152:"... that set of distinct institutions which jointly and individually contribute to the development and diffusion of new technologies and which provides the framework within which governments form and implement policies to influence the innovation process. As such it is a system of interconnected institutions to create, store and transfer the knowledge, skills and artefacts which define new technologies." (Metcalfe, 1995)
160:"... a human social network that behaves like a sociobiological system, wherein people have developed patterns of behaviour that minimise transaction costs caused by social barriers resulting from geography, lack of trust, differences in language and culture, and inefficient social networks." (Hwang and Horowitt, 2012)
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There is no consensus on the exact definition of an innovation system, and the concept is still emerging. However, some define an innovation system as "a set of components and the causal relations influencing the generation and utilization of innovations and the innovative performance". Innovation is
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Systems of
Innovation are frameworks for understanding innovation which have become popular particularly among policy makers and innovation researchers first in Europe, but now anywhere in the world as in the 1990s the World Bank and other UN-affiliated institutions accepted. The concept of a 'system
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published their standard ISO 56002, which contains all of the elements that is required to set up a structured management system for innovation. It builds on the overarching standard for management systems and follows the directives of all standard management systems. This standard was standardised
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for an ecological innovation environment. Due to growing interest of the "innovation ecosystem" concept, many argue that it has developed into a distinctive concept that is different from the innovation system concept. A contemporary conceptual review by
Granstrand and Holgersson (2020) led to the
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innovation is also hindered by market failures related to the environment (pollution externalities). It is possible (and not uncommon) for an innovation system to successfully support innovation in many technology areas, but not in ones related to green growth. For this reason, it is necessary to
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definition of innovation ecosystems as "the evolving set of actors, activities, and artifacts, and the institutions and relations, including complementary and substitute relations, that are important for the innovative performance of an actor or a population of actors".
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stresses that the flow of technology and information among people, enterprises, and institutions is key to an innovative process. It contains the interactions between the actors needed in order to turn an idea into a process, product, or service on the market.
149:"... the national institutions, their incentive structures and their competencies, that determine the rate and direction of technological learning (or the volume and composition of change generating activities) in a country." (Patel and Pavitt, 1994)
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in his 1988 study of the success of the
Japanese economy. The concept, similarly used as "National System of Innovation" or "National Innovation System" was later applied to regions and sectors. According to innovation system theory,
143:"... the elements and relationships which interact in the production, diffusion and use of new, and economically useful, knowledge ... and are either located within or rooted inside the borders of a nation state." (Lundvall, 1992)
155:"... all important economic, social, political, organisational, institutional, and other factors that influence the development, diffusion, and use of innovations." (Edquist, 2005).
140:"... the network of institutions in the public and private sectors whose activities and interactions initiate, import, modify and diffuse new technologies." (Freeman, 1987)
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and technology development are results of a complex set of relationships among actors in the system, which includes enterprises, universities and research institutes.
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Recently, the debate also started to study the problems that affect green innovation since in addition to the issues typical of innovation generally (such as
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in 1985; "however, as he and his colleagues would be the first to agree (and as
Lundvall himself points out), the idea actually goes back at least to
38:'s conception of "The National System of Political Economy" (1841), which might just as well have been called "The National System of Innovation".
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Freeman, C. (1988). "Japan: A new national innovation system?". In Dosi, G.; Freeman, C.; Nelson, R. R.; Silverberg, G.; Soete, L. (eds.).
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233:(1985) ‘Product innovation and user-producer interaction, industrial development’, Research Series 31, Aalborg: Aalborg University Press.
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146:"... a set of institutions whose interactions determine the innovative performance ... of national firms." (Nelson, 1993)
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Edquist, C. (2005). "Systems of
Innovation: Perspectives and Challenges". In Fagerberg, Jan; Mowery, David C. (eds.).
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focus on addressing both kinds of failures in order to drive innovation towards a green growth trajectory.
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Freeman, C. (February 1995). "The "National System of
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often the result of the interaction among an ecology of actors, and the term
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related to limited appropriability of economic benefits of knowledge),
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372:"The ISO 56002 standard for innovation management is now published"
295:"Innovation ecosystems: A conceptual review and a new definition"
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is occasionally used to emphasise this. For some, the expression
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The
Rainforest: The Secret to Building the Next Silicon Valley
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National
Science Foundation: What is an Innovation Ecosystem?
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A national system of innovation has been defined as follows:
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How
Innovation Ecosystems Turn Outsiders Into Collaborators
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Botta, Enrico; McCormick, Colin; Eis, Jason (May 2015).
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A Guide to
Innovation System Analysis for Green Growth
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Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
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Examples of definitions of National Innovation Systems
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for labelling a planned innovation environment, and
475:Forbes: The Next Big Business Buzzword - Ecosystem
293:Granstrand, Ove; Holgersson, Marcus (2020-02-01).
187:Quadruple and quintuple innovation helix framework
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465:Technology Innovation Ecosystem Benchmark Study
54:Innovation systems have been categorised into
485:The Economist Insights: Innovation Ecosystems
470:World Economic Forum: Innovation Ecosystems
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424:Hwang, Victor and Greg Horowitt (2012).
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398:The Oxford Handbook of Innovation
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70:and sectoral innovation systems.
30:of innovation' was introduced by
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212:Triple helix model of innovation
172:Collaborative innovation network
68:technological innovation systems
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370:Ozan, Håkan (2019-08-07).
82:is a subset or synonym of
44:National Innovation System
177:Entrepreneurial ecosystem
64:local innovation systems
403:Oxford University Press
111:Standards of Innovation
42:coined the expression
517:Innovation economics
92:innovation ecosystem
80:innovation ecosystem
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40:Christopher Freeman
16:The concept of the
490:2014-06-30 at the
192:Relational capital
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202:Startup ecosystem
197:Social innovation
182:Frugal innovation
126:British Standards
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512:Innovation
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381:2019-11-21
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219:References
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317:0166-4972
120:into the
488:Archived
333:(1997).
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