when intellectual property rights are too broad or too strict, preventing others from building upon existing ideas and stifling innovation. As noted by Rouyre and Fernandez, overprotection can have

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The balance between knowledge sharing and knowledge protection is a critical dilemma faced by organizations today. While sharing knowledge can lead to innovation, collaboration, and competitive advantage, protecting knowledge can prevent it from being misused, misappropriated, or lost. Thus, the need

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Knowledge audits provide opportunities for organizations to improve their management of knowledge assets, with the goal of enhancing organizational effectiveness and efficiency. By conducting a knowledge audit, organizations can raise awareness of knowledge assets as primary factors of production and

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systems—Software systems that automate the process of creating web content and/or documents. Roles such as editors, graphic designers, writers and producers can be explicitly modeled along with the tasks in the process and validation criteria. Commercial vendors started either to support documents or

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while also encouraging the sharing of relevant knowledge across teams and departments. This active balancing act requires careful consideration of factors such as the level of openness, the identification of core knowledge areas, and the establishment of appropriate mechanisms for knowledge transfer

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Organizations often use a combination of formal and informal knowledge protection methods to achieve comprehensive protection of their knowledge assets. The formal and informal knowledge protection mechanisms are different in nature, and they have their benefits and drawbacks. In many organizations,

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Informal knowledge protection methods refer to the use of informal mechanisms such as human resource management practices or secrecy to protect knowledge assets. There is notable amount of knowledge that cannot be protected by formal methods, and for which more informal protection might be the most

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A knowledge audit is a comprehensive assessment of an organization's knowledge assets, including its explicit and tacit knowledge, intellectual capital, expertise, and skills. The goal of a knowledge audit is to identify the organization's knowledge strengths and gaps, and to develop strategies for

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Inadequate protection: Inadequate protection of intellectual property is also a significant risk. This occurs when intellectual property owners fail to properly protect their knowledge, such as by failing to obtain patents, trademarks, or copyrights. Inadequate protection can result in the loss of

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The requirement and significance of a knowledge audit can vary widely among different industries and companies. For instance, within the software development industry, knowledge audits can play a pivotal role due to the inherently knowledge-intensive nature of the work. This contrasts with sectors

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Just like knowledge transfer and knowledge sharing, the term "knowledge barriers" is not a uniformly defined term and differs in its meaning depending on the author. Knowledge barriers can be associated with high costs for both companies and individuals. Knowledge barriers appear to have been used

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Hayes and Walsham (2003) describe knowledge and knowledge management as two different perspectives. The content perspective suggests that knowledge is easily stored; because it may be codified, while the relational perspective recognises the contextual and relational aspects of knowledge which can

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Informal knowledge protection methods protect knowledge assets for example by making it difficult for outsiders to access and understand the knowledge within the boundaries of the organization. Informal protection methods are more effective for protecting knowledge that is complex or difficult to

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Knowledge retention is part of knowledge management. It helps convert tacit form of knowledge into an explicit form. It is a complex process which aims to reduce the knowledge loss in the organization. Knowledge retention is needed when expert knowledge workers leave the organization after a long

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Make no mistake about it: The semantic web has been a success and that's not about to stop now. That was essentially the message delivered by W3C Data Activity Lead Phil Archer, during his keynote address celebrating the semantic web's ten years of achievement at last month's Semantic Technology

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While knowledge may eventually become public in some form or another, formal protection mechanisms are necessary to prevent competitors from directly utilizing it for their own gain. Formal protection methods are particularly effective in protecting established knowledge that can be codified and

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Knowledge retention projects are usually introduced in three stages: decision making, planning and implementation. There are differences among researchers on the terms of the stages. For example, Dalkir talks about knowledge capture, sharing and acquisition and Doan et al. introduces initiation,

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This may sound like heresy, but my personal belief is that the semantic web has failed. Not in "just give it a few more years and it'll catch on" or "it's just a matter of tooling and editors". No, I'd argue that, as admirable as the whole goal of the semantic web is, it's just not working in

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There is various methods for knowledge protection and those methods are often divided into two categories by their formality: formal protection and informal protection. Occasionally a third category is introduced, semi-formal protection, which includes contracts and trade-secrets. These

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Formal knowledge protection practices can take various forms, such as legal instruments or formal procedures and structures, to control which knowledge is shared and which is protected. Formal knowledge protection methods include for example: patents, trademarks, copyrights and licensing.

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Subsequent research suggested that a distinction between tacit knowledge and explicit knowledge represented an oversimplification and that the notion of explicit knowledge is self-contradictory. Specifically, for knowledge to be made explicit, it must be translated into information (i.e.,

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et al. defined the two strategies (codification and personalisation). Codification means a system-oriented method in KM strategy for managing explicit knowledge with organizational objectives. Codification strategy is document-centered strategy, where knowledge is mainly codified as

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Technical solutions to protect the knowledge fall also under the category of formal knowledge protection. Formal knowledge protection from technical viewpoint includes technical access constraints and protection of communication channels, systems, and storage.

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Early research suggested that KM needs to convert internalised tacit knowledge into explicit knowledge to share it, and the same effort must permit individuals to internalise and make personally meaningful any codified knowledge retrieved from the KM effort.

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and incentives are essential to accelerate the learning process and to drive cultural change. In short, knowledge management programs can yield impressive benefits to individuals and organisations if they are purposeful, concrete and action-orientated.

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top-down management of an emerging global technology has proved not to be effective in the case of the Semantic Web and Web 2.0, and second, the success for such global technologies is mainly associated with bootstrapping an already installed base.

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like manufacturing, where physical assets often take more important role. The difference arises from the fact that in software development companies, the skills, expertise, and intellectual capital, often overshadow the value of physical assets.

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time-consuming and can result in damage to an individual's or organization's reputation. As noted by Law Insider's Knowledge of infringement Sample Clauses, infringement claims can also result in financial penalties and even criminal prosecution.

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Knowledge protection is used to prevent the knowledge to be unintentionally available or useful for competitors. Knowledge protection can be for example a patent, copyright, trademark, lead time or secrecy held by a company or an individual.

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requires the organization to know what kind of knowledge organization has and how is it distributed throughout the company, and how to efficiently use and re-use that knowledge. (a map of knowledge repositories within a company accessible by

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intellectual property rights and can make it difficult for individuals and organizations to enforce their rights in court. As noted by the WIPO, inadequate protection can also make it easier for others to copy or steal intellectual property.

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and collaboration. Finding the right balance between knowledge sharing and knowledge protection is a complex issue that requires a nuanced understanding of the trade-off's involved and the context in which knowledge is shared or protected.

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as it involves multiple companies without an ownership relationship or hierarchy between them, being called by some authors as transorganizational or interorganizational knowledge. That complexity is additionally increased by

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Laihonen, Harri; Hannula, Mika; Helander, Nina; Ilvonen, Ilona; Jussila, Jari; Kukko, Marianne; Kärkkäinen, Hannu; Lönnqvist, Antti; Myllärniemi, Jussi; Pekkola, Samuli; Virtanen, Pasi; Vuori, Vilma; Yliniemi, Terhi (2013).

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Rosner, D.; Grote, B.; Hartman, K.; Hofling, B.; Guericke, O. (1998). "From natural language documents to sharable product knowledge: a knowledge engineering approach". In Borghoff, Uwe M.; Pareschi, Remo (eds.).

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and tacit knowledge. In this model, knowledge follows a cycle in which implicit knowledge is 'extracted' to become explicit knowledge, and explicit knowledge is 're-internalised' into implicit knowledge.

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One strategy to KM involves actively managing knowledge (push strategy). In such an instance, individuals strive to explicitly encode their knowledge into a shared knowledge repository, such as a

1039:—Systems that allow the representation of processes associated with the creation, use and maintenance of organisational knowledge, such as the process of creating and utilise forms and documents. 2872: 438:, corporate libraries, professional training, and mentoring programs. With increased use of computers in the second half of the 20th century, specific adaptations of technologies such as 819:

Defining for each chosen role the main knowledge that should be retained, and building rituals in which the knowledge is documented or transferred on, from the day they start their job.

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Knowledge protection refers to behaviors and actions taken to protect the knowledge from unwanted opportunistic behavior for example appropriation or imitation of the knowledge.

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These categories overlap. Workflow, for example, is a significant aspect of content or document management systems, most of which have tools for developing enterprise portals.

5530: 1123:. Some commentators have argued that after many years the Semantic Web has failed to see widespread adoption, while other commentators have argued that it has been a success. 1522: 4394:"How formal and informal intellectual property protection matters for firms' decision to engage in coopetition: The role of environmental dynamism and competition intensity" 798:(fostering a culture that encourages the sharing of information, based on the concept that knowledge is not irrevocable and should be shared and updated to remain relevant) 293: 1162:

implementation and evaluation. Furthermore, Levy introduces three steps (scope, transfer, integration) but also recognizes a "zero stage" for initiation of the project.

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or exploitation of "established knowledge" within a group, organisation, or community. Collaborative environments such as communities of practice or the use of

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Nonaka, Ikujiro; von Krogh, Georg (2009). "Tacit Knowledge and Knowledge Conversion: Controversy and Advancement in Organizational Knowledge Creation Theory".

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Informal knowledge protection methods can take various forms, such as: secrecy, social norms and values, complexity, lead-time and Human resource management.

4571: 3913: 1079:—Software that enables individuals to have virtual "face-to-face" meetings without assembling at one location. Videoconferencing is the most obvious example. 3477: 1461: 2408: 2188: 2084: 1424: 921: 2013: 1062:—Software that enables organisations to create customised training and education. This can include lesson plans, monitoring progress and online classes. 317:

and information of an organization. It refers to a multidisciplinary approach to achieve organizational objectives by making the best use of knowledge.

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for distinguishing between different 'types of' knowledge exist. One proposed framework for categorising the dimensions of knowledge distinguishes

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Knowledge capturing (refers to a process where trained people extract valuable or else desired knowledge from experts and embed it in databases)

4674: 4518: 4319:"Coopetition and product innovation performance: The role of internal knowledge sharing mechanisms and formal knowledge protection mechanisms" 1952: 2934:

Exploration, Exploitation, and Knowledge Management Strategies in Multi-Tier Hierarchical Organizations Experiencing Environmental Turbulence

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Knowledge retention also known as Knowledge Continuation: activities addressing the challenge of knowledge loss as a result of people leaving

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Sofka, Wolfgang; Edlira, Shehu; de Faria, Pedro (2014). "Multinational Subsidiary Knowledge Protection - Do Mandates and Clusters Matter?".

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Addicot, Rachael; McGivern, Gerry; Ferlie, Ewan (2006). "Networks, Organizational Learning and Knowledge Management: NHS Cancer Networks".

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Protecting knowledge cannot be considered without its risks. Here are listed four of the major risks associated with knowledge protection:

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World Intellectual Property Organization, misappropriation can result in significant financial losses for individuals and organizations.

1307: 56: 1754:"Organizational Knowledge Management in the Context of Supply Chain 4.0: A Systematic Literature Review and Conceptual Model Proposal" 731:

Knowledge may be accessed at three stages: before, during, or after KM-related activities. Organisations have tried knowledge capture

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Bray, David (2007-05-07). "SSRN-Knowledge Ecosystems: A Theoretical Lens for Organizations Confronting Hyperturbulent Environments".

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Multiple KM disciplines exist; approaches vary by author and school. As the discipline matured, academic debates increased regarding

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Competency-based management (systematic evaluation and planning of knowledge related competences of individual organisation members)

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Bolisani, Ettore; Paiola, Marco; Scarso, Enrico (1 January 2013). "Knowledge protection in knowledge-intensive business services".

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Hayes, M.; Walsham, G. (2003). "Knowledge sharing and ICTs: A relational perspective". In Easterby-Smith, M.; Lyles, M.A. (eds.).

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and may be distinguished from that by a greater focus on the management of knowledge as a strategic asset and on encouraging the

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Transfer of knowledge and information prior to employee departure by means of sharing documents, shadowing, mentoring, and more,

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In the enterprise, early collections of case studies recognised the importance of knowledge management dimensions of strategy,

4055:"Knowledge management and coopetition: How do cooperating competitors balance the needs to share and protect their knowledge?" 827:

Proximity & architecture (the physical situation of employees can be either conducive or obstructive to knowledge sharing)

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DeLong, D. W., & Storey, J. (2004). Lost knowledge: Confronting the threat of an aging workforce. Oxford University Press

3170: 3107: 3056: 2791:"Meta-review of knowledge management and intellectual capital literature: citation impact and research productivity rankings" 2743: 2713: 2452: 1885: 1680: 3157:, Knowledge Management and Organizational Learning, vol. 4, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 147–174, 918:(some organisational members take on responsibility for a specific "field" and act as first reference on a specific subject) 6226: 5871: 4889: 3409:"The Semantic Web A new form of Web content that is meaningful to computers will unleash a revolution of new possibilities" 2515: 5566: 4717: 2300: 1025:)—Software that facilitates collaboration and sharing of organisational information. Such applications provide tools for 459: 1761: 715:

A third proposed framework distinguishes between the exploratory creation of "new knowledge" (i.e., innovation) vs. the

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suggested as having more relevance and the need to translate the findings presented in academic journals to a practice.

588:, core components of KM roughly include people/culture, processes/structure and technology. The details depend on the 5667: 4667: 3244: 2332:

Spender, J.-C.; Scherer, A. G. (2007). "The Philosophical Foundations of Knowledge Management: Editors' Introduction".

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KM emerged as a scientific discipline in the early 1990s. It was initially supported by individual practitioners, when

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a chilling effect on follow-on innovation, which is particularly problematic in fields where innovation is cumulative.

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Managing business environments and allowing employees to obtain relevant insights and ideas appropriate to their work

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Semantic Knowledge Management: Integrating Ontology Management, Knowledge Discovery, and Human Language Technologies

664:, for Socialisation, Externalisation, Combination, Internalisation) which considers a spiraling interaction between 5221: 5154: 4543: 3885: 6297: 4851: 3959:

Malekolkalami, Mila; Sharif, Atefeh (2022). "A Systematic Review of Knowledge Audit Models during 2016 to 2020".

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protect their intellectual property while also considering the potential risks and benefits of such protection.

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Bray, David (May 2007). "SSRN-Literature Review – Knowledge Management Research at the Organizational Level".

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to support web content but as the Internet grew these functions merged and vendors now perform both functions.

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Benbasat, Izak; Zmud, Robert (1999). "Empirical research in information systems: The practice of relevance".

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KM is driving the adoption of tools that enable organisations to work at the semantic level, as part of the

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Wright, Kirby (2005). "Personal knowledge management: supporting individual knowledge worker performance".

1301: 693:, Nonaka returned to his earlier work in an attempt to move the debate about knowledge conversion forward. 415: 321: 113: 1596: 1089:—Systems that encode meaning alongside data to give machines the ability to extract and infer information. 700:

outside a human individual (e.g., an information system may have knowledge embedded into its design) from

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Organisational with a focus on how an organisation can be designed to facilitate knowledge processes best.

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A second proposed framework for categorising knowledge dimensions distinguishes embedded knowledge of a

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Knowledge management efforts typically focus on organisational objectives such as improved performance,

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Managing Knowledge Sharing-Protecting Tensions in Coupled Innovation Projects among Several Competitors

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Andriessen, Daniel (2004). "Reconciling the rigor-relevance dilemma in intellectual capital research".

1069:—Software that automates schedule creation and maintenance. The planning aspect can be integrated with 739:

plans. Considerable controversy exists over whether such incentives work and no consensus has emerged.

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Calvin, D. Andrus (2005). "The Wiki and the Blog: Toward a Complex Adaptive Intelligence Community".

2382: 569: 372: 4490: 4225: 2767: 2491: 1918: 5907: 5662: 5418: 4882: 1956: 360: 2936:. North American Assoc. for Computational Social and Organizational Science (NAACSOS) Conference. 2158:"Global Ranking of Knowledge Management and Intellectual Capital Academic Journals: A 2021 Update" 6307: 6124: 5887: 5597: 5443: 5403: 5241: 5105: 4969: 4942: 4932: 4815: 4784: 3088:"What's Your Strategy for Managing Knowledge? Morten T. Hansen, Nitin Nohria, and Thomas Tierney" 2548: 1699:

Knowledge Management Systems: Information And Communication Technologies for Knowledge Management

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According to DeLong(2004) knowledge retention strategies are divided into four main categories:

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Process of creating, sharing, using and managing the knowledge and information of an organization

2110:"Global Ranking of Knowledge Management and Intellectual Capital Academic Journals: 2017 Update" 862:(knowledge seeker responds to one or more specific questions to reach knowledge in a repository) 5689: 5632: 5627: 5612: 5448: 5398: 5305: 5226: 5052: 4937: 4178:. Series on Technology Management. Vol. 21. Imperial College Press. 2012. pp. 89–91. 2486: 1913: 1323: 1318: 1018: 902: 883: 447: 419: 391: 368: 109: 97: 24: 3323: 2705: 2698: 2263: 2109: 375:

departments. Several consulting companies provide advice regarding KM to these organizations.

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Thalmann, Stefan; Ilvonen, Ilona (2018), North, Klaus; Maier, Ronald; Haas, Oliver (eds.),

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Proceedings of the International Conference on Knowledge Management and Information Sharing

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Serenko, Alexander; Bontis, Nick; Booker, Lorne; Sadeddin, Khaled; Hardie, Timothy (2010).

1468:. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Archived from the original on March 19, 2007 1313: 1101: 1002: 909: 638: 606: 430:

Knowledge management efforts have a long history, including on-the-job discussions, formal

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Snowden, Dave (2002). "Complex Acts of Knowing – Paradox and Descriptive Self Awareness".

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Multiple motivations lead organisations to undertake KM. Typical considerations include:

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make knowledge difficult to share outside the specific context in which it is developed.

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The knowledge creating company: how Japanese companies create the dynamics of innovation

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strategy. These strategies aim at helping organisations to increase their knowledge and

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Mapping knowledge competencies, roles and identifying current or future predicted gaps.

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McInerney, Claire (2002). "Knowledge Management and the Dynamic Nature of Knowledge".

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Ilvonen, Ilona; Thalmann, Stefan; Manhart, Markus; Sillaber, Christian (2018-04-03).

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Managing intellectual capital and assets in the workforce (such as the expertise and

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Protecting Knowledge in Strategic Alliances: Resource and Relational Characteristics

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Levy, Moria (2011). "Knowledge retention: minimizing organizational business loss".

3051:(in Finnish). Tampereen teknillinen yliopisto, Tietojohtamisen tutkimuskeskus Novi. 3003: 2301:"Building a Discourse-Tagged Corpus in the Framework of Rhetorical Structure Theory" 1808: 6165: 5769: 5423: 5181: 5171: 5093: 4954: 4810: 4794: 4555: 4502: 4453: 4405: 4369: 4333: 4289: 4284: 4272: 4253: 4179: 4121: 4069: 4028: 4001: 3895: 3846: 3793: 3754: 3696: 3658: 3610: 3444:"Two emerging technologies: a comparative analysis of Web 2.0 and the Semantic Web" 3420: 3387: 3278: 3218: 3158: 3095: 2984: 2964: 2909: 2856: 2813: 2805: 2679: 2659: 2625: 2587: 2496: 2341: 2172: 2124: 2076: 1935: 1923: 1841: 1796: 1634: 1570: 1558: 1030: 915: 720: 709: 473: 341: 215: 177: 169: 4125: 2842:"Organizational knowledge creation theory: Evolutionary paths and future advances" 1800: 469:

was introduced; it refers to the management of knowledge at the individual level.

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The most complex scenario for knowledge management may be found in the context of

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the challenge is to find a good mix of measures that works for the organization.

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Sanchez, R (1996) Strategic Learning and Knowledge Management, Wiley, Chichester

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Gast, Johanna; Gundolf, Katherine; Harms, Rainer; Matos Collado, Elvin (2019).

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strategy, knowledge exploitation strategy, knowledge exploration strategy, and

735:, including making content submission mandatory and incorporating rewards into 705: 518: 506: 439: 435: 431: 340:. Other fields may contribute to KM research, including information and media, 239: 235: 4559: 4506: 4257: 3758: 3700: 3662: 3282: 3222: 3190:

Liebowitz, J. (2008). Knowledge retention: strategies and solutions. CRC Press

2629: 2591: 2500: 2307: 2080: 6286: 6093: 6048: 5866: 5657: 5602: 5504: 5453: 4758: 4567: 4514: 4452:, Progress in IS, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 171–188, 4133: 3899: 3766: 3300: 3230: 3087: 2860: 2445:

The Strategic Management of Intellectual Capital and Organizational Knowledge

2345: 2176: 2128: 1753: 969:

Improving consistency of knowledge and standardized expert skills among staff

865: 791:

Other knowledge management strategies and instruments for companies include:

769: 443: 345: 4489:

Olander, Heidi; Hurmelinna-Laukkanen, Pia; Mähönen, Jukka (September 2009).

4373: 4357: 3742: 3684: 3646: 3099: 3046: 1033:, organisation-wide uniform email, and other collaboration-related features. 625:

The practical relevance of academic research in KM has been questioned with

6155: 6109: 5730: 4820: 3798: 1562: 1120: 1076: 830: 690: 481: 411: 406: 189: 181: 4446:"Balancing Knowledge Protection and Sharing to Create Digital Innovations" 3850: 3614: 3392: 3375: 2736:

The Blackwell Handbook of Organizational Learning and Knowledge Management

363:

have resources dedicated to internal KM efforts, often as a part of their

6206: 6170: 5932: 5800: 5481: 3443: 1827:"The relevance of knowledge management and intellectual capital research" 1116:

now enable capabilities that used to require expensive commercial tools.

925: 759: 477: 223: 143: 3604: 2914: 2897: 6216: 6119: 5902: 5897: 5790: 5486: 4898: 4652: 2818: 2671: 2578:

Ferguson, J. (2005). "Bridging the gap between research and practice".

1240: 878: 856:

Expert directories (to enable knowledge seeker to reach to the experts)

383: 4358:"Reasons for choosing mechanisms to protect knowledge and innovations" 2976: 1927: 1906:

Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology

555:

Techno-centric with a focus on technology, ideally those that enhance

6247: 6062: 6055: 5957: 5795: 5749: 5388: 5231: 4774: 1097: 1059: 1022: 732: 577: 314: 155: 46: 2839: 2809: 2663: 2216:(Fourth Canadian ed.). Toronto, Ontario: Pearson Prentice Hall. 1845: 1824: 1157:

Information technologies used to capture, store and share knowledge.

6257: 5947: 5754: 5744: 3513: 2968: 2299:

Carlson Marcu Okurowsk, Lynn; Marcu, Daniel; Okurowsk, Mary Ellen.

1588: 1105: 898: 763: 743: 652: 455: 147: 139: 4488: 4355: 2414:. Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden. Archived from 1200:

semi-formal methods are also usually placed under formal methods.

1141:

career. Retaining knowledge prevents losing intellectual capital.

6267: 6262: 6034: 6027: 5962: 4356:

Olander, Heidi; Vanhala, Mika; Hurmelinna-Laukkanen, Pia (2014).

2523:

Electronic Journal for the Integration of Technology in Education

494: 219: 3545:"The Semantic Web's rocking, and there ain't no stopping it now" 2376:"TeacherBridge: Knowledge Management in Communities of Practice" 2232:"Knowledge management systems: issues, challenges, and benefits" 972:

Facilitating and managing innovation and organisational learning

6180: 6083: 5699: 4647: 3647:"Three-dozen knowledge-sharing barriers managers must consider" 3407:

Berners-Lee, Tim; Hendler, James; Lassila, Ora (May 17, 2001).

2298: 976: 801:

Make knowledge-sharing a key role in employees' job description

697: 682: 548: 349: 5531:

Association of Technology, Management, and Applied Engineering

4107: 3743:"Knowledge retention: minimizing organizational business loss" 3269:

Davies, John; Grobelnik, Marko; Mladenić, Dunja, eds. (2009).

3043: 6252: 6242: 6160: 6139: 5912: 4867: 4052: 1410:"Defining knowledge management: Toward an applied compendium" 747: 1876:

Morey, Daryl; Maybury, Mark; Thuraisingham, Bhavani (2002).

877:

Master–apprentice relationship, Mentor-mentee relationship,

723:

tools can be used for both knowledge creation and transfer.

6211: 6201: 6175: 5995: 3961:

International Journal of Information Science and Management

1113: 1109: 887: 755: 135: 2759: 656:

The Knowledge Spiral as described by Nonaka & Takeuchi

6088: 3826:

Lost Knowledge: Confronting the threat of aging workforce

3685:"Actions to overcome knowledge transfer barriers in MNCs" 3406: 2549:"Knowledge Management – A Sociopragmatic Approach (2001)" 2252: 1875: 1014:

Knowledge management (KM) technology can be categorised:

3496:

business reality of SemWeb is going pretty much nowhere.

2645: 2516:"Constructing on constructivism: The role of technology" 2229: 1825:

Booker, Lorne; Bontis, Nick; Serenko, Alexander (2008).

324:

since 1991, KM includes courses taught in the fields of

4317:

Estrada, Isabel; Faems, Dries; de Faria, Pedro (2016).

3576: 3574: 3268: 1005:

possessed by key individuals or stored in repositories)

3376:"Knowledge Management Architectures Beyond Technology" 1548: 462:

have been introduced to further enhance such efforts.

2037:

Intellectual Capital: The New Wealth of Organizations

1624: 4541: 4392:

Telg, Nina; Lokshin, Boris; Letterie, Wilko (2023).

4316: 4243: 3571: 2954: 2006:"Enterprise 2.0: The New, New Knowledge Management?" 1878:

Knowledge Management: Classic and Contemporary Works

1241:

Balancing knowledge protection and knowledge sharing

952:

Making available increased knowledge content in the

704:

representing a learned capability of a human body's

497:

hired Leif Edvinsson of Sweden as the world's first

4391: 4018: 3958: 3126: 3124: 2840:Nonaka, I.; von Krogh, G. & Voelpel S. (2006). 2155: 2107: 1953:"Information Architecture and Knowledge Management" 2697: 912:(a way of making explicit knowledge for companies) 685:outside our heads). More recently, together with 6284: 3720: 3581:Paulin, Dan Theodor; Suneson, K (January 2011). 3148: 3121: 3004:"Knowledge Management for Data Interoperability" 2409:"Using social networks for knowledge management" 513:), Hirotaka Takeuchi (Hitotsubashi University), 394:of the organisation. These efforts overlap with 4443: 4270: 4239: 4237: 4235: 3721:Bolisani, Ettore; Bratianu, Constantin (2018). 3149:Bolisani, Ettore; Bratianu, Constantin (2018), 2258:Information technology for knowledge management 2211: 1194: 402:. KM is an enabler of organizational learning. 359:Many large companies, public institutions, and 4495:International Journal of Innovation Management 4351: 4349: 4347: 4312: 4310: 4308: 3782:"The Process of Knowledge Continuity Ensuring" 2704:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 2695: 2331: 1417:Online Journal of Applied Knowledge Management 5715: 4883: 4668: 4277:Technological Forecasting & Social Change 3580: 3478:"Semantic Web business: going nowhere slowly" 2788: 2513: 1254: 287: 4857:Knowledge Management Research & Practice 4605: 4603: 4232: 4114:Knowledge Management Research & Practice 3082: 3080: 2733: 2696:Nonaka, Ikujiro; Takeuchi, Hirotaka (1995). 2580:Knowledge Management for Development Journal 2306:. University of Pennsylvania. Archived from 1407: 833:(as a means of transferring tacit knowledge) 572:, knowledge, and environmental factors as a 4624: 4614:. World Intellectual Property Organization. 4387: 4385: 4383: 4344: 4305: 4048: 4046: 4044: 4042: 3976: 3974: 3842:Knowledge Management in Theory and Practice 3606:Knowledge management in theory and practice 3441: 3092:The Knowledge Management Yearbook 2000–2001 2998: 2996: 2994: 2691: 2689: 2646:Alavi, Maryam; Leidner, Dorothy E. (2001). 2514:Nanjappa, Aloka; Grant, Michael M. (2003). 2472: 2470: 2468: 2466: 2464: 2438: 2436: 2230:Alavi, Maryam; Leidner, Dorothy E. (1999). 1997: 1820: 1818: 1782: 1780: 1778: 1739:Strategic Learning and Knowledge Management 1732: 1730: 1728: 1670: 1620: 1618: 1616: 1614: 1096:Proprietary KM technology products such as 568:with a focus on the interaction of people, 5722: 5708: 4890: 4876: 4675: 4661: 4264: 3442:Bakke, Sturla; ygstad, Bendik (May 2009). 2729: 2727: 2725: 2641: 2639: 2615: 2442: 2246: 1871: 1869: 1789:Knowledge Management Research and Practice 1544: 1542: 1408:Girard, John P.; Girard, JoAnn L. (2015). 1308:Electronic Journal of Knowledge Management 294: 280: 45: 4600: 4548:European Journal of Innovation Management 4409: 4288: 4166: 4164: 4162: 3797: 3779: 3638: 3391: 3318:Knowledge Management Tools and Techniques 3094:, Routledge, pp. 66–80, 2013-05-13, 3077: 2927: 2925: 2913: 2817: 2789:Serenko, Alexander; Bontis, Nick (2004). 2738:. Malden, MA: Blackwell. pp. 54–77. 2540: 2490: 2225: 2223: 2156:Serenko, Alexander; Bontis, Nick (2021). 2149: 2108:Serenko, Alexander; Bontis, Nick (2017). 2101: 2053: 2028: 2003: 1980: 1978: 1976: 1974: 1917: 1903: 1666: 1664: 1662: 1660: 1658: 1656: 989:between internal and external individuals 4682: 4627:Knowledge of Infringement Sample Clauses 4542:Hurmelinna-Laukkanen, Pia (2011-08-02). 4380: 4039: 3971: 3340: 3202: 2991: 2889: 2686: 2611: 2609: 2577: 2461: 2433: 2368: 2275: 2273: 1899: 1897: 1815: 1775: 1725: 1671:Gupta, Jatinder; Sharma, Sushil (2004). 1611: 1401: 1337:Journal of Knowledge Management Practice 1221:embodied in final products or services. 1148:Human resources, processes and practices 651: 538:magazine and subsequently the editor of 4271:Stefan, Ioana; Bengtsson, Lars (2017). 3985:. Bingley, England: Emerald Publishing. 3373: 3070: 3068: 2722: 2636: 2476: 2034: 1955:. Kent State University. Archived from 1866: 1751: 1736: 1577: 1539: 1501: 1499: 1497: 1182: 352:. Several universities offer dedicated 6285: 5928:Knowledge representation and reasoning 5862:Semantic service-oriented architecture 4591: 4450:Knowledge Management in Digital Change 4159: 3995: 3933: 3838: 3823: 3602: 3566:& Business Conference in San Jose. 3475: 3346: 2922: 2895: 2571: 2400: 2220: 1971: 1947: 1945: 1786: 1673:Creating Knowledge Based Organizations 1653: 1505: 1462:"Introduction to Knowledge Management" 1456: 1454: 1452: 1450: 1448: 1446: 1444: 1135: 810:Inter-organisational knowledge sharing 807:Intra-organisational knowledge sharing 501:(CKO). Hubert Saint-Onge (formerly of 5703: 4871: 4713:Knowledge intensive business services 4656: 4537: 4535: 4484: 4482: 4439: 4437: 4435: 4433: 4431: 4429: 4103: 4101: 4099: 4097: 4095: 4093: 4091: 3983:Knowledge assets and knowledge audits 3736: 3734: 3682: 3644: 3555:from the original on 5 September 2017 3543:Zaino, Jennifer (23 September 2014). 3542: 3507: 3367: 3245:"Managing knowledge in manufacturing" 2948: 2760:"Rhetorical Structure Theory Website" 2752: 2606: 2447:. New York: Oxford University Press. 2443:Bontis, Nick; Choo, Chun Wei (2002). 2292: 2270: 2205: 1894: 1695: 1599:from the original on 28 December 2018 1583: 1126: 776:Generic knowledge strategies include 4609: 3980: 3740: 3520:from the original on 19 January 2022 3208: 3065: 2931: 2546: 2279: 1984: 1689: 1494: 966:Achieving shorter development cycles 5567:Bachelor of Business Administration 4718:Knowledge organization (management) 4612:Understanding Intellectual Property 3313: 3034:Venkitachalam & Willmott (2017) 2932:Bray, David A. (December 1, 2005). 1942: 1441: 1224: 460:computer-supported cooperative work 13: 5989:Syntax and supporting technologies 5668:Organizational behavior management 4532: 4479: 4426: 4411:10.1016/j.technovation.2023.102751 4088: 3731: 3016:from the original on 17 April 2007 1702:(3rd ed.). Berlin: Springer. 1165: 1009: 762:can be considered as explicit and 14: 6324: 5582:Doctor of Business Administration 5572:Master of Business Administration 4637: 4172:"Methods of Knowledge Protection" 3510:"Why the Semantic Web has failed" 3425:10.1038/scientificamerican0501-34 2902:Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 2559:from the original on 16 June 2013 2406: 1675:. Boston: Idea Group Publishing. 1207: 660:Ikujiro Nonaka proposed a model ( 5729: 5683: 4200:from the original on 10 May 2023 3683:Riege, Andreas (February 2007). 2798:Knowledge and Process Management 2770:from the original on 17 May 2013 1834:Knowledge and Process Management 1758:Knowledge and Process Management 1639:10.1111/j.1467-9302.2006.00506.x 1508:"The knowledge creating company" 1237:express, articulate, or codify. 804:Inter-project knowledge transfer 261: 260: 4852:Journal of Knowledge Management 4618: 4585: 4574:from the original on 2023-05-09 4521:from the original on 2023-05-09 4338:10.1016/j.indmarman.2015.11.013 4326:Industrial Marketing Management 4246:Journal of Intellectual Capital 4176:Workbook for Opening Innovation 4148:from the original on 2023-05-09 4074:10.1016/j.indmarman.2018.12.007 4062:Industrial Marketing Management 4012: 3989: 3952: 3927: 3916:from the original on 2018-06-02 3878: 3867:from the original on 2020-10-31 3832: 3817: 3806:from the original on 2021-04-19 3773: 3747:Journal of Knowledge Management 3714: 3689:Journal of Knowledge Management 3676: 3651:Journal of Knowledge Management 3645:Riege, Andreas (June 1, 2005). 3596: 3536: 3501: 3476:Grimes, Seth (7 January 2014). 3469: 3454:from the original on 2017-09-06 3435: 3400: 3307: 3262: 3251:from the original on 2022-08-19 3237: 3211:Journal of Knowledge Management 3193: 3184: 3142: 3133: 3037: 3028: 2878:from the original on 2018-06-17 2833: 2782: 2507: 2479:Journal of Knowledge Management 2381:. Virginia Tech. Archived from 2325: 2212:Langton Robbins, N. S. (2006). 2194:from the original on 2022-07-12 2165:Journal of Knowledge Management 2138:from the original on 2017-08-06 2117:Journal of Knowledge Management 2090:from the original on 2017-12-15 2069:Journal of Knowledge Management 2016:from the original on 2013-06-19 1855:from the original on 2017-08-08 1764:from the original on 2021-06-27 1745: 1528:from the original on 2020-08-03 1430:from the original on 2016-10-24 1330:Journal of Knowledge Management 39:Library and information science 5546:Chartered Management Institute 4897: 4290:10.1016/j.techfore.2017.03.014 3780:Urbancova, Hana (2012-06-30). 3151:"Generic Knowledge Strategies" 1716: 943: 202:Science and technology studies 1: 6103:Schemas, ontologies and rules 4790:Personal knowledge management 4754:Enterprise content management 4744:Knowledge management software 4126:10.1080/14778238.2018.1445427 4006:10.1016/S1047-8310(02)00050-0 3155:Emergent Knowledge Strategies 2039:. Crown Business Publishers. 2004:Davenport, Tom (2008-02-19). 1801:10.1057/palgrave.kmrp.8500061 1627:Public Money & Management 1394: 1388:Personal knowledge management 1363:Knowledge management software 890:, shared bookmarking, blogs, 726: 632: 467:personal knowledge management 4915:Index of management articles 4708:Knowledge intensive services 4458:10.1007/978-3-319-73546-7_10 4033:10.1016/j.respol.2014.05.006 3839:Dalkir, Kimiz (2013-09-05). 3724:Generic Knowledge Strategies 2262:. Springer Verlag. pp. 1302:Dynamic knowledge repository 1195:Knowledge protection methods 1154:Knowledge recovery practices 1151:Knowledge transfer practices 766:can be considered as tacit. 7: 5551:Critical management studies 5414:Full range leadership model 4723:Knowledge-intensive company 3508:Cagle, Kurt (3 July 2016). 3163:10.1007/978-3-319-60657-6_7 2035:Stewart, Thomas A. (1998). 1752:Sartori, Jeanfrank (2021). 1284: 1071:project management software 592:. KM perspectives include: 488: 10: 6329: 6130:Semantic Web Rule Language 5541:Certified Business Manager 4184:10.1142/9781848169616_0008 3786:Journal of Competitiveness 3741:Levy, Moria (2011-01-01). 3374:Capozzi, Marla M. (2007). 1880:. MIT Press. p. 451. 1255:Knowledge protection risks 1108:tools for the creation of 425: 356:in knowledge management. 18: 6235: 6194: 6148: 6102: 5988: 5981: 5880: 5814: 5783: 5737: 5681: 5590: 5559: 5523: 5495: 5467: 5409:Evidence-based management 5379: 5353: 5281: 5255: 5212: 5180: 5136: 5125: 5071: 5006: 4999: 4988: 4923: 4905: 4844: 4826:Communities of innovation 4803: 4767: 4736: 4690: 4560:10.1108/14601061111148816 4507:10.1142/S1363919609002339 4258:10.1108/14691931311323841 3996:Norman, Patricia (2002). 3936:Capitalizing on Knowledge 3845:(1 ed.). Routledge. 3759:10.1108/13673271111151974 3701:10.1108/13673270710728231 3663:10.1108/13673270510602746 3609:. pp. 221, 276–289. 3448:CONF-IRM 2009 Proceedings 3283:10.1007/978-3-540-88845-1 3223:10.1108/13673271111151974 2630:10.1108/09696470410538288 2618:The Learning Organization 2592:10.1080/03057640500319065 2501:10.1108/13673270210424639 2236:Communications of the AIS 2081:10.1108/13673271011015534 1486:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 551:and practice, including: 416:4th industrial revolution 373:human resource management 6236:Microformat vocabularies 5908:Information architecture 5663:Organization development 5419:Management by objectives 3900:10.5220/0003632003060311 3314:Rao, Madanmohan (2005). 2861:10.1177/0170840606066312 2346:10.1177/1350508407071858 2214:Organizational Behaviour 2177:10.1108/JKM-11-2020-0814 2129:10.1108/JKM-11-2016-0490 1506:Nonaka, Ikujiro (1991). 928:software to cultivate a 908:Measuring and reporting 897:Knowledge repositories ( 452:decision support systems 448:information repositories 361:non-profit organisations 166:Interdisciplinary fields 19:Not to be confused with 6125:Rule Interchange Format 5888:Collective intelligence 5444:Social entrepreneurship 5404:Earned value management 4816:Chief knowledge officer 4785:Collective intelligence 4592:Rouyre, Andrey (2019). 4374:10.1108/MD-11-2012-0791 3349:Studies in Intelligence 3100:10.4324/9780080941042-9 2010:Harvard Business Review 1515:Harvard Business Review 995:Solving intractable or 979:across the organisation 852:Communities of practice 737:performance measurement 602:social network analysis 574:complex adaptive system 541:Harvard Business Review 511:Hitotsubashi University 499:chief knowledge officer 396:organizational learning 326:business administration 6298:Management cybernetics 5690:Systems science portal 5633:Management development 5628:Management cybernetics 5613:Executive compensation 5449:Sustainable management 5311:Information technology 5291:Environmental resource 3934:Skyrme, David (2001). 3799:10.7441/joc.2012.02.03 3603:Dalkir, Kimiz (2005). 2898:"Knowledge Management" 1589:"Mental Model Musings" 1563:10.1287/orsc.1080.0412 1324:Information management 1319:Information governance 1019:Collaborative software 884:Collaborative software 836:Cross-project learning 657: 420:digital transformation 392:continuous improvement 110:Information management 98:Collections management 25:Information management 5653:Managerial psychology 5618:Management consulting 5439:Scientific management 5222:Customer relationship 4910:Outline of management 4836:Community of interest 4831:Community of practice 4749:Business intelligence 3851:10.4324/9780080547367 3615:10.4324/9780080547367 3393:10.5210/fm.v12i6.1871 3322:. Elsevier. pp. 3139:Hall (2006), pp. 119f 1593:Systems Thinking Blog 1383:Legal case management 1378:Knowledge translation 1358:Knowledge engineering 1248:intellectual property 934:knowledge agriculture 786:competitive advantage 778:knowledge acquisition 655: 597:community of practice 380:competitive advantage 186:Documentation science 174:Communication studies 6293:Knowledge management 5923:Knowledge management 5918:Knowledge extraction 5648:Managerial economics 5608:Corporate governance 5515:Oliver E. Williamson 5394:Collaborative method 4698:Intellectual capital 4684:Knowledge management 4644:Knowledge management 4625:Law Insider (2019). 2896:Sensky, Tom (2002). 2849:Organization Studies 1741:. Chichester: Wiley. 1737:Sanchez, R. (1996). 1551:Organization Science 1314:Ignorance management 1183:Knowledge protection 1027:threaded discussions 910:intellectual capital 840:After-action reviews 607:intellectual capital 400:sharing of knowledge 307:Knowledge management 118:Knowledge management 6303:Information systems 6195:Common vocabularies 6149:Semantic annotation 5847:Semantic publishing 5510:Eliyahu M. Goldratt 4362:Management Decision 3824:Delong, DW (2004). 3413:Scientific American 3074:Hansen et al., 1999 2915:10.1192/apt.8.5.387 2529:(1). Archived from 2388:on 17 December 2008 1353:Knowledge ecosystem 1348:Knowledge community 1292:Archives management 1136:Knowledge retention 1083:Semantic technology 1067:scheduling software 1047:document management 903:bookmarking engines 532:, former editor at 523:New York University 515:Thomas H. Davenport 390:, integration, and 338:information science 330:information systems 198:Information science 94:Archives management 33:Part of a series on 5943:Digital humanities 5832:Semantic computing 5822:Semantic analytics 5806:Rule-based systems 5673:Pointy-haired Boss 5623:Management control 5459:Virtual management 4737:Electronic systems 3431:on April 24, 2013. 3130:Smith (2004), p. 7 1771:– via Wiley. 1696:Maier, R. (2007). 1373:Knowledge transfer 1368:Knowledge modeling 1297:Customer knowledge 1230:efficient option. 1127:Knowledge barriers 1054:Enterprise portals 1043:Content management 702:embodied knowledge 666:explicit knowledge 658: 647:explicit knowledge 617:complexity science 612:information theory 584:Regardless of the 576:akin to a natural 521:) and Baruch Lev ( 465:In 1999, the term 122:Library management 21:Content management 6280: 6279: 6276: 6275: 6186:Facebook Platform 6073: 6072:(no W3C standard) 6065: 6058: 6051: 6044: 6037: 6030: 6023: 6009: 5973:Web Science Trust 5893:Description logic 5852:Semantic reasoner 5842:Semantic matching 5770:Semantic networks 5697: 5696: 5643:Management system 5577:PhD in management 5349: 5348: 5208: 5207: 5121: 5120: 5089:Product lifecycle 4865: 4864: 4728:Knowledge sharing 4703:Knowledge economy 4467:978-3-319-73545-0 4193:978-1-84816-960-9 3981:Hand, P. (2019). 3909:978-989-8425-81-2 3860:978-0-08-054736-7 3333:978-0-7506-7818-6 3172:978-3-319-60656-9 3109:978-0-08-094104-2 3058:978-952-15-3057-9 2745:978-0-631-22672-7 2715:978-0-19-509269-1 2547:Wyssusek, Boris. 2454:978-0-19-513866-5 2407:Groth, Kristina. 1928:10.1002/asi.10109 1912:(12): 1009–1018. 1887:978-0-262-13384-5 1682:978-1-59140-163-6 956:and provision of 922:Knowledge farming 916:Knowledge brokers 845:Knowledge mapping 796:Knowledge sharing 782:knowledge sharing 710:endocrine systems 586:school of thought 557:knowledge sharing 530:Thomas A. Stewart 436:discussion forums 386:, the sharing of 365:business strategy 304: 303: 6320: 6068: 6061: 6054: 6047: 6040: 6033: 6026: 6019: 6005: 5986: 5985: 5724: 5717: 5710: 5701: 5700: 5687: 5424:Management style 5134: 5133: 5004: 5003: 4997: 4996: 4892: 4885: 4878: 4869: 4868: 4811:Knowledge worker 4795:Design rationale 4677: 4670: 4663: 4654: 4653: 4631: 4630: 4622: 4616: 4615: 4607: 4598: 4597: 4596:. SAGE Journals. 4589: 4583: 4582: 4580: 4579: 4539: 4530: 4529: 4527: 4526: 4486: 4477: 4476: 4475: 4474: 4441: 4424: 4423: 4413: 4389: 4378: 4377: 4353: 4342: 4341: 4323: 4314: 4303: 4302: 4292: 4268: 4262: 4261: 4241: 4230: 4229: 4223: 4219: 4217: 4209: 4207: 4205: 4168: 4157: 4156: 4154: 4153: 4105: 4086: 4085: 4059: 4050: 4037: 4036: 4027:(8): 1320–1333. 4016: 4010: 4009: 3993: 3987: 3986: 3978: 3969: 3968: 3956: 3950: 3949: 3931: 3925: 3924: 3922: 3921: 3882: 3876: 3875: 3873: 3872: 3836: 3830: 3829: 3821: 3815: 3814: 3812: 3811: 3801: 3777: 3771: 3770: 3738: 3729: 3728: 3718: 3712: 3711: 3709: 3707: 3680: 3674: 3673: 3671: 3669: 3642: 3636: 3635: 3633: 3631: 3600: 3594: 3593: 3591: 3589: 3578: 3569: 3568: 3562: 3560: 3540: 3534: 3533: 3527: 3525: 3505: 3499: 3498: 3492: 3490: 3473: 3467: 3466: 3460: 3459: 3439: 3433: 3432: 3427:. Archived from 3404: 3398: 3397: 3395: 3371: 3365: 3364: 3344: 3338: 3337: 3321: 3311: 3305: 3304: 3266: 3260: 3259: 3257: 3256: 3241: 3235: 3234: 3206: 3200: 3197: 3191: 3188: 3182: 3181: 3180: 3179: 3146: 3140: 3137: 3131: 3128: 3119: 3118: 3117: 3116: 3084: 3075: 3072: 3063: 3062: 3041: 3035: 3032: 3026: 3025: 3023: 3021: 3015: 3008: 3000: 2989: 2988: 2952: 2946: 2945: 2929: 2920: 2919: 2917: 2893: 2887: 2886: 2884: 2883: 2877: 2855:(8): 1179–1208. 2846: 2837: 2831: 2830: 2828: 2822:. Archived from 2821: 2795: 2786: 2780: 2779: 2777: 2775: 2756: 2750: 2749: 2731: 2720: 2719: 2703: 2693: 2684: 2683: 2643: 2634: 2633: 2624:(4/5): 393–401. 2613: 2604: 2603: 2575: 2569: 2568: 2566: 2564: 2544: 2538: 2537: 2535: 2520: 2511: 2505: 2504: 2494: 2474: 2459: 2458: 2440: 2431: 2430: 2428: 2426: 2420: 2413: 2404: 2398: 2397: 2395: 2393: 2387: 2380: 2372: 2366: 2365: 2329: 2323: 2322: 2320: 2318: 2313:on 25 March 2012 2312: 2305: 2296: 2290: 2289: 2277: 2268: 2267: 2261: 2250: 2244: 2243: 2227: 2218: 2217: 2209: 2203: 2202: 2200: 2199: 2193: 2162: 2153: 2147: 2146: 2144: 2143: 2137: 2114: 2105: 2099: 2098: 2096: 2095: 2089: 2066: 2057: 2051: 2050: 2032: 2026: 2025: 2023: 2021: 2001: 1995: 1994: 1982: 1969: 1968: 1966: 1964: 1959:on June 29, 2008 1949: 1940: 1939: 1921: 1901: 1892: 1891: 1873: 1864: 1863: 1861: 1860: 1854: 1831: 1822: 1813: 1812: 1784: 1773: 1772: 1770: 1769: 1749: 1743: 1742: 1734: 1723: 1720: 1714: 1713: 1693: 1687: 1686: 1668: 1651: 1650: 1622: 1609: 1608: 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4686: 4681: 4640: 4635: 4634: 4623: 4619: 4608: 4601: 4590: 4586: 4577: 4575: 4540: 4533: 4524: 4522: 4487: 4480: 4472: 4470: 4468: 4442: 4427: 4390: 4381: 4354: 4345: 4321: 4315: 4306: 4269: 4265: 4242: 4233: 4221: 4220: 4211: 4210: 4203: 4201: 4194: 4170: 4169: 4160: 4151: 4149: 4106: 4089: 4057: 4051: 4040: 4021:Research Policy 4017: 4013: 3994: 3990: 3979: 3972: 3957: 3953: 3946: 3932: 3928: 3919: 3917: 3910: 3884: 3883: 3879: 3870: 3868: 3861: 3837: 3833: 3822: 3818: 3809: 3807: 3778: 3774: 3739: 3732: 3719: 3715: 3705: 3703: 3681: 3677: 3667: 3665: 3643: 3639: 3629: 3627: 3625: 3601: 3597: 3587: 3585: 3579: 3572: 3558: 3556: 3549:dataversity.net 3541: 3537: 3523: 3521: 3506: 3502: 3488: 3486: 3483:InformationWeek 3474: 3470: 3457: 3455: 3440: 3436: 3405: 3401: 3372: 3368: 3345: 3341: 3334: 3312: 3308: 3293: 3275:Springer-Verlag 3267: 3263: 3254: 3252: 3243: 3242: 3238: 3207: 3203: 3198: 3194: 3189: 3185: 3177: 3175: 3173: 3147: 3143: 3138: 3134: 3129: 3122: 3114: 3112: 3110: 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1726: 1721: 1717: 1710: 1694: 1690: 1683: 1669: 1654: 1623: 1612: 1602: 1600: 1585:Bellinger, Gene 1582: 1578: 1547: 1540: 1531: 1529: 1525: 1510: 1504: 1495: 1479: 1478: 1471: 1469: 1460: 1459: 1442: 1433: 1431: 1427: 1412: 1406: 1402: 1397: 1392: 1287: 1257: 1243: 1227: 1210: 1197: 1185: 1168: 1166:Knowledge audit 1138: 1129: 1012: 1010:KM technologies 997:wicked problems 946: 930:knowledge graph 892:social software 871:Knowledge fairs 729: 687:Georg von Krogh 643:tacit knowledge 635: 627:action research 491: 440:knowledge bases 428: 388:lessons learned 320:An established 300: 259: 247: 246: 213: 205: 204: 194:Library science 167: 159: 158: 133: 125: 124: 106:Data management 91: 83: 82: 73: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6326: 6316: 6315: 6310: 6308:Business terms 6305: 6300: 6295: 6278: 6277: 6274: 6273: 6271: 6270: 6265: 6260: 6255: 6250: 6245: 6239: 6237: 6233: 6232: 6230: 6229: 6224: 6219: 6214: 6209: 6204: 6198: 6196: 6192: 6191: 6189: 6188: 6183: 6178: 6173: 6168: 6163: 6158: 6152: 6150: 6146: 6145: 6143: 6142: 6137: 6132: 6127: 6122: 6117: 6112: 6106: 6104: 6100: 6099: 6097: 6096: 6091: 6086: 6081: 6076: 6075: 6074: 6066: 6059: 6052: 6045: 6038: 6031: 6024: 6012: 6011: 6010: 5998: 5992: 5990: 5983: 5979: 5978: 5976: 5975: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5955: 5950: 5945: 5940: 5935: 5930: 5925: 5920: 5915: 5910: 5905: 5900: 5895: 5890: 5884: 5882: 5881:Related topics 5878: 5877: 5875: 5874: 5869: 5864: 5859: 5854: 5849: 5844: 5839: 5834: 5829: 5824: 5818: 5816: 5812: 5811: 5809: 5808: 5803: 5798: 5793: 5787: 5785: 5781: 5780: 5778: 5777: 5775:World Wide Web 5772: 5767: 5762: 5757: 5752: 5747: 5741: 5739: 5735: 5734: 5727: 5726: 5719: 5712: 5704: 5695: 5694: 5682: 5679: 5678: 5676: 5675: 5670: 5665: 5660: 5655: 5650: 5645: 5640: 5638:Management fad 5635: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5605: 5600: 5598:Administration 5594: 5592: 5588: 5587: 5585: 5584: 5579: 5574: 5569: 5563: 5561: 5557: 5556: 5554: 5553: 5548: 5543: 5538: 5533: 5527: 5525: 5521: 5520: 5518: 5517: 5512: 5507: 5501: 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Law Insider. 4617: 4599: 4584: 4554:(3): 303–321. 4531: 4501:(3): 349–370. 4478: 4466: 4425: 4379: 4368:(2): 207–229. 4343: 4304: 4263: 4252:(2): 192–211. 4231: 4222:|website= 4192: 4158: 4120:(2): 235–244. 4087: 4038: 4011: 3988: 3970: 3951: 3944: 3926: 3908: 3877: 3859: 3831: 3816: 3772: 3753:(4): 582–600. 3730: 3713: 3675: 3637: 3623: 3595: 3570: 3535: 3500: 3468: 3434: 3399: 3366: 3339: 3332: 3306: 3291: 3261: 3236: 3217:(4): 582–600. 3201: 3192: 3183: 3171: 3141: 3132: 3120: 3108: 3076: 3064: 3057: 3036: 3027: 2990: 2969:10.2307/249403 2947: 2921: 2908:(5): 387–395. 2888: 2832: 2829:on 2007-09-26. 2804:(3): 185–198. 2781: 2751: 2744: 2721: 2714: 2685: 2658:(1): 107–136. 2635: 2605: 2570: 2539: 2536:on 2008-12-17. 2506: 2485:(2): 100–111. 2460: 2453: 2432: 2399: 2367: 2324: 2291: 2269: 2245: 2219: 2204: 2171:(1): 126–145. 2148: 2123:(3): 675–692. 2100: 2052: 2046:978-0385483810 2045: 2027: 1996: 1970: 1941: 1893: 1886: 1865: 1840:(4): 235–246. 1814: 1795:(3): 156–165. 1774: 1744: 1724: 1715: 1708: 1688: 1681: 1652: 1610: 1576: 1557:(3): 635–652. 1538: 1493: 1440: 1399: 1398: 1396: 1393: 1391: 1390: 1385: 1380: 1375: 1370: 1365: 1360: 1355: 1350: 1345: 1343:Knowledge cafe 1340: 1333: 1326: 1321: 1316: 1311: 1304: 1299: 1294: 1288: 1286: 1283: 1278: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1256: 1253: 1242: 1239: 1226: 1223: 1209: 1208:Formal methods 1206: 1196: 1193: 1184: 1181: 1167: 1164: 1159: 1158: 1155: 1152: 1149: 1137: 1134: 1128: 1125: 1091: 1090: 1080: 1074: 1063: 1057: 1051: 1040: 1034: 1011: 1008: 1007: 1006: 999: 993: 990: 980: 973: 970: 967: 964: 945: 942: 941: 940: 937: 919: 913: 906: 895: 886:technologies ( 881: 875: 872: 869: 863: 860:Expert systems 857: 854: 849: 842: 837: 834: 828: 825: 824: 823: 820: 817: 814: 811: 808: 805: 802: 728: 725: 634: 631: 623: 622: 621:constructivism 619: 614: 609: 604: 599: 582: 581: 563: 560: 519:Babson College 507:Ikujiro Nonaka 490: 487: 444:expert systems 432:apprenticeship 427: 424: 332:, management, 302: 301: 299: 298: 291: 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5506: 5505:Peter Drucker 5503: 5502: 5500: 5494: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5480: 5478: 5475: 5474: 5472: 5466: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5454:Team building 5452: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5386: 5384: 5378: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5358: 5356: 5352: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5288: 5286: 5284: 5280: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5260: 5258: 5254: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5220: 5219: 5217: 5211: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5187: 5185: 5183: 5179: 5173: 5170: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5157: 5156: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5143: 5141: 5139: 5135: 5132: 5124: 5114: 5111: 5107: 5104: 5103: 5102: 5099: 5095: 5092: 5090: 5087: 5086: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5076: 5074: 5070: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5056: 5054: 5051: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5036: 5034: 5033:Communication 5031: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5015: 5013: 5009: 5005: 5002: 4998: 4995: 4987: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4953: 4949: 4946: 4945: 4944: 4941: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4931: 4930: 4928: 4922: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4907: 4904: 4900: 4893: 4888: 4886: 4881: 4879: 4874: 4873: 4870: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4850: 4849: 4847: 4843: 4837: 4834: 4832: 4829: 4827: 4824: 4822: 4819: 4817: 4814: 4812: 4809: 4808: 4806: 4802: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4786: 4783: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4772: 4770: 4766: 4760: 4759:Wiki software 4757: 4755: 4752: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4742: 4741: 4739: 4735: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4695: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4678: 4673: 4671: 4666: 4664: 4659: 4658: 4655: 4649: 4645: 4642: 4641: 4628: 4621: 4613: 4610:WIPO (2019). 4606: 4604: 4595: 4588: 4573: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4538: 4536: 4520: 4516: 4512: 4508: 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